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WoS	WOS:000272445000005	The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Kenya with Emphasis on Textiles and Clothing Manufacturing	Kamau, Paul,McCormick, Dorothy,Pinaud, Nicolas	2009	WORLD ECONOMY	32	11	10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01251.x	University of Nairobi, OECD Dev Ctr	"Kamau, Paul: University of Nairobi","McCormick, Dorothy: University of Nairobi",	(1251) Paul Kamau with Dorothy McCormick and Nicolas Pinaud Kenya has enjoyed a relatively diversified economy (at least by SSA standards), with light manufacturing industries in particular playing a significant growing role. The rise of Asian competition (locally, regionally and on third-country markets), partly due to the erosion of trade preferences for clothing and footwear, has raised fresh policy challenges. The specific relevance of the clothing industry in the analysis of China's and India's impact on Africa is manifold: this is a low-skilled labour-intensive industry, and hence an avenue for African economies' diversification; the competition from Asian producers vis--vis the SSA clothing industry is felt at the local, regional and global level (on third-country markets): it is therefore direct and indirect; also, the Asian Drivers' impact on African clothing industries has both a trade and investment dimension while being competitive and complementary.	,AFRICA,CHINA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272445000006	The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Ethiopia with Emphasis on Small-scale Footwear Producers	Gebre-Egziabher, Tegegne	2009	WORLD ECONOMY	32	11	10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01252.x	Addis Ababa University	None	(1252) Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher This paper examines the developmental impact of China and India on Ethiopia by examining macro-level trade, investment and aid relation, and micro-level impacts on local micro and small-scale footwear producers. Both secondary and primary data were used. At macro level there are clear evidences of an increase in trade between Ethiopia on the one hand and China and India on the other, though the trade balance disfavours Ethiopia. China has displaced other countries as export destinations for Ethiopia. Similarly, the presence of China and India is also felt in the areas of investment and aid. At local level, Chinese imports of footwear have forced local enterprises to downsize their activity and lose assets and money. At the same time, however, firms have followed both the high road of competition (design and quality improvement, investment in machinery, product specialisation) and the low road of competition (lowering price and profit, reducing raw materials and inputs, and joining the informal sector) to withstand the impact of Chinese imports. The long-term effect of Chinese imports is to crowd out local efforts of using the sector as the basis for industrialisation. Government, non-government organisations and local producers should work together in order to withstand the negative impacts of footwear imports by raising the competitiveness of the local producers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649127914	Impacts of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in co-contaminated soil	Olaniran A.O., Balgobind A., Pillay B.	2009	Journal of Environmental Sciences	21	5	10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62322-0	Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa	Olaniran, A.O., Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Balgobind, A., Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Pillay, B., Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa	1,2-Dichloroethane (DCA), a potential mutagen and carcinogen, is commonly introduced into the environment through its industrial and agricultural use. In this study, the impact of lead and mercury on DCA degradation in soil was investigated, owing to the complex co-contamination problem frequently encountered in most sites. 1,2-Dichloroethane was degraded readily in both contaminated loam and clay soils with the degradation rate constants ranging between 0.370-0.536 week-1 and 0.309-0.417 week-1, respectively. The presence of heavy metals have a negative impact on DCA degradation in both soil types, resulting in up to 24.11% reduction in DCA degradation within one week. Both biostimulation and treatment additives increased DCA degradation, with the best degradation observed upon addition of glucose and a combination of diphosphate salt and sodium chloride, leading to about 17.91% and 43.50% increase in DCA degradation, respectively. The results have promising potential for effective remediation of soils co-contaminated with chlorinated organics and heavy metals. However, the best bioremediation strategy will depend on the soil types, microbial population present in the soil matrices, nutrients availability and metal forms. © 2009 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.	biodegradation; biostimulation; co-contamination; heavy metals; treatment additives	Agricultural use; biostimulation; Chlorinated organics; Clay soil; co-contamination; Contaminated soils; Contamination problem; Degradation rate constants; Dichloroethane; Diphosphates; Microbial populations; Negative impacts; Nutrients availability; Soil matrices; Soil types; treatment additives; Biochemistry; Biodegradation; Bioremediation; Clay; Clay minerals; Contamination; Degradation; Glucose; Land use; Lead; Mercury (metal); Metals; Microbiology; Rate constants; Sodium chloride; Soil pollution; 1,2 dichloroethane; heavy metal; biodegradation; bioremediation; carcinogen; heavy metal; soil pollution; soil remediation; article; metabolism; soil pollutant; Ethylene Dichlorides; Metals, Heavy; Soil Pollutants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873540075	Combined 18F-Fluoride and 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning for evaluation of malignancy: Results of an international multicenter trial	Iagaru A., Mittra E., Mosci C., Dick D.W., Sathekge M., Prakash V., Iyer V., Lapa P., Isidoro J., De Lima J.M., Gambhir S.S.	2013	Journal of Nuclear Medicine	54	2	10.2967/jnumed.112.108803	Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Pretoria University Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Materials Science, and Engineering, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room H-0101, Stanford, CA 94305, United States	Iagaru, A., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room H-0101, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Mittra, E., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Mosci, C., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Dick, D.W., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Sathekge, M., Pretoria University Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Prakash, V., Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Iyer, V., Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Lapa, P., Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Isidoro, J., Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; De Lima, J.M., Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Gambhir, S.S., Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Materials Science, and Engineering, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States	18F-FDG PET/CT is used in a variety of cancers, but because of variable rates of glucose metabolism, not all cancers are reliably identified. 18F- PET/CT allows for the acquisition of highly sensitive and specific images of the skeleton. We prospectively evaluated combined 18F-/18F-FDG as a single PET/CT examination for evaluation of cancer patients and compared it with separate 18F - PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. Methods: One hundred fifteen participants with cancer were prospectively enrolled in an international multicenter trial evaluating 18F- PET/CT, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and combined 18F-/ 18F-FDG PET/CT. The 3 PET/CT scans were performed sequentially within 4 wk of one another for each patient. Results: 18F-/ 18FFDG PET/CT allowed for accurate interpretation of radiotracer uptake outside the skeleton, with findings similar to those of 18F-FDG PET/CT. In 19 participants, skeletal disease was more extensive on 18F- PET/CT and 18F -/18F-FDG PET/CT than on 18F-FDG PET/CT. In another 29 participants, 18F- PET/CT and 18F-/18F-FDG PET/CT showed osseous metastases where 18FFDG PET/CT was negative. The extent of skeletal lesions was similar in 18 participants on all 3 scans. Conclusion: This trial demonstrated that combined 18F-/18F-FDG PET/CT shows promising results when compared with separate 18F- PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT for evaluation of cancer patients. This result opens the possibility for improved patient care and reduction in health-care costs, as will be further evaluated in future trials. Copyright © 2013 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.	18F-FDG; 18F-; Cancer; PET/CT	fluorine 18; fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; diagnostic agent; fluorine; glucose; adult; aged; article; bone metastasis; cancer invasion; cancer patient; cancer staging; clinical evaluation; computer assisted emission tomography; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic imaging; diagnostic test accuracy study; dosimetry; female; human; image analysis; major clinical study; male; malignant neoplastic disease; multicenter study; outcome assessment; patient assessment; priority journal; prospective study; radiation dose distribution; bone; bone tumor; clinical trial; computer assisted tomography; image processing; international cooperation; metabolism; metastasis; methodology; middle aged; neoplasm; nuclear medicine; oncology; pilot study; positron emission tomography; reproducibility; scintiscanning; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Glucose; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; International Cooperation; Male; Medical Oncology; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nuclear Medicine; Pilot Projects; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650317981	Impact of the fish Garra on the ecology of reservoirs and the occurrence of Microcystis blooms in semi-arid tropical highlands: An experimental assessment using enclosures	Dejenie T., Asmelash T., Rousseaux S., Gebregiorgis T., Gebrekidan A., Teferi M., Nyssen J., Deckers J., Van Der Gucht K., Vyverman W., De Meester L., Declerck S.A.J.	2009	Freshwater Biology	54	8	10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02209.x	Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Geography Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Geo-instituut, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium	Dejenie, T., Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Asmelash, T., Department of Microbiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Rousseaux, S., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Gebregiorgis, T., Department of Chemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Gebrekidan, A., Department of Chemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Teferi, M., Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Nyssen, J., Geography Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Deckers, J., Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Geo-instituut, Leuven, Belgium; Van Der Gucht, K., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Vyverman, W., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; De Meester, L., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Declerck, S.A.J., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium	1. Many man-made reservoirs in the semi-arid highlands of Northern Ethiopia (Tigray) are characterised by the occurrence of intensive blooms of cyanobacteria and a dominance of small riverine fishes belonging to the genus Garra. 2. We carried out enclosure experiments to test for the effect of these small fish on abiotic characteristics, phytoplankton biomass and zooplankton community structure in the pelagic of two reservoirs (Gereb Awso and Tsinkanet). Two experiments were carried out in each of the reservoirs, one at the end of the rainy season (highest water level) and one at the end of the dry season (lowest water level). 3. The presence of Garra in general increased the amount of suspended matter, nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), phytoplankton and Microcystis biomass (including the proportion of Microcystis in the phytoplankton community), and reduced water transparency. The positive effect of the presence of Garra on nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton productivity indicate that Garra has the potential to affect food web functioning indirectly through bottom-up effects, by enhancing nutrient concentrations through sediment resuspension and excretion of nutrients. Indeed, population densities of the cladoceran zooplankton taxa Ceriodaphnia and Diaphanosoma also showed an overall increase in enclosures with Garra. 4. However, our data also provide some evidence for a potential of Garra to exert top-down control on large bodied daphnids (Daphnia carinata, D. barbata), although such effect varied among experiments. The limited capability of Garra to control zooplankton communities mainly reflects the low efficiency of these small, riverine and benthos-oriented fish in foraging on zooplankton and suggests the existence of an unoccupied niche for zooplanktivorous fish in the majority of the reservoirs. 5. Although the main effects of Garra on the pelagic food web seemed to be mediated by bottom-up mechanisms, our results also indicate that one of the key variables, the relative abundance of Microcystis, was impacted by Daphnia-mediated trophic cascade effects. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Daphnia; Enclosure experiment; Ethiopia; Foodweb interactions; Garra; Microcystis; Reservoir; Tigray	Ceriodaphnia; Cyanobacteria; Daphnia; Daphnia barbata; Daphnia carinata; Daphniidae; Diaphanosoma; Garra; Microcystis; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951744731	Effect of wet feeding on growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate	Dei H.K., Bumbie G.Z.	2011	British Poultry Science	52	1	10.1080/00071668.2010.540230	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana	Dei, H.K., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana; Bumbie, G.Z., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana	1. The Guinea Savanna in the tropics is characterised by high diurnal temperatures, often beyond the thermo-neutral zone of modern poultry, which imposes heat stress on them. 2. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of partially (12 h wet mash in the day and 12 h dry mash in the night) or wholly (24 h) feeding wet mash on the growth performance of broiler chickens. 3. Three treatments: dry mash (control), wet mash (day) + dry mash (night) and wet mash (day+night) were tested. At 28 d of age, a total of 120 broiler chickens (Hybro, Netherlands) were randomly divided, using a completely randomised design, into 12 groups of 10 birds, each with mean live weight of approximately 800 g/bird. A maize-soybean based grower mash (200 g CP/kg and 12·5 MJ/kg ME) was fed. The wet mash was prepared daily by addition of 1·3 parts of water to 1 part of dry mash and fed from 28 to 56 d of age. The birds were housed in raised-floor pens. Feed and water were given ad libitum and light provided 24 h. Mean daily room temperature was 28-29°C in the morning and 35-41°C in the afternoon. 4. Mean feed intake of birds fed the wet mash (174 g/day) or wet + dry mash (166 g/day) was higher than that of birds fed the dry mash (152 g/day). Mean live weight gain of birds fed the wet mash (64 g/day) or wet + dry mash (64 g/day) was higher than that of birds fed the dry mash (58 g/day). There were no differences in gain/feed ratios (0·38-0·39) of any of the treatments, neither were there any differences between the feeding of wet mash partly or wholly for all variables. 5. It was concluded that wet feeding, particularly during day-time, had the potential to improve growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate. © 2011 British Poultry Science Ltd.	None	water; animal; animal food; article; chicken; eating; evaluation; Ghana; growth, development and aging; maize; metabolism; physiological stress; soybean; tropic climate; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Eating; Ghana; Soybeans; Stress, Physiological; Tropical Climate; Water; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
None	None	The impact of a pathogenic bacterium on a social carnivore population	Höner O.P., Wachter B., Goller K.V., Hofer H., Runyoro V., Thierer D., Fyumagwa R.D., Müller T., East M.L.	2012	Journal of Animal Ecology	81	1	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01873.x	Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Seestraße 55, 16868 Wusterhausen an der Dosse, Germany	Höner, O.P., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Wachter, B., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Goller, K.V., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Hofer, H., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Runyoro, V., Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro, Tanzania; Thierer, D., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Fyumagwa, R.D., Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Müller, T., Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Seestraße 55, 16868 Wusterhausen an der Dosse, Germany; East, M.L., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany	1.The long-term ecological impact of pathogens on group-living, large mammal populations is largely unknown. We evaluated the impact of a pathogenic bacterium, Streptococcus equi ruminatorum, and other key ecological factors on the dynamics of the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta population in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. 2.We compared key demographic parameters during twoyears when external signs of bacterial infection were prevalent ('outbreak') and periods of fiveyears before and after the outbreak when such signs were absent or rare. We also tested for density dependence and calculated the basic reproductive rate R 0 of the bacterium. 3.During the five pre-outbreak years, the mean annual hyena mortality rate was 0·088, and annual population growth was relatively high (13·6%). During the outbreak, mortality increased by 78% to a rate of 0·156, resulting in an annual population decline of 4·3%. After the outbreak, population size increased moderately (5·1%) during the first three post-outbreak years before resuming a growth similar to pre-outbreak levels (13·9%). We found no evidence that these demographic changes were driven by density dependence or other ecological factors. 4.Most hyenas showed signs of infection when prey abundance in their territory was low. During the outbreak, mortality increased among adult males and yearlings, but not among adult females - the socially dominant group members. These results suggest that infection and mortality were modulated by factors linked to low social status and poor nutrition. During the outbreak, we estimated R 0 for the bacterium to be 2·7, indicating relatively fast transmission. 5.Our results suggest that the short-term 'top-down' impact of S. equi ruminatorum during the outbreak was driven by 'bottom-up' effects on nutritionally disadvantaged age-sex classes, whereas the longer-term post-outbreak reduction in population growth was caused by poor survival of juveniles during the outbreak and subsequent poor recruitment of breeding females. These results suggest synergistic effects of 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' processes on host population dynamics. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.	Basic reproductive rate (R 0); Crocuta crocuta; Disease ecology; Ngorongoro Crater; Population dynamics; Population regulation; Spotted hyena; Streptococcus	age class; bacterium; bottom-up control; breeding population; carnivore; density dependence; disease prevalence; disease transmission; ecological impact; host-pathogen interaction; juvenile; mammal; mortality; pathogen; population dynamics; population growth; population outbreak; population regulation; reproductive productivity; survival; top-down control; animal; animal disease; article; Carnivora; demography; disease transmission; epidemic; female; male; microbiology; nutritional status; physiology; population density; population dynamics; social dominance; Streptococcus equi; Streptococcus infection; Tanzania; Animals; Demography; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Hyaenidae; Male; Nutritional Status; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Social Dominance; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus equi; Tanzania; Arusha [Tanzania]; Ngorongoro Crater; Tanzania; Bacteria (microorganisms); Crocuta crocuta; Mammalia; Streptococcus; Streptococcus equi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449110163	Disease, predation and demography: Assessing the impacts of bovine tuberculosis on African buffalo by monitoring at individual and population levels	Cross P.C., Heisey D.M., Bowers J.A., Hay C.T., Wolhuter J., Buss P., Hofmeyr M., Michel A.L., Bengis R.G., Bird T.L.F., Du Toit J.T., Getz W.M.	2009	Journal of Applied Ecology	46	2	10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01589.x	Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States; Ecoleges, Environmental Consultants, PO Box 40091, The Village 1218, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Southern African Wildlife College, Private Bag X3015, Hoedspruit, 1380, South Africa; Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, South Africa; South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa; Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States	Cross, P.C., Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Heisey, D.M., US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States; Bowers, J.A., Ecoleges, Environmental Consultants, PO Box 40091, The Village 1218, South Africa, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Hay, C.T., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Southern African Wildlife College, Private Bag X3015, Hoedspruit, 1380, South Africa; Wolhuter, J., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, South Africa; Buss, P., South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Hofmeyr, M., South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Michel, A.L., Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bengis, R.G., Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa; Bird, T.L.F., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Du Toit, J.T., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States; Getz, W.M., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States	1. Understanding the effects of disease is critical to determining appropriate management responses, but estimating those effects in wildlife species is challenging. We used bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the African buffalo Syncerus caffer population of Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study to highlight the issues associated with estimating chronic disease effects in a long-lived host. 2. We used known and radiocollared buffalo, aerial census data, and a natural gradient in pathogen prevalence to investigate if: (i) at the individual level, BTB infection reduces reproduction; (ii) BTB infection increases vulnerability to predation; and (iii) at the population level, increased BTB prevalence causes reduced population growth. 3. There was only a marginal reduction in calving success associated with BTB infection, as indexed by the probability of sighting a known adult female with or without a calf (P = 0·065). 4. Since 1991, BTB prevalence increased from 27 to 45% in the southern region and from 4 to 28% in the central region of Kruger National Park. The prevalence in the northern regions was only 1·5% in 1998. Buffalo population growth rates, however, were neither statistically different among regions nor declining over time. 5. Lions Panthera leo did not appear to preferentially kill test-positive buffalo. The best (Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size) AICc model with BTB as a covariate [exp(β) = 0·49; 95% CI = (0·24-1·02)] suggested that the mortality hazard for positive individuals was no greater than for test-negative individuals. 6. Synthesis and applications. Test accuracy, time-varying disease status, and movement among populations are some of the issues that make the detection of chronic disease impacts challenging. For these reasons, the demographic impacts of bovine tuberculosis in the Kruger National Park remain undetectable despite 6 years of study on known individuals and 40 years of population counts. However, the rainfall and forage conditions during this study were relatively good and the impacts of many chronic diseases may be a non-linear function of environmental conditions such that they are only detectable in stressful periods. © 2008 British Ecological Society.	Bovine tuberculosis; Detection; Disease; Population growth; Predator; Syncerus caffer	Akaike information criterion; bovine tuberculosis; cattle; census; demography; detection method; disease prevalence; host-pathogen interaction; mortality; national park; population growth; vulnerability; wildlife management; Africa; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bovinae; Panthera; Panthera leo; Syncerus caffer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35148850067	Population dynamics in a long-lived seabird: I. Impact of breeding activity on survival and breeding probability in unbanded king penguins	Bohec C.L., Gauthier-Clerc M., Grémillet D., Pradel R., Béchet A., Gendner J.-P., Maho Y.L.	2007	Journal of Animal Ecology	76	6	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01268.x	Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France; Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Montpellier, France; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France	Bohec, C.L., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France; Gauthier-Clerc, M., Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Grémillet, D., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Pradel, R., Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Montpellier, France; Béchet, A., Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Gendner, J.-P., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France; Maho, Y.L., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France	1. Understanding the trade-off between current reproductive effort, future survival and future breeding attempts is crucial for demographic analyses and life history studies. 2. We investigated this trade-off in a population of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) marked individually with transponders using multistate capture-recapture models. 3. This colonial seabird species has a low annual proportion of non-breeders (13%), despite a breeding cycle which lasts over 1 year. To draw inferences about the consequences of non-breeding, we tested for an effect of reproductive activity on survival and on the probability of subsequent breeding. 4. We found that birds non-breeding in year t show the same survival rate as breeders (two-states analysis: breeding and non-breeding). However, breeders had a lower probability of breeding again the following year. This negative phenotypic correlation suggests the existence of reproductive costs affecting future breeding probability, but it might also be strengthened by late arrival for courtship in year t. 5. A three-state analysis including breeding success revealed that failed breeders in year t have a lower probability to reproduce successfully in year t + 1 than non-breeders in year t, providing some evidence for the existence of reproductive costs. Moreover, successful breeders showed higher survival probability. This positive phenotypic correlation between current reproduction and subsequent survival supports the hypothesis of an heterogeneity in individual quality. 6. Males breeding in year t had a lower probability to breed again in year t + 1 than females, suggesting higher reproductive costs for this sex. Such additional costs might be due to higher male parental investment in the final phase of chick-rearing, which also delays the arrival of males in year t + 1, and decreases their breeding probability. 7. Our study is the first to explore the breeding biology and the demography of penguins without the disturbance of flipper-bands. © 2007 The Authors.	Heterogeneity hypothesis; Intermittent breeding; Multistate mark-recapture models; Prudent parent hypothesis; Transponder tags	demographic survey; heterogeneity; mark-recapture method; population dynamics; reproductive biology; reproductive cost; reproductive cycle; reproductive effort; reproductive success; seabird; survival; tagging; trade-off; animal; Antarctica; article; breeding; female; male; methodology; mortality; penguin; physiology; population dynamics; probability; reproduction; sexual development; survival; time; Animals; Antarctic Regions; Breeding; Female; Male; Mortality; Population Dynamics; Probability; Reproduction; Sex Characteristics; Spheniscidae; Survival; Time Factors; Aptenodytes patagonicus; Aves; Spheniscidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349229757	Nutritional evaluation of termite (Macrotermes subhyalinus) meal as animal protein supplements in the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings	Sogbesan A.O., Ugwumba A.A.A.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sogbesan, A.O., Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; Ugwumba, A.A.A., University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	250 fingerlings of Heterobranchus longifilis had an average weight of 2.04±0.21 g were fed five crude protein 42.5% isonitrogenous experimental diets coded Tm1 - Tm5 were tested on the fingerlings. Termite meal was used to replace fish meal in the diets at 0% (Diet Tm1- control diet), 25% (Diet Tm2), 50% (Diet Tm3), 75% (Diet Tm4) and 100% termite meal inclusion levels (Diet Tm5). The experiment was in triplicates and the fingerlings were fed 5% body weight twice a day for 12 weeks. Termite meal had a crude protein of 46.3% and ash content of 3.6% while fish meal used has 71.5% crude protein and 18.2% ash and these differed significantly (P<0.05). The lipid content of 11.3% and 8.0% respectively for termite meal and fishmeal also differed significantly (P<0.05). The water stability of the experimental diets ranged between72.3%-76.9%. The highest mean weight gain of 9.6 g/fish, relative growth rate of 488.0% and specific growth rate of 0.9%/day were recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The feed striking time ranged between 5.0-6.0 second. The lowest feed conversion ratio of 2.9 and highest protein efficiency ratio of 0.8 were also recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The lowest incidence of cost (2.1), highest profit index (1.6) and best benefit cost ratio (1.2) were also from 50% termite meal diet. Based on the broken-line analysis, 50% inclusion levels of termite meal will yield the best result in a practical diet for H. longifilis fingerlings for a profitable and sustainable aquaculture venture. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Cost; Fishmeal; Growth; H. longifilis; Nutrient; Termite meal	Animalia; Heterobranchus longifilis; Isoptera; Macrotermes subhyalinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893487553	Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid from Piper multiplinervium	Malami I., Gibbons S., Malkinson J.P.	2014	Fitoterapia	93	None	10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.005	Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, P.M.B 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom	Malami, I., Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, P.M.B 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria; Gibbons, S., Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Malkinson, J.P., Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom	3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid is an antibacterial agent isolated from the leaves of Piper multiplinervium. This compound has activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Helicobacter pylori. This research aimed to synthesize a natural antibacterial compound and its analogs. The synthesis of 3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid consists of three steps: straightforward synthesis involving protection of phenolic hydroxyl group, coupling of suitable isoprenyl chain to the protected aromatic ring at ortho position followed by carboxylation with concomitant deprotection to give the derivatives of the salicylic acid. All the three prenylated compounds synthesized were found to exhibit spectrum of activity against S. aureus (ATCC) having MIC: 5.84 × 10- 3, 41.46 × 10- 2 and 6.19 × 10 - 1 μmol/ml respectively. The compounds also displayed activity against resistance strain of S. aureus (SA1119B) having MIC: 5.84 × 10- 3, 7.29 × 10- 3 and 3.09 × 10 - 1 μmol/ml respectively. This synthesis has been achieved and accomplished with the confirmation of it structure to that of the original natural product, thus producing the first synthesis of the natural product and providing the first synthesis of its analogs with 3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid having biological activity higher than that of the original natural product. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid; Antibacterial; Piper multiplinervium; Prenylated salicylic acid; Staphylococcus aureus	1, 3 dibromo 2 methoxymethoxybenzene; 2 bromo 6 dimethlyallyl 1 methoxymethoxybenzene; 2 bromo 6 farnesyl 1 methoxymethoxybenzene; 2 bromo 6 geranyl 1 methoxymethoxybenzene; 3 dimethylallyl 2 hydroxybenzoic acid; 3 farnesyl 2 hydroxybenzoic acid; 3 geranyl 2 hydroxybenzoic acid; antiinfective agent; aromatic compound; natural product; norfloxacin; phenol; salicylic acid; unclassified drug; 3-farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid; antiinfective agent; farnesol; hydroxybenzoic acid derivative; antibacterial activity; article; biological activity; carboxylation; controlled study; deprotection reaction; drug isolation; drug screening; drug synthesis; Escherichia coli; Gram negative bacterium; Gram positive bacterium; Helicobacter pylori; isoprenylation; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Piper (plant); Piper multiplinervium; plant leaf; prenylation; priority journal; Staphylococcus aureus; structure activity relation; analogs and derivatives; chemistry; medicinal plant; microbial sensitivity test; Piper (plant); synthesis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Farnesol; Hydroxybenzoates; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Piper; Plants, Medicinal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919947877	Synthesis of functionalized 3-, 5-, 6- and 8-aminoquinolines via intermediate (3-pyrrolin-1-yl)- and (2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)quinolines and evaluation of their antiplasmodial and antifungal activity	Vandekerckhove S., Van Herreweghe S., Willems J., Danneels B., Desmet T., De Kock C., Smith P.J., Chibale K., D'Hooghe M.	2015	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	92	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.020	SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Vandekerckhove, S., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Van Herreweghe, S., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Willems, J., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Danneels, B., Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Desmet, T., Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; De Kock, C., Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Chibale, K., South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; D'Hooghe, M., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium	(3-Pyrrolin-1-yl)- and (2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)quinolines were prepared via cyclization of diallylaminoquinolines and 4-chloro-N-quinolinylbutanamides, respectively, as novel synthetic intermediates en route to N-functionalized 3-, 5-, 6- and 8-aminoquinolines with potential biological activity. (3-Pyrrolin-1-yl)quinolines were subjected to bromination reactions, and the reactivity of (2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)quinolines toward lithium aluminum hydride and methyllithium was assessed, providing an entry into a broad range of novel functionalized (pyrrolidin-1-yl)- and (hydroxyalkylamino)quinolines. Antiplasmodial evaluation of these novel quinolines and their functionalized derivatives revealed moderate micromolar potency against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and the two most potent compounds also showed micromolar activity against a chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum. Antifungal assessment of (hydroxyalkylamino)quinolines revealed three compounds with promising MIC values against Rhodotorula bogoriensis and one compound with potent activity against Aspergillus flavus. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	Antimalarial agents; Antimicrobial agents; Pyrrolidine derivatives; Quinolines	2 methyl 3 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 3 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 3 (pyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 4 (quinolin 3 ylamino)butanol; 4 (quinolin 5 ylamino)butanol; 4 (quinolin 6 ylamino)butanol; 4 (quinolin 8 ylamino)butanol; 5 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 5 (2 methylquinolin 3 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 5 (2 methylquinolin 3 ylamino)pentan 2 ol; 5 (pyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 5 (quinolin 3 ylamino)pentan 2 one; 5 (quinolin 5 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 5 ylamino)pentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 5 ylamino)pentan 2 one; 5 (quinolin 6 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 6 ylamino)pentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 6 ylamino)pentan 2 one; 5 (quinolin 8 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 6 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 6 (pyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 8 (2 oxopyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; aminoquinoline derivative; amphotericin B; antifungal agent; antimalarial agent; artesunate; chloroquine; emetine; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; aminoquinoline derivative; antifungal agent; antimalarial agent; antifungal activity; antimalarial activity; Article; Aspergillus flavus; bromination; Candida albicans; controlled study; derivatization; drug design; drug potency; drug screening; drug synthesis; IC50; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Rhodotorula; Rhodotorula bogoriensis; structure activity relation; substitution reaction; chemistry; dose response; drug effects; drug sensitivity; synthesis; Aminoquinolines; Antifungal Agents; Antimalarials; Aspergillus flavus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Rhodotorula; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650373218	Evaluation of enzyme and probiotic supplementation of maize processing waste-based diets on performance and nutrient utilization of weaner rabbits	Onu P.N., Oboke S.A.	2010	Indian Journal of Animal Research	44	2	None	Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Onu, P.N., Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Oboke, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	48 six weeks old crossbred weaner rabbits were randomly allocated to four treatments to determine the effect of enzyme and probiotic supplementation of maize processing wastebased diets on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaner rabbits. Four experimental diets were formulated such that diet 1 (T1) contained 0% MPW while diet 2 (T2) contained 50% MPW without supplementation. Diets 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) contained 50% MPW supplemented with 200mg of enzyme (grindazym) and probiotic (yeast) per kilogram of feed respectively. Results showed significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences in body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), crude protein, dry matter, crude fibre and ether extract digestibility among the rabbits. Rabbits fed enzyme (T3) and probiotic (T4) supplemented diets had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) superior BWG, FCR and PER. compared to other treatment groups. Rabbits fed 50% MPW diet without supplementation (T2) recorded higher BWG and better FCR than those fed 0% MPW diet (T1) There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference among the groups in daily feed intake (DFI), daily protein intake (DPI) and ash digestibility. Economic analysis favoured the inclusion of MPW, enzyme and probiotic in weaned rabbits diets. However, cost saving in percentage was higher for the supplemented diets. Results of this study suggest that up to 50% maize in rabbit diet could be replace with MPW and that enzyme and probiotic supplementation of MPW-based diet enhanced the performance of the rabbits.	Enzyme; Nutrient digestibility; Performance; Probiotic; Supplementation; Weaner rabbits	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51649102055	Evaluation of lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of anacardic acids	Kubo I., Tae J.H., Tsujimoto K., Tocoli F.E., Green I.R.	2008	Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences	63	42559	None	Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	Kubo, I., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tae, J.H., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tsujimoto, K., School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Tocoli, F.E., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Green, I.R., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	6-Alkylsalicylic acids inhibit the linoleic acid peroxidation catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, type 1) competitively and without pro-oxidant effects. This activity is largely dependent on the nature of their alkyl side chains. Inhibitory activities of anacardic acids, viz. 6-pentadec(en)ylsalicylic acids, isolated from the cashew Anacardium occidentale, were initially used for comparison because their aromatic head portions are the same. Consequently, the data should be interpreted to mean that changes in the hydrophobic side chain tail portions of the molecules evaluated correlate with the specific activity determined. © 2008 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.	Anacardic acids; Hydrophobicity; Inhibitory activity; Lipoxygenase	anacardic acid; lipoxygenase inhibitor; scavenger; article; chemistry; drug screening; electrospray mass spectrometry; Anacardic Acids; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Anacardium occidentale; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949792518	Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Ferroquine and Phenylequine Analogues as Potential Antiplasmodial Agents	Jacobs L., De Kock C., De Villiers K.A., Smith P.J., Smith V.J., Van Otterlo W.A.L., Blackie M.A.L.	2015	ChemMedChem	10	12	10.1002/cmdc.201500349	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X2 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Jacobs, L., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; De Kock, C., Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X2 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; De Villiers, K.A., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X2 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Smith, V.J., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Van Otterlo, W.A.L., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Blackie, M.A.L., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	7-Chloroquinoline-based antimalarial drugs are effective in the inhibition of hemozoin formation in the food vacuole of the Plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria. We synthesized five series of ferroquine (FQ) and phenylequine (PQ) derivatives, which display good in vitro efficacy toward both the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) NF54 (IC50: 4.2 nm) and chloroquine-resistant (CQR) Dd2 (IC50: 33.7 nm) strains of P. falciparum. Several compounds were found to have good inhibitory activity against β-hematin formation in an NP-40 detergent assay, with IC50 values ranging between 10.4 and 19.2 μm. © 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	ferroquine; malaria; oxalamide; phenylequine; β-hematin	antimalarial agent; aromatic amine; artesunate; beta hematin; chloroquine; ethyl 2 [[2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]amino] 2 oxoacetate; ethyl 2 [[3 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)propyl] [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]amino] 2 oxoacetate; ferroquine; hematin; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]butan 1,4 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]hexan 1,6 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]ethan 1,2 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 3 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]propan 1,3 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]butan 1,4 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 5 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]pentan 1,5 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 5 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]penta 1,5 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]hexan 1,6 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]hexane 1,6 diamine; n 1 [2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [3 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 3 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [3 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 3 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [4 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [4 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [5 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 5 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [6 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [6 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; phenylequine derivative; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; antimalarial activity; antimalarial drug resistance; Article; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; cross resistance; drug design; drug efficacy; drug screening; drug synthesis; follow up; hydrogen bond; IC50; in vitro study; infrared spectroscopy; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; priority journal; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; X ray diffraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949083973	Performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves extract supplement	Nworgu F.C., Onabakin A.M., Obadina T.A.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	1	None	Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Nworgu, F.C., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Onabakin, A.M., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obadina, T.A., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	A 10-week trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (T. occidentalis) leaves extract (FPLE). Twenty four six-weeks old weaned rabbits averagely weighing 507.5 g were matched for weight and sex and distributed to four treatments which contained 0, 50, 100 and 150 ml FPLE per litre of water for A, B, C and D, respectively, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated three times. The rabbits were fed the same growers diet. Feed and water were served ad-libitum. The experiment lasted 10 weeks and the FPLE was offered at 4 days interval throughout the period of the experiment. The results revealed that FPLE was rich in protein and minerals but low in fibre, tannin and oxalate, hence a good protein and mineral supplement for weaned rabbits during dry season in humid tropical environment. Results of final live weight, average body weight gain (ABWG), feed conversion ration, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed cost per kg live weight gain, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and white and red blood cells were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different among the treatments. The ABWG, PER, PCV, Hb and RBC were for the weaned rabbits served 150 ml FPLE 1515 g/rabbit, 1.74, 66.33%, 7.33 g/100 ml and 5.39×106 L-1 and for control 930 g/rabbit, 0.85, 58.00%, 6.83 g/100 ml and 5.02×106L -1, respectively. The aforementioned parameters progressively and significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased with increased concentrations of FPLE. For improved rabbit production and blood formation, 150 ml FPLE is recommended for weaned rabbits as 0-100 ml FPLE had lower performance effects in terms of ABWG, PER, RBC and relative cost advantage.	Fluted pumpkin; Haematological indices; Performance; Supplement; Weaned rabbits	Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79751498328	Mobility and photovoltaic performance studies on polymer blends: Effects of side chains volume fraction	Adam G., Pivrikas A., Ramil A.M., Tadesse S., Yohannes T., Sariciftci N.S., Egbe D.A.M.	2011	Journal of Materials Chemistry	21	8	10.1039/c0jm02668a	Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Adam, G., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Pivrikas, A., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Ramil, A.M., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Tadesse, S., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Yohannes, T., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Sariciftci, N.S., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Egbe, D.A.M., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria	A 1:1 mixture of two thiophene based poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)-alt- poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s denoted DO-PThE1-PPV2 (D1) and MEH-PThE1-PPV2 (D2), consisting of the same conjugated backbone but different types and volume fraction of alkoxy side chains on the phenylene ethynylene unit, has led to enhanced charge carrier mobility (measured using CELIV technique) as compared to the individual polymers. The resulting ternary blend with PC60BM showed better photovoltaic performance as compared to binary blends from the single polymers mixed with PCBM. This is due to the improved active layer nanomorphology in the ternary system as revealed by AFM studies. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Active Layer; AFM; Binary blends; Conjugated backbones; Nanomorphologies; P-phenylene; Photovoltaic performance; Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s; Side chains; Single polymers; Ternary blends; Conjugated polymers; Organic polymers; Photovoltaic effects; Polymer blends; Ternary systems; Thiophene; Titration; Carrier mobility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650333983	Evaluation of cellulolytic enzyme supplementation on production indices and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed soybean hull based diets	Esonu B.O., Izukanne R.O., Inyang O.A.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	4	10.3923/ijps.2005.213.216	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Izukanne, R.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Inyang, O.A., Department of Animal Production, Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria	A 120-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate cellulolytic enzyme supplementation on production indices and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed soybean hull based diets. Seven experimental layers diets were formulated incorporating soybean hull meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% (without enzyme supplementation) and 10, 20 and 30% (with 2.0% enzyme supplementation) dietary levels respectively. One hundred and forty seven (147), Shikka brown layers already 12 months in lay were divided into 7 groups of 21 birds each and randomly assigned to the 7 treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hen-day production, feed cost/dozen eggs, egg weight, Haugh unit, digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre among the groups. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the groups in body weight, egg yolk colour, shell thickness, albumen and yolk indices, horizontal and oblong circumferences and digestibility of dry matter and ash respectively. The group on 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal (without enzyme supplementation) performed significantly (P<0.05) better than the other groups in hen-day egg production, feed cost/dozen eggs and egg weight. The results of this experiment suggest that 2.0% "safzyme" cellulolytic enzyme supplementation at 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal in layer diet could not significantly affect the performance of laying hens. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Cellulolytic enzyme supplementation; Laying hens; Production indices; Soybean hull	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349242255	Monitoring of the physical parameters and evaluation of the chemical composition of river and groundwater in Calabar (Southeastern Nigeria)	Edet A., Worden R.H.	2009	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	157	04-Jan	10.1007/s10661-008-0532-y	Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom; Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Unical Post Office, Calabar 540001, Nigeria	Edet, A., Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom, Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Unical Post Office, Calabar 540001, Nigeria; Worden, R.H., Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom	A 12-month study was carried to assess the seasonal and tidal effects on the physical parameters of river and groundwater, which constitute the major potable water sources in Calabar (Nigeria). The study also included an evaluation of the chemical composition of the different water bodies and their relationship. The results show that there was a significant seasonal effect on dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate in groundwater on one hand, and on temperature, redox potential (Eh), and DO in river water on the other. Also, a significant tidal influence exists on DO in both river-and groundwater. Comparison between groundwater and river water show statistically significant difference in EC, TDS, Eh, DO, Na, Cl and NO3. The significant differences in EC, TDS, Na and Cl are due to tidal flushing. The difference in Eh is due to geology of the area while, NO3 is as a result of anthropogenic pollution. The concentrations of ions in the river and groundwater for the different seasons and tidal cycles show an inverse relationship, while the river water is generally more concentrated than the groundwater. Using a binary mixing model, estimates show that the degree of mixing of river water and groundwater is low, with values of between 1.93% and 2.76% respectively, in the western and eastern parts of the study area. The study concludes that tidal flushing, anthropogenic effects and oxygen supply during recharge contribute to the shaping of water chemistry in the area. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Calabar; Chemical composition; Coastal aquifer; Drinking water quality; Groundwater; Physical properties; River; Season; Tide	Calabar; Chemical composition; Coastal aquifer; Drinking water quality; Season; Aquifers; Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Dissolved oxygen sensors; Electric conductivity measurement; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Oxygen supply; Physical properties; Rivers; Water distribution systems; Water pollution; Water quality; Potable water; dissolved oxygen; drinking water; ground water; nitrate; river water; chemical composition; coastal aquifer; dissolved oxygen; groundwater; nitrate; redox potential; river water; water chemistry; article; chemical composition; geology; monitoring; Nigeria; oxidation reduction potential; oxygen supply; physical chemistry; seasonal variation; statistical significance; temperature; water analysis; water pollution; Chlorine; Cities; Electric Conductivity; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nigeria; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Rivers; Seasons; Sodium; Temperature; Water Pollutants; Africa; Calabar; Cross River [(STT) Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745087239	The impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in Limpopo province, South Africa	Rikhotso B.O., Stoltsz W.H., Bryson N.R., Sommerville J.E.M.	2005	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	76	4	None	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Rikhotso, B.O., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Stoltsz, W.H., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bryson, N.R., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Sommerville, J.E.M., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the Bushbuckridge region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (Babesia bigemina and Babesin bovis) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. To this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were assayed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma antibodies. Cattle in the intensively dipped group were dipped 26 times and maintained on a 14-day dipping interval throughout the study, whereas cattle in the strategically dipped group were dipped only 13 times. Three cattle, from which adult ticks were collected, were selected from each village, while immature ticks were collected by drag-sampling the surrounding vegetation. During the dipping process, a questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease, abscesses and mortalities was completed by an Animal Health Technician at each diptank. An increase in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and a decrease in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected in the strategically dipped group while in the intensively dipped group the converse was true. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most numerous tick species on the cattle, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was more plentiful than Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. Drag samples yielded more immature stages of A. hebraeum than of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. The incidence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease and of abscesses increased in the strategically dipped group at the start of the survey.	Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma marginale; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Catte; Communal grazing; Endemic stability; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; Strategic dipping	acaricide; protozoon antibody; bacterium antibody; insecticide; abscess; Anaplasma marginale; anaplasmosis; article; Babesia; babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; babesiosis; blood sampling; cattle; cattle disease; cattle farming; controlled study; disease surveillance; endemic disease; female; grazing; infection control; male; mortality; nonhuman; parasite development; questionnaire; Rhipicephalus; seroprevalence; South Africa; tick; tick borne disease; vegetation; animal; animal disease; blood; drug effect; epidemiology; growth, development and aging; microbiology; parasitology; season; treatment outcome; Acari; Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma; Anaplasma marginale; Animalia; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Boophilus; Boophilus bigemina; Boophilus bovis; Bos taurus; Ixodida; Rhipicephalus; Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Insecticides; Male; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; South Africa; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952122658	Effects of feed forms and feeding frequency on growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings	Ajani F., Dawodu M.O., Bello-Olusoji O.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Management, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, lwo, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Bowen University, Lwo, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nige	Ajani, F., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Management, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, lwo, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry, Bowen University, Lwo, Nigeria; Bello-Olusoji, O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency and best feed form for the growth and nutrient utilization of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Three replicate groups of fish (average weight of 3.05± 0.25 g) were fed at 5% body weight using either floating or sinking pellets at different feeding frequencies (three meals a day, two meals a day or one meal a day) in a 2 × 3 factorial experimental design. The mean weight gain and daily feed intake of the fish were not affected significantly by the feed forms; however the fish fed with floating pellets had a slight higher weight gain than those fed with the sinking pellets. The weight gain and daily feed intake of fish fed floating or sinking pellets twice a day and thrice a day were significantly higher than that of the fish fed once in a day (p < 0.05). The feeding frequency did not have any effect on the feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed with sinking pellet but these variables were significantly (p < 0.05) affected in the fish fed once in a day when compared with other feeding frequencies while using floating pellet. The feeding frequencies and feed forms had no significant effect on the protein content of the fish carcass. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded in the lipid content of fish as feeding frequency increases. It is therefore concluded that any of these fish feed forms can be fed at twice or thrice per day effectively for optimum result in the growth of C. gariepinus. © 2011 Academic Journals.	African catfish (Clarias gariepinus); Feed form; Feed frequency; Growth; Nutrient utilization	Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650476281	Evaluation of Detarium microcarpum pulp meal as feed ingredient in the diets of growing rabbits	Obun C.O., Yahaya S.M., Kibon A.A., Olafadehan O.A., Alison S.D.	2010	Journal of Applied Sciences Research	6	11	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno	Obun, C.O., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Yahaya, S.M., Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Kibon, A.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Olafadehan, O.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Alison, S.D., Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	A 12-week study was conducted to investigate response of growing rabbits to diets containing graded levels, 0, 5, 10 and 15%, of dietary Detarium microcarpum fruit pulp meal (DFPM) as replacement for maize. Twenty-four, 5-week-old mixed breed grower rabbits divided into 4 groups of 6 rabbits were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The result of the phytochemical assay shows that DFPM contained low level of tannins (0.023%), whereas saponins, phytate, oxalates and hydrogen cyanide were not detected. Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 15% DFPM than in the control diet. Daily weight gains, nutrient intake, protein to gain ratio and feed conversion ratio were not (P > 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Similarly, nutrient digestibility was similar (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Cost of feeding and feed cost per kg body weight gain (BWG) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of DFPM in the diets. Cost differential per kg BWG, savings of feed cost and relative cost benefit per kg BWG significantly (P < 0.05) varied among the diets; the rank order is: 15% > 10% > 5% > 0% DFPM. The impressive performance, nutrient digestibility and comparative cost advantage of rabbits fed DFPM suggests that DFPM is an economically viable alternative basal feedstuff to maize and can be used up to 15% or replace 37.5% of maize in the diets of growing rabbits. © 2010, INSInet Publication.	Cost effectiveness; Detarium microcarpum; Digestibility; Performance; Rabbits; Tannins	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956067293	Evaluation of Detarium microcarpum pulp meal as feed ingredient in rabbits diets	Obun C.O., Yahaya S.M., Kibon A.A., Olafadehan O.A., Alison S.D.	2010	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	9	2	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno	Obun, C.O., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Yahaya, S.M., Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Kibon, A.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Olafadehan, O.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Alison, S.D., Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	A 12-week study was conducted to investigate response of weaner rabbits to diets containing graded levels, 0, 5, 10 and 15%, of dietary Detarium microcarpum fruit pulp meal (DFPM).Twenty-four, 4-week-old mixed breed weaner rabbits divided into 4 groups of 6 rabbits were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The results of the phytochemical assay shows that DFPM contained tannins (0.023%) whereas saponins, phytate, oxalates and hydrogen cyanides were not detected. Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 15% DFPM than in the control diet. Daily weight gain, nutrients intake, protein to gain ratio and feed conversion ratio were not (P > 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Similarly, nutrients digestibility was similar (P > 0.05) among the treatments. However, cost of feeding and feed cost per kg body weight gain (BWG) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of DFPM in the diets. Cost differential per kg BWG, savings of feed cost and relative cost benefit per kg BWG significantly (P < 0.05) varied among the diets; the rank order is: 15% > 10% > 5% DFPM. The impressive performance and comparative cost advantage suggests that DFPM is an economic viable alternative feedstuff and can be used up to 15% in the diets of weaner rabbits.	Detarium fruit pulp meal; Digestibility; Economic analysis; Performance; Rabbits	Detarium; Detarium microcarpum; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937515316	Effect of supplementation with molecular or nano-clay adsorbent on growth performance and haematological indices of starter and grower turkeys fed diets contaminated with varying dosages of aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>	Lala A.O., Oso A.O., Ajao A.M., Idowu O.M., Oni O.O.	2015	Livestock Science	178	None	10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.029	Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department o	Lala, A.O., Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ajao, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation with molecular or nano-clay adsorbent on growth performance and haematological indices of starter (0-56d) and grower (56-84d) turkeys fed diets contaminated with varying doses (0, 60, and 110ppb) of aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>. Two hundred and sixteen 1-d-old male turkeys were assigned to 9 diets supplemented with no adsorbent, molecular clay adsorbent, and nano-clay adsorbent and contaminated with 0, 60, and 110ppb aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf> in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 replicate pens and 8 turkeys per pen. The turkeys were housed in an open-sided, deep litter system, which was partitioned into 27 pens (2×1.5m2) using wire mesh. As aflatoxin contamination increased from 0 to 110ppb, feed intake and weight gain decreased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in starter turkeys, but the adverse effects of aflatoxin were progressively less from those fed the diets with no adsorbent to molecular clay adsorbent and then to nano-clay adsorbent (adsorbent× aflatoxin. P<0.044). Grower turkeys fed the diets with adsorbents consumed more feed and had better FCR than those fed the diets without adsorbent, and those fed the diets with nano-clay adsorbent had better FCR than grower turkeys fed the diets with molecular clay adsorbent (P<0.001). The highest mortality was observed in starter and grower turkeys fed the diet with no adsorbent and contaminated with 110ppb aflatoxin (adsorbent×aflatoxin, P=0.002). As aflatoxin increased in starter and grower turkeys fed the diets with no adsorbent, white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts increased and packed cell volume (PCV) decreased, whereas aflatoxin had no noticeable effect on those response criteria in turkeys fed the diets with molecular clay and nano-clay adsorbent (adsorbent×aflatoxin, P<0.05). Starter turkeys fed the diets with adsorbents had a greater Hb and monocyte concentration (P<0.001), whereas grower turkeys fed the diets with adsorbents had less heterophil and eosinophil counts (P<0.043) than those fed the diets with no adsorbent. In conclusion, supplementation of aflatoxin-contaminated diets with clay adsorbents seemed to improve weight gain and reduce mortality, and reduce adverse effects of aflatoxin on PCV and Hb in turkeys. Grower turkeys fed the diet supplemented with nano-clay adsorbent had better growth performance than those fed the diet supplemented with molecular clay adsorbent. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..	Aflatoxin; Clay adsorbents; Growing turkey; Haematological indices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858128134	Growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet fed dietary concentrations of organic and inorganic copper sources	Jegede A.V., Oduguwa O.O., Oso A.O., Fafiolu A.O., Idowu O.M.O., Nollet L.	2012	Livestock Science	145	03-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.011	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland	Jegede, A.V., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oduguwa, O.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fafiolu, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Nollet, L., Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland	A 140-day study was conducted to determine the influence of dietary organic Cu (Cu proteinate) and inorganic Cu (CuSO 4) on growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet. 480day-old Kabiru® breed chicks were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups of 80 birds split over 4 replicates of 20 birds each. The diets consisted of a basal diet (containing 32.84 and 31.78mg/kg Cu for starter and grower phases respectively) supplemented with organic Cu (Cu proteinate; Cu-P) or inorganic Cu (Cu sulphate; CuSO 4) fed at 3 dietary concentrations (50, 100 and 150mg/kg). No significant (P&gt;0.05) effect of Cu source, concentration and interaction of Cu source and concentration was obtained for growth response at starter and grower phases. CuSO 4 supplementation resulted in elevated (P&lt;0.05) serum uric acid. Supplementation of diets with 150mg/kg Cu resulted in the reduction (P&lt;0.05) of white blood cell count of the birds. Cu-P decreased (P&lt;0.05) plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride in comparison to CuSO 4. CuSO 4 supplementation resulted in increased high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cu concentration elicited a linear response (P&lt;0.05) for total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride. It was concluded that the source and concentration of Cu did not lead to a significant difference in growth performance. Furthermore, Cu-P reduced (P&lt;0.05) the plasma cholesterol concentration of the experimental birds when compared to CuSO 4. Also plasma cholesterol concentration reduced (P&lt;0.05) with increased dietary Cu concentration. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Copper; Growth; Lipid; Performance; Pullet	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921938676	Effects of supplementing cassava peels with cassava leaves and cowpea haulms on the performance, intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of West African Dwarf goats	Abatan O., Oni A.O., Adebayo K., Iposu S., Sowande O.S., Onwuka C.F.I.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	1	10.1007/s11250-014-0695-1	Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health,	Abatan, O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oni, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adebayo, K., Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Iposu, S., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sowande, O.S., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Onwuka, C.F.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 16-week experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ratios of cassava leaf meal, cassava peel and cowpea haulms by West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Thirty WAD bucks aged 8 ± 1.3 months with body weights of 6–6.5 ± 0.12 kg were divided into five groups of six animals and each group randomly assigned to one of the treatments in a completely randomized design. The five dietary treatments were formulated to contain cassava peels, leaves and cowpea haulms at different proportions of 700:100:175 (T1), 500:200:275 (T2), 300:300:375 (T3) and 100:400:475 (T4) g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. A standard diet formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of the animals with no cassava and cowpea haulms was used as the control diet (T5). DM intake ranged from 316.16 to 458.73 g/day and significantly increased (linear (L), quadratic (Q), cubic (C): P < 0.05) as the inclusion of cassava peels reduced and cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased in the diets. The crude protein (CP) intake significantly increased (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) as the inclusion of cassava peels reduced and cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased in the diets. Growth rate values significantly (L: P < 0.05; Q: P < 0.01) ranged from 21.55 g/day in T1 to 43.09 g/day in T4. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (L, Q: P <0.01) lowest in T4 (11.35) and was highest in animals in T5 (14.33). Dry matter digestibility significantly (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) ranged from 78.94 to 89.52 %. The digestibility increased as the inclusion of cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased and reduced cassava peels in the diets. The highest N intake of 14.75 g/day obtained in T4 was significantly (L: P < 0.01; Q, C: P < 0.05) different from the values of 9.26, 10.56, 11.31 and 12.02 in T1, T2, T3 and T5, respectively. Nitrogen balance values significantly (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) ranged from 2.75 g/day in T1 to 9.15 g/day in T4. It is recommended that cassava peels, leaves and cowpea haulms in the proportion of 100:400:475 g/kg DM improved the growth and digestibility of WAD goats and can therefore be used to sustain animal performance during the dry season in a total mixed ration. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Cassava leaves; Cassava peels; Cowpea haulms; Nitrogen; Performance; WAD goats	nitrogen; Africa; analysis; animal; animal food; body weight; chemistry; controlled study; diet; diet supplementation; digestion; drug effects; goat; growth, development and aging; Manihot; metabolism; plant leaf; randomized controlled trial; veterinary; Africa, Western; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Goats; Manihot; Nitrogen; Plant Leaves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953818977	Predicting the impact of food processing industry on water quality of its environment using 24 full factorial design	Chukwu O.	2009	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	70	02-Jan	None	Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Chukwu, O., Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	A 24 full factorial design was used to predict the impact of a food processing industry on the water quality of its environment. The factorial, main, and interaction effects of four water pollutants, namely, total dissolved solids, sulphide of lead, total nitrates, and total undissolved solids on biological oxygen demand (BOD) were obtained statistically. From sensitive analysis, it was concluded that all the main effects and interactions in the model have significant impacts on the level of BOD of the surface water. The statistical analysis of the experimental data showed that the predictive model is adequate for obtaining optimum conditions. Validation of the model gave a correlation coefficient of 0.999749 between the measured and predicted values. It was recommended that any processing activity by the industry that could lead to the discharge of the pollutants into water bodies at values more than the maximum permissible limits must be discouraged.	Biological oxygen demand; Environment; Factorial design; Food processing; Impact; Prediction; Water ouality	Biological oxygen demand; Correlation coefficient; Environment; Experimental data; Factorial design; Food processing industry; Full factorial design; Interaction effect; Main effect; Optimum conditions; Predictive models; Processing activity; Sensitive analysis; Significant impacts; Statistical analysis; Total dissolved solids; Undissolved solids; Water pollutants; Waterbodies; Biochemical oxygen demand; Design; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Forecasting; Industry; Surface waters; Waste treatment; Water pollution; Water quality; Food processing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947287211	Evaluation of performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broiler finisher fed dried rumen digesta	Esonu B.O., Ogbonna U.D., Anyanwu G.A., Emenalom O.O., Uchegbu M.C., Etuk E.B., Udedibie A.B.I.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Ogbonna, U.D., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anyanwu, G.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Uchegbu, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Etuk, E.B., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Udedibie, A.B.I., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial involving 264, 5-week old Hubbard broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broilers fed dried rumen digesta (DRD) at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake of the groups on varying dietary levels of dried rumen digesta were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control (0%) group. Birds on diets containing dried rumen digesta recorded higher body weight gain than the control (0%) group. However, this increase in body weight, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weights were not significant (P>0.05). The lower feed cost per kilogramme meat produced on dried rumen digesta diet suggest that the material is economically viable alternative. Furhter research is necessary to investigate the biosafety of dried rumen digesta. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Dried rumen digesta; Economic analysis; Feed ingredient	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41449088732	Performance, carcass characteristics and economy of production of broilers fed maize-grit and brewers dried grain replacing maize	Anyanwu G.A., Iheukwumere F.C., Emerole C.O.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics and	Anyanwu, G.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Emerole, C.O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial involving ninety-six (96) four weeks old broiler chicks was conducted to investigate the effect of total replacement of maize with different combination ratios of maize grit and Brewers Dried Grain (BDG) on the performance, carcass characteristics and economy of finisher broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated by substituting maize with maize grit and BDG in the ratio of T1 (0%); T2 (3:1-45 + 15); T 3 (1:1-30 + 30) and T4 (1:3-15 + 45) respectively. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatment diets. Each experimental unit of 24 birds was replicated twice giving 12 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Body weight and weight gain per feed intake through higher at high cost with the control diet improved in cheaper diets formulated with maize grit and BDG. There was no consistency in the carcass characteristics of the groups particularly among the internal organs showing that dietary maize grit ad BDG could not pose any discernible nutritional problems that might manifest in the carcass of the broilers. Cheaper feed formulated with maize grit and BDG gave the higher gross margins especially diet 4. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broilers; Carcass; Economy of production; Maize; Maize grit-brewers dried grain; Performance	Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944454660	Effect of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler starter chickens	Emenalom O.O., Orji V.C., Ogbonna N.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Orji, V.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ogbonna, N.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of whole and cracked velvet bean seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler chicks. Whole and cracked velvet bean seeds were separately soaked in water for 48 hours, cooked for one hour in maize-cob ash solution, sun-dried and then ground into meals. The meals were then incorporated into broiler starter diets at 25 and 30% dietary levels respectively and fed from 0 to 28 days of age. The control diet contained no velvet bean meal. At 25 and 30% dietary levels, cracked velvet bean meal supported broiler performance comparable to the control. Birds fed 30% whole velvet bean (WVB) meal had a significantly depressed growth; grew 84.22% of control but feed intake and feed to gain ratio were unaffected. Cooking in maize-cob ash solution improved the nutritive value of velvet bean seeds, allowing for 25 and 30% dietary inclusion levels for whole and cracked seeds respectively.	Broilers; Maize-cob-ash; Performance; Velvet bean	Aves; Gallus gallus; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749599186	Performance characteristics and nutrient utilization of starter broilers fed raw and processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal	Onu P.N., Okongwu S.N.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.693.697	Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Onu, P.N., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okongwu, S.N., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 28 - day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of processing of pigeon pea seeds on the performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated such that each diet contained raw, boiled, boiled with potash and toasted pigeon pea seed meals at 26% dietary level respectively. One hundred and ninety two 5-week old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the four experimental diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group was replicated four times with 12 birds per replicate. At the end of the 4 weeks feeding trial, three birds were randomly selected from each replicate and transferred to metabolic cages for faecal collection and determination of apparent nutrient digestibility. Another set of 3 birds were randomly selected from each replicate, deprived of water but not feed for 24 hours, slaughtered and eviscerated for organ weight determination. Results showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in performance among the birds fed processed and raw pigeon pea seed meals. Birds fed processed pigeon pea seed meal performed significantly (P < 0.05) better than those on raw pigeon pea seed meal. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in performance among the groups fed differently processed pigeon pea seed meals. The results of the digestibility trial showed that significant (P < 0.05) differences existed among the groups in protein digestibility only. The results of the trial indicated that the three processing methods boiling, boiling with potash and toasting were effective in reducing the antinutritional factors in pigeon pea seeds. The result of the study also indicated improved nutritive value of pigeon pea boiled with potash. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Finisher broilers; Nutrient digestibility; Nutritive value; Performance; Processed pigeon pea	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954274047	Performance and cost evaluation of substituting bambara seed [Vigna subterranean (L) Verdc] offal for soyabean meal in the diets of broiler starter chicks	Obih T.K.O., Ekenyem B.U.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	4	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28 day feeding trial was conducted using 160 marshalstrain of day old broiler chicks fed 0, 5, 10 and 15% levels of Bambara Seed Offal (BSO) in a completely randomized design where BSO replaced soyabean meal weight for weight. Each of the four dietary treatments was further replicated four times. Routine vaccination and medication typical of broilers were strictly adhered to. The initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed costlkilogram and feed costlkilogram weight gain were measured. Results show that birds on control (0% BSO) and T2 (5% BSO) with weight gains 584.78 and 583.48 respectively did not differ significantly (p>0.05) but were superior to those of levels 10% and 15% BSO (539.4 g and 505.0 g respectively). Both feed conversion ratio and feed costlkg declined as the level of BSO increased from 0.15% while feed costlkg weight gain did not maintain any particular trend. Treatment 2 (5% BSO) had the lowest cost of production feed wise. The control (0% BSO) and treatment 2 (5% BSO) were statistically similar (p>0.05) for final weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Bambara seed offal (BSO); Soyabean meal; Starter broiler chicks	Aves; Bambara; Glycine max; Vigna subterranea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958048813	Performance characteristics of finisher broiler chicks fed varying levels of exogenous enzyme supplemented Bambara seed [Vigna subterranean (L) Verde] offal as Replacement for maize	Obih T.K.O., Ekenyem B.U.	2010	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	9	5	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 200, Owerri, Nigeria	Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 200, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 200, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted using 240 Anak 2000 strain of finisher broilers fed 0, 15, 30 and 45% levels of exogenous enzyme supplemented Bambara Seed Offal (esBSO) in a completely randomized design where esBSO replaced whole maize weight for weight. Each of four dietary treatments was further replicated four times. Routine vaccination and medication typical of broilers were strictly adhered to. The initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost/kg and feed cost/weight gain were measured. Results show that birds on control (0%) and 15% esBSO with weight gains 1.73kg each, did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and were superior to those of levels 30 and 45% (1.55 and 1.43 kg respectively). Feed conversion ratio, feed cost/kg and feed cost/weight gain declined as the level of esBSO increased from 0-45%, with 0% having the best FCR. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Enzyme supplemented bambara seed offal (esBSO); Finisher broiler; Whole maize	animal behavior; animal food; article; broiler; controlled study; cost control; cost minimization analysis; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; legume; maize; nonhuman; nutrient content; plant seed; Vigna subterranean; weight gain; Aves; Bambara; Vigna subterranea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952646517	Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on performance of broiler chickens exposed to different lighting regime	Tuleun C., Njoku P.C., Okwori A.I.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	2	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; National University Commission, Abuja, Nigeria	Tuleun, C., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Njoku, P.C., National University Commission, Abuja, Nigeria; Okwori, A.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the performance of 400 Anak broiler chicks exposed to two lighting regimes viz. 12 h light: 12 h darkness and 24 h lightO h darkness and fed diets containing two levels of ascorbic acid (0 and 250 mg AA/kg of feed). Each treatment was replicated four times with 25 birds per replicate. Results showed that at the starter phase of growth, chicks on continuous lighting regime recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain than those on limited lighting regime. Addition of ascorbic acid in the diet of chicks in the starter phase significantly (p<0.05) improved weight gain. At the grower phase, lighting regime recorded no significant (p>0.05) effect on weight gain but addition of ascorbic acid in the diet significantly (p<0.05) improved weight gain. There was significant (p<0.05) interaction as chicks on continuous lighting regime with ascorbic acid in their diet recorded higher weight gain than other treatments i.e limited lighting with no ascorbic acid in the diet. At the starter phase there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between continuous and limited lighting on feed: gain ratio. However, chicks with ascorbic in their diet recorded significantly (p<0.05) better feed: gain ratio than those without ascorbic acid. Inclusion of ascorbic acid in the diet significantly (p<0.05) reduced feed cost per kilogram weight gain. Ascorbic acid inclusion significantly (p<0.05) increased femur weight but not femur ash and tibia length. Continuous lighting and inclusion of ascorbic acid from diets increased incidence of leg abnormality significantly. Inclusion of ascorbic acid significantly (p<0.05) reduced the severity of leg abnormality. In conclusion continuous lighting and ascorbic acid in the diet may improve weight gain, feed: gain ratio, reduced feed cost per kilogram weight gain and reduction in the severity of leg abnormality. It may be recommended that under continuous lighting, inclusion of ascorbic acid in the diet may be recommended for balanced growth of the chicks. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Ascorbic acid; Bone; Broiler performance; Lighting regimes	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749084577	Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leef meal (Manihot esculenta crantz)	Iheukwumere F.C., Ndubuisi E.C., Mazi E.A., Onyekwere M.U.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	1	None	Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Ndubuisi, E.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Mazi, E.A., Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Onyekwere, M.U., Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 35-day feeding trial involving 120, 5-week old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leaf meal at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and organ weight of birds on the control (0%) and (5%) leaf meals were significantly superior (p<0.05) to the group on 10% and 15% leaf meal. The utilization of Dry Matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract and ash was significantly poorer at the 10 and 15% dietary levels. The organ weights (heart, liver, gizzard) were superior at 0 and 5% (p<0.05) groups to the groups on 10 and 15% inclusion levels of the leaf meal. It is suggested that 5% inclusion of cassava leaf meal could be used in broiler finisher diets without any deleterious effects. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler; Cassava leaf meal; Organs weight and nutrient utilization; Performance	animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; ash; avian stomach; bird; cassava; chemical composition; controlled study; food composition; food intake; heart weight; liver weight; meal; nonhuman; nutrient uptake; organ weight; plant leaf; randomization; weight gain; Aves; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904411894	Operational evaluation of the performance of a solar powered absorption system in Pretoria	Bvumbe T.J., Inambao F.L.	2013	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	24	3	None	School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Bvumbe, T.J., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Inambao, F.L., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	A 35kW pilot solar powered absorption cooling system was designed and constructed at Moot Hospital in Pretoria to investigate the technical and economic performance of the technology. Technically, the system produced an estimated 43.938MWh of cooling energy per year and reached a maximum power of 31kW and operated with an average COP of 0.63, which compares favourably with the 0.7 given by the manufacturer. This system has since been decommissioned. Unfortunately, due to a lack of standard design and operation information, the system was overdesigned. As a result, the economic performance of this technology could not be accurately determined.	Economic performance; LiBr-water; Solar powered absorption cooling; System performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958150855	Electrical performance results of an energy efficient building with an integrated photovoltaic system	Ziuku S., Meyer E.L.	2010	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	21	3	None	Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Ziuku, S., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	A 3.8 kW rooftop photovoltaic generator has been installed on an energy efficient house built at the University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, South Africa. The system, located on the north facing roof, started generating electrical power in February 2009. In addition to providing electrical energy, the photovoltaic panels also act as the building roofing material. An instrumentation and data acquisition system was installed to record the indoor and outdoor ambient temperature, indoor and outdoor relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar irradiance, electrical energy produced by the solar panels and the household energy consumption. This paper presents the initial results of the electrical performance of the building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) generator and energy consumption patterns in the energy efficient house.	Building integrated photovoltaics; Energy consumption; Energy demand; Energy efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847607120	Impact of tillage and nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen use efficiency of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and soil properties	Habtegebrial K., Singh B.R., Haile M.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	1	10.1016/j.still.2006.07.002	Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Habtegebrial, K., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Singh, B.R., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Haile, M., Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	A 3-yr (2003-2005) study was conducted to assess the effect of two tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT, with four ploughings using a traditional plough, maresha) and minimum tillage (MT, with a single pass prior to sowing) and of N-fertilization, on tef yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), weed infestation and soil properties at two locations in the rainfed semiarid conditions of Ethiopia. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, with tillage treatments as main plots and N-rates as subplots. The N-fertilization rates were 0 kg N ha-1 (ZN), 30 kg N ha-1 (LN), 60 kg N ha-1 (MN) and 90 kg N ha-1 (HN). The minimum tillage practice produced as high yields as conventional tillage. Both total dry matter (DM) and grain yields were increased by N-fertilization. At both locations and in all years, there was a linear increase in dry matter production when N was increased from ZN to HN. The grain yield showed a similar increasing trend up to MN level but decreased from MN to HN. Available moisture content was relatively higher for minimum till (MT) than for conventional till (CT). In the dry years of the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons, the average available moisture content in the plough layer was higher in MT than in CT by 0.004 m (2003) and 0.003 m (2004). Weed infestation was significantly higher in MT than in CT, with weed numbers 96 higher and weights 102 g m-2 higher in MT. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increased N but was not affected by tillage methods. Average N recoveries for CT and MT were generally similar (about 43%). Nitrogen fertilization significantly affected the soil total N and C/N ratio at lower depth (0.15-0.30 m). Average total N at the lower depth increased by 35.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 (203%) when N application rate was increased from MN to HN, suggesting that higher N levels are to be avoided to reduce excessive leaching to lower depths. Thus, the adoption of MT in the semiarid conditions could benefit soil and moisture conservations and reduce costs for resource poor farmers in Ethiopia without significantly affecting yield. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation	Arid regions; Nitrogen fertilizers; Plants (botany); Soil mechanics; Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation; Agriculture; cereal; crop yield; fertilizer application; moisture content; nitrogen; nutrient use efficiency; semiarid region; soil property; tillage; weed; Agriculture; Fertilizers; Moisture; Nitrogen; Soil Mechanics; Weeds; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879275072	Effect of nutrase xyla® supplementation on growth performance of grower pigs fed low or high fibre diets	Alu S.E., Oluremi O.I.A., Kaankuka F.G.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	11	None	Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Keffi, P.M.B. 135, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nige	Alu, S.E., Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Keffi, P.M.B. 135, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Kaankuka, F.G., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	A 49-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of fibre and Nutrase xyla® enzyme supplementation on the growth performance of grower pigs. Sixteen Landrace x Large white cross bred pigs were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 2 enzyme levels (0 and 100 ppm) and two dietary fibre levels (10 and 15%). Sixteen weaned crosses of Landrace x Large white piglets were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement having 2 enzyme levels (0 and 100 ppm) and 2 dietary fibre levels (10 and 15%). Four isonitrogenous (18% CP) experimental diets with marginal variation in caloric content tagged T1, T2, T3 and T4 were compounded. Treatments 1 and 2 contained 10% crude fibre level (low fibre), while treatments 3 and 4 contained about 15% crude fiber levels (high fibre). Treatments 1 and 3 served as the control diets for treatments 2 and 4, respectively. Performance data such as feed intake, initial weight and final weight were recorded and used to calculate weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, feed cost/kg and feed cost/unit weight gain. There were no significant (p>0.05) effects of dietary fibre levels and enzyme supplementation or their interactive effects on average daily feed intake, feed: gain ratio, protein efficiency ratio and feed cost per unit weight gain. The economic analyses revealed that the use of Nutrase xyla® at 100ppm in these diets resulted in increased feed cost but higher level of dietary fibre reduced the cost of feed. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Fibre; Grower pigs; Nutrase xyla®; Rice offal	enzyme; nutrase xyla; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal food; article; caloric intake; controlled study; cost; diet; diet supplementation; economic evaluation; feed converion ratio; fiber; food composition; growth rate; high fiber diet; low fiber diet; nonhuman; nutritional parameters; piglet; protein efficiency ratio; swine; test meal; weight gain; Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958581969	Performance of growing Small East African Goats offered Rhodes grass hay and supplemented with a 1:1 mixture of Maerua angolensis: Zizyphus mucronata leaf browses	Ondiek J.O., Abdulrazak S.A., Njoka E.N.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	9	None	Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; National Council for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 30623-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Chuka University College, P.O. Box 109, Chuka, Kenya	Ondiek, J.O., Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya, National Council for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 30623-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Njoka, E.N., Chuka University College, P.O. Box 109, Chuka, Kenya	A 56-day experiment was conducted to examine the contribution of Maerua angolensis and Zizyphus mucronata, mixed on a 1:1 ratio as a supplement to growing Small East African Goats fed a basal diet of Chloris gayana hay. Twenty goats were assigned to five treatments of: 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g DM kg-1W0.75, assigned as MZ0, MZ15, MZ20, MZ25 and MZ30. The total extractable phenolics (TEPH) and total extractable tannins (TET) for Maerua angolensis (11.4, 3.01 mg kg-1 DM) were lower than for Zizyphus mucronata (72.3, 41.2 mgkg-1DM) and the mixture had average values (41.9, 22.1 mg kg-1 DM), respectively. The Chloris gayana hay had low crude protein content (54 g kg-1 DM). Intake of hay and of total DM, and coefficients of apparent digestibility of diet proximate components, increased with supplementation. The control animals (MZ0) lost weight and the supplemented groups gained weight with best growth on the MZ20 diet. Rumen pH was in the normal range but rumen ammonia N was low for the control diet (8.99 mg 100ml-1), increasing with supplementation to 11.3 - 12.7 mg 100ml-1. There was a positive linear relationship between rumen ammonia level and live weight change. It is concluded that the 1:1 mixture of Maerua angolensis:Zizyphus mucronata with a CP of 261g kg-1 DM is an adequate protein supplement for growing Small East African Goats when fed a low quality (5.4% CP) basal diet of Chloris gayana hay.	Digestibility; Forage mixture; Indigenous browse; Intake; Rumen ammonia	Animalia; Capra hircus; Chloris gayana; Maerua angolensis; Ziziphus; Ziziphus mucronata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54049158499	Effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of oreochromis niloticus fingerlings	Ogunji J.O., Kloas W., Wirth M., Neumann N., Pietsch C.	2008	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	92	4	10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00745.x	Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053,	Ogunji, J.O., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Wirth, M., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Neumann, N., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Pietsch, C., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to access the effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Seven feeds formulated to contain 36% protein and 20 kJ g)1 gross energy (dry matter basis), were prepared by replacing fish meal with magmeal. Fifteen fingerlings (initial average weight 2.0 ± 0.1 g) stocked per experimental tank were fed in triplicates at 5% body weight in two portions per day (a level previously established). Growth and food conversion ratio were adequate and comparable without any significant differences (p < 0.5) between feeding groups. Mean values for haematocrit and plasma glucose were not significantly different (p < 0.05) among the feeding groups. Fish group fed control diet (containing highest inclusion level of fish meal and without magmeal) gave the lowest haemoglobin concentration (5.96 ± 0.22 g dl)1). This value was significantly different from other feeding groups. Stressful conditions in fish and in mammals are associated with decreased growth, haematocrit (packed cell volume) and haemoglobin values, increased whole blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) and plasma cortisol concentrations. No such physiological changes were observed in this study. Results suggest that feeding O. niloticus fingerling with magmeal diets did not cause any form of physiological stress. Magmeal can be used as a good alternative protein source in tilapia diets. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Fishmeal; Housefly maggot meal; Oreochromis niloticus; Stress response	Mammalia; Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia; hemoglobin; hydrocortisone; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; blood; blood analysis; cichlid; diet; glucose blood level; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; house fly; larva; metabolism; randomization; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Glucose; Cichlids; Diet; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Houseflies; Hydrocortisone; Larva; Random Allocation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959607322	Evaluation of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed meal as a replacer for soybean meal in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)	Jimoh W.A., Aroyehun H.T.	2011	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	11	2	10.4194/trjfas.2011.0202	Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Jimoh, W.A., Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Aroyehun, H.T., Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% crude protein), isolipidic (12% lipid) and isoenergetic (18 Mj/g). Cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meals were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% respectively. The performance of the fish fed sesame seed meal-based test diets was compared to fish fed a soybean meal-based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerlings per tank with mean initial body weight of 6.37±0.21 g. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets containing 25% sesame. Similarly there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed fish fed diets containing 25% sesame and fish fed diets containing 50% sesame. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed other test diets using the above indices. Comparable performance in growth nutrient utilization and carcass crude protein deposition in Clarias gariepinus fed diets with SSM25 and SSM50 showed that these meals could be viable means of improving the cost of fish feeding. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.	African catfish; Mechanically defatted; Sesame; Soybean meal	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891556563	Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, gut morphology, and microflora of growing guinea fowl	Oso A.O., Awe A.W., Awosoga F.G., Bello F.A., Akinfenwa T.A., Ogunremi E.B.	2013	Tropical Animal Health and Production	45	8	10.1007/s11250-013-0430-3	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Awe, A.W., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Awosoga, F.G., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bello, F.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinfenwa, T.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ogunremi, E.B., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of dried ginger meal (DGM) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum parameters, gut morphology, and microflora of growing helmeted guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris). One hundred sixty 28-day-old male keets were assigned to four dietary treatments. There were 40 birds per treatment replicated four times with 10 keets each. The experimental diets consisted of the basal diet (control), ginger-supplemented diets containing 20, 40, and 60 g/kg DGM, respectively. Guinea fowls fed diet supplemented with DGM had higher (P &lt;0.05) final body weight, body weight gain and lower (P &lt;0.05) feed intake. Optimum weight gain was obtained with supplementation level of 36.15-g DGM (R 2 = 0.923). Guinea fowls fed diet supplemented with 40 g/kg DGM recorded the highest (P &lt;0.05) coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and longest (P &lt;0.05) duodenal and ileal villus heights. The crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum reduced (P &lt;0.05) with increasing level of dietary supplementation of DGM. Dietary supplementation of DGM resulted in increased (P &lt;0.05) total serum protein, serum albumin and low (P &lt;0.05) serum cholesterol concentration. Ileum content of birds fed diet supplemented with 40 g/kg DGM recorded the highest (P &lt;0.05) lactobacillus count. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 40-g DGM per kilogram diet is hereby recommended for improved growth, apparent nutrient digestibility, gut morphology, serum chemistry, and stimulation of balanced intestinal microflora in growing guinea fowl. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Dried ginger meal; Gut morphology and microflora; Helmeted guinea fowl; Serum metabolites concentration	Aves; Galliformes; Lactobacillus; Numida meleagris; Zingiber officinale; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; cholesterol; creatinine; globulin; serum albumin; uric acid; animal; animal disease; article; bacterial count; blood; cytochemistry; diet supplementation; digestion; Galliformes; gastrointestinal tract; ginger; growth, development and aging; male; metabolism; microbiology; physiology; regression analysis; ultrastructure; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cholesterol; Colony Count, Microbial; Creatinine; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Galliformes; Gastrointestinal Tract; Ginger; Globulins; Histocytochemistry; Male; Regression Analysis; Serum Albumin; Uric Acid	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349251730	Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets	Ogunji J., Summan Toor R.-U.-A., Schulz C., Kloas W.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria; Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Institut	Ogunji, J., Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria, Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Summan Toor, R.-U.-A., Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Schulz, C., Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung Christian, Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany, Institute of Biology, Dept. of Endocrinology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany	A 56 day study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile Tilapia fed diets containing housefly maggot meal (magmeal). Three isoenergetic diets respectively containing 31.20, 34.0 and 36.10% crude protein were formulated. Fishmeal was replaced partially with magmeal. Results of the study showed a good overall growth performances and status of experimental fish. Standard growth rate was between 2.58 - 3.08; food conversion ratio ranged from 1.12 to 1.45; Protein efficiency ratio was between 2.21-2.47, while hepatosomatic Index and condition factor were ranged between 3.08-3.14; and 2.47-2.89, respectively. Fish survival was 100%. These recommend the suitability of magmeal in diets for Nile tilapia fingerling. However, the apparent crude protein digestibility of diet 3 (65.71%) containing highest magmeal dietary inclusion level, decreased significantly compared to diet 1 and 2 (76.26%, 77.04%). This may be due to the effect of elevated ash concentration of magmeal used in the diet formulation. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Alternative protein sources; Fishmeal substitute; Magmeal	Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956973322	Effect of fermentation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on its phytonutrients and the performance of broiler starter	Oluremi O.I.A., Okafor F.N., Adenkola A.Y., Orayaga K.T.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	6	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Physiolog	Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Okafor, F.N., Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Adenkola, A.Y., Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Orayaga, K.T., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	A 5-week feeding trial to determine the effect of fermentation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on its maize replacement value in broiler starter diet was conducted. Sweet orange fruit peels were collected from peeled orange sellers and divided into three portions. The first portion was not fermented (SPo), while the second and third portions were fermented for 24hrs (SP24) and 48hrs (SP48), respectively. They were separately sun-dried, milled and samples screened and analyzed for phytonutrients. Four different diets namely the control (CD) and three test diets SPoD, SP24D and SP4sD in which SPo, SP24D and SP48 replaced maize in the control diet (CD) at 30% level in that order were compounded. Seven-day old one hundred and twenty Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to these diet groups to evaluate their performance. There was a decrease in the concentration of each of oxalate, flavonoid, tannin, saponin and phytate detected in the peels as the duration of fermentation increased from 0 to 48hrs. Thirty percent replacement of maize by the fermented sweet orange fruit peel meal depressed body weight gain (p&lt;0.01), feed intake (p&lt;0.05) and live weight (p&lt;0.01) of broiler starter. The fermentation technique used in this study did not improve the nutritive value of the sweet orange fruit peels to enhance its suitability as a feed resource in broiler starter production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Broiler starter; Performance; Phytonutrients; Sweet orange peel	Citrus sinensis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863802492	Effects of replacing maize with yam peel meal on short term laying performance of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)	Edache J.A., Yisa A.G., Opkala E.J.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	7	None	Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	Edache, J.A., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Yisa, A.G., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Opkala, E.J., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	A 6-week feeding trail was conducted to determine the effect of varying levels of yam peel meal (CP; 8.07% and ME; 2701 kcal/kg) on the laying performance of Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty 4 - week old female quails divided into 4 groups having 3 replicates of 12 birds each were used in this study. Four isonitrogenous (20% CP) diets incorporating graded levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of yam peel meal were compounded. The diets, however, varied in energy levels having 2,626 (Diet A), 2,553 (Diet B), 2,480 Diet C and 2,406 kcalME/kg (Diet D) respectively. Each diet was replicated three times. Average daily feed intake (34.77, 31.13, 31.50 and 33.23 g/bird) and hen-day production (30.06, 22.17, 18.81 and 16.19%) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the test diets. However, respective daily weight gains (10.23, 8.93, 10.40, 7.83 g/bird), feed conversion ratio (7.96, 7.78, 6.90, 8.07) and egg weights (7.0, 8.8, 8.67 and 7.47 g) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected. As the level of yam peel meal increased in the diet, hen-day egg production was dropping. Feed cost/kg diet (N) decreased from diet A (41.24), B (38.02), C (34.52) to 31.02 (diet D) which had a cost saving of 25% over the control diet. By this study, it is indicated that at dietary crude protein level of 20% and Metabolizable Energy of between 2,480 and 2,626 kcal/kg, 20% level of yam peel meal inclusion in Japanese quail diet is acceptable for satisfactory egg production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Japanese quail; Productive performance; Yam peel	protein; animal experiment; article; controlled study; cost control; Coturnix; coturnix coturnix japonica; diet; egg laying; egg production; energy metabolism; female; food intake; maize; meal; nonhuman; weight gain; yam; yam peel; Aves; Coturnix japonica; Dioscorea alata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857867903	Physiological response of broiler chickens to neem (Azadirachta indica) and akakapenpen (Rauvolfia vomitoria) decoctions: Performance and carcass characteristics	Zanu H.K., Kagya-Agyemang J.K., Kwenin W.K.J., Bonsu F.R.K., Antwi E., Ateni S.	2011	International Journal of Poultry Science	10	9	10.3923/ijps.2011.730.733	Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana	Zanu, H.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Kagya-Agyemang, J.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Kwenin, W.K.J., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Bonsu, F.R.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Antwi, E., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Ateni, S., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana	A 6-week feeding trial was conducted on One hundred and eighty (180) Cobb broilers to evaluate the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) decoction (AID) and Akakapenpen (Rauvolfia vomitoria) decoction (RVD) on body weight gain, carcass and organ characteristics and haematological values of broiler chickens. The leaves of Azadirachta indica and Rauvolfia vomitoria were harvested and dried in the sun until they became crispy but still greenish in coloration. They were washed and then boiled (40 g of chopped leaves in 9L of water). The decoctions were placed in separate sterilized bottles ready for use and were offered ad libitum. The birds were randomly distributed to the treatments with twenty (20) birds per replicate, with each treatment replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The total replacement of antibiotics and coccidiostat resulted in non-significant depression (p<0.05) in final body weight and weight gain in experimental birds. However, feed intake was slightly affected (p<0.05) by administration of RVD to broilers. There was no significant effect of decoctions on water intake, feed conversion efficiency and mortality. Decoction had no significant influence on the dressing percentage, weights of crop (full), heart, proventriculus (full), intestines (full), feet and head. Decoction however, significantly affected gizzard (both full and empty), crop (empty), liver, kidney and proventriculus (empty). Liver and gizzard weights significantly increased with the inclusion of AID and RVD in water. Apart from WBC and Lymphocytes which were significantly influenced by decoction, the other blood parameters did not show any significant difference. This study suggests that AID and RVD replacement to antibiotics and coccidiostat may have beneficial effects on body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. Total comparative profit derived from replacing antibiotics + coccidiostat with AID and RVD resulted in economic gains. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011.	Azadirachta indica; Broiler chickens; Decoctions; Rauvolfia vomitoria	Aves; Azadirachta indica; Gallus gallus; Rauvolfia; Rauvolfia vomitoria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650085749	Nutritional evaluation of sunflower and sesame seed meal in clarias gariepinus: An assessment by growth performance and nutrient utilization	Fagbenro O.A., Adeparusi E.O., Jimoh W.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	22	None	Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Fagbenro, O.A., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adeparusi, E.O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Jimoh, W.A., Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the potential nutritive value of rawsunflower and Sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in practical diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% c.p). Raw sunflower and sesame seed meal were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 15, 30 and 45% respectively. The performance of the fish diets was compared to fish fed soybean meal based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerling per tank with mean initial body weight of 3.28 ± 0.15 g. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude protein deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed RSF15, RSM15, RSF30, RSM30 diets. However, a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets RSF 45 and RSM 45 using the above indices. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Clarias gariepinus; Growth performance; Nutrient utilization; Sesame; Sunflower	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Helianthus; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890856110	Effect of combination of whole millet feeding and mannan oligossaccharides supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights of growing guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris)	Oso A.O., Williams G.A., Jegede A.V., Sobayo R.A., Idowu O.M.O., Fafiolu A.O., Sogunle O.M., Akinola O.S., Adeleye O.O., Olorunsola I.A.R., Ogunade I.M., Osho S.O., Obadire F.O., Bamgbose A.M.	2014	Livestock Science	159	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.020	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal	Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Williams, G.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Jegede, A.V., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sobayo, R.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fafiolu, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sogunle, O.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinola, O.S., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeleye, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olorunsola, I.A.R., Faculty of Science, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Ondo, Nigeria; Ogunade, I.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osho, S.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Obadire, F.O., Faculty of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Jigawa, Dutse, Nigeria; Bamgbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 84-day study was conducted to determine the effect of combination of whole millet feeding and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights of growing guinea fowl. 192 One-day-old, male guinea fowls were randomly allocated to four treatment groups of 48 guinea fowl split over six replicates of eight birds. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial arrangements of two diet forms (whole millet diets (WMD) and completely ground diets (CGD)) supplemented with and without 1. g/kg MOS. WMD contained similar feed ingredients as CGD except that certain quantity of millet grains (150. g/kg for 1-29 days and 450. g/kg for 29-84 days birds) were progressively removed and fed whole for WMD-fed group. Birds fed WMD had reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and improved (P<0.05) feed to gain ratio when compared to group fed CGD. Supplementation of MOS in diets for growing guinea fowl (29-84 days) notwithstanding the feed form resulted in increased (P<0.05) total serum protein, reduced (P<0.01) serum uric acid and cholesterol concentration. Birds fed WMD had higher (P<0.05) gizzard and thymus weights while dietary supplementation of MOS showed reduced (P<0.05) liver weights and increased (P<0.05) spleen weight. It was concluded that whole millet feeding when combined with MOS supplementation in growing guinea fowls showed improved growth performance, gizzard development, serum chemistry and positive influence on organ weights. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Growth performance; Mannan oligosaccharides; Relative organ weight; Serum biochemistry; Whole millet diet	Aves; Galliformes; Numida meleagris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952260142	Effect of dietary levels of toasted mucuna seed meal (TMSM) on the performance and egg quality parameters of laying Japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica)	Tuleun C.D., Dashe N.A.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	12	10.3923/ijps.2010.1092.1096	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Tuleun, C.D., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Dashe, N.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A 8 week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of Toasted Mucuna Seed Meal (TMSM) on the performance and egg qualities of Japanese quail layers. Four (4) isonitrogenous (20% cp) diets were formulated to contain toasted mucuna seed meal at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Each of the dietary treatments was triplicated with 10 birds per replicate (making a total of 120 birds for the experiment) in a completely randomized design. The birds were offered feed and water ad libitum. The results showed that the quail layers fed up to 15% dietary levels of TMSM had percent hen-day and hen housed egg production, average feed intake, feed intake per egg production and feed intake per gram egg production values that were not statistically different (p>0.05) from those fed the 0% TMSM (control) diet. Albumen width and shell thickness were significantly (p<0.05) lowered by the increasing levels of TMSM, while egg circumference and all yolk parameters were not affected significantly (p>0.05). Dietary inclusion of TMSM at all levels reduced feed cost which was also reflected in feed cost per egg produced and feed cost per bird produced. Therefore the use of TMSM as a feed ingredient up to 15% level in quail layer diets is profitable, feasible and desirable. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Feed ingredient; Performance and egg qualities; Quail layer; Toasted mucuna seed meal	Aves; Coturnix; Coturnix japonica; Mucuna; Phasianidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937512504	Growth performance and carcass characteristics of three chicken strains in response to incremental levels of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal	Sebola N.A., Mlambo V., Mokoboki H.K., Muchenje V.	2015	Livestock Science	178	None	10.1016/j.livsci.2015.04.019	Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Sebola, N.A., Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Mlambo, V., Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Mokoboki, H.K., Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Muchenje, V., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of three chicken strains (male and female) that are normally reared under extensive production systems in South Africa. Moringa leaves were harvested by hand, air-dried and milled into M. oleifera leaf meal (MOLM). The MOLM was chemically analysed and used to dilute a commercial broiler finisher diet at 0 (MOLM0), 25 (MOLM25), 50 (MOLM50), and 100 (MOLM100) g/kg DM, producing four dietary treatments. Two hundred and sixteen (216) Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK), Ovambo (OV) and Black Australorp (BA) chickens were raised on a commercial starter mash for 4 weeks. On the fourth week, experimental diets were offered and growth performance data were collected over a period of 13 weeks. Carcass characteristics were measured upon slaughter at the end of the 13-week feeding period. Diet×strain interaction was significant (. P<0.001) for feed intake but not (. P>0.05) for growth rate and FCE. Feed intake responded to incremental levels of MOLM in an asymptotic fashion. Maximum feed intake was achieved at dietary MOLM inclusion levels between 50 and 70. g/kg DM. Black Australorp chickens had the highest feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of 2.35, while OV and PK chickens had lower FCE values of 2.09 and 2.05, respectively. Diet, strain and gender, all had significant effects on dressing percent (. P<0.001), leg and thigh weight (. P<0.05), and wing weight (. P<0.05). Male chickens attained higher (. P<0.05) carcass weight, leg and thigh weight, dressing percent, and breast mass than female chickens (. P<0.001). In female chickens, diets containing MOLM resulted in chickens with better carcass weight, leg and thigh weight, dressing percent, and breast mass compared to the control. In conclusion, Black Australorp chickens were better at utilizing diets with higher levels of MOLM compared to OV and PK strains. Inclusion of MOLM in chicken diets positively affected growth performance and carcass characteristics of the birds. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..	Carcass weight; Feed conversion efficiency; Feed intake; Indigenous chickens; Moringa oleifera leaf meal	Aves; Gallus gallus; Moringa; Moringa oleifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865827371	Development and preliminary evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for Halioticida noduliformans in abalone tissues	Greeff M.R., Christison K.W., MacEy B.M.	2012	Diseases of Aquatic Organisms	99	2	10.3354/dao02468	Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa	Greeff, M.R., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Christison, K.W., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa; MacEy, B.M., Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa	Abalone Haliotis midae exhibiting typical clinical signs of tubercle mycosis were discovered in South African culture facilities in 2006, posing a significant threat to the industry. The fungus responsible for the outbreak was identified as a Peronosporomycete, Halioticida noduliformans. Currently, histopathology and gross observation are used to diagnose this disease, but these 2 methods are neither rapid nor sensitive enough to provide accurate and reliable diagnosis. Realtime quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a rapid and reliable method for the detection and quantification of a variety of pathogens, so therefore we aimed to develop a qPCR assay for species-specific detection and quantification of H. noduliformans. Effective extraction of H. noduliformans geno - mic DNA from laboratory grown cultures, as well as from spiked abalone tissues, was accomplished by grinding samples using a pellet pestle followed by heat lysis in the presence of Chelax- 100 beads. A set of oligonucleotide primers was designed to specifically amplify H. noduliformans DNA in the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, and tested for cross-reactivity to DNA extracted from related and non-related fungi isolated from seaweeds, crustaceans and healthy abalone; no crossamplification was detected. When performing PCR assays in an abalone tissue matrix, an environment designed to be a non-sterile simulation of environmental conditions, no amplification occurred in the negative controls. The qPCR assay sensitivity was determined to be approximately 0.28 pg of fungal DNA (∼2.3 spores) in a 25 μl reaction volume. Our qPCR technique will be useful for monitoring and quantifying H. noduliformans for the surveillance and management of abalone tubercle mycosis in South Africa. © Inter-Research 2012.	Abalone; Disease; Halioticida noduliformans; PCR; Tubercle mycosis	bioassay; environmental conditions; fungal disease; histopathology; host-pathogen interaction; matrix; mitochondrial DNA; monitoring; polymerase chain reaction; population outbreak; seaweed; South Africa; Bacteria (microorganisms); Crustacea; Fungi; Haliotidae; Haliotis midae; Lonchocarpus glaucifolius; fungal DNA; animal; article; classification; fungus; genetics; isolation and purification; methodology; microbiology; mollusc; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; species difference; Animals; DNA, Fungal; Fungi; Mollusca; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Species Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857892354	Evaluation of heavy metal pollution indices in some water supplies in ebonyi state, Nigeria	Afiukwa J.N.	2011	Pollution Research	30	4	None	Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Afiukwa, J.N., Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	A baseline study of heavy metal contamination levels in drinking water supplies has never been conducted in Ebonyi State since its creation in 1996. Fifty-two water samples comprising 30 underground water and 22 surface water were collected from nine Local Government Areas in Ebonyi State at two different seasons and analyzed for some heavy metal concentrations using Perkin Elmer A Analyst 400 Model AAS. Various pollution indices were used to evaluate some heavy metals pollution levels in public water supplies in the area. The results indicated elevated metal concentrations above the WHO guideline limits for drinking water in the order Pb > Mn > Fe > Cr > Co > Cd > Ni for surface water and Mn > Pb > Cr > Co > Fe > Cd > Ni for under groundwater samples. The pollution indices for the elevated metals decreased in the order: Pb > Mn > Cr > Fe > Co > Cd in surface water and Mn > Co > Cr > Cd in underground water. The study also indicated that surface water was significantly enriched with Pb and Mn compared with groundwater which indicated moderate enrichment with Mn. The overall pollution load index indicated a considerable heavy metals pollution of surface waters and moderately polluted underground water. Seasonal variations were however not significant (P > 0.05). © EM International.	Drinking water and public health; Heavy metals; Pollution indices	concentration (composition); drinking water; groundwater pollution; heavy metal; pollution effect; public health; seasonal variation; water supply; World Health Organization; Ebonyi; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891818187	Major causes of organ condemnation for cattle and its financial impact at Wolaita Soddo municipality abattoir, southern Ethiopia	Abunna F., Hordofa D.	2013	Global Veterinaria	11	6	10.5829/idosi.gv.2013.11.6.8142	Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Departement of Clinical Studies, P.O. Box, 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Hawassa University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box, 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Abunna, F., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Departement of Clinical Studies, P.O. Box, 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Hordofa, D., Hawassa University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box, 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Abattoirs provide information on the epidemiology of the diseases in livestock, in order to know the extent of the exposure of the public to certain zoonotic diseases and to estimate the financial losses incurred through condemnation of affected organs. Tracing the records of the slaughter houses from November 2010 to February 2011 was done at Wolaita Soddo Municipal abattoir to determine the causes of organ condemnation and associated financial loss. Out of 953 cattle examined 378 (39.68%) livers, 244 (25.61%) lungs, 39 (4.09%) hearts, 30 (3.15%) kidneys and 14 (1.47%) spleens were condemned. The major causes of condemnation were fasciolosis (61.1%) and hydatidosis (12.17%) for liver; hydatid diseases (62.3%) and emphysema (8.61%) for lungs; unknown causes (33.33%), pericarditis (23.08%) and hydatid cyst (23.08%) for heart; unknown causes (26.67%) and calcification (23.33%) for kidneys and hydatidosis (64.29%) for spleen. Rate of condemnations due to parasitic causes was higher in the liver (29.07%) than in the lungs (15.95%). Parasitic diseases particularly fasciolosis and hydatidosis were the major causes of economic loss through condemnation of affected organs. The total annual economic loss incurred due to organs condemnation at the study area was estimated to be 24,340 ETB (24323.49 USD). The current result suggests that a thorough investigation that leads to disease control strategy is required to reduce the economic and public health consequences. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Abattoir; Cattle; Ethiopia; Organ condemnation; Wolaita soddo	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862876803	Performance evaluation of two serological tests for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) detection in an enzootic area using a Bayesian framework	Sidibé C.A.K., Grosbois V., Thiaucourt F., Niang M., Lesnoff M., Roger F.	2012	Tropical Animal Health and Production	44	6	10.1007/s11250-011-0063-3	Central Veterinary Laboratory, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP: 2295 Bamako, Mali; CIRAD, Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; African Union, Interafrican Bureau For Animal Resources, Kenindia Business Park, Museum Hill, Westlands Road, Nairobi, Kenya; CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CIRAD, SELMET Unit, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	Sidibé, C.A.K., Central Veterinary Laboratory, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP: 2295 Bamako, Mali, CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Grosbois, V., CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Thiaucourt, F., CIRAD, Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Niang, M., Central Veterinary Laboratory, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP: 2295 Bamako, Mali, African Union, Interafrican Bureau For Animal Resources, Kenindia Business Park, Museum Hill, Westlands Road, Nairobi, Kenya; Lesnoff, M., CIRAD, SELMET Unit, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Roger, F., CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	A Bayesian approach, allowing for conditional dependence between two tests was used to estimate without gold standard the sensitivities of complement fixation test (CFT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (cELISA) and the serological prevalence of CBPP in a cattle population of the Central Delta of the Niger River in Mali, where CBPP is enzootic and the true prevalence and animals serological state were unknown. A significant difference (P = 0.99) was observed between the sensitivities of the two tests, estimated at 73.7% (95% probability interval [PI], 63.4-82.7) for cELISA and 42.3% (95% PI, 33.3-53.7) for CFT. Individual-level serological prevalence in the study population was estimated at 14.1% (95% PI, 10.8-16.9). Our results indicate that in enzootic areas, cELISA performs better in terms of sensitivity than CFT. However, negative conditional sensitivity dependence between the two tests was detected, implying that to achieve maximum sensitivity, the two tests should be applied in parallel. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bayesian framework; CBPP; Field cattle; Sensitivity; Serological tests; Specificity	animal; animal disease; article; Bayes theorem; cattle; cattle disease; comparative study; complement fixation test; contagious pleuropneumonia; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; epidemiology; evaluation; Mali; methodology; microbiology; sensitivity and specificity; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Complement Fixation Tests; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Mali; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Sensitivity and Specificity; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Mycoplasma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51149111603	Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in South Sudan: Benefit-cost analysis and livelihoods impact	Barasa M., Catley A., MacHuchu D., Laqua H., Puot E., Kot D.T., Ikiror D.	2008	Transboundary and Emerging Diseases	55	8	10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01042.x	Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Barasa, M., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Catley, A., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; MacHuchu, D., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Laqua, H., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Puot, E., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Kot, D.T., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Ikiror, D., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya	A benefit-cost analysis of vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was conducted in an area of South Sudan, which due to chronic conflict, had been subject to large-scale humanitarian assistance for many years. The study used participatory epidemiology (PE) methods to estimate the prevalence and mortality of acute and chronic FMD in different age groups of cattle, and the reduction in milk off-take in cows affected by FMD. The benefit-cost of FMD vaccination was 11.5. Losses due to the chronic form of FMD accounted for 28.2% of total FMD losses, indicating that future benefit-cost analyses for FMD control in pastoral and agropastoral areas of Africa need to consider losses caused by chronic disease. Participatory epidemiological methods were also used to assess the importance of milk in the diet of Nuer agropastoralists, and seasonal variations in diet in relation to cattle movements and FMD outbreaks. Marked seasonal variation in diet included a 'hunger gap' period during which households were highly dependent on milk as their main source of food. Outbreaks of FMD occurred immediately before this period of milk dependency, with chronic losses extending through this period and affecting human food security. The paper discusses the need and feasibility of mass vaccination and strategic vaccination for FMD in South Sudan. The paper also discusses the value of combining conventional benefit-cost analysis with livelihoods analysis to inform disease control efforts and funding commitments in humanitarian contexts. © 2008 Blackwell Verlag.	Benefit-cost analysis; Foot-and-mouth disease; Human food security; Participatory epidemiology; South Sudan; Vaccination	virus vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; cattle; cattle disease; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemic; female; foot and mouth disease; Foot and mouth disease virus; immunology; infection control; male; milk; secretion; Sudan; vaccination; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Communicable Disease Control; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Male; Milk; Sudan; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549104681	Performance evaluation of a biogas stove for cooking in Nigeria	Ltodo I.N., Agyo G.E., Yusuf P.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	4	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria	Ltodo, I.N., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Agyo, G.E., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Yusuf, P., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A biogas stove was designed, constructed and its performance evaluated using a 3 m 3 continuousflow Indian type biogas plant at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. The biogas plant was operated with cattle dung as feedstock in the ratio of 1 part of dung to 2 parts of water at a retention time of 30 days and daily loading rate of 100 kg of slurry. The performance of the stove was evaluated by boiling water, cooking rice and beans and the time taken to perform specific tasks determined from a stop watch. The amount of biogas used in boiling and cooking was determined from the operating pressure of the plant measured from a manometer that was placed between the stove and the plant. The results obtained showed that 0.14 I of water was boiled in 1 minute while 5.13 g of rice and 2.55 g of beans cooked in a minute. The biogas consumption for boiling water, cooking rice and beans was 0.69m 3/min, 2.81m 3/min and 4.87m 3/min respectively. The efficiency of the stove in boiling water, cooking rice and beans was 20%, 56% and 53% respectively.	Biogas stove; Cooking; Nigeria; Performance evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865975626	Evaluation of highway failure of a portion of ibadan-iwo road, southwestern nigeria, using very low frequency electromagnetic and resistivity methods	Popoola O.I., Okhaifo B.O.	2012	Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering	None	None	None	Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Popoola, O.I., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Okhaifo, B.O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	About 1600 m portion of the Ibadan - Iwo road (southwestern Nigeria) which has suffered structural failures repeatedly was investigated using Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) profiling at 10 m intervals and five Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The results from the VLF-EM investigation showed the presence of near surface linear geologic structures of varying lengths, depths, and elevations which suggest probable conductive zones that are inimical to the foundation of the road subgrade. Also, the lateral resistivity profile showed low resistivity zones that coincided with most of the peak positive VLF-EM anomalies, indicating near surface clay materials and linear structures. The quantitative interpretation of the VES results established the presence of four geologic layers namely top soil, weathered layer, partly weathered layer and fractured basement with varying resistivity values and thicknesses. The unstable segment of the road was characterized by low resistivity of the near surface materials on which the road pavement was founded. The clayey subgrade soil below the highway pavement and identified geologic features are the major factors responsible for the highway failure. © 2012 ejge.	Geologic features; Highway failure; Ibadan-iwo road; Resistivity profile; Vlf-em investigation	Fractured basement; Geologic features; Geologic layers; Geologic structures; Highway pavement; Ibadan-iwo road; Linear structures; Low resistivity; Major factors; Near-surface; Near-surface clay; Near-surface materials; Nigeria; Quantitative interpretation; Resistivity profile; Resistivity values; Road pavements; Schlumberger; Structural failure; Subgrade soil; Top soils; Vertical electrical sounding; Very low frequency; Vlf-em investigation; Electric prospecting; Electromagnetism; Fracture mechanics; Pavements; Surfaces; Transportation; electrical resistivity; electromagnetic method; failure analysis; motorway; pavement; subgrade; vertical electrical sounding; Ibadan; Iwo; Nigeria; Osun; Oyo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247490332	Evaluation of experimental varieties from recurrent selection for Striga resistance in two extra-early maize populations in the savannas of West and Central Africa	Badu-Apraku B., Fakorede M.A.B., Fontem Lum A.	2007	Experimental Agriculture	43	2	10.1017/S0014479706004601	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom	A breeding programme for resistance to Striga hermonthica in maize (Zea mays) was initiated in Côte d'Ivoire in 1994. Two extra-early populations, white (TZEE-W Pop STR) and yellow (TZEE-Y Pop STR), were formed from diallel crosses of the best adapted extra-early maturing maize germplasm in the West and Central African subregion. In an effort to improve the populations for Striga resistance, TZEE-W Pop was crossed to inbred 1368 STR (Tzi 3 STR), and TZEE-Y Pop to 9450 STR (Tzi 25 STR). The resulting F1 populations were carried through two backcross (BC) generations. S1 lines were developed from the BC2 and subjected to two cycles of random mating to generate TZEE-W Pop STR C0 and TZEE-Y Pop STR C0. These two populations were subjected to three cycles of S1 recurrent selection under artificial Striga infestation and several experimental varieties were extracted from the different cycles of the selection programme. The original populations (C0), improved populations, and experimental varieties were evaluated in two experiments under Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions. The primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of S1 recurrent selection in developing Striga-resistant extra-early maize varieties. Results of the performance tests showed that the populations were good sources of Striga-resistant varieties with high-yield potential under both Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions. The results have also confirmed the effectiveness of inbreeding, selection and hybridization, as well as the backcross breeding methods, as tools for the development of extra-early populations, synthetic varieties and inbred lines. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	None	Striga; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349293668	Impact of HLA in mother and child on disease progression of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection	Thobakgale C.F., Prendergast A., Crawford H., Mkhwanazi N., Ramduth D., Reddy S., Molina C., Mncube Z., Leslie A., Prado J., Chonco F., Mphatshwe W., Tudor-Williams G., Jeena P., Blanckenberg N., Dong K., Kiepiela P., Coovadia H., Ndung'u T., Walker B.D.,	2009	Journal of Virology	83	19	10.1128/JVI.00921-09	HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 021294, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 201855, United States	Thobakgale, C.F., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Prendergast, A., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Crawford, H., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Mkhwanazi, N., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ramduth, D., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Reddy, S., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Molina, C., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Mncube, Z., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Leslie, A., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Prado, J., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Chonco, F., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Mphatshwe, W., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Tudor-Williams, G., Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Jeena, P., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Blanckenberg, N., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Dong, K., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kiepiela, P., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Coovadia, H., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ndung'u, T., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Walker, B.D., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 021294, United States, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 201855, United States; Goulder, P.J.R., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom	A broad Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response is associated with effective control of adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The association of certain HLA class I molecules, such as HLA-B*57, -B*5801, and -B*8101, with immune control is linked to mutations within Gag epitopes presented by these alleles that allow HIV to evade the immune response but that also reduce viral replicative capacity. Transmission of such viruses containing mutations within Gag epitopes results in lower viral loads in adult recipients. In this study of pediatric infection, we tested the hypothesis that children may tend to progress relatively slowly if either they themselves possess one of the protective HLA-B alleles or the mother possesses one of these alleles, thereby transmitting a low-fitness virus to the child. We analyzed HLA type, CD8+ T-cell responses, and viral sequence changes for 61 mother-child pairs from Durban, South Africa, who were monitored from birth. Slow progression was significantly associated with the mother or child possessing one of the protective HLA-B alleles, and more significantly so when the protective allele was not shared by mother and child (P = 0.007). Slow progressors tended to make CD8+ T-cell responses to Gag epitopes presented by the protective HLA-B alleles, in contrast to progressors expressing the same alleles (P = 0.07; Fisher's exact test). Mothers expressing the protective alleles were significantly more likely to transmit escape variants within the Gag epitopes presented by those alleles than mothers not expressing those alleles (75% versus 21%; P = 0.001). Reversion of transmitted escape mutations was observed in all slow-progressing children whose mothers possessed protective HLA-B alleles. These data show that HLA class I alleles influence disease progression in pediatric as well as adult infection, both as a result of the CD8+ T-cell responses generated in the child and through the transmission of low-fitness viruses by the mother. Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	epitope; HLA antigen class 1; HLA B57 antigen; adult; allele; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; childhood disease; disease course; female; Fisher exact test; gene expression; gene sequence; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; hypothesis; infant; major clinical study; nonhuman; passive immunization; priority journal; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; Epitopes; Female; Gene Products, gag; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HLA Antigens; HLA-B Antigens; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mothers; Virus Replication; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149087700	Effects of dietary phytase on performance and nutrient metabolism in chickens	Pirgozliev V., Oduguwa O., Acamovic T., Bedford M.R.	2008	British Poultry Science	49	2	10.1080/00071660801961447	ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; ASRC, SAC, Auchincruive Estate, Ayr, KA6 5HW, United Kingdom; University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; AB Vista Feed	Pirgozliev, V., ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, ASRC, SAC, Auchincruive Estate, Ayr, KA6 5HW, United Kingdom; Oduguwa, O., ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Acamovic, T., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Bedford, M.R., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Rd., Marlborough Bus. Pk., Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom	A broiler growth study was conducted to compare the effect of different concentrations of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase on performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen (N), amino acid and mineral metabolisability, sialic acid excretion and villus morphology when fed to broiler chickens. 2.Female Ross 308 broilers (480) were reared in floor pens from 0 to 28 d of age. All birds were fed on nutritionally complete starter (0 to 21 d of age) and grower diets (21 to 28 d of age) with the exception that they were low in P (28 and 23 g/kg available P, respectively). These maize-soy diets were supplemented with 0, 250, 500 or 2500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed. 3.Between 21 and 28 d of age, two birds from each floor pen were selected, and each pair placed in one of 32 metabolism cages (two birds per cage). Feed intake was recorded and excreta collected for the last 2 d of the feeding period, and AME, N, amino acid and mineral metabolisability coefficients and endogenous losses were determined following a total collection procedure. 4.Feed intake and weight gain increased in a linear manner in response to phytase dose, with an average increase of approximately 117 and 135%, respectively, compared with chickens fed on the low-P diet. Birds given diets with 2500 FTU weighed 66% more and had a 24% higher feed conversion efficiency (FCE) than those fed on diets containing 500 FTU. 5.Enzyme supplementation increased the intake of AME and metabolisable N by 103 and 39%, respectively, principally through increases in feed intake. Birds given enzyme-supplemented diets also improved their intake of metabolisable amino acids and P by approximately 14 and 124%, respectively, compared with birds fed on the control diet. Enzyme supplementation did not affect ileal villus morphometry of the birds.	None	amino acid; mineral; phytase; animal; animal food; article; chemistry; chicken; comparative study; diet; eating; enzymology; Escherichia coli; feces; female; growth, development and aging; metabolism; weight gain; 6-Phytase; Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Eating; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Minerals; Weight Gain; Aves; Escherichia coli; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919718771	Growth performance of crossbred naked neck and normal feathered laying hens kept in tropical villages	Adomako K., Olympio O.S., Hagan J.K., Hamidu J.A.	2014	British Poultry Science	55	6	10.1080/00071668.2014.960805	Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Adomako, K., Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Olympio, O.S., Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Hagan, J.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Hamidu, J.A., Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Abstract: 1. Two experiments were conducted to develop naked neck (Na/na) and normal feathered (na/na) crossbreds and compare their growth performance, linear body measurements and carcass characteristics in the first and second filial generations.2. In the first experiment, 4 indigenous naked neck males (Na/na) were mated to 36 Lohmann commercial females (na/na) in a ratio of 1:9. The two genotypes (Na/na, na/na) were allocated randomly according to batches of hatch, sire lines and sex to three different villages.3. In the second experiment, 10 males and 100 females of F1 Na/na birds were selected and mated inter se in a ratio of 1:10. The three genotypes (Na/Na, Na/na and na/na) were compared in a randomised complete block design experiment, with the three villages, hatch and sex as blocks and the three genotypes as treatments. F1 Na/na birds had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio, body weight, body weight gain, linear body measurements, survivability and carcass yield than their na/na counterparts.4. In the F2 generation, Na/Na and Na/na birds had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio, body weight, body weight gain, linear body measurements, survivability and carcass yield compared to their na/na counterparts.5. The birds showing the naked neck phenotype appeared to show superior performance compared to normal feathered birds and could be exploited for potential utilisation in local poultry production. © 2014, © 2014 British Poultry Science Ltd.	None	Aves; anatomy and histology; animal; animal husbandry; body weight; chicken; feather; female; genetics; Ghana; growth, development and aging; hybridization; male; neck; physiology; tropic climate; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Feathers; Female; Ghana; Hybridization, Genetic; Male; Neck; Tropical Climate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938989866	Performance analysis of cylindrical metal hydride beds with various heat exchange options	Satya Sekhar B., Lototskyy M., Kolesnikov A., Moropeng M.L., Tarasov B.P., Pollet B.G.	2015	Journal of Alloys and Compounds	645	S1	10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.272	South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Laboratory of Hydrogen Storage Materials, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Semenova, 1, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation	Satya Sekhar, B., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Lototskyy, M., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Kolesnikov, A., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Moropeng, M.L., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Tarasov, B.P., Laboratory of Hydrogen Storage Materials, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Semenova, 1, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation; Pollet, B.G., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Abstract A 3D numerical heat-and-mass transfer model was used for the comparison of H<inf>2</inf> uptake performances of powdered cylindrical MH beds comprising MmNi<inf>4.6</inf>Al<inf>0.4</inf> hydrogen storage material. The considered options of heat exchange between the MH and a heat transfer fluid included internal cooling using straight (I) or helically coiled (II) tubing, as well as external cooling of the MH bed without (III) and with (IV) transversal fins. The dynamic performances of these layouts were compared based on the numerical simulation. The effect of heat transfer coefficient was also analysed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Heat and mass transfer; Hydrogen storage; Metal hydrides; Thermal model	Coiled tubing; Computational fluid dynamics; Heat exchangers; Hydrides; Hydrogen; Hydrogen storage; Mass transfer; Dynamic performance; External cooling; Heat and mass transfer; Heat and mass transfer models; Internal cooling; Metal hydrides; Performance analysis; Thermal model; Heat transfer	14.604.21.0124, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; 76735, NRF, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; UI RFMEFI60414X0124, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942365769	Successful scale-up performance of a novel papaya-clay combo adsorbent: up-flow adsorption of a basic dye	Unuabonah E.I., Adedapo A.O., Nnamdi C.O., Adewuyi A., Omorogie M.O., Adebowale K.O., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Ofomaja A.E., Taubert A.	2015	Desalination and Water Treatment	56	2	10.1080/19443994.2014.944572	Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Biosorption and Water Treatment Research Laborator	Unuabonah, E.I., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adedapo, A.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Nnamdi, C.O., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adewuyi, A., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Omorogie, M.O., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olu-Owolabi, B.I., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ofomaja, A.E., Biosorption and Water Treatment Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, P. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Taubert, A., Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Golm, Germany	Abstract: A novel low-cost papaya-clay combo adsorbent, hybrid clay (HYCA), was prepared from a combination of Carica papaya seeds and Kaolinite clay. HYCA breakthrough adsorption capacity was 35.46 mg/g for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye in a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor. In ca. 20 min, regeneration of MB dye-loaded HYCA reached at least 90% each cycle for five regeneration cycles. However, above 40°C, the HYCA adsorbent lost more than 50% of its adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. The AdDesignSTM software was used to successfully predict the breakthrough curve and scale-up performance of MB dye adsorption onto the HYCA adsorbent. The pore and surface diffusion model (PSDM) described experimental data better than the constant pattern homogeneous surface diffusion model. From economic assessment using the PSDM, the AdDesignSTM software predicted that 1 kg of HYCA can effectively treat 1.45 m3 (0.29 m3 each cycle) of water containing 1 mg/L of MB dye (with a treatment objective of 50 μg/L MB dye) in effluent solution in 9 h 35 min with run time of ca. 15 h in a day including time for five regeneration cycles It was further predicted that the presence of other organic pollutants in low concentrations reduce the breakthrough adsorption capacity of HYCA by 10%. Finally, the cost of preparing 1 kg of HYCA adsorbent was calculated to ≈$6.31 vs. ≈$31.25/kg for medium quality commercial activated carbon. © 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.	Adsorption; Breakthrough; Cationic dye; Hybrid clay; Methylene blue; Pore and surface diffusion model; Regeneration	adsorption; breakthrough curve; diffusion; dye; kaolinite; organic pollutant; water treatment; Carica papaya	TWAS, Academy of Sciences for the Developing World; 3240245996, UNESCO, Academy of Sciences for the Developing World
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939877670	Novel series of phenylalanine analogs endowed with promising anti-inflammatory activity: Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and computational insights	Palkar M.B., Praveen D.M., Ronad P.M., Viswanathswamy A.H.M., Rane R.A., Patel H.M., Shaikh M.S., Hampannavar G.A., Jain K.S., Karpoormath R.	2015	Medicinal Chemistry Research	24	5	10.1007/s00044-014-1272-x	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India	Palkar, M.B., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Praveen, D.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Ronad, P.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Viswanathswamy, A.H.M., Department of Pharmacology, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Rane, R.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Patel, H.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Shaikh, M.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Hampannavar, G.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Jain, K.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Karpoormath, R., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa	Abstract A novel series of methyl-2-(substituted benzylideneamino)-3-phenyl propionate (2a-j) derivatives have been synthesized. The title compounds (2a-j) were screened for in vivo acute anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Compound 2e exhibited the most promising and significant anti-inflammatory profile while compounds 2b, 2h, 2i, and 2j showed moderate to good inhibitory activity at 2nd and 4th h, respectively. These compounds were also found to have considerable analgesic activity (acetic acid-induced writhing model) and antipyretic activity (yeast-induced pyrexia model). In addition, the tested compounds were also found to possess less degree of ulcerogenic potential as compared to the standard NSAIDs. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1/COX-2), by in vitro colorimetric COX (ovine) inhibitor screening assay method. The results revealed that the compounds 2b, 2e, 2h, 2i, and 2j exhibited selective and effective inhibition against COX-2. In an attempt to understand the ligand-protein interactions in terms of their binding affinity, docking studies were also performed using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD-2013, 6.0) for the title compounds. It was observed that the binding affinities calculated were in agreement with the experimental IC<inf>50</inf> values. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Analgesic; Anti-inflammatory; Antipyretic; Cyclooxygenase (COX); Docking; Phenylalanine; Schiff base; Ulcerogenic activity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953417452	Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of extracts of Sida acuta against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome patients	Iroha I.R., Amadi E.S., Nwuzo A.C., Afiukwa F.N.	2009	Research Journal of Pharmacology	3	2	None	Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Iroha, I.R., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Amadi, E.S., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Nwuzo, A.C., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Afiukwa, F.N., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Abstract: Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol leaves extracts of Sida acuta against 45 clinical isolates of Staphylococccus aureas isolated from nasal cavity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. (HIV/AIDS) patients from University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enugu was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was also determined using agar well diffusion technique and the killing rates of each extracts was also determined at different time intervals of 0-90 min. Results of the agar well diffusion study revealed that ethanol extracts produced the highest antimicrobial activity (86%), followed by hot water (61 %) and cold water extracts (48%). The MIC obtained ranged from 0.9625-1.8125 μg mL-1 for ethanol extracts, 7.8125-31.25 μg mL-1 for hot water and 15.625-31.25 μg mL-1 for cold water extracts. The result of killing rate studies showed that the test organisms were killed within 0-10 min for ethanol and hot water extracts and 5-60 min for cold water extracts. The over all results indicated that Sida acuta extracts have appreciable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus isolated Eroin HIV/AIDS patients. In addition to authenticating, the folkloric use of Sida acuta in the treatment of common diseases, the finding of this study highlights the possible usefulness of this plant material in the treatment of opportunistic infections caused by S. aureus in HIV/AIDS patients. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Antimicrobial activity; Aqueous; Ethanolic; Leaf extracts; Screening; Susceptible; Test organism	alcohol; cold water; herbaceous agent; hot water; lincomycin; Sida acuta extract; unclassified drug; water; agar diffusion; angiosperm; antibacterial activity; article; bacterial kinetics; bacterial strain; bacterium isolate; controlled study; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; inhibition kinetics; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; nose cavity; Sida acuta; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938424022	The more the merrier? Network portfolio size and innovation performance in Nigerian firms	Egbetokun A.A.	2015	Technovation	None	None	10.1016/j.technovation.2015.05.004	DFG Research Training Program 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Friedrich Schiller Universität, Carl-Zeiss Str. 3, Jena, Germany; National Centre for Technology Management, PMB 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; South African Research Chair on Innovation (SARChI), Tshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South Africa	Egbetokun, A.A., DFG Research Training Program 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Friedrich Schiller Universität, Carl-Zeiss Str. 3, Jena, Germany, National Centre for Technology Management, PMB 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, South African Research Chair on Innovation (SARChI), Tshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South Africa	Abstract A positive relationship between firms' networking activities and innovativeness has been consistently established in the literature on innovation. However, studies considering different innovation types, and on developing countries are scarce. This paper addresses questions concerning the relationship between networking strategies and innovativeness of firms, using innovation survey data on Nigerian firms. Quantile regression is applied to trace the link between portfolio size and innovation at different levels of innovative success. The results show a positive relationship between a firm's innovation performance and the size of its networking portfolio. This relationship varies across different innovation types and with increasing innovation performance. The findings suggest that the widely accepted portfolio approach to external search for knowledge is not necessarily always the best - its utility depends on the firm's current level of innovative success. This poses a challenge for open innovation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Collaboration; External knowledge; Innovative success; Networking; Nigeria; Open innovation	Developing countries; Collaboration; External knowledge; Innovative success; Networking; Nigeria; Open innovation; Innovation	DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925457770	Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of fluorocarbon-containing rhodium(I) complexes for biphasic hydroformylation reactions	Maqeda L., Makhubela B.C.E., Smith G.S.	2015	Polyhedron	91	None	10.1016/j.poly.2015.02.037	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Maqeda, L., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Makhubela, B.C.E., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Abstract A series of fluorocarbon-containing salicylaldimine and iminophosphine Schiff base ligands and their Rh(I) complexes were synthesized. The synthesized ligands and complexes were characterized using different analytical and spectroscopic techniques including (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy), FT-IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI and EI), and elemental analysis. In addition, single crystal X-ray diffraction was also used for characterization for complexes 1 and 2. Consequently, the Rh(I) synthesized complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors in the hydroformylation of 1-octene. The hydroformylation results showed that the iminophosphine and salicylaldimine-based catalyst precursors are active and selective under mild conditions, converting 1-octene to mostly aldehydes. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biphasic catalysis; Fluorocarbon; Hydroformylation; Rhodium(I) complexes; Schiff bases	None	DST, University of Capetown; UCT, University of Capetown
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938519512	Impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations and trypanosomosis risk in Eastern Zambia	Mweempwa C., Marcotty T., De Pus C., Penzhorn B.L., Dicko A.H., Bouyer J., De Deken R.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1018-8	Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia; Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683Dakar, Senegal; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal; VERDI-RandD, Louveigné, Belgium	Mweempwa, C., Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Marcotty, T., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa, VERDI-RandD, Louveigné, Belgium; De Pus, C., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Penzhorn, B.L., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Dicko, A.H., West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683Dakar, Senegal; Bouyer, J., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal; De Deken, R., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Abstract Background: Fragmentation of tsetse habitat in eastern Zambia is largely due to encroachments by subsistence farmers into new areas in search of new agricultural land. The impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations is not clearly understood. This study was aimed at establishing the impact of habitat fragmentation on physiological and demographic parameters of tsetse flies in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between fragmentation and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) risk. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted to establish the age structure, abundance, proportion of females and trypanosome infection rate of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in areas of varying degrees of habitat fragmentation in Eastern Zambia. Black screen fly rounds were used to sample tsetse populations monthly for 1 year. Logistic regression was used to analyse age, proportion of females and infection rate data. Results: Flies got significantly older as fragmentation increased (p < 0.004). The proportion of old flies, i.e. above ovarian category four, increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 25.9 % (CI 21.4-31.1) at the least fragmented site (Lusandwa) to 74.2 % (CI 56.8-86.3) at the highly fragmented site (Chisulo). In the most fragmented area (Kasamanda), tsetse flies had almost disappeared. In the highly fragmented area a significantly higher trypanosome infection rate in tsetse (P < 0.001) than in areas with lower fragmentation was observed. Consequently a comparatively high trypanosomosis incidence rate in livestock was observed there despite lower tsetse density (p < 0.001). The overall proportion of captured female flies increased significantly (P < 0.005) as fragmentation reduced. The proportion increased from 0.135 (CI 0.10-0.18) to 0.285 (CI 0.26-0.31) at the highly and least fragmented sites, respectively. Conclusions: Habitat fragmentation creates conditions to which tsetse populations respond physiologically and demographically thereby affecting tsetse-trypanosome interactions and hence influencing trypanosomosis risk. Temperature rise due to fragmentation coupled with dominance of old flies in populations increases infection rate in tsetse and hence creates high risk of trypanosomosis in fragmented areas. Possibilities of how correlations between biological characteristics of populations and the degree of fragmentation can be used to structure populations based on their well-being, using integrated GIS and remote sensing techniques are discussed. © 2015 Mweempwa et al.	Habitat fragmentation; Trypanosomosis risk; Tsetse ecology; Zambia	diminazene aceturate; age distribution; animal experiment; Article; female; Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossina pallidipes; Glossinidae; habitat fragmentation; host parasite interaction; human; incidence; infection rate; longitudinal study; male; nagana; nonhuman; parasite control; population abundance; population density; risk factor; sex difference; species habitat; trypanosomiasis; Zambia; Animalia; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossinidae	Wellcome Trust
None	None	Monitoring of efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based anti-malarials for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: A review of evidence of implementation of anti-malarial therapeutic efficacy trials in Tanzania	Shayo A., Buza J., Ishengoma D.S.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0649-8	Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania	Shayo, A., Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Buza, J., Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Ishengoma, D.S., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania	Abstract Background: Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are considered the cornerstones of malaria control and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the main anti-malarial drugs used for case management. After deployment of ACT due to widespread parasite resistance to the cheap and widely used anti-malarial drugs, chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, the World Health Organization recommends regular surveillance to monitor the efficacy of the new drugs. The present paper assessed the implementation of anti-malarial efficacy testing for monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of ACT for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania before and after policy changes in 2006. Methods: A literature search was performed for published clinical trials conducted in Tanzania from 2001 to 2014. It focused on studies which assessed at least one form of ACT for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children less than 10 years and reported efficacy and safety of the tested anti-malarials. References were imported into the Endnote library and duplicates removed. An electronic matrix was developed in Microsoft Excel followed by full text review with predetermined criteria. Studies were independently assessed and information related to ACT efficacy and safety extracted. Results: Nine papers were selected from 125 papers screened. The efficacy of both artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (AS + AQ) against uncomplicated P. falciparum infections in Tanzania was high with PCR-corrected cure rates on day 28 of 91-100% and 88-93.8%, respectively. The highest day-3 parasite positivity rate was 1.4%. Adverse events ranged from mild to serious but were not directly attributed to the drugs. Conclusion: ACT is efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania. However, few trials were conducted in Tanzania before and after policy changes in 2006 and thus more surveillance should be urgently undertaken to detect future changes in parasite sensitivity to ACT. © 2015 Shayo et al.	Amodiaquine; Artemether; Artesunate; Combination therapy; Efficacy; Lumefantrine; Plasmodium falciparum and Tanzania; Safety	amodiaquine; artemether; artesunate; benflumetol; Article; drug blood level; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; human; malaria falciparum; parasite clearance; systematic review; Tanzania; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68149114241	National data system on near miss and maternal death: Shifting from maternal risk to public health impact in Nigeria	Oladapo O.T., Adetoro O.O., Fakeye O., Ekele B.A., Fawole A.O., Abasiattai A., Kuti O., Tukur J., Ande A.B., Dada O.A.	2009	Reproductive Health	6	1	10.1186/1742-4755-6-8	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin,	Oladapo, O.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adetoro, O.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Fakeye, O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin, Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Ekele, B.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usman Danfodiyo University, Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria; Fawole, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Abasiattai, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Uyo, Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Kuti, O., Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Perinatology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Tukur, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria; Ande, A.B., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dada, O.A., Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Abstract. Background. The lack of reliable and up-to-date statistics on maternal deaths and disabilities remains a major challenge to the implementation of Nigeria's Road Map to Accelerate the Millennium Development Goal related to Maternal Health (MDG-5). There are currently no functioning national data sources on maternal deaths and disabilities that could serve as reference points for programme managers, health advocates and policy makers. While awaiting the success of efforts targeted at overcoming the barriers facing establishment of population-based data systems, referral institutions in Nigeria can contribute their quota in the quest towards MDG-5 by providing good quality and reliable information on maternal deaths and disabilities on a continuous basis. This project represents the first opportunity to initiate a scientifically sound and reliable quantitative system of data gathering on maternal health profile in Nigeria. Objective. The primary objective is to create a national data system on maternal near miss (MNM) and maternal mortality in Nigerian public tertiary institutions. This system will conduct periodically, both regionally and at country level, a review of the magnitude of MNM and maternal deaths, nature of events responsible for MNM and maternal deaths, indices for the quality of care for direct obstetric complications and the health service events surrounding these complications, in an attempt to collectively define and monitor the standard of comprehensive emergency obstetric care in the country. Methods. This will be a nationwide cohort study of all women who experience MNM and those who die from pregnancy, childbirth and puerperal complications using uniform criteria among women admitted in tertiary healthcare facilities in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. This will be accomplished by establishing a network of all public tertiary obstetric referral institutions that will prospectively collect specific information on potentially fatal maternal complications. For every woman enrolled, the health service events (care pathways) within the facility will be evaluated to identify areas of substandard care/avoidable factors through clinical audit by the local research team. A summary estimate of the frequencies of MNM and maternal deaths will be determined at intervals and indicators of quality of care (case fatality rate, both total and cause-specific and mortality index) will be evaluated at facility, regional and country levels. Management. Overall project management will be from the Centre for Research in Reproductive Health (CRRH), Sagamu, Nigeria. There will be at least two meetings and site visits for efficient coordination of the project by regional coordinators and central coordinating staff. Data will be transferred electronically by hospital and regional coordinators and managed at the Data Management Unit of CRRH, Sagamu, Nigeria. Expected outcomes. The outcome of the study would provide useful information to the health practitioners, policy-makers and international partners on the strengths and weaknesses of the infrastructures provided for comprehensive emergency obstetric care in Nigeria. The successful implementation of this project will pave way for the long-awaited Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths that would guide the formulation and or revision of obstetric policies and practices in Nigeria. Lessons learnt from the establishment of this data system can also be used to set up similar structures at lower levels of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. © 2009 Oladapo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; cause of death; childbirth; cohort analysis; emergency care; fatality; female; health care facility; health care quality; human; information processing; maternal mortality; medical audit; Nigeria; obstetric care; outcome assessment; pregnancy complication; public health service; standard; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938231963	The influence of innovation on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Zimbabwe	Makanyeza C., Dzvuke G.	2015	Journal of African Business	16	42371	10.1080/15228916.2015.1061406	Department of Marketing, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative DevelopmentHarare, Zimbabwe	Makanyeza, C., Department of Marketing, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe; Dzvuke, G., Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative DevelopmentHarare, Zimbabwe	Abstract: Based on a survey of 200 SMEs, this research investigated innovation’s influence on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study found that SMEs were somewhat innovative. The performance of SMEs was found to somewhat increase over the period SMEs were innovating. Innovation was found to positively predict the performance of SMEs. Organizational innovation and product innovation positively predicted the performance of SMEs while marketing innovation and process innovation did not. The influence of innovation on enterprise performance varied from industry to industry. The research has implications for managers and future researchers. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	Firm innovation; firm performance; innovation; small and medium enterprises; Zimbabwe	firm size; industrial performance; industrial production; innovation; small and medium-sized enterprise; technological development; Harare [Zimbabwe]; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929509763	How 'big data' can make big impact: Findings from a systematic review and a longitudinal case study	Fosso Wamba S., Akter S., Edwards A., Chopin G., Gnanzou D.	2015	International Journal of Production Economics	165	None	10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.12.031	NEOMA Business School, Rouen, 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France; University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; School of Management, Operations and Marketing, Faculty of Business, University of WollongongNSW, Australia; NSW State Emergency Service, Wollongong, Australia; Inventoriste at Geoffrey Chopin Firm, France; La Rochelle Business School, 102, Rue de Coureilles - Les Minimes, France	Fosso Wamba, S., NEOMA Business School, Rouen, 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; Akter, S., School of Management, Operations and Marketing, Faculty of Business, University of WollongongNSW, Australia; Edwards, A., NSW State Emergency Service, Wollongong, Australia; Chopin, G., Inventoriste at Geoffrey Chopin Firm, France; Gnanzou, D., La Rochelle Business School, 102, Rue de Coureilles - Les Minimes, France	Abstract Big data has the potential to revolutionize the art of management. Despite the high operational and strategic impacts, there is a paucity of empirical research to assess the business value of big data. Drawing on a systematic review and case study findings, this paper presents an interpretive framework that analyzes the definitional perspectives and the applications of big data. The paper also provides a general taxonomy that helps broaden the understanding of big data and its role in capturing business value. The synthesis of the diverse concepts within the literature on big data provides deeper insights into achieving value through big data strategy and implementation. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	'Big data'; Analytics; Business value; Case study; Emergency services; Issues; Literature review	Emergency services; Analytics; Business value; Empirical research; Issues; Literature reviews; Longitudinal case study; Strategic impacts; Systematic Review; Big data	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934270632	High-performance towards removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using graphene oxide-alpha cyclodextrin-polypyrrole nanocomposites	Chauke V.P., Maity A., Chetty A.	2015	Journal of Molecular Liquids	211	None	10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.044	Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa; DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured MaterialsPretoria, South Africa; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Chauke, V.P., Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa; Maity, A., DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured MaterialsPretoria, South Africa, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Chetty, A., Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa	Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized with alpha cyclodextrin (αCD) through a covalent bond to form GO-αCD nanocomposites (NC). GO-αCD NC was further modified with polypyrrole (PPY) to afford an advanced GO-αCD-PPY NC for the removal of highly toxic Cr(VI) from water. The prepared GO-αCD-PPY NCs were successfully characterised with AT-FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, BET and XRD techniques. Adsorption experiments were performed in batch mode to determine optimum conditions that include temperature, pH, concentration of Cr(VI) and contact time. It was deduced from the experiments that the adsorption of Cr(VI) by the GO-αCD-PPY NC is pH and temperature dependent, where optimum adsorption was achieved at pH 2 and it increased with increasing temperature. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption isotherms fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 606.06 to 666.67 mg/g. Effect of co-existing ions studies revealed that cations and anions had no significant effect on the adsorption of Cr(VI). Desorption studies also illustrated that the NC can be re-used up to 3 cycles. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Adsorption; Cr(VI) removal; Cyclodextrin; Graphene oxide; Nanocomposite; Polypyrrole	Adsorption isotherms; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Chromium compounds; Cyclodextrins; Graphene; Nanocomposites; Polypyrroles; Solutions; Adsorption experiment; Cr removal; Graphene oxides; Increasing temperatures; Langmuir isotherm models; Polypyrrole nanocomposites; Pseudo-second order model; Temperature dependent; Adsorption	CSIR, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934936972	Modelling of immobilised enzyme biocatalytic membrane reactor performance	Du Preez R., Clarke K.G., Callanan L.H., Burton S.G.	2015	Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic	119	None	10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.05.015	Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa	Du Preez, R., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Clarke, K.G., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Callanan, L.H., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Burton, S.G., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa	Abstract Immobilised enzyme-catalysed conversions frequently provide specific advantages of selectivity over chemical conversions and further, facilitate continuous operation through biocatalyst retention and reuse. This study focuses on the development and modelling of an enzyme-catalysed continuous immobilised enzyme biocatalytic membrane reactor (BMR). The conversion of the amidase-catalysed lactamide to lactic acid process was used as an industrially representative system with which to evaluate the process performance of the BMR. The model was developed from unsteady state differential mass balances incorporating a second order enzyme decay. This model was validated from empirically determined conversions in dual experiments using 80 and 40 mM amide substrate, 6.4 and 20.1 mg immobilised amidase and a flow rate of 0.0005 and 0.0001 L/min respectively. Model predictions over a range of amidase amounts and stabilities, flow rates and initial amide concentrations quantified the direction and extent of the influence of these parameters on the maximum conversions attainable, consequently identifying the critical parameter ranges defining optimal BMR performance. Although the model has been developed and validated for the prediction of BMR performance of the specific lactamide-lactic acid system, it nevertheless has broad applicability for and relevance to broad-based prediction of the performance of immobilised enzyme BMR processes in general, irrespective of the specific enzyme or substrate moieties. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Biocatalytic membrane reactor; Bioprocess; Immobilised enzyme; Mathematical modelling	Amides; Bioreactors; Catalysis; Flow rate; Lactic acid; Mathematical models; Biocatalytic membrane reactors; Bioprocesses; Chemical conversions; Continuous operation; Immobilised enzymes; Model prediction; Parameter range; Process performance; Enzymes; amidase; amide; immobilized enzyme; lactic acid; tiopronin; Article; basal metabolic rate; bioprocess; catalysis; concentration (parameters); enzyme immobilization; enzyme substrate; experiment; flow rate; immobilized enzyme reactor; membrane reactor; prediction; validation study	US, Universiteit Stellenbosch
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929955236	Performance of bonded boards using lignin-based resins	Oluwasina O.O., Lajide L., Owolabi B.J.	2015	Wood Material Science and Engineering	10	2	10.1080/17480272.2014.923044	Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Oluwasina, O.O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Lajide, L., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Owolabi, B.J., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Abstract: Lignin was extracted from some underutilized plant materials using soda–anthraquinone and soda–anthraquinone–ethanol pulping chemicals. Soda–anthraquinone–ethanol gave higher lignin yield, ranging from 44.47% to 50.41% versus 39.40% to 47.92% of soda-anthraquinone. The isolated lignin was used as a partial substitution for phenol in preparation of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde. The free formaldehyde of the resins ranges from 0.25% to 0.67% versus 1.23% of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin used as control. The bonding effectiveness of the resin was evaluated when used as glue for board preparation. The density of the board ranges from 333.54 Kg/m3 to 363.84 Kg/m3. The result revealed that Musa sapientum-, Musa parasidiaca- and Tithonia diversifolia- soda–anthraquinone-derived resins, and soda-anthraquinone–ethanol-derived resin of M. parasidiaca and T. diversifolia had boards with better modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than the board obtained using PF resin. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	Board; characterization; lignin; plants; pulping; resin	Aromatic compounds; Characterization; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Ketones; Lignin; Phenols; Board; Bonding effectiveness; Free formaldehydes; Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde; Partial substitution; Phenol formaldehyde; plants; pulping; Resins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931572586	Laboratory evaluation of three dual rapid diagnostic tests for HIV and syphilis in China and Nigeria	Yin Y.-P., Ngige E., Anyaike C., Ijaodola G., Oyelade T.A., Vaz R.G., Newman L.M., Chen X.-S.	2015	International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics	130	S1	10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.04.004	National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, China; National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; World Health Organization, Abuja, Nigeria	Yin, Y.-P., National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, China; Ngige, E., National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Anyaike, C., National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Ijaodola, G., National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Oyelade, T.A., World Health Organization, Abuja, Nigeria; Vaz, R.G., World Health Organization, Abuja, Nigeria; Newman, L.M., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Chen, X.-S., National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, China	Abstract Objective To determine the laboratory-based performance and operational characteristics of three dual rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for testing HIV and syphilis. Methods Three dual RDTs (SD Bioline, Chembio, and MedMira) were evaluated using 1514 serum specimens archived at laboratories or collected from clinics in China and Nigeria to determine sensitivity and specificity, with 95% confidence intervals. Concordance of testing results read by two technicians, stability of testing results read at two time points, and test operation characteristics were also assessed. Results All three of the evaluated RDTs gave excellent performance with a combined sensitivity ranging from 99.0%-99.6% for HIV and 98.3%-99.0% for syphilis, and a combined specificity ranging from 97.9%-99.0% for HIV and 97.2%-99.6% for syphilis. Concordance of testing results between two technicians and stability of testing results read within and one hour past the recommended reading period showed excellent agreement, with Kappa greater than or equal to 0.98. Conclusions All the tests were found to be very or fairly easy to use and easy to interpret the results. Further evaluations of these dual RDTs with whole blood in field settings, and more studies on the implication of introduction of these tests in HIV and syphilis control programs are needed. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	HIV; Rapid tests; Sensitivity; Specificity; Syphilis	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Article; China; diagnostic test accuracy study; evaluation study; HIV rapid test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; laboratory; Nigeria; performance; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; syphilis; syphilis rapid test	World Health Organization; UNFPA, World Health Organization; WHO, World Health Organization
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938526082	Use of the MSCR test to characterize the asphalt binder properties relative to HMA rutting performance - A laboratory study	Zhang J., Walubita L.F., Faruk A.N.M., Karki P., Simate G.S.	2015	Construction and Building Materials	94	None	10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.044	Texas AandM University, College Station, TX, United States; Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Zhang, J., Texas AandM University, College Station, TX, United States; Walubita, L.F., Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; Faruk, A.N.M., Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; Karki, P., Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; Simate, G.S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Abstract Permanent deformation (or rutting) is one of the common distresses occurring in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. HMA is predominantly composed of aggregates and asphalt binder; and the asphalt binder plays a significant role in the HMA performance including permanent deformation and rutting resistance. In order to characterize the properties of the asphalt binder related to HMA rutting, the Superpave performance grade system uses the high-temperature grade, which is determined based on the complex shear modulus (|G∗|) and phase angle (δ) parameter (G∗/sinδ) that is measured from the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test. However, G∗/sinδ is not a performance-based parameter. Therefore, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has developed a performance-based PG binder test, the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test, to supplement the conventional DSR high temperature test. The primary objective of this laboratory study was to compare the two asphalt binder tests (the MSCR and the DSR high-temperature grade) and two HMA rutting related performance tests (the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test [HWTT] and the Repeated Loading Permanent Deformation [RLPD] Test) for characterizing the asphalt binder high temperature properties relative to HMA permanent deformation and rutting performance. For the asphalt binders and HMA evaluated, the MSCR showed a better correlation with the two rutting related performance tests (HWTT and RLPD) than the DSR high temperature grade. Thus, the MSCR test results shows promise to supplement or serve as a surrogate to the existing DSR test in characterizing the asphalt binder high temperature properties that are related to HMA rutting. However, more lab testing and field validation is still warranted to complement the results and findings reported herein. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Asphalt binder; DSR; G∗; HWTT; J<inf>nr</inf>; MSCR; Permanent deformation; RLPD; Rutting	Asphalt; Asphalt pavements; Creep; Deformation; High temperature properties; Highway administration; Asphalt binders; DSR; HWTT; MSCR; Permanent deformations; RLPD; Rutting; Binders	TxDOT, Texas Department of Transportation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937725758	Evaluation of covalently and ionically cross-linked PBI-excess blends for application in SO<inf>2</inf> electrolysis	Krüger A.J., Kerres J., Bessarabov D., Krieg H.M.	2015	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	40	29	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.063	DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany	Krüger, A.J., DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kerres, J., Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Bessarabov, D., DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Krieg, H.M., Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Abstract Proton exchange membranes (PEM) containing various combinations of PPOBr (pol(2,6-dimethylbromide-1,4-phenylene oxide, covalently cross-linked) or PWN (poly(tetrafluorostyrene-4-phosphonic acid), ionically cross-linked) were evaluated for their suitability in an SO<inf>2</inf> electrolyser environment. Since H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> is produced during the oxidation of SO<inf>2</inf> in the presence of water, the membranes used in the electrolyser must be both chemically and electrochemically stable. Acid stability tests showed that the blend membranes are stable in 80 wt % acidic media at 80°C for 120 h. The electrochemical characterisation included polarisation curves, voltage stepping and long term operation. Using polarisation curves two blend combinations were selected for the voltage stepping. Both types of blend membranes showed high stability up to 110 cycles while the F<inf>6</inf>PBI/PPOBr blend membrane had comparable (to N115®) long term operating voltage, while the F<inf>6</inf>PBI/PWN blend membrane showed improved voltage, attaining 0.781 V compared to the 0.812 V obtained when using N115 at 0.1 A cm-2. © 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Covalently cross-linked; F<inf>6</inf>PBI blend proton exchange membranes; Ionically cross-linked; Long term operation; SO<inf>2</inf> electrolysis; Voltage stepping	Blending; Electrolysis; Membranes; Polarization; Covalently cross-linked; Ionically cross-linked; Long term operation; Operating voltage; Polarisation curves; Presence of water; Proton exchange membranes; Proton-exchange membrane; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)	KE 673/11-1, DFG, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929667479	NYU dance education study abroad program to Uganda: impact on work experiences of study abroad alumni in New York City	Mabingo A.	2015	Research in Dance Education	16	2	10.1080/14647893.2014.950641	Department of Performing Arts and Film, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Mabingo, A., Department of Performing Arts and Film, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Abstract: Study abroad programs in dance education have played a key role in equipping students with globally and culturally diverse academic, pedagogic and professional knowledge, aptitudes and experiences. For this study, I interviewed six subjects who participated in New York University dance education study abroad program to Uganda from 2007 to 2010 to interrogate and establish what motivated them to participate in the program, their pre-departure preparations for the program and the observed and embodied cross-cultural learning encounters that they had during the program. The article further reveals the different modalities that these study abroad alumni have used to integrate the skills, knowledge, and competences that they acquired through the program into their work experiences in New York City. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	cultural translation; dance education; experiences; experiential learning; learning; pedagogy; study abroad; Uganda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919840894	Tackler characteristics associated with tackle performance in rugby union	Hendricks S., Matthews B., Roode B., Lambert M.	2014	European Journal of Sport Science	14	8	10.1080/17461391.2014.905982	UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Hendricks, S., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Matthews, B., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Roode, B., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Abstract: Tackling is an important skill for performance in rugby, yet little has been reported on tackler characteristics and its relationship to performance in competition. The aim of this study was to identify tackler characteristics and its association with tackle performance in matches. Eighteen matches of the 2010 Super 14 were analysed, which amounted to 2092 coded tackles. Tackler characteristics such as head position – in motion, up and forward, type of tackle – shoulder tackler, arm tackle or ball-carrier fend – absent, moderate, strong and leg drive–absent, moderate, strong or shoulder usage were coded and associated with tackle outcomes. Relative risk ratio (RRR), the ratio of the probability of an outcome occurring when a characteristic was observed (versus the non-observed characteristic) was determined using multinomial logistic regression. Having the head in motion decreased the tackler's chances of a successful tackle (RRR 2.24, 95% CI 1.72–2.92, p < 0.001) relative to an up and forward head position. Ball-carriers using a fend significantly decreased the tackler's probability of success (moderate fend RRR 2.97, 95% CI 2.04–4.31, p < 0.001). Moderate leg drive (RRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.26–0.50, p < 0.001) by the tackler increased the likelihood of tackle success. Head up and forward, counter-acting the ball-carrier fend, shoulder tackles targeted at the ball-carrier mid-torso, using the arms to wrap or pull, and leg driving were key tackler characteristics associated with positive tackle outcome in matches. Based on these findings, it is recommended that these technical characteristics are emphasised and incorporated into training to effectively prepare tacklers for competition. © 2014, © 2014 European College of Sport Science.	collision sports; contact skills; multinomial logistic regression; performance; Tackling; technique	athletic performance; football; human; image processing; physiology; statistical model; videorecording; Athletic Performance; Football; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Logistic Models; Video Recording	National Research Foundation; DAAD, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928317807	Performance modeling of industrial gas turbines with inlet air filtration system	Effiom S.O., Abam F.I., Ohunakin O.S.	2015	Case Studies in Thermal Engineering	5	None	10.1016/j.csite.2015.03.008	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B 1123, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B 7276, Umudike, Umuhia, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engine	Effiom, S.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B 1123, Calabar, Nigeria; Abam, F.I., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B 7276, Umudike, Umuhia, Nigeria; Ohunakin, O.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Abstract The effect of inlet air filtration on the performance of two industrial gas turbines (GT) is presented. Two GTs were modeled similar to GE LM2500+ and Alstom GT13 E2-2012, using TURBOMATCH and chosen to operate at environmental conditions of Usan offshore oilfield and Maiduguri dessert in Nigeria. The inlet pressure recovered (Precov) from the selected filters used in Usan offshore, and Maiduguri ranged between 98.36≤Precov≤99.51% and 98.67≤Precov≤99.56% respectively. At reduced inlet Precov by 98.36% (1.66 kPa) and, at a temperature above 15 C (ISA), a reduction of 16.9%, and 7.3% of power output and efficiency was obtained using GT13 E2-2012, while a decrease of 14.8% and 4.7% exist for power output and efficiency with GE LM2500+. In addition, a reduction in mass flow rate of air and fuel under the same condition was between 4.3≤mair≤10.6% and 10.4≤mfuel≤11.5% for GT13 E2-2012 and GE LM2500+, correspondingly. However, the GE LM2500+ was more predisposed to intake pressure drops since it functioned at a higher overall pressure ratio. The results obtained were found worthwhile and could be the basis for filter selection and efficient compressor housing design in the locations concerned. © 2015 The Authors.	Contaminants; Filters; Gas turbine; Pressure drop; Turbomatch	Architectural design; Drops; Filters (for fluids); Gas turbines; Gases; Impurities; Oil fields; Pressure drop; Environmental conditions; Filter selection; Industrial gas turbines; Mass flow rate of air; Offshore oilfield; Overall pressure ratios; Performance Model; TURBOMATCH; Air filters	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926153714	Evaluation and Potential Health Hazard of Selected Metals in Water, Sediments, and Fish from the Gomti River	Gupta S.K., Chabukdhara M., Singh J., Bux F.	2015	Human and Ecological Risk Assessment	21	1	10.1080/10807039.2014.902694	Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India	Gupta, S.K., Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Chabukdhara, M., Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Singh, J., Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India; Bux, F., Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	ABSTRACT: The health hazard associated with the consumption of fish from the Gomti River in India, contaminated with the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn was assessed in terms of target hazard quotients (THQs). The concentrations of metals (mg kg−1, wet weight basis) in the muscle tissues of different fish species Mastacembelus puncalus, Clupisona garua, Cyrinous carpio, Botia lochachata, Channa punctatus, Heteropneustise fossilis, Puntius sofore, and Clarious batrachus ranged as follows: Cr (2.2–21.4), Cu (0.3–14.3), Mn (2.3–5.5), Ni (0.5–10.9), Pb (1.0–3.9), and Zn (12.3–46.9). The accumulation of metals in fish muscle tissue was in the order: Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; Mn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb. THQs indicated a potential health hazard to children due to the consumption of fish contaminated with Ni and Pb; their THQs were greater than 1 for almost all fish species except for Ni in C. garua (THQ, 0.07) and C. carpio (THQ, 0.90). For adults, insignificant health hazard was associated with THQs less than 1 for all metals in the different fish species, but long-term exposure to these metals and subsequent bioaccumulation in the body may require additional investigation. © 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	accumulation; fish; Gomti River; sediment; target hazard quotient; trace elements; water	Batrachoides; Botia; Channa punctatus; Mastacembelus; Puntius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887963275	Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (catha edulis forsk) chewing leaves	Atlabachew M., Chandravanshi B.S., Redi-Abshiro M., Torto N., Chigome S., Pule B.O.	2013	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	27	3	10.4314/bcse.v27i3.3	Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Program of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Atlabachew, M., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Program of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Chandravanshi, B.S., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Redi-Abshiro, M., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Chigome, S., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Pule, B.O., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	ABSTRACT. The study demonstrated that by freezing or drying under different conditions, cathinone could be detected in the khat (Catha edulis Forsk) samples that have been harvested for more than four months. Freeze drying or freezing in the refrigerator (-20 °C) yielded more than 73% of cathinone. Air drying, sun drying or oven drying at 60 °C resulted in a cathinone composition of 57%, 42% and 36%, respectively. The study confirmed that, freshly harvested tender leaves of khat contained exclusively of cathinone but upon sun drying, part of it decomposes to cathine and norephedrine leaving cathinone as a major component. Thus it is wrong to assume that sun drying the leaves can result complete conversion of cathinone to cathine and norephedrine. Furthermore, the results of the study confirmed that it was possible to preserve khat samples for longer periods after freeze drying or deep freezing without significant loss of cathinone. © 2013 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Alkaloids; Cathine; Cathinone; Khat; Norephedrine; Storage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930576800	The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector	Edwards L., Jenkins R.	2015	Journal of Development Studies	51	4	10.1080/00220388.2014.983912	Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Edwards, L., Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Jenkins, R., School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Abstract: This article uses a Chenery-type decomposition and econometric estimation to evaluate the impact of Chinese trade on production and employment in South African manufacturing from 1992 to 2010. The results suggest that increased import penetration from China caused South African manufacturing output to be 5 per cent lower in 2010 than it otherwise would have been. The estimated reduction of total employment in manufacturing as a result of trade with China is larger – in 2010 about 8 per cent – because the declines in output were concentrated on labour-intensive industries and because the increase in imports raised labour productivity within industries. © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.	None	employment; import; international trade; labor productivity; manufacturing; trade relations; China; South Africa	ES/1035125/1, ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927176457	Empirical assessment of e-learning on performance in principles of economics	Aljamal A., Cader H., Chiemeke C., Speece M.	2015	International Review of Economics Education	18	None	10.1016/j.iree.2015.02.002	Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait; Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Central Business District, No. 33, Tafawa Belewa Way, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Depa	Aljamal, A., Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait; Cader, H., Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait; Chiemeke, C., Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Central Business District, No. 33, Tafawa Belewa Way, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Speece, M., Department of Marketing, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait	Abstract This research assessed the effectiveness of online assignments in principles of macroeconomics classes. Students were divided into two groups where the first was required to submit online assignments (treatment) while the other was not (control). Standardized examinations were used as Pretest and Posttest to quantify the online assignments' impact on students' performance. Results showed no significant difference in performance between treatment and control groups. Furthermore, when looking closely at students' performance within the treatment group, results indicate that neither the use of online assignments, nor the degree or intensity of their use tends to have significant impact on students' performance. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	e-Learning; Economic education; Higher education; Online assignments	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052006740	Performance, yolk lipid, egg organoleptic properties and haematological parameters of laying hens fed cholestyramine and garlic oil	Ademola S.G., Sikiru A.B., Akinwumi O., Olaniyi O.F., Egbewande O.O.	2011	Global Veterinaria	6	6	None	Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, IBB University, Lapai, Nigeria	Ademola, S.G., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Sikiru, A.B., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Akinwumi, O., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olaniyi, O.F., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Egbewande, O.O., Department of Animal Science, IBB University, Lapai, Nigeria	Abstract: This study investigated the effect of dietary garlic oil and cholestryamine at varying concentrations on performance, yolk lipids, cost-benefit ratio, organoleptic assessment of eggs and haematological parameters of laying hens. A 2x2 factorial arrangement of the two supplements under completely randomised design was used for the experiment. The inclusion levels of garlic oil were 100 and 200mg/kg, whereas cholestryamine were at 50 and 1 OOmg/kg. The results showed that laying performance was not compromised except for the reduced egg weight for hens fed supplemented diets. Addition of garlic oil and cholestryamine to layer diet did not significantly influence shell weight and shell thickness. Garlic oil significantly (P<0.02) reduced yolk cholesterol with hens fed 1 OOmg/kg garlic oil had lower yolk cholesterol than those fed 200mg/kg garlic oil. Significant interactive influence of both supplements reduced yolk triacylglycerol. Inclusion of the supplements in layer diet increased feed cost, but lowered profit in terms of naira per kilogramme and naira per tray. Improved egg organoleptic evaluation was observed by consumers fed eggs of hens containing the supplements. White blood cells of hens fed garlic oil were significantly increased. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Cholestryamine; Feed cost; Garlic oil; Oik cholesterol; Profit; White blood cells	Allium sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925347470	Performance evaluation of the electrolysis process for waste sludge stabilization in decentralization practices	Azizi S., Valipour A., Jamshidi S., Sithebe T.	2015	Desalination and Water Treatment	54	3	10.1080/19443994.2014.886293	Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, South Korea; Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran	Azizi, S., Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa; Valipour, A., Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, South Korea; Jamshidi, S., Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Sithebe, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa	Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential use of electrolysis process for waste sludge stabilization in decentralization practices by focusing on the operating parameters such as sludge composition, detention time, and electric voltage. The laboratory batch scale results show that the sludge extracted from a packed bed biofilm reactor can reach the minimum concentration of 659 mg/L volatile suspended solids (VSS) merely within 5 h detention time at an applied voltage of 2 V, whereas the most identical level is obtained from activated sludge by 7 h with 3.6 V. The soluble COD in the supernatant phase of the former process would be increased to 297 mg/L by means of 27% VSS reduction. The economical pre-estimation indicates that electrolysis is more sustainable if stand as a preconditioning stage of biological digestion by 70% capital and operating cost reduction. This configuration can also cause occupying 54% lesser footprint area of aerobic digestion with total average reduction of 56% VSS within 77 h. The biological assay on digested product was also determined with reference to the growth of Phragmites sp. plant. This study recommends the electrolysis-pretreated conditioning waste sludge followed by aerobic digestion incorporating with attached growth biological systems as a valuable process in decentralization. © 2014, © 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.	Aerobic digestion; Bioassay; Electrolysis process; Stabilization; Waste sludge	Phragmites	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052841471	The moderating effect of culture on small firm performance: Empirical evidence	Minai M.S., Olusegun A.I., Lucky E.O.-I.	2011	European Journal of Social Sciences	23	3	None	College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia; Lagos State Polytechnics, Lagos, Nigeria	Minai, M.S., College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia; Olusegun, A.I., Lagos State Polytechnics, Lagos, Nigeria; Lucky, E.O.-I., College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia	Abundant studies on the influential entrepreneurial factors that affect small firm performance exist. However, the inconsistent results on the relationship between entrepreneurial factors and small firm performance has led the authors to propose a contingency model in which the effects of individual determinants, external factors and firm characteristics on firm performance are moderated by culture. A cross-sectional study of questionnaire survey research design was conducted and data was generated from 182 entrepreneurs or owner-managers of small firms in both manufacturing and service industries. The questionnaires were distributed through drop-off and pick procedure of data collection. The findings indicate that neither culture nor its cultural dimension or components are significant in moderating the relationship between relationship between individual determinates, external factors and firm characteristics, and firm performance.	Culture; Entrepreneurship determinants; Entrepreneurship development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56249111360	Feeding Acacia etbaica and Dichrostachys cinerea fruits to smallholder goats in northern Ethiopia improves their performance during the dry season	Yayneshet T., Eik L.O., Moe S.R.	2008	Livestock Science	119	42372	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.007	Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway	Yayneshet, T., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway, Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eik, L.O., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; Moe, S.R., Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway	Acacia etbaica Schweinf. and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. are among the common woody browse plants that naturally grow in many arid and semi-arid rangelands in sub Saharan Africa. An experiment was conducted to compare the voluntary dry matter intake, body weight gain, nitrogen balance, carcass composition and sensory attributes of goats supplemented with different levels of A. etbaica and D. cinerea fruits. Average initial body weight of the goats was 20.4 kg (± 0.8SE) and received one of the following fruit supplementation regimes for 120 days (on body weight basis, n = 4 goats per group): (1) Control, no supplement; (2) 0.5% of A. etbaica; (3) 0.5% of D. cinerea; (4) 1.0% of A. etbaica; (5) 1.0% of D. cinerea; (6) 1.5% of A. etbaica; (7) 1.5% of D. cinerea. All groups were allowed to graze/browse during the day. Compared to A. etbaica, D. cinerea fruits contained higher amounts of crude protein (182 vs 135 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (11 vs 8.4 MJ/kg DM), and in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficient (0.7 vs 0.6). The concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF), sulphuric acid solubulized lignin, and tannin (soluble and condensed) were lower (P < 0.05) in D. cinerea than in A. etbaica fruits. A. etbaica fruits, however, contained higher amounts of Na, K, Fe, and Zn concentrations than D. cinerea fruits. Dry matter intake was markedly higher in supplemented groups than in the control group without supplement. Similarly, body weight gain in the control group was negative and lower (P < 0.05) than any of the supplemented groups. During the course of the experimental period (120 days) the group placed in the 1.5% D. cinerea fruit diet gained 2.6 kg whereas the control group lost 2.0 kg. Thus, the difference between these two groups was 4.6 kg, which suggests about 22.5% increment of the goats' initial body weight. N retention was negative for the control group and varied little among the remaining treatment groups. Dressing percent increased with increased level of either type of fruit supplement, the highest (51.8%) being achieved at the 1.5% D. cinerea level. There was no difference in bone tissue across treatment groups. D. cinerea fruit intake also resulted in juicy/watery flavor and tender carcass. D. cinerea fruits appeared to have no adverse effects when included at the highest level (1.5%) and could be collected and stored as dry season supplement to smallholder goats. This study shows that poor farmers can increase goat performance substantially through supplement feeding with wild fruits. Areas in Ethiopia originally set aside for provision of ecological services and biodiversity protection can also be used for wild fruit production and feeding of small stock. The effect of increasing D. cinerea fruits above the 1.5% body weight level should be a focus of future investigation. Further work on deactivation mechanism of tannins is required for A. etbaica fruits included at levels higher than 1.0%. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Body weight; Dry matter intake; Exclosure; Supplement; Tigray	Acacia; Acacia etbaica; Capra hircus; Dichrostachys cinerea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46349092468	Sprout selection and performance of goats fed Acacia karroo coppices in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Nyamukanza C.C., Scogings P.F.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	2	None	Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Nyamukanza, C.C., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Scogings, P.F., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Acacia karroo Hayne is the dominant invading species in semi-arid savannas of South Africa and is an ecological threat of our modern era. This study investigated the preference and intake rates by goats when fed A. karroo coppice sprouts of different basal diameter sizes, viz. 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm. A study was also conducted to determine the digestibility and performance of goats when fed A. karroo coppices and commercial feed pellets. Nitrogen content varied among the sprout sizes. The larger sprouts had the highest nitrogen content, but the acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose did not differ among sprout sizes. There were no significant differences in preference of the different sprout sizes. Intake rate of the sprout sizes was significantly different; small sprouts were consumed at the highest intake rate compared to medium size sprouts, but not compared to the larger sprouts. Nguni goats had higher bite rates compared to Boer goats. However, intake rates of the Boer goats and the Nguni goats were not significantly different. Goats fed A. karroo had a higher average daily gain compared to the goats fed the pellets. Average daily gain differed between the two goat breeds. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for A. karroo and pellets also differed. It is concluded that both Boer and Nguni goats have the potential to utilize smaller A. karroo sprouts. These animals can therefore potentially be used to control bush encroachment. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Browse; Bush encroachment; Digestibility; Herbivory; Intake rate; Preference	Acacia; Acacia karroo; Animalia; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878023229	Impact of the flower-galling midge, Dasineura rubiformis Kolesik, on the growth of its host plant, Acacia mearnsii De Wild, in South Africa	Impson F.A.C., Post J.A., Hoffmann J.H.	2013	South African Journal of Botany	87	None	10.1016/j.sajb.2013.04.006	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Impson, F.A.C., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Post, J.A., ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Hoffmann, J.H., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), although recognised as being extremely invasive and problematic in South Africa, is cultivated as an important commercial plant in parts of the country. Following the introduction of a flower-galling midge, Dasineura rubiformis (Cecidomyiidae), into the Western Cape Province for biological control of A. mearnsii, trials to confirm that galling would not affect growth rates of the host-plant were necessitated before the midge could be more-widely distributed. Insecticide exclusion of the midge from selected branches of the plant enabled comparison of growth rates of branches with high and low levels of galling. Over fifteen months the increment in branch diameter was greater on highly galled branches than on lightly galled branches with pods. This result indicates that D. rubiformis, while reducing seed set to very low levels, does not negatively affect growth of its host and that the midge will have no detrimental effect on the wattle forestry industry in South Africa. © 2013 South African Association of Botanists.	Black wattle; Gall loads; Insecticide-treatment; Pod loads; Vegetative growth	biological control; fly; growth rate; host plant; insecticide; invasive species; legume; seed set; wild population; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887380198	Performance of first-year accounting students: Does time perspective matter? [Prestasie van eerstjaarsrekeningkundestudente: Speel tydsperspektief 'n rol?]	Joubert H., Viljoen M., Schall R.	2013	Acta Academica	45	3	None	Centre for Accounting, South Africa; University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Dept of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Joubert, H., Centre for Accounting, South Africa; Viljoen, M., University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Schall, R., Dept of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Academic failure of first-year accounting students is a national and international problem. Existing research is inconclusive regarding the causes for the failure and does not make provision for the possible influence of dominant time perspectives on performance in accounting. This article investigates whether time perspective has an effect on the performance of first-year accounting students. A quantitative non-experimental predictive multivariate design is used and confounding variables are taken into consideration. The results of the study indicate significant relationships between performance in first-year accounting and gender, age and a past-negative time perspective. The most significant result of this study is that a past-negative time perspective, together with an unfavourable psychosocial background, might have led to failure in first-year accounting. It is suggested that students with a negative time perspective be identified and encouraged to participate in support programmes at the university. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84955664781	The language issue and academic performance at a South African University	van Rooy B., Coetzee-Van Rooy S.	2015	Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies	33	1	10.2989/16073614.2015.1012691	Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	van Rooy, B., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa; Coetzee-Van Rooy, S., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	Academic performance at universities in South Africa is a cause of concern. It is widely acknowledged that there are a variety of factors that contribute to poor academic performance, but language is regarded as one of the most important issues in this discussion. In this article, the relationship between language and academic performance at a South African university for the first-year group in 2010 (n = 900) is investigated, taking their performance in their second (2011) and third (2012) year into account. The authors review: (a) the relationships between measures of language ability (matric scores, and scores on university placement tests like the NBT and TALL/TAG); and (b) the relationship between these language measures, performance in courses offered by universities to support students and general academic success indicators to investigate the language issue and academic performance at university. The main findings of the study are: (a) matric average results above 65% are useful to predict academic success at university; matric average results below 65% cannot be used with confidence to predict success at university; (b) language measures (e.g. matric language marks, and scores on academic literacy tests used by some universities) are not good predictors of academic success at university; (c) there are strong positive relationships between the academic literacy components in the NBT and TALL/TAG; and (d) scores achieved in academic literacy modules are good predictors of academic success. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of strategic decisions that academic managers should consider when they reflect on the language issue and its impact on academic performance at South African universities. © 2015, NISC (Pty) Ltd.	None	None	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952630169	Performance evaluation of a locally developed cassava chipping machine	Bolaji B.O., Adejuyigbe S.B., Ayodeji S.P.	2008	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	19	1	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	Bolaji, B.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Nigeria; Adejuyigbe, S.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria; Ayodeji, S.P., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	A cassava chipping machine was designed and constructed, and its performance evaluated. The results showed that motor speed has significant effects on chipping capacity, chipping efficiency, and chips geometry. The higher the motor speed, the higher the chipping capacity and the lower the chipping efficiency of the machine. The machine has a maximum capacity of 245 kgh-1 at 500 rpm, and maximum chipping efficiency of 92.6% at a speed of 300 rpm. The overall best performance of the machine is obtained at a speed of 400 rpm with chipping efficiency of 86.5% and chipping capacity of 240 kgh-1.	None	Motor speed; Plants (botany); Efficiency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349190849	Urban impact on ecological integrity of nearby rivers in developing countries: The Borkena River in highland Ethiopia	Beyene A., Legesse W., Triest L., Kloos H.	2009	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	153	42373	10.1007/s10661-008-0371-x	Plant Science and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Beyene, A., Plant Science and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Legesse, W., Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Triest, L., Plant Science and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Kloos, H., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Accelerated pollution and eutrophication of rivers and streams because of human activity are a concern throughout the world and severe in Africa where Ethiopia is case in point. The objective of this study was to assess the urban impact on the ecological integrity of the Borkena River at the eastern escarpment of the central Ethiopian highlands. The water quality status and macroinvertebrate distribution and diversity of the river were assessed during the dry and wet seasons. Diversity indices revealed that a severe decline in the ecological integrity of the Borkena River downstream of Dessie and within Kombolcha towns in terms of macroinvertebrate abundance and composition. Clustering and ordination analysis clearly separated reference sites from urban impacted sites. At the urban-impacted sites, dissolved oxygen was also depleted to 0.5 mg/l and BOD5 values were reached to a level of above 1,000 mg/l, with extremely low biological diversity of pollution-sensitive taxa. These patterns are the result of a combination of rampant dumping of untreated wastes exacerbated by geologic, topographic, climatic and land use factors. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Borkena river; Ecological integrity; Ethiopia; Faunal diversity; Macroinvertebrate; Pollution	Borkena river; Ecological integrity; Ethiopia; Faunal diversity; Macroinvertebrate; Developing countries; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Eutrophication; Land use; Natural resources; Pollution; Quality assurance; Rivers; Water quality; River pollution; dissolved oxygen; cluster analysis; developing world; dissolved oxygen; environmental impact; Index of Biotic Integrity; macroinvertebrate; river water; species diversity; water quality; article; biochemical oxygen demand; biodiversity; climate; cluster analysis; controlled study; dumping; environmental impact; Ethiopia; eutrophication; geology; human activities; land use; macroinvertebrate; population abundance; river ecosystem; season; taxon; topography; urban area; water pollution; water quality; Ecology; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Ethiopia; Geography; Rivers; Africa; Borkena River; Dese; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650907952	Comparative evaluation of the roche cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 version 2 test using the TaqMan 48 analyzer and the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay	Van Rensburg E.J., Tait K., Watt A., Schall R.	2011	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	49	1	10.1128/JCM.01285-10	Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Alba Campus, Rosebank, Livingston EH54 7EG, United Kingdom; Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Quintiles Biostatistics and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Van Rensburg, E.J., Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Alba Campus, Rosebank, Livingston EH54 7EG, United Kingdom; Tait, K., Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Watt, A., Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Schall, R., Quintiles Biostatistics and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Acceptable precision was achieved in a comparison study of the Abbott RealTime (RT) and Roche CAP/ CTM-48 V2 HIV-1 assays, but viral load quantification was under- and overestimated, respectively, compared to the 2nd HIV-1 WHO International Standard. The same quantification patterns were observed for patient cohorts from Africa and the United States. Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	Africa; analyzer; article; cohort analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; international standard unit; priority journal; quantitative analysis; United States; virus detection; virus load; world health organization; Africa; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; United States; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894340009	Development and evaluation of woven fabric microfiltration membranes impregnated with silver nanoparticles for potable water treatment	Mecha C.A., Pillay V.L.	2014	Journal of Membrane Science	458	None	10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.001	Durban University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 1334, 4001, Steve Biko Rd, Durban, South Africa; Stellenbosch University, Department of Process Engineering, Banghoek Rd, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa	Mecha, C.A., Durban University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 1334, 4001, Steve Biko Rd, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, V.L., Stellenbosch University, Department of Process Engineering, Banghoek Rd, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa	Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human need, which is commonly lacking in remote rural areas. A simple gravity-fed water treatment unit was developed based on woven fabric microfiltration (WFMF) membranes. However, since these membranes are loose micro-filters, the unit has to be used in conjunction with a disinfectant. This paper explores combining the WFMF membranes with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a modified chemical reduction method. The originally white membranes turned brown-yellow due to the surface plasmon resonance of silver; however, there was no significant difference in the morphology of the membranes after the impregnation with 0.0117. wt% AgNPs. The coated membranes were more hydrophilic and had higher water permeability (p<0.05). Filtration of turbid water (40-700. NTU) showed that both membranes produced clear permeate (<1 NTU). Treatment of water spiked with bacteria (2500-77,000. CFU/100. mL Escherichia coli) showed that the removal efficiency of uncoated membranes was 84-91% and that of coated membranes was 100%. Accordingly, the coated membranes depicted great potential for water treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the incorporation of AgNPs in WFMF membranes and characterized their properties. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Disinfection; Drinking water; E. coli; Membranes; Silver nanoparticles	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907294002	Financial performance measures and business objectives attainment in fast food SMMEs in the Cape Metropolis: A preliminary liability and suitability analysis	Ngary C., Smit Y., Bruwer J.-P., Ukpere W.I.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	20	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p909	Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	Ngary, C., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Smit, Y., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Bruwer, J.-P., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Ukpere, W.I., Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	According to the Small Business Act No. 102 of 1996, Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) were introduced by the South African government to assist with the achievement of uplifting the national economy to reduce the rising trend unemployment and poverty in the country. SMMEs are believed to contribute up to 30% of the Gross Domestic Product of South Africa and are further believed to be responsible for absorbing up to 80% of the national labour force. Regrettably, prior research suggests that these initiatives have not succeeded in reducing unemployment and eradicating poverty, since more than 75% of SMMEs have been reported to fail within their first two years of existence. Economic factors have been blamed for the dismal outcomes. However, the achievement of business objectives is very relevant to how a business is managed, particularly from a financial outlook. In essence, the current authors are of the view that SMMEs were not attaining their objectives owing to the ineffective utilisation of financial performance measures, which consequently affects the smooth existence of these entities as a going concern. The main objective of this paper was to determine the extent to which SMMEs make use of financial performance measures to attain their business objectives. The research adopted a quantitative approach, which entails the collection of data from 30 SMMEs leaders (owners and/or managers) in the Cape Metropolis. All participants were required to adhere to a list of strict delineation criteria. The finding reveals that SMMEs leaders do make use of financial performance measures to manage their respective businesses towards the attainment of business objectives, but only to a limited extent. © MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research.	Business objectives; Fast food industry; Financial performance measures; SMMEs; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920437193	Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of demand side management techniques for rural electrification in Ibadan, Nigeria	Akinbulire T.O., Oluseyi P.O., Babatunde O.M.	2014	International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering	5	4	10.1007/s40095-014-0132-2	Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Akinbulire, T.O., Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Oluseyi, P.O., Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Babatunde, O.M., Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	According to the United Nation Development Programme, access to modern low-cost energy systems in developing countries is important in the realization of the globally agreed developmental goals, as well as the Millennium Development Goals, and sustainable development, which would assist in the reduction of poverty and to improve the conditions and quality of life for the greater part of the world’s population. Planners have suggested hybrid energy system for the electrification of rural areas worldwide. This study investigates the techno-economic and environmental effect of applying demand side management (DSM) activities to rural loads before design and sizing of hybrid energy systems for such community. Iporin a rural area in Ibadan, Nigeria which is endowed with an average daily solar radiation of 3.84 kWh/m2/day was taken as a case study. The total daily consumption which was initially estimated as 297 kWh/day after the application of DSM techniques dropped to 130 kWh/day representing a decrease of 56.80 %. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables software was used for simulation and optimization purpose. Parameters such as DSM index, net present cost, and emission level were used in determining the effect of the DSM technique. Overall, the DSM activities proved to be more economical and environmental friendly. © 2014, The Author(s).	Demand side management; Energy efficiency; HOMER; Hybrid energy system; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900388272	Impact of accounting skills on entrepreneurship education for self-reliance and sustainable development: A study of selected small scale business in Owerri municipal Imo state	Nwaigburu K.O., Eneogwe V.N.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	16 SPEC.ISSUE	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n16p81	Department Of Accountancy, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Eduction, Owerri-Imo State, Nigeria; Department Of Business Education, National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria	Nwaigburu, K.O., Department Of Accountancy, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Eduction, Owerri-Imo State, Nigeria; Eneogwe, V.N., Department Of Business Education, National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria	Accounting skill was found to be contributory to entrepreneurial performance and as such entrepreneurs are advised to embark on capacity building in accounting skill in the area of financial management and record keeping. Entrepreneurs are agents and drivers of development in most economies of the world including Nigeria. The entrepreneur establishes his presence through the formation of a small and medium scale enterprise (SME). Accounting on its part, is of great importance to the development of small and medium scale enterprises. Arguably, accounting is the core academic discipline that aids the entrepreneurial drive given the popular opinion that is the language of business. The objectives of this study is to examine the role of accounting on entrepreneurship education for self- reliance and sustainable development in Nigeria. The study considered the accounting profession and the major role it plays in entrepreneurship development. It is the submission of the authors that entrepreneurs with basic accounting knowledge and entrepreneurial skills stand better chances of becoming self- reliant and attaining business success. The paper recommends among other things that government should remove those obstacles that militate against entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.	Accounting skill; Entrepreneurship education; Self - Reliance and sustainability; Small-scale business	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862227694	Impacts of maize intercropping with ryegrass and alfalfa on environment in fields with nitrogen fertilizer over-dose	Nie S.-W., Chen Y.-Q., Egrinya E.A., Sui P., Huang J.-X.	2012	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	10	2	None	Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; National Soil Fertility, Fertilizer Effects long-term Monitoring Net work-Zhengzhou Fluvo-aquic Stn, Key Field Scientific Observation Station of Zhengzhou Fluvo-	Nie, S.-W., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China, National Soil Fertility, Fertilizer Effects long-term Monitoring Net work-Zhengzhou Fluvo-aquic Stn, Key Field Scientific Observation Station of Zhengzhou Fluvo-aquic Soils Ecology Environment, Ministry of Agrl, Inst of Plant nutrient and Environmental Resources, Henan Academy of Agrl Sci, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Chen, Y.-Q., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; Egrinya, E.A., Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Sui, P., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; Huang, J.-X., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China	Accumulation of nitrate in soil increases the risk of nitrate leaching and hence ground water nitrate pollution. The impact of maize intercropping with ryegrass and alfalfa on environment in farming systems has been little studied in China. Using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, we analyzed the effects of different cropping systems (sole maize (CK), maize + ryegrass (CRT), and maize + alfalfa (CAT)) on the environment. The comprehensive index of environmental impacts varied in the order, sole maiz>maize + ryegrass>maize + alfalfa, with corresponding values of 0.1421, 0.1353 and 0.1299, respectively. The results showed that intercropping maize with alfalfa and ryegrass could reduce the adverse effects of over- application of nitrogen fertilizer on the environment. The study further demonstrated that the LCA method may be a convenient and effective approach for analyzing the environmental impact of fertilizer management in agricultural fields.	Environment impact; Intercropping; Life cycle assessment; Nitrogen fertilizer	nitrogen fertilizer; pesticide; acidification; alfalfa; article; controlled study; cropping system; ecotoxicity; environmental impact; eutrophication; fertilizer application; field study; greenhouse effect; human; intercropping; life cycle assessment; Lolium; maize; nonhuman; plant seed; soil pollution; water pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942526399	Performance of high resolution satellite rainfall products over data scarce parts of eastern ethiopia	Gebere S.B., Alamirew T., Merkel B.J., Melesse A.M.	2015	Remote Sensing	7	9	10.3390/rs70911639	Department for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, Freiberg, Germany; Water and Land Resource Centre, P.O. Box 3880, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States	Gebere, S.B., Department for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, Freiberg, Germany; Alamirew, T., Water and Land Resource Centre, P.O. Box 3880, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Merkel, B.J., Department for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, Freiberg, Germany; Melesse, A.M., Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States	Accurate estimation of rainfall in mountainous areas is necessary for various water resource-related applications. Though rain gauges accurately measure rainfall, they are rarely found in mountainous regions and satellite rainfall data can be used as an alternative source over these regions. This study evaluated the performance of three high-resolution satellite rainfall products, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B42), the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_MVK+), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely-Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) at daily, monthly, and seasonal time scales against rain gauge records over data-scarce parts of Eastern Ethiopia. TRMM 3B42 rain products show relatively better performance at the three time scales, while PERSIANN did much better than GSMaP. At the daily time scale, TRMM correctly detected 88% of the rainfall from the rain gauge. The correlation at the monthly time scale also revealed that the TRMM has captured the observed rainfall better than the other two. For Belg (short rain) and Kiremt (long rain) seasons, the TRMM did better than the others by far. However, during Bega (dry) season, PERSIANN showed a relatively good estimate. At all-time scales, noticing the bias, TRMM tends to overestimate, while PERSIANN and GSMaP tend to underestimate the rainfall. The overall result suggests that monthly and seasonal TRMM rainfall performed better than daily rainfall. It has also been found that both GSMaP and PERSIANN performed better in relatively flat areas than mountainous areas. Before the practical use of TRMM, the RMSE value needs to be improved by considering the topography of the study area or adjusting the bias. © 2015 by the authors.	GSMaP_MVK+; PERSIANN; Rain gauge; Satellite rainfall; TRMM 3B42	Gages; Neural networks; Precipitation (meteorology); Rain gages; Satellites; Soil moisture; Time measurement; Water resources; GSMaP_MVK; PERSIANN; Rain gauges; Satellite rainfalls; TRMM 3B42; Rain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899626659	Monitoring microbicide gel use with real-time notification of the container's opening events: Results of the CAPRISA wisebag study	Gengiah T.N., Upfold M., Naidoo A., Mansoor L.E., Feldblum P.J., Abdool Karim Q., Abdool Karim S.S.	2014	AIDS and Behavior	18	5	10.1007/s10461-014-0750-y	Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; FHI360, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States	Gengiah, T.N., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Upfold, M., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Mansoor, L.E., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Feldblum, P.J., FHI360, Durham, NC, United States; Abdool Karim, Q., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States; Abdool Karim, S.S., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States	Accurate estimation of the effectiveness of a microbicide for HIV prevention requires valid measurement of adherence to product use. A microbicide gel applicator container (Wisebag), fitted with cell phone technology to transmit opening events and text message reminders, was developed to monitor each opening event of the container as a proxy for gel use and adherence. Ten women were enrolled in a pilot study and followed for up to 4 months. Wisebag opening (WBO) dates and times were recorded and correlated with self-reported sex acts and gel applicator returns. During the 33 monthly follow-up visits, 47.8 % (77/161) of the recorded number of WBO events were concordant with the number of empty (used) applicators returned. The discrepancies were likely due to removal of more than one applicator during a single opening event. When the date and time of the WBO event data was assessed in relation to three different self-report adherence measures, agreement was fairly modest. The Wisebag was found to be acceptable as a storage container and the cell phone reminders generated were useful in supporting the dosing strategy. We recommend that the Wisebag be considered for larger scale and lengthier testing in microbicide trials. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Adherence; Clinical trials; Electronic monitoring; HIV prevention; Microbicides	antiinfective agent; gel; adult; coitus; devices; drug delivery system; feasibility study; female; follow up; gel; HIV Infections; human; intravaginal drug administration; medication compliance; mobile phone; pilot study; questionnaire; text messaging; Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Cell Phones; Coitus; Drug Delivery Systems; Feasibility Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gels; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Pilot Projects; Questionnaires; Text Messaging	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548280900	Evaluation of different plate media for direct cultivation of Campylobacter species from live broilers	Potturi-Venkata L.-P., Backert S., Lastovica A.J., Vieira S.L., Norton R.A., Miller R.S., Pierce S., Oyarzabal O.A.	2007	Poultry Science	86	7	None	Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540 Porto Alegre, Brazil	Potturi-Venkata, L.-P., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Backert, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Lastovica, A.J., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Vieira, S.L., Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Norton, R.A., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Miller, R.S., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Pierce, S., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Oyarzabal, O.A., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States	Accurate identification and optimal culturing procedures for Campylobacter spp. from live broilers are needed for epidemiological studies. Because there is no standardized protocol, we designed and conducted studies to evaluate different selective media for the culturing and isolation of Campylobacter spp. from cecal and fecal samples obtained from battery-reared and commercial broilers. Five media selective for Campylobacter were evaluated: Campylobacter agar base, Campylobacter, Campy-Line, modified Campy-Cefex, and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. With contaminated broilers reared in battery cages, Campylobacter agar base, Campylobacter, modified Campy-Cefex, and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar revealed similar isolation rates (P > 0.05), whereas Campy-Line showed a lower efficacy (P < 0.05). With commercial live broilers, modified Campy-Cefex agar was more consistent for the isolation of Campylobacter from feces, whereas modified Campy-Cefex and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar showed similar isolation rates from cecal samples. Campy-Line agar showed a lower identification rate (P < 0.05) for both fecal and cecal samples. A multiplex PCR assay used for identification showed that Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli DNA was present in the samples. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis restriction profiles differed among samples collected from different commercial farms but were similar for isolates from the same farm, suggesting clonal differences. No variation was seen in pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns among isolates cultured on different media. Our data suggest that the choice of plate medium may influence the efficiency of isolating Campylobacter spp. from broiler chickens by direct plating from fecal or cecal samples. ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc.	Broiler; Campylobacter; Plate media	Campylobacter; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Gallus gallus; animal; article; Campylobacter; chemistry; chicken; culture medium; drug effect; evaluation; feces; growth, development and aging; isolation and purification; methodology; microbiological examination; microbiology; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Campylobacter; Chickens; Culture Media; Feces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886261567	Non-linear feeding functional responses in the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) predict immediate negative impact of wetland degradation on this flagship species	Deville A.-S., Grémillet D., Gauthier-Clerc M., Guillemain M., Von Houwald F., Gardelli B., Béchet A.	2013	Ecology and Evolution	3	5	10.1002/ece3.554	Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Departement Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F-13200 Arles, France; Basel zoo, Bachlettenstrasse 75, 4054 Basel, Switzerland	Deville, A.-S., Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Grémillet, D., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France, FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Gauthier-Clerc, M., Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France, Departement Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Guillemain, M., Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F-13200 Arles, France; Von Houwald, F., Basel zoo, Bachlettenstrasse 75, 4054 Basel, Switzerland; Gardelli, B., Basel zoo, Bachlettenstrasse 75, 4054 Basel, Switzerland; Béchet, A., Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France	Accurate knowledge of the functional response of predators to prey density is essential for understanding food web dynamics, to parameterize mechanistic models of animal responses to environmental change, and for designing appropriate conservation measures. Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus), a flagship species of Mediterranean wetlands, primarily feed on Artemias (Artemia spp.) in commercial salt pans, an industry which may collapse for economic reasons. Flamingos also feed on alternative prey such as Chironomid larvae (e.g., Chironomid spp.) and rice seeds (Oryza sativa). However, the profitability of these food items for flamingos remains unknown. We determined the functional responses of flamingos feeding on Artemias, Chironomids, or rice. Experiments were conducted on 11 captive flamingos. For each food item, we offered different ranges of food densities, up to 13 times natural abundance. Video footage allowed estimating intake rates. Contrary to theoretical predictions for filter feeders, intake rates did not increase linearly with increasing food density (type I). Intake rates rather increased asymptotically with increasing food density (type II) or followed a sigmoid shape (type III). Hence, flamingos were not able to ingest food in direct proportion to their abundance, possibly because of unique bill structure resulting in limited filtering capabilities. Overall, flamingos foraged more efficiently on Artemias. When feeding on Chironomids, birds had lower instantaneous rates of food discovery and required more time to extract food from the sediment and ingest it, than when filtering Artemias from the water column. However, feeding on rice was energetically more profitable for flamingos than feeding on Artemias or Chironomids, explaining their attraction for rice fields. Crucially, we found that food densities required for flamingos to reach asymptotic intake rates are rarely met under natural conditions. This allows us to predict an immediate negative effect of any decrease in prey density upon flamingo foraging performance. © 2013 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Artemia spp; Attack rate; Conservation; Filter feeder; Food intake rate; Handling time; Salt pans	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896693226	Comparison of HI and optical redshifts of galaxies - The impact of redshift uncertainties on spectral line stacking	Maddox N., Hess K.M., Blyth S.-L., Jarvis M.J.	2013	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	433	3	10.1093/mnras/stt934	Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Kehle Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom; Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Maddox, N., Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Hess, K.M., Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Blyth, S.-L., Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Jarvis, M.J., Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Kehle Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom, Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Accurate optical redshifts will be critical for spectral co-adding techniques used to extract detections from below the noise level in ongoing and upcoming surveys for neutral hydrogen (HI), which will extend our current understanding of gas reservoirs in galaxies to lower column densities and higher redshifts. We have used existing, high-quality optical and radio data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey to investigate the relationship between redshifts derived from optical spectroscopy and HI spectral line observations. We find that the two redshift measurements agree well, with a negligible systematic-offset and a small distribution width. Employing simple simulations, we determine how the width of an ideal stacked HI profile depends on these redshift offsets, as well as larger redshift errors more appropriate for high-redshift galaxy surveys. The width of the stacked profile is dominated by the width distribution of the input individual profiles when the redshift errors are less than the median width of the input profiles, and only when the redshift errors become large, ∼ 150 km s-1, do they significantly affect the width of the stacked profile. This redshift accuracy can be achieved with moderate-resolution optical spectra. We provide guidelines for the number of spectra required for stacking to reach a specified mass sensitivity, given telescope and survey parameters, which will be useful for planning optical spectroscopy observing campaigns to supplement the radio data.© 2013 The Authors.	Galaxies: Distances and redshifts; Radio lines: galaxies; Surveys	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949725897	Investigating the effect of correlation-based feature selection on the performance of neural network in reservoir characterization	Akande K.O., Owolabi T.O., Olatunji S.O.	2015	Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering	27	None	10.1016/j.jngse.2015.08.042	Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Physics and Electronics Department, Adekunle Ajasin Univer	Akande, K.O., Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Owolabi, T.O., Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Physics and Electronics Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Olatunji, S.O., Computer Science Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia	Accurate prediction of permeability is very important in characterization of hydrocarbon reservoir and successful oil and gas exploration. In this work, generalization performance and predictive capability of artificial neural network (ANN) in prediction of permeability from petrophysical well logs have been improved by a correlation-based feature extraction technique. This technique is unique in that it improves the performance of ANN by employing fewer datasets thereby saving valuable processing time and computing resources. The effect of this technique is investigated using datasets obtained from five distinct wells in a Middle Eastern oil and gas field. It is found that the proposed extraction technique systematically reduces the required features to about half of the original size by selecting the best combination of well logs leading to performance improvement in virtually all the wells considered. The systematic approach to feature selection eliminates trial and error method and significantly reduces the time needed for model development. The result obtained is very encouraging and suggest a way to improve hydrocarbons exploration at reduced cost of production. Furthermore, performance of ANN and other computational intelligence techniques can be improved through this technique. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Artificial neural network; Feature selection; Permeability prediction; Reservoir characterization	Artificial intelligence; Characterization; Extraction; Feature extraction; Forecasting; Gas industry; Hydrocarbon refining; Hydrocarbons; Ionization of gases; Natural gas fields; Neural networks; Oil fields; Petroleum prospecting; Petroleum reservoirs; Well logging; Computational intelligence techniques; Feature extraction techniques; Generalization performance; Oil and gas exploration; Permeability prediction; Predictive capabilities; Reservoir characterization; Trial-and-error method; Petroleum reservoir engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947902528	Performance evaluation of three PID controller tuning algorithm on a process plant	Ibrahim O., Amuda S.A.Y., Mohammed O.O., Kareem G.A.	2015	International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering	5	5	None	Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Computer Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure, Abuja, Nigeria	Ibrahim, O., Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Amuda, S.A.Y., Department of Computer Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mohammed, O.O., Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Kareem, G.A., National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure, Abuja, Nigeria	Accurate tuning of controller in industrial process operation is prerequisite to system smooth operation which directly reduce process variability, improved efficiency, reduced energy costs, and increased production rates. Performance evaluation of a model based PID controller tuning algorithm on a chemical process plant is presented in this paper. The control action of three different PID controller tuning algorithms namely; Hagglund-Astrom, Cohen and Coon, and Ziegler-Nichols on the process plant was examined in a closed loop control configuration under normal operating condition and in the face of disturbance. LabVIEW software was used to model a chemical process plant from open loop control test data. The time domain response analysis of the controllers shows that each tuning algorithm exhibit different time response. Ziegler-Nichols algorithm shows the best performance with fastest rise time, settling time and was able to restore the system back to normal operating condition in a short time when subjected to disturbance compare to Cohen & Coon controller and Hagglund-Astrom algorithm settings. © 2015 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.	Control algorithm; PID controller; Plant model; Time response; Tuning parameter	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875504761	Evaluation of non-centrifuged dried plasma spots versus centrifuged and non-centrifuged plasma for determination of HIV-1 viral load	Mwebaza S., Batamwita R., Karamagi Y., Mugasa C., Namwanje C., Mujuzi G., Nanteza A.	2013	Journal of Virological Methods	189	1	10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.002	Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Plot 7, Buganda Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda	Mwebaza, S., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Batamwita, R., Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Plot 7, Buganda Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Karamagi, Y., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Mugasa, C., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Namwanje, C., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Mujuzi, G., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Nanteza, A., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Accurate viral load measurement in plasma specimens is subject to the transport conditions applied since the stability of HIV-1 RNA can be at risk. Also, except during the primary infection, HIV is unlikely to be free in circulation because most patients produce specific antibodies in the weeks following primary infection. This study evaluated non centrifuged dried plasma spots versus centrifuged and non centrifuged plasma in the determination of HIV-1 viral load. A total of 40 patients infected with HIV were bled and three groups of samples were prepared from each patient. The first group was centrifuged at 1500×g for 20min, the second was not centrifuged but left to sediment by gravity for up to 3h, and the third was for dried plasma spots prepared from the same non centrifuged plasma. HIV RNA quantitation in plasma and dried plasma spots was evaluated by the Pearson correlation and a T-test. The three groups yielded average viral loads of 58,249; 83,355 and 116,963 copies/ml for centrifuged, non centrifuged and dried plasma spot samples respectively. The correlation for centrifuged versus non centrifuged was R2=0.78, that of centrifuged and dried plasma spots was R2=0.72 and finally R2=0.81 between non centrifuged and dried plasma spot samples. A significant difference in viral load results of centrifuged and DPS samples prepared from non centrifuged plasma was observed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Centrifuged plasma; Dried plasma spot; HIV-1; Non centrifuged plasma; Viral load	virus RNA; adult; article; blood analysis; blood sampling; centrifuged and non centrifuged dried plasma spots; clinical article; comparative study; correlation coefficient; dried blood spot testing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; non centrifuged dried plasma spots; outcome assessment; priority journal; Student t test; Uganda; virus load; virus particle; Blood Specimen Collection; Centrifugation; Dried Blood Spot Testing; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36549005511	Development and performance evaluation of impact bambara groundnut sheller	Oluwole F.A., Abdulrahim A.T., Oumarou M.B.	2007	International Agrophysics	21	3	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Oluwole, F.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, A.T., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Oumarou, M.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	A centrifugal bambara groundnut sheller was designed, constructed and evaluated. The shelter consists of a feed hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. Nine different impellers were used for the investigation at three different pod moisture contents. Results of the performance tests were examined using a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with moisture content, impeller slot angulations and number of impeller slots as variables. Results showed that moisture content, impeller slot angulations, number of impeller slots and interaction between these variables statistically affected the performance indicators (shelling efficiency, percentage of breakage, percentage of partially shelled pods, percentage of unshelled pods and winnowing efficiency) at the significance level of 5%. The forward facing impeller with eight slots gave the best performance of 96% shelling efficiency, 3.4% breakage, 0.6% partially shelled pods. No unshelled pods were recorded, and winnowing efficiency of 97.3% was recorded at an average feed rate of 215.8 kg h-1. © 2007 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences.	Bambara groundnut; Centrifugal impeller; Pods; Winnowing	groundnut; moisture content; performance assessment; shelter; Arachis hypogaea; Bambara	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959835304	Fabrication and evaluation of a prototype centrifuge	Okonkwo G.N., Ezeonu S.O.	2011	Journal of Applied Sciences Research	7	4	None	Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria; Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	Okonkwo, G.N., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria; Ezeonu, S.O., Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	A centrifuge is a vital instrument needed for easy separation techniques in most laboratories. This instrument is very scarce and if found is very expensive. This paper focuses on the fabrication and evaluation of this instrument locally. The centrifuge is majorly divided into two compartments. The upper part, which is made of metal bowl and the base, made of metal sheet carved in cylindrical shape to house the electric motor. Metal sheet was purchased from Bida town, after which the whole bodywork was assembled together by means of electrical welding. Bolts and nuts were used to hold other parts together and an electric motor was installed to drive the system. The fabricated centrifuge was tested with a number of sample solutions in the chemistry laboratory and the required supernatants were obtained. The results show that this instrument compares very well with any standard centrifuge and is therefore recommended for use in related laboratory works.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864445857	Synergistic tonic and phasic activity of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) arousal system is required for optimal attentional performance	Howells F.M., Stein D.J., Russell V.A.	2012	Metabolic Brain Disease	27	3	10.1007/s11011-012-9287-9	Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Office 105, J-2 Block Groote Schuur Hospital, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Howells, F.M., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Office 105, J-2 Block Groote Schuur Hospital, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Stein, D.J., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Russell, V.A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	A certain level of arousal is required for an individual to perform optimally, and the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a central role in optimizing arousal. Tonic firing of LC-NE neurons needs to be held within a narrow range of 1-3 Hz to facilitate phasic firing of the LC-NE neurons; these two modes of activity act synergistically, to allow the individual to perform attentional tasks optimally. How this information can be applied to further our understanding of psychiatric disorders has not been fully elucidated. Here we propose two models of altered LC-NE activity that result in attentional deficits characteristic of psychiatric disorders: 1) 'hypoaroused' individuals with e.g. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have decreased tonic firing of the LC-NE system, resulting in decreased cortical arousal and poor attentional performance and 2) 'hyperaroused' individuals with e.g. anxiety disorders have increased tonic firing of the LC-NE system, resulting in increased cortical arousal and impaired attentional performance. We argue that hypoarousal (decreased tonic firing of LC-NE neurons) and hyperarousal (increased tonic firing of LC-NE neurons) are suboptimal states in which phasic activity of LC-NE neurons is impeded. To further understand the neurobiology of attentional dysfunction in psychiatric disorders a translational approach that integrates findings on the LC-NE arousal system from animal models and human imaging studies may be useful. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.	Anxiety; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; Hyperarousal; Hypoarousal	noradrenalin; anxiety disorder; arousal; article; attention; attention deficit disorder; human; locus ceruleus; mental performance; mental task; nerve potential; neuromodulation; nonhuman; Action Potentials; Animals; Anxiety Disorders; Arousal; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Locus Coeruleus; Models, Neurological; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849086515	Chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis	Abara A.E., Obochi G.O., Malu S.P., Obi-Abang M.	2009	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	91	1	10.1080/02772240802015523	Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	Abara, A.E., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obochi, G.O., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Malu, S.P., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obi-Abang, M., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	A chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis was carried out in five randomly selected restaurants in Calabar. The results showed that both Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis soups have high caloric values and contain adequate levels of essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, and fat, which are needed for a variety of cellular functions in humans, and which would reduce the problem of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Caloric value; Gnetum africana; Minerals; Telferia occidentalis; Vitamins	Amines; Amino acids; Electric insulators; Minerals; Organic acids; Silica; Vitamins; Calabar; Caloric value; Cellular functions; Chemical evaluations; Gnetum africana; Telferia occidentalis; Nutrition; amino acid; gymnosperm; mineral; protein; vitamin; Gnetum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892590427	The impacts of neutralized acid mine drainage contaminated water on the expression of selected endocrine-linked genes in juvenile Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed in vivo	Truter J.C., Wyk J.H.V., Oberholster P.J., Botha A.-M.	2014	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	100	1	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.005	Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Truter, J.C., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Wyk, J.H.V., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Oberholster, P.J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental concern due to detrimental impacts on river ecosystems. Little is however known regarding the biological impacts of neutralized AMD on aquatic vertebrates despite excessive discharge into watercourses. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the endocrine modulatory potential of neutralized AMD, using molecular biomarkers in the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus in exposure studies. Surface water was collected from six locations downstream of a high density sludge (HDS) AMD treatment plant and a reference site unimpacted by AMD. The concentrations of 28 elements, including 22 metals, were quantified in the exposure water in order to identify potential links to altered gene expression. Relatively high concentrations of manganese (~ 10. mg/l), nickel (~ 0.1. mg/l) and cobalt (~ 0.03. mg/l) were detected downstream of the HDS plant. The expression of thyroid receptor-α (trα), trβ, androgen receptor-1 (ar1), ar2, glucocorticoid receptor-1 (gr1), gr2, mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and aromatase (cyp19a1b) was quantified in juvenile fish after 48. h exposure. Slight but significant changes were observed in the expression of gr1 and mr in fish exposed to water collected directly downstream of the HDS plant, consisting of approximately 95 percent neutralized AMD. The most pronounced alterations in gene expression (i.e. trα, trβ, gr1, gr2, ar1 and mr) was associated with water collected further downstream at a location with no other apparent contamination vectors apart from the neutralized AMD. The altered gene expression associated with the "downstream" locality coincided with higher concentrations of certain metals relative to the locality adjacent to the HDS plant which may indicate a causative link. The current study provides evidence of endocrine disruptive activity associated with neutralized AMD contamination in regard to alterations in the expression of key genes linked to the thyroid, interrenal and gonadal endocrine axes of a teleost fish species. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage	aromatase; biological marker; cobalt; endocrine disruptor; manganese; mineralocorticoid receptor; nickel; surface water; thyroid hormone receptor alpha; acid mine drainage; biomarker; cobalt; concentration (composition); endocrine disruptor; gene expression; juvenile; molecular analysis; perciform; river pollution; sludge; acid mine drainage; androgen receptor 1 gene; androgen receptor 2 gene; aromatase gene; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; endocrine disease; environmental exposure; environmental impact; gene; gene expression; genetic association; glucocorticoid receptor 1 gene; glucocorticoid receptor 2 gene; in vivo study; juvenile animal; mineralocorticoid receptor gene; molecular biology; Mozambique; nonhuman; Oreochromis mossambicus; sludge; thyroid receptor alpha gene; waste water treatment plant; water contamination; Oreochromis mossambicus; Teleostei; Vertebrata; Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage; Acids; Animals; Endocrine System; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Mining; Rivers; Tilapia; Water Pollutants, Chemical	CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880585839	Evaluation of five susceptibility test methods for detection of tobramycin resistance in a cluster of epidemiologically related Acinetobacter baumannii isolates	Moodley V.M., Oliver S.P., Shankland I., Elisha B.G.	2013	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	51	8	10.1128/JCM.03250-12	Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa	Moodley, V.M., Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Oliver, S.P., Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Shankland, I., Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Elisha, B.G., Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa	Acinetobacter baumannii is a major nosocomial pathogen causing infections in critically ill patients. This organism has acquired the propensity to rapidly develop resistance to most antibiotics. At several hospitals within Cape Town, South Africa, tobramycin and colistin are frequently the only therapeutic options. Vitek2 automated susceptibility testing (AST) is used in the clinical laboratory to determine selected susceptibility profiles. The suspicion of a possible AST-related technical error when testing for susceptibility to tobramycin in A. baumannii precipitated this study. Thirty-nine A. baumannii strains isolated from clinical specimens (June to December 2006) were included in this prospective study. Tobramycin susceptibility testing results obtained by AST, disc diffusion, the epsilometer test (Etest), and agar dilution were compared to those for broth microdilution (BMD), the reference method. The tobramycin susceptibility results revealed errors in 25/39 (64%) isolates (10 very major and 15 minor errors) when AST was compared to BMD, 12/39 (31%) (2 very major and 10 minor errors) when Etest was compared to BMD, 16/39 (41%) (3 very major and 13 minor errors) when disc diffusion was compared to BMD, and 21/39 (54%) (10 very major and 11 minor errors) when agar dilution was compared to BMD. Using PCR, we detected aac(3)-IIa, which is associated with tobramycin resistance, in 21/25 of the discrepant isolates. Molecular typing (using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and repetitive sequence-based PCR [rep-PCR]) showed that these isolates were genetically related. Clinical laboratories that routinely use the Vitek2 system should consider an alternative testing method for determining susceptibility to tobramycin. Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology.	None	tobramycin; aac(3) IIa gene; Acinetobacter baumannii; agar dilution; analytical error; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; broth dilution; controlled study; disk diffusion; epsilometer test; gene cluster; human; intermethod comparison; laboratory automation; minimum inhibitory concentration; molecular epidemiology; molecular typing; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; prospective study; pulsed field gel electrophoresis; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnostic Errors; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; South Africa; Tobramycin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349902495	Impact of hepatitis b virus infection on human immunodeficiency virus response to antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria	Idoko J., Meloni S., Muazu M., Nimzing L., Badung B., Hawkins C., Sankalé J.-L., Ekong E., Murphy R., Kanki P., Thio C.L.	2009	Clinical Infectious Diseases	49	8	10.1086/605675	Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins Universit	Idoko, J., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Meloni, S., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Muazu, M., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Nimzing, L., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Badung, B., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Hawkins, C., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Sankalé, J.-L., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Ekong, E., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Murphy, R., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Kanki, P., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Thio, C.L., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfs St., Rm. 533, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	ackground. As highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) is introduced into areas of the world in which hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly endemic, it is important to determine the influence of HBV on persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV coinfection who are receiving ART. Methods. We studied 1564 HIV-infected patients in Jos, Nigeria, who initiated ART. Participants with HIVHBV coinfection had hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA status determined. CD4+ T cell count and HIV load at ART initiation were compared between individuals with HIV monoinfection and those with HIVHBV coinfection with use of univariate methods. Regression analyses were used to determine if HBeAg status or HBV DNA at ART initiation were associated with baseline HIV parameters or ART response. Results. The median CD4 + T cell count of the 262 participants with HIV-HBV coinfection (16.7%) was 107 cells/mL, compared with 130 cells/mL for participants with HIV monoinfection at ART initiation (P&lt;.001). Participants with HIV-HBV coinfection also had higher HIV loads than did patients with HIV monoinfection (4.96 vs 4.75 log10, copies/mL; p = .02). Higher HBV DNA and detectable HBeAg levels were independently associated with lower CD4+ T cell counts at ART initiation but not with higher HIV loads. In a multivariable model, HBeAg-positive patients were less likely than HBeAg-negative patients to suppress HIV replication to ≤400 copies/mL (odds ratio, 0.54; P= .03) at 24 weeks, but they had similar CD4+ T cell increases. At 48 weeks, there was no significant effect of HBeAg status on ART response. Conclusions. Among HIV-infected Nigerian individuals, HBV coinfection, especially among those with high levels of HBV replication, was associated with lower CD4+ T cell counts at ART initiation, independent of HIV RNA level. Patients with HBeAg-positive status had a slower virological response to ART, compared with HBeAgnegative patients. Further work is needed to understand the effects of HBV on CD4+ T cells. © 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	antiretrovirus agent; hepatitis B(e) antigen; virus DNA; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; disease association; female; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver toxicity; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; Nigeria; priority journal; treatment response; virus load; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; DNA, Viral; Female; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B e Antigens; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Nigeria; RNA, Viral; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749990905	The impact of aerial application of organophosphates on the cholinesterase levels of rural residents in the Vaalharts district, Northern Cape Province, South Africa	Dalvie M.A., London L.	2006	Environmental Research	102	3	10.1016/j.envres.2006.01.008	Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Dalvie, M.A., Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; London, L., Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	A cluster of Guillaine-Barre syndrome cases in the Vaalharts region, South Africa prompted an investigation of the impact of aerial organophosphate spraying on cholinesterase levels of residents in the region. A prospective study of cholinesterase levels among residents and workers in the area and a control area was performed. Standardized red blood cell cholinesterase levels amongst participants were monitored before (round 1), during (round 2), and after (round 3) the 1996/1997 aerial spraying season. Participants were assigned environmental exposure categories based on the time since (within 10 or 30 days) and distance from (on farm, on neighboring farm, &lt;10 km from farm) aerial pesticide application. There were 342 participants in round 1, of whom 78% participated in round 2, 62% in round 3, and 56% in all three rounds. There was an increase in cholinesterase levels in round 2 (mean increase=5.96±6.25 IU/g hemoglobin) and then a decrease in round 3 (6.17±6.51), significantly associated with environmental exposure (participants living on farm or neighboring farm and &lt;10 km from spraying area) controlling for age, gender, alcohol dependence, and usual and recent domestic and occupational pesticide use (e.g., for round 2-round 1 cholinesterase differences, over(β, ^) (exposed group relative to unexposed)=5.72±1.21 IU/g hemoglobin, P = 0.000, R2 = 0.27, n = 171). The results show a shift in cholinesterase levels associated with residence in the spraying area, but in the direction opposite to that expected from the spraying of pesticides. Seasonal fluctuations in ambient temperature during the study may have influenced the results. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Aerial; Cholinesterase; Neurotoxic; Organophosphate; Pesticides	organophosphate; pesticide; enzyme activity; farm; organophosphate; rural society; adult; alcoholism; article; cholinesterase blood level; controlled study; environmental exposure; environmental temperature; erythrocyte; female; hemoglobin blood level; human; male; neurotoxicity; priority journal; rural area; season; sex difference; South Africa; Adult; Cholinesterases; Environmental Exposure; Erythrocytes; Female; Geography; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pesticides; Phosphoric Acid Esters; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; South Africa; Africa; Cape Province; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888778448	Evaluation of a collection of rice landraces from Burkina Faso for resistance or tolerance to rice yellow mottle virus	Kam H., Laing M.D., Séré Y., Thiémélé D., Ghesquière A., Ahmadi N., Ndjiondjop M.-N.	2013	Journal of Plant Pathology	95	3	10.4454/JPP.V95I3.014	University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; AfricaRice, 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Benin; Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France	Kam, H., University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Laing, M.D., University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Séré, Y., AfricaRice, 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Benin; Thiémélé, D., Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Ghesquière, A., Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Ahmadi, N., Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; Ndjiondjop, M.-N., AfricaRice, 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Benin	A collection of accessions of Burkina Faso rice germplasm was evaluated for resistance using four Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) isolates: Ng122, Ng144, B27 and BF1. B27, an isolate from Benin was used first, followed by Ng122 and Ng144 (isolates from Niger), and BF1 an aggressive isolate from Burkina Faso was used last to assess the accessions status against RYMV. Fourteen-day-old plantlets were inoculated and symptoms scored fortnightly from 14 to 56 days post inoculation (dpi). Plant height of all accessions was recorded at 49 dpi with isolates Ng122 and Ng144. The Oryza sativa accessions of the collection were highly susceptible except one (BM24), which combined partial resistance and tolerance. Twenty one O. glaberrima accessions out of 48 were found resistant to Ng122 and Ng144. When these 21 accessions were subsequently screened with the aggressive RYMV strain BF1, eight of them displayed a delay in the appearance of RYMV symptoms while two showed resistance. The new sources of resistance identified in this study, could be exploited in breeding to control the spread of RYMV in Africa.	Disease management; Evaluation for resistance; Germplasm; Plant viruses; Rice	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053150203	Geological and geophysical evaluation of the Ajana area's groundwater potential, Southwestern Nigeria [Evaluación geológica y geofísica del potencial de aguas subterráneas de la zona Ajana, el sudoeste de Nigeria]	Ariyo S.O., Folorunso A.F., Ajibade O.M.	2011	Earth Sciences Research Journal	15	1	None	Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Geosciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Ariyo, S.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Folorunso, A.F., Department of Geosciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ajibade, O.M., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	A combined geological and geophysical evaluation was made of the groundwater potential of the Ajana, Remo North area in south-western Nigeria; the geology and other structural features of the rocks there strongly influenced and correlated the aquifers' storability and transmissivity. Geological mapping revealed that the area was made up of granite, quartzite and varieties of gneiss, some of which have good secondary porosity and permeability. Ten vertical electric soundings (VES) stations were established using a Schlumberger electrode array. Five geoelectric layers consisting of topsoil, sand, clayey-sandy, fractured/weathered basement and fresh bedrock were delineated. The aquifer layers were the 38.3m thick 283?m resistivity sand/sandy clay and 55 - 518?m resistivity fractured/weathered basement. Other geoelectric parameters used in evaluating the area's hydrogeological potential included curve type, anisotropy coefficient and reflection coefficient-The QH curve type was predominant in the area. The anisotropy Coefficients suggested VES stations having high groundwater potential ranging from 1.4-1.56; while the reflection coefficients for the area ranged from 0.21-0.99. The overall results showed that VES stations 8, 9 and 10 could be possible groundwater sources having high expected yield.	Ajana; Anisotropy coefficient; Geoelectric layers; Groundwater potential; Mapping; Reflection coefficient	anisotropy; electrical resistivity; electrode; geological structure; geophysical method; groundwater abstraction; porosity; transmissivity; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751068997	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability	Gabrielli A.-F., Touré S., Sellin B., Sellin E., Ky C., Ouedraogo H., Yaogho M., Wilson M.D., Thompson H., Sanou S., Fenwick A.	2006	Acta Tropica	99	42403	10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.008	Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso	Gabrielli, A.-F., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Touré, S., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Sellin, B., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Sellin, E., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Ky, C., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Ouedraogo, H., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Yaogho, M., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Wilson, M.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Thompson, H., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Sanou, S., Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting the entire school-age population of Burkina Faso with drugs against schistosomiasis (praziquantel) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (albendazole) was implemented in 2004-2005. In total, 3,322,564 children from 5 to 15 years of age were treated, equivalent to a 90.8% coverage of the total school-age population of the country. The total costs of the campaign were estimated to be US$ 1,067,284, of which 69.4% was spent on the drugs. Delivery costs per child treated were US$ 0.098, in the same range as school-based only interventions implemented in other countries; total costs per child treated (including drugs) were US$ 0.32. We conclude that a combined school- and community-based strategy is effective in attaining a high coverage among school-age children in countries where school enrolment is low and where primary schools cannot serve as the exclusive drug distribution points. The challenge for Burkina Faso will now be to ensure the sustainability of these disease control activities. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Burkina Faso; Control; Financial costs; Performance; Schistosomiasis; Soil-transmitted helminthiasis; Sustainability	albendazole; praziquantel; child health; community care; cost; disease transmission; disease treatment; drug; performance assessment; sustainability; adolescent; article; Burkina Faso; child; community care; controlled study; disease control; drug cost; drug distribution; female; health care cost; health care delivery; helminthiasis; human; intervention study; major clinical study; male; primary school; schistosomiasis; school health service; Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Burkina Faso; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Costs; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Schools; Africa; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46049094460	Impact of a commercial destocking relief intervention in Moyale district, southern Ethiopia	Abebe D., Cullis A., Catley A., Aklilu Y., Mekonnen G., Ghebrechirstos Y.	2008	Disasters	32	2	10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01034.x	Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Food Security Unit at Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Abebe, D., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cullis, A., Food Security Unit at Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Catley, A., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aklilu, Y., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, G., Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ghebrechirstos, Y., Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A commercial destocking intervention was piloted in southern Ethiopia during the drought of early 2006. The intervention led to the purchase of an estimated 20,000 cattle valued at USD 1.01 million. On average, destocked households received USD 186 from the sale of cattle - approximately 5,405 households were involved. In terms of aid investment, the approximate cost-benefit ratio was 41:1. During the drought, income from destocking accounted for 54.2 per cent of household income (n = 114 households), and was used to buy food, care for livestock, meet various domestic expenses, support relatives, and either pay off debts or augment savings. Seventy-nine per cent of the income derived from destocking was used to buy local goods or services. Expenditure on livestock care amounted to 36.5 per cent of local spending, and included the private transportation of livestock to better grazing areas. The buoyant livestock export trade was considered to be an important driver of commercial destocking, demonstrating a positive link between livestock and meat exports, and pastoral vulnerability during drought. © 2008 The Author(s). Journal compilation © Overseas Development Institute, 2008.	Commercial destocking; Cost-benefit; Ethiopia; Impact assessment; Pastoralists; Policy	cost-benefit analysis; disaster management; disaster relief; drought; household expenditure; household income; pastoralism; public spending; risk assessment; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; animal; article; cattle; commercial phenomena; cost benefit analysis; disaster; domestic animal; economics; Ethiopia; family size; human; income; meat; statistics; time; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cattle; Commerce; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Economics; Ethiopia; Family Characteristics; Humans; Income; Meat; Natural Disasters; Relief Work; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924157324	The market impact on shares entering or leaving JSE indices	Miller C., Ward M.	2015	Investment Analysts Journal	44	1	10.1080/10293523.2015.994450	Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Miller, C., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Ward, M., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	A company’s entry into (or exit from) a major share index provides a special opportunity to examine price discovery. In an efficient market, we expect the demand curve to remain horizontal and to be unaffected by external events that do not communicate new information to the public, even if demand is affected. However, there is evidence that changes to index composition do impact the value of affected shares. This may be due to the price pressure generated by passively managed investment funds that simultaneously reconstitute their portfolios in order to remain aligned to the index they are tracking. This study investigates downward sloping demand curves, price pressure and other hypotheses which are related to changes in index composition on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). We calculate abnormal returns using a control portfolio model for shares entering/exiting four major FTSE/JSE indices between 2002 and 2011. In the pre-event window, a long-term increasing trend was observed in the share prices of companies that are added to market cap weighted indices, beginning 70 trading days before the effective date. The opposite behaviour was true for index deletions, with some variation in the timing. In the post-event window the results show, to some extent, an asymmetric response to share returns; shares entering the index underperform thereafter, whereas those leaving the index outperform. Although these findings were not significant for all of the indices examined, they do support the Price Pressure Hypothesis of Harris and Gurel. © 2015 Investment Analysts Society of South Africa.	Demand curve; Index reconstitution; Market efficiency; Price discovery; Price pressure	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864055957	In vitro evaluation of the essential oil extract of six plant species and ivermectin on the microfilaria larva of Simulium yahense	Ebigwai J.K., Ilondu E.M., Markson A., Ekeleme E.	2012	Research Journal of Medicinal Plant	6	6	10.3923/rjmp.2012.461.465	Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ebigwai, J.K., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ilondu, E.M., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Markson, A., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ekeleme, E., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A comparative laboratory bio as say of the essential oil extracts of M. koenigii (seed), Citrus paradisi (seed) and the leaves, stem barks and roots of Alstonia boonei, Alternanthera repens, Eclipta prostrata and Rothmannia longiflora and their combination were compared with ivermectin against the third infectious microfilaria larva of Simulium yahense. Bioassay test showed remarkable larvicidal properties for ivermectin and the plant species under study as they could induce significant mortalities at low and varying concentrations in the larva of S. yahense. The LC50 and LC90 values estimated for M. koenigii, Citrus paradisi, Alstonia boonei, Alternanthera repens, Eclipta prostrata, Rothmannia longiflora, their combination and ivermectin are 5.75 and 13.18, 8.38 and 15.49, 3.02 and 15.49, 2.472 and 9.33, 2.87 and 12.88, 2.93 and 13.49, 2.61 and 3.16 and 2.43 and 5.37 ppm, respectively. The study revealed that ivermectin and the combination of the plant extracts could induce 100% mortality of the larva at a dose dependent response. © 2012 Academic Journals Inc.	Combination; Essential oil extracts; Ivermectin; Onchocerciasis; Simulium yahense	Alstonia boonei essential oil; Alternanthera repens essential oil; Citrus paradisi essential oil; Eclipta prostata essential oil; essential oil; ivermectin; larvicidal agent; Murraya koenigii essential oil; Rothmannia longiflora essential oil; unclassified drug; Alstonia; alstonia boonei; Alternanthera repens; article; bark; concentration response; controlled study; drug concentration; Eclipta; Eclipta prostata; grapefruit; in vitro study; LC 50; LC 90; medicinal plant; microfilaria (nematode larva); Murraya koenigii; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; plant seed; plant stem; Rothmannia longiflora; Simulium; simulium yahense; Alstonia boonei; Alternanthera pungens; Citrus x paradisi; Eclipta prostrata; Rothmannia longiflora; Simulium yahense	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249651997	Impact of commercial salt production on wetland quality and waterbirds on coastal lagoons in Ghana	Gbogbo F.	2007	Ostrich	78	1	10.2989/OSTRICH.2007.78.1.12.56	Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Gbogbo, F., Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	A comparative study conducted on two saline coastal wetlands that have been developed into saltpans and two others (referred to as 'non-saltpans'), that are also saline but have no saltpans, describes the quality of lagoon water, benthic macroinvertebrates and waterbird communities characterising these wetlands. The wetlands were sampled monthly from September 2005-April 2006. Except for turbidity, which was significantly higher in the non-saltpans, (p < 0.05), all other physico-chemical parameters studied were not significantly different between the two wetland types (p > 0.05). The waterbird communities of the saltpans and non-saltpans, characterised by 48 and 50 species respectively, scored a Sorenson Index value of 0.88, indicating a high similarity. The population density of benthic macroinvertebrates in the saltpans and the non-saltpans was statistically similar (p > 0.05) but the population densities of waterbirds feeding exclusively on benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in the non-saltpans (p < 0.05). Although the shallow ponds created for salt production might be providing more suitable feeding habitats for fish-eating birds, the development of these ponds has also reduced the exploitable area available to the birds feeding exclusively on invertebrates, requiring them to depend largely on the non-saltpans. Birds feeding exclusively on fish had significantly higher population densities in the saltpans (p < 0.05) than in non-saltpans. This was attributed to reduced efficiency of piscivory, due to the high turbidity associated with the non-saltpans. Waterbirds feeding on a wide range of food types showed no significant differences in their population densities (p > 0.05) in the two wetland types. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	Aves; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860808884	Assessment of quality and performance of some selected furnishing fabrics	Fashola K.O., Giwa A., Iliya E.B., Orivri D.O.	2012	Middle East Journal of Scientific Research	11	4	None	Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Fashola, K.O., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Giwa, A., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Iliya, E.B., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Orivri, D.O., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A comparative study has been made on the quality and performance of some selected foreign and locally made furnishing fabrics. Properties, such as, fabric weight, fabric sett, thickness, yarn crimp, linear density, wettability, flammability, shrinkage, handle, drape, wash fastness, light fastness, tensile, soil retention, crease recovery, air-permeability and abrasion resistance were investigated. The results obtained show that these fabrics possess acceptable properties for their end-use suitability. The locally made fabrics are better in terms of wash fastness, fabric shrinkage, air permeability and abrasion resistance while the foreign fabrics are better in terms of crease recovery, drapeability, tensile properties, wettability, crimp, thickness, flammability and soil retention rating, fabric sett, fabric weight, light fastness and fabric handle. Also, the locally made fabrics favourably match up to the imported ones. © 2012 IDOSI Publications.	Curtains; Fabrics; Furnishing; Properties; Quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61749084412	The impact of the positive Indian Ocean dipole on Zimbabwe droughts	Manatsa D., Chingombe W., Matarira C.H.	2008	International Journal of Climatology	28	15	10.1002/joc.1695	Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe; Geography Department, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Lesotho; University of the Western Cape, Department of Earth Sciences, Western Cape, South Africa	Manatsa, D., Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe; Chingombe, W., Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe, University of the Western Cape, Department of Earth Sciences, Western Cape, South Africa; Matarira, C.H., Geography Department, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Lesotho	A comparative study of the impact of the anomalous positive Indian Ocean SST gradient, referred to as the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode (IODZM), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall variability for the period 1940-1999, is documented. Composite techniques together with simple and partial correlation analyses are employed to segregate the unique association related to IODZM/ENSO with respect to the Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall. The analysis reveals that the IODZM impact on the country's summer rainfall is overwhelming as compared to that of ENSO when the two are in competition. The IODZM influence remains high (significant above 99% confidence level), even after the influence of ENSO has been removed, while that of ENSO collapses to insignificance (even at 90% confidence level) when the IODZM contribution is eliminated. The relationship between ENSO and Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall seems to be sustained through El Niño occurring in the presence of positive IODZM events. However, when the co-occurring positive IODZM and El Niño events are removed from the analysis, it is apparently clear that ENSO has little to do with the country's rainfall variability. On the other hand, positive IODZM is mostly associated with the rainfall deficits, whether or not it co-occurs with El Niño. However, the co-occurrence of the two events does not necessarily suggest that El Niño influences droughts through the positive IODZM events. The El Niño event components during co-occurrence seem to be unrelated (at least linearly) to the droughts, while the positive IODZM events display a relatively strong relationship that is significant above the 95% confidence level. It thus becomes important to extend the study of this nature to cover the whole of southern Africa, so that the extent of the impact of the phenomena can be realized over the whole region. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society.	Drought prediction; Droughts; El Niño-Southern oscillation; Indian ocean dipole/Zonal Mode; Seasonal rainfall; Southern Africa	Atmospheric pressure; Drought; Nickel compounds; Ocean engineering; Oceanography; Co occurrences; Comparative studies; Confidence levels; Indian ocean dipole/Zonal Mode; Indian ocean dipoles; Influence of enso; Partial correlations; Rainfall variabilities; Seasonal rainfall; Southern Africa; Summer rainfalls; Zimbabwe; Rain; air-sea interaction; correlation; drought; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; rainfall; sea surface temperature; seasonal variation; Africa; Indian Ocean; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897371726	Comparative evaluation of haemagglutination potential of haemolymph from two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina)	Abiona J.A., Akinduti P.A., Oyekunle M.A., Osinowo O.A., Onagbesan A.O.M.	2014	Fish and Shellfish Immunology	38	1	10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.014	Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Abiona, J.A., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinduti, P.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oyekunle, M.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osinowo, O.A., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Onagbesan, A.O.M., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A comparative study was conducted to evaluate haemagglutination potential in the haemolymph of two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina). Three liveweight groups of snails (<100g, 101-150g and >150g) were used with 4 replicates per liveweight per species for haemagglutination assay (HA). The effect of aestivation on haemagglutination potential was also evaluated. Erythrocytes (2%) from cattle, sheep, goat and chicken were used for HA assay. Results showed that agglutinin-like substances that agglutinate erythrocytes of sheep, goat, cattle and chicken were present in the haemolymph of the two species of giant African land snails. Effect of species was found to be significant (P<0.001) on haemagglutination titre. Haemolymph of A. marginata, had higher haemagglutination titre than that of A. achatina across the three liveweight groups used in this study. Snail liveweight had no significant effect (P>0.05) on agglutinin content of the haemolymph in both species. Agglutination level depended on the source of erythrocyte used. Sheep erythrocyte recorded the highest haemagglutination titre, followed by goat, cattle, and chicken in that order. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that Giant African land snails (GALS) haemolymph contain agglutinins as previously reported for Helix species. This evidence may be the basis for its survivability in the wild and thus establish the use of GALS for African herbal medicinal applications. © 2014.	Giant African land snails; Haemagglutination; Haemagglutinin; Haemolymph; Titre	agglutinin; animal; chemistry; drug effects; erythrocyte; hemagglutination; hemolymph; physiology; snail; Agglutinins; Animals; Erythrocytes; Hemagglutination; Hemolymph; Snails	None
None	None	Impact of farmer education on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in southern Tanzania: A case for Taenia solium control	Ngowi H.A., Mkupasi E.M., Lekule F.P., Willingham A.L., Thamsborg S.M.	2011	Livestock Research for Rural Development	23	1	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Ngowi, H.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mkupasi, E.M., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lekule, F.P., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Willingham, A.L., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Thamsborg, S.M., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	A comparative study was conducted with pre- and post-intervention assessments on the same subjects to evaluate a health education intervention administered to smallholder pig farmers in Iringa Rural (n = 750) and Chunya (n = 700) districts, southern Tanzania. A total of 366 respondents (249 in Iringa Rural, 117 in Chunya) undertook a self assessment questionnaire regarding knowledge on Taenia solium, its impact and mode of transmission, and attitudes towards consumption of infected pork. McNemar and Bhapkar Chi-square P values were computed in SPSS and MH to assess significant differences. The study revealed that health education intervention significantly improved the knowledge and attitudes towards Taenia solium control (P < 0.001) and thus would reduce the consumption of infected pork. It recommends that health education, particularly to women be integrated as an essential component of prevention and control programmes for Taenia solium infections. The Government of Tanzania should revise its pork inspection regulations to include practical ways of controlling porcine cysticercosis.	Health education effect; Paired analysis; Porcine cysticercosis control	Suidae; Sus; Taenia solium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049465012	Evaluation of some empirical methods of estimating potential evapo-transpiration for determination of length of growing season in a tropical wet and dry climate	Bello N.J., Eruola A.O., Ufoegbune G.C., Awomeso J.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	16	None	University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Bello, N.J., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Eruola, A.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ufoegbune, G.C., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Awomeso, J.A., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A comparison of 4 empirical methods of calculating potential evapo-transpiration (PE) using climatic data for the estimation of length of growing season from rainfall - potential evapo-transpiration model was carried out using 15 years of estimates recorded in Shaki, Southwestern Nigeria. The length of the growing season estimated from the 4 empirical methods of PE were related to the moisture requirements of some selected tropical crops. Data were analyzed by one - way ANOVA taking each yearly mean as the average of the 15 years (1991 - 2005) for the station. Results show that the methods varied greatly in their ability to define the magnitude and variability of the length of growing season. The original Penman and the modified Penman of McCulloch models showed no significant difference in their use for the determination of length of growing season. However, the Thornthwaite, the Priestly and Taylor showed differences in the estimates of length of growing season. Priestly and Taylor gave the least estimate of length of growing season. The relative reliability of each method in terms of accuracy of both measured and extrapolated meteorological data utilized was also discussed. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Length of growing season; Moisture requirement; Potential evapo-transpiration; Wet and dry climate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746394168	Effect of compressible foam properties on pressure amplification during shock wave impact	Seitz M.W., Skews B.W.	2006	Shock Waves	15	42433	10.1007/s00193-006-0033-2	School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Seitz, M.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Skews, B.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	A comprehensive study is made of the influence of the physical properties of compressible open-cell foam blocks exposed to shock-wave loading, and particularly on the pressure distribution on the shock tube walls. Seven different foams are used, with three different shock Mach numbers, and three different slab lengths. Foam properties examined include permeability, density, stiffness, tortuosity and cell characteristics. The investigations concentrate on both side-wall and back-wall pressures, and the peak pressures achieved, as well as collapse velocities of the front face and the strength and nature of the reflected shock wave. The consequences of deviations from one-dimensionality are identified; primarily those due to wall friction and side-wall leakage. The results presented are the most comprehensive and wide ranging series conducted in a single facility and are thus a significant resource for comparison with theoretical and numerical studies. The different foams show significant differences in behavior, both in terms of peak pressure and duration, depending primarily on their density and permeability.	Complex materials; Foam; Porous; Shock impact; Shock-wave reflection	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855773556	The design, implementation and evaluation of computerized clinic patient management and clinician order entry systems in a PMTCT clinic in Uganda	Kavuma M., Mars M.	2011	2011 IST-Africa Conference Proceedings, IST 2011	None	None	None	Management Sciences for Health, P.O Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa	Kavuma, M., Management Sciences for Health, P.O Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa; Mars, M., Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa	A computerized clinic patient management system (CCPMS) and a portable clinician electronic order entry system were designed for the HIV/AIDS PMTCT research and programme activities at Mulago hospital. Clinicians satisfaction with the CCPMS was evaluated using a quantitative questionnaire and 848 records were collected to evaluate the portable clinician order entry system. Most clinicians thought the CCPMS improved clinic and drug inventory management. 52% thought it slightly impacted on the quality of patient care and 90% preferred using the CCPMS. Hospital tablet PC order entry system data were found to be more complete and significantly more accurate with 0.8% errors daily compared to 4.1% errors daily in paper based registers (p#60;0.0001). A lower number of missed infant MTCT prophylaxis dosing was also observed in the tablet PC data (4% compared to 14%). Computerized information systems can enhance HIV/AIDS care and research efforts and clinicians are willing to adopt them. © 2011 IIMC LTD.	clinic; computerized; Design; evaluation; portable; systems; Uganda	clinic; computerized; evaluation; portable; Uganda; Computer systems; Design; Diseases; Errors; Hospitals; Inventory control; Personal computers; Quality control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45249111772	The effects of spatial mobility on the performance of firms	Knoben J., Oerlemans L.A.G., Rutten R.P.J.H.	2008	Economic Geography	84	2	None	Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands; Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Knoben, J., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands; Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands, Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Rutten, R.P.J.H., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands	A considerable body of research has analyzed the impact of a firm's geographic position and levels of organizational and territorial embeddedness on its performance. Generally, these studies have assumed that firms are immobile. Research that has focused on the effects of the relocation of firms has treated firms mainly as atomistic actors that can move freely in geographic space and has tended to neglect the influence of changes in a firm's geographic position and level of organizational and territorial embeddedness. We integrated insights from both streams of literature to answer the research question, "What are the effects of relocation on a firm's performance, and what is the influence of a firm's geographic position and its level of organizational and territorial embeddedness on this relationship?" On the basis of our analysis of data from a survey of managers of Dutch automation services firms, we found that the degree of impact of a firm's relocation on its performance depends on the characteristics of the relocation. For example, a move to an urbanized region hampers performance, whereas a move to a research and development-intensive region fosters a higher level of performance. Furthermore, firms with high levels of organizational embeddedness suffer in the short term from relocation, but benefit in the long run. © 2008 Clark University.	Embeddedness; Innovativeness; Performance; Relocation	industrial performance; innovation; mobility; relocation; research and development; theoretical study; Benelux; Eurasia; Europe; Netherlands; Western Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863696212	Durability index performance of high strength concretes made based on different standard portland cements	Ekolu S.O., Murugan S.	2012	Advances in Materials Science and Engineering	2012	None	10.1155/2012/410909	School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ready-Mix, Lafarge Industries SA (Pty) Ltd., 35 Westfield Road, Longmeadow Business Estate Ext. 11, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Ekolu, S.O., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Murugan, S., Ready-Mix, Lafarge Industries SA (Pty) Ltd., 35 Westfield Road, Longmeadow Business Estate Ext. 11, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	A consortium of three durability index test methods consisting of oxygen permeability, sorptivity and chloride conductivity were used to evaluate the potential influence of four (4) common SANS 10197 cements on strength and durability of concrete. Twenty four (24) concrete mixtures of water-cement ratios (w/c's) = 0.4, 0.5, 0.65 were cast using the cement types CEM I 42.5N, CEM II/A-M (V-L) 42.5N, CEM IV/B 32.5R and CEM II/A-V 52.5N. The concretes investigated fall in the range of normal strength, medium strength and high strength concretes. It was found that the marked differences in oxygen permeability and sorptivity results observed at normal and medium strengths tended to vanish at high concrete strengths. Also, the durability effects attributed to use of different cement types appear to diminish at high strengths. Cements of low strength and/or that contained no extenders (CEM 32.5R, CEM I 42.5N) showed greater sensitivity to sorptivity, relative to other cement types. Results also show that while concrete resistance to chlorides generally improves with increase in strength, adequately high chloride resistance may not be achieved based on high strength alone, and appropriate incorporation of extenders may be necessary. Copyright © 2012 Stephen O. Ekolu and Sheena Murugan.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934277129	The effect of organic loading rates (OLRs) on the performances of food wastes and maize husks anaerobic co-digestion in continuous mode	Owamah H.I., Izinyon O.C.	2015	Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments	11	None	10.1016/j.seta.2015.06.002	Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B.1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria	Owamah, H.I., Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B.1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Izinyon, O.C., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria	A continuous anaerobic digestion experiment was carried out to investigate the co-digestion of 75% food waste and 25% maize husk at different organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1-4.5 gVS/L/d. Results obtained showed that pH fluctuated between 7.3 and 7.5 and total alkalinity (TA) between 0.4 and 6.7 g CaCO3/L, indicating that the system was not inhibited by acidification. The range of the ratio of volatile fatty acid (VFA) to TA of 0.06-0.25 was also well below 0.4 and showed that the anaerobic co-digestion was stable and feasible. Though there was no significant difference (p< 0.05) between biogas yields at OLRs of 3.5 and 4.5 gVS/L/d, the methane content at OLR of 4.5 gVS/L/d was higher than that of 3.5 gVS/L/d and suggests that carbon dioxide producing microorganisms were more active in OLR of 3.5 gVS/L/d. The OLR of 4.5 gVS/L/d was therefore found to be the most satisfactory for large scale operation of anaerobic digesters for co-digestion of food waste and maize husk. From a separate batch test, the average biogas yield of 0.50 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.02 and 1.31 ± 0.07 L/gVS were obtained from digesters A, B and C, respectively, indicating that the addition of maize husk to digester C significantly improved the production of biogas from food waste when compared to the biogas yield of digester A that contained food waste alone. Digester B with 100% maize husk was by far the least performed digester. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Biogas yield; Continuous digestion; Digester performance; Food waste; Maize husk	Alkalinity; Biogas; Carbon; Carbon dioxide; Fatty acids; Methane; Pulp digesters; Volatile fatty acids; Anaerobic co-digestion; Anaerobic digester; Digester performance; Food waste; Maize husk; Methane content; Organic loading rates; Total alkalinities; Anaerobic digestion; anoxic conditions; biogas; fatty acid; microorganism; performance assessment; waste; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249092869	Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in Setswana-speaking South Africans	Keyes C.L.M., Wissing M., Potgieter J.P., Temane M., Kruger A., van Rooy S.	2008	Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy	15	3	10.1002/cpp.572	Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; North-West University, South Africa	Keyes, C.L.M., Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Wissing, M., North-West University, South Africa; Potgieter, J.P., North-West University, South Africa; Temane, M., North-West University, South Africa; Kruger, A., North-West University, South Africa; van Rooy, S., North-West University, South Africa	A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence of mental health, described as flourishing, and the absence of mental health, characterized as languishing, is applied to a random sample of 1050 Setswana-speaking adults in the Northwest province of South Africa. Factor analysis revealed that the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) replicated the three-factor structure of emotional, psychological and social well-being found in US samples. The internal reliability of the overall MHC-SF Scale was 0.74. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated 0.52 with a measure of positive affect, between 0.35 and 0.40 with measures of generalized self-efficacy and satisfaction with life, and between 0.30 and 0.35 with measures of coping strategies, sense of coherence, and community collective self-efficacy. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated -0.22. with the total score on the General Health Questionnaire. Criteria for the categorical diagnosis were applied, and findings revealed that 20% were flourishing, 67.8% were moderately mentally healthy, and 12.2% were languishing. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized two-continua model of mental health and mental illness found in the USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	adult; affect; aged; article; controlled study; coping behavior; correlation analysis; cultural factor; emotionality; factorial analysis; female; General Health Questionnaire; human; language ability; life satisfaction; major clinical study; male; mental disease; mental health; Mental Health Continuum Short Form; priority journal; psychological well being; psychometry; reliability; self concept; social aspect; South Africa; United States; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Health Status Indicators; Health Surveys; Humans; Internal-External Control; Language; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Population; Self Efficacy; South Africa; Translating; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349091332	Influence of different morphologies on electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn2O4	Zhu H.-L., Chen Z.-Y., Ji S., Linkov Vladimir.	2008	Solid State Ionics	179	27-32	10.1016/j.ssi.2008.01.058	Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China; SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Zhu, H.-L., Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China; Chen, Z.-Y., Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China, SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, Vladimir., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	A controlled crystallization method was adopted to synthesize spherical MnCO3, then it was mixed uniformly with Li2CO3 in agate mortar, followed by calcinations at 600 °C and 800 °C for 10 and 24 h respectively, and as a result the spherical or sphere-like spinel LiMn2O4 was formed. The electrochemical performances of LiMn2O4 prepared by normal solid-state reaction and controlled crystallization method respectively were compared. It showed that the stoichiometric spherical LiMn2O4 had obviously excellent electrochemical performance, whose initial reversible capacity was 129.40 mAh/g with the high capacity retention of 95.28% after 100 cycles, than those of the polyhedral LiMn2O4 synthesized by the solid-state reaction, whose initial reversible capacity was 129.12 mAh/g with the capacity retention of 77.38% after 100 cycles. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cathode materials; LiMn2O4; Lithium ion batteries; Polyhedral; Spherical	Controlled crystallization; Electrochemical performances; Spherical(pivot)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869142384	β-Lactam synthon-interceded diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized octahydroindole-based molecular scaffolds and their in vitro cytotoxic evaluation	Singh P., Raj R., Bhargava G., Hendricks D.T., Handa S., Slaughter L.M., Kumar V.	2012	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	58	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.049	Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Department of Chemistry, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144601, India; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States	Singh, P., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Raj, R., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Bhargava, G., Department of Chemistry, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144601, India; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Handa, S., Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Slaughter, L.M., Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Kumar, V., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India	A convenient and unprecedented synthesis of functionally enriched octahydroindole-based scaffolds has been developed via inter- and intra-molecular amidolysis of C-3 functionalized β-lactams. The cytotoxic evaluation on oesophageal cancer cell line WHCO1 has revealed 7d as the most potent of the test compounds exhibiting an IC50 value of 12.97 μM. The developed strategy further assumes significance as it entails the preparation of highly functionalized indoles without the aid of transition metal catalysis or pre-functionalization of substrates. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	β-Lactam synthon protocol; Cytotoxicity; Diastereoselectivity; Iodocyclization; Octahydroindoles	1 ( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodo 2 ( 4 methoxyphenyl)octahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 1 ( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodo 2 phenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 1,2 bis( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodooctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 2 ( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodo 1 phenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 1,2 diphenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 2 ( 4 methoxyphenyl) 1 phenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 2 ( 4 methoxyphenyl) 1,4 tolyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 2 phenyl 1,4 tolyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; antineoplastic agent; beta lactam derivative; indole derivative; metal; molecular scaffold; octahydroindole; octahydropyrrolo[4,3,2 de]isoquinoline 3,5 dione; synthon; unclassified drug; antineoplastic activity; article; cancer cell culture; catalysis; controlled study; cytotoxicity; diastereoisomer; drug potency; esophagus cancer; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; one pot synthesis; phase transition; stereochemistry; Antineoplastic Agents; beta-Lactams; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Indoles; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939415468	Performance of a convective, infrared and combined infrared- convective heated conveyor-belt dryer	El-Mesery H.S., Mwithiga G.	2015	Journal of Food Science and Technology	52	5	10.1007/s13197-014-1347-1	School of Engineering, BEFG, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	El-Mesery, H.S., School of Engineering, BEFG, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Mwithiga, G., School of Engineering, BEFG, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	A conveyor-belt dryer was developed using a combined infrared and hot air heating system that can be used in the drying of fruits and vegetables. The drying system having two chambers was fitted with infrared radiation heaters and through-flow hot air was provided from a convective heating system. The system was designed to operate under either infrared radiation and cold air (IR-CA) settings of 2000 W/m2 with forced ambient air at 30 °C and air flow of 0.6 m/s or combined infrared and hot air convection (IR-HA) dryer setting with infrared intensity set at 2000 W/m2 and hot at 60 °C being blown through the dryer at a velocity of 0.6 m/s or hot air convection (HA) at an air temperature of 60 °C and air flow velocity 0.6 m/s but without infrared heating. Apple slices dried under the different dryer settings were evaluated for quality and energy requirements. It was found that drying of apple (Golden Delicious) slices took place in the falling rate drying period and no constant rate period of drying was observed under any of the test conditions. The IR-HA setting was 57.5 and 39.1 % faster than IR-CA and HA setting, respectively. Specific energy consumption was lower and thermal efficiency was higher for the IR-HA setting when compared to both IR-CA and HA settings. The rehydration ratio, shrinkage and colour properties of apples dried under IR-HA conditions were better than for either IR-CA or HA. © 2014, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).	Apple slices; Colour; Dryer settings; Drying rate; Hot air convection; Infrared radiation; Rehydration; Shrinkage; Specific energy consumption; Thermal efficiency	Air; Belt conveyors; Color; Conveyors; Dryers (equipment); Drying; Energy efficiency; Energy utilization; Flow velocity; Fruits; Heat radiation; Heating equipment; Infrared radiation; Plants (botany); Shrinkage; Thermal processing (foods); Apple slices; Drying rates; Hot air convection; Rehydration; Specific energy consumption; Thermal efficiency; Infrared drying; Malus x domestica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951715442	Development and performance evaluation of a cowpea harvester	Ojomo A.O., Ale M.O., Olajide O.G.	2010	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	5	10	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ojomo, A.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ale, M.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Olajide, O.G., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	A cowpea harvester was designed, constructed and evaluated for its performance. The machine was fabricated with high carbon steel with an output capacity of 120kg/h. The performance of the harvester was evaluated at two crop moisture content 15.17% and 17.47% and two main shaft speeds of 540 rpm and 1000 rpm. At moisture content of 15.17% and machine speed 540rpm, the machine exhibits the highest functional efficiency of 93.75%, quality performance efficiency of 81.21%, field loss of 3.4% and shattered loss of 6.66%. The machine is statically and dynamically stable hence able to withstand vibration. © 2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).	Cowpea and harvester; Development; Evaluation; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549098988	Evaluation of the performance of HIV1 & 2 one-step self-test kit for detection of HIV infection in whole human blood, serum or plasma samples	Ya'aba Y., Mohammed S.B., Oladepo D.K., Odama L.E., Ibrahim K., Izebe K.S., Abdulrahim M.E., Isu N.R., Onoja A.J., Matur M.B., Balogun O.O., Usoroh M., Inyang U.S.	2007	Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics	12	None	None	Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; African Health Project, Abuja, Niger	Ya'aba, Y., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Mohammed, S.B., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Oladepo, D.K., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Odama, L.E., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Ibrahim, K., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Izebe, K.S., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, M.E., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Isu, N.R., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Onoja, A.J., African Health Project, Abuja, Nigeria; Matur, M.B., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Balogun, O.O., HIV Vaccine Trial Unit, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Usoroh, M., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Inyang, U.S., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is cause by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family of retroviruses responsible for destroying the human immune defence system. HIV antibody testing is critical for the diagnosis and counselling of HIV-infected persons, monitoring of trends in HIV prevalence, and evaluation of the effectiveness of HIV prevention programmes. Serological tests to detect antibodies to HIV became available in 1985, and since then more kits for this test are still being produced. A total of 500 positive and 500 negative samples were screened for HIV antibodies using Genie II HIV 1 & 2(BIO-RAD; 3, Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE- FRANCE) and SeroCard™ HIV 1 & 2 Rapid (Trinity Biotech PLC; IDA Business Park Bray Co. Wicklow Ireland.) and were further confirmed using New Lav Blot 1 western blot kit (BIO-RAD; 3, Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE- FRANCE). These samples were screened using the HIV1 & 2 one-step self-test kit (Bremancos Diagnostics Inc. BDI with lot Number 0141503) to evaluate its performance. Whole blood, serum or plasma was used for the evaluation. Sensitivity of 99.2% and specificity of 99.8% were observed from the three sets of tests conducted while positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.99 and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.99 each were calculated. The HIV 1 & 2 one-step-self test kit compared well with Genie II HIV1 & 2 kit and western blot kit for detecting HIV antibodies in patient's samples. Whole blood, plasma or serum can be used for the screening and easy for self test.	AIDS; Genie II HIV1 &2; HIV; HIV1 & 2 one-step-self test; New Lav blot 1; SeroCard™ HIV 1&2 rapid	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; article; blood analysis; controlled study; counseling; diagnostic kit; diagnostic procedure; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; plasma; self evaluation; sensitivity and specificity; serology; serum; Western blotting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887043992	Reproductive performance of dairy cows under artificial insemination in south and northwest part of Ethiopia	Ali T., Lemma A., Yilma T.	2013	Livestock Research for Rural Development	25	11	None	Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	Ali, T., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Lemma, A., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Yilma, T., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	A cross sectional study and retrospective data analysis were conducted to examine and characterize the reproductive practices and outcomes by location (district) and to identify cow factors that influence reproductive efficiency of dairy cows under artificial insemination (AI). Data were collected on reproductive events from 428 dairy farms in four districts from two regional states of Ethiopia. The overall mean age at first calving (AFC) was 34.8 (n=386) months, where it was significantly different across locations (districts). Mean days for calving to first service interval (CFSI) and calving to conception interval (CCI) were 222 (n=320) and 257(n=234), respectively. Even if breed and location differences had no effect on CFSI; CCI was significantly affected by location. Number of service per conception (NSC) for pregnant cows were 1.55 (n=234) and there was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the NSC between districts and between breeds. First service conception rate (FSCR) was 40.9% with significant difference (P<0.05) between location (districts) and breeds. Days after last calving (DALC) were 260.8 (n=331) and had significant difference between breeds. All the traits studied did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between parities. In Ethiopia, location and breed differences are still the major determinants of reproductive performance of dairy cows.	Breed; Calving to conception interval; Number of service per conception; Parity; Region	None	None
None	None	Epidemiological aspects and economic impact of bovine theileriosis (East Coast fever) and its control: A preliminary assessment with special reference to Kibaha district, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Ruheta M.R., Mkonyi P.A., Malamsha P.C.	2007	Veterinary Journal	173	2	10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.013	Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ruheta, M.R., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkonyi, P.A., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malamsha, P.C., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study based on clinical examination, inspection of herd health records and a questionnaire was designed to determine the epidemiology, economics and potential impact of immunisation against theileriosis in Tanzania. The results showed annual theileriosis costs to be US$ 205.40 per head, whereas the introduction of immunisation reduced this by 40-68% depending on the post immunisation dipping strategy adopted. Morbidity risk due to theileriosis was 0.048 in immunised and 0.235 in non-immunised cattle, and the difference was significant (χ2 = 66.7; P = 0.000). The questionnaire results indicated that immunised cattle had a significantly (χ2 = 6; P = 0.015) higher risk of anaplasmosis compared with non-immunised cattle, whereas the risk of bovine babesiosis did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.06; P = 0.807) between the two groups. Mortality risk due to anaplasmosis was 0.046 in immunised and 0.018 in non-immunised cattle and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.48; P = 0.043). The theileriosis mortality risk was 0.203 in the non-immunised cattle, while the risk was 0.009 in the immunised cattle and these differences were also significant (χ2 = 103; P = 0.000). It was concluded that farmers who have immunised their cattle may cautiously cut down acaricide application by 50% for extensively grazed herds and by 75% for zero grazed animals depending on the level of tick challenge at the herd level. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Cost benefit ratio; Infection and treatment method; Net present value; Tanzania; Theileriosis; Tick-borne disease	acaricide; agricultural worker; anaplasmosis; animal experiment; animal model; animal parasitosis; article; babesiosis; cattle disease; clinical examination; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; economic evaluation; epidemiological data; grazing; herd; immunization; medical record; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; prevalence; questionnaire; statistical significance; Tanzania; Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Insecticides; Protozoan Vaccines; Tanzania; Theileriasis; Tick Control; Vaccination; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Ixodida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938288655	Trypanosome infection in dromedary camels in Eastern Ethiopia: Prevalence, relative performance of diagnostic tools and host related risk factors	Fikru R., Andualem Y., Getachew T., Menten J., Hasker E., Merga B., Goddeeris B.M., Büscher P.	2015	Veterinary Parasitology	211	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.008	College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium	Fikru, R., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; Andualem, Y., School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia; Getachew, T., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Menten, J., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Hasker, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Merga, B., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Goddeeris, B.M., KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; Büscher, P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium	A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chifra and Dewe districts of Afar region, Eastern Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence, agreement between diagnostic tests and host related risk factors of trypanosome infection in camel. An overall prevalence of 2%, 24.1%, 21.3%, 9.5% and 7.8% was recorded with respectively Giemsa stained thin blood smear, CATT/T. evansi, RoTat1.2 PCR, 18S PCR and ITS-1PCR in a cohort of 399 animals. Only one T. vivax infection was confirmed by TvPRAC PCR indicating T. evansi as the predominant species affecting camels in the study area. No single animal was positive when tested with T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR. There was slight agreement between the CATT/T. evansi and the molecular tests. Among the PCR methods, RoTat 1.2 PCR yielded a significantly higher positivity rate compared to 18S PCR and ITS-1 PCR. There was no significant difference in the positivity rate observed in each gender of camels (p>0.05). The positivity rate was significantly higher in camels with poor body condition and in older animals when tested using the CATT/T.evansi or RoTat 1.2 PCR (p>0.05). Camels that tested positive with all tests had significantly lower PCV's (p<0.05). This study provides further evidence that T. evansi is endemic in the Afar region of Ethiopia. The latent class analysis indicated an estimate overall prevalence of 19% (95% CI: 13-28). Moreover, the model indicated low sensitivity of CATT/T. evansi (43%) and the PCR tests (39-53%) but higher specificity of the PCR tests (86-99%) and low specificity of CATT/T. evansi (80%). This study suggests that improved sensitivity and reliability of the tests would help diagnosis of trypanosomosis. Further studies are required to determine the prevalence of clinical disease and losses due to trypanosomosis. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Dromedary camel; Ethiopia; Prevalence; Risk factor; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanosomosis	animal parasitosis; Article; blood smear; cohort analysis; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; dromedary; Ethiopia; female; host parasite interaction; infection risk; male; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite prevalence; polymerase chain reaction; risk assessment; risk factor; sensitivity and specificity; serology; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; trypanosomiasis; Animalia; Camelidae; Camelus dromedarius; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax	None
None	None	Evaluation of the hygienic quality and associated public health hazards of raw milk marketed by smallholder dairy producers in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Noordhuizen J.P.T.M., Kapaga A.M.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	3	10.1007/s11250-006-4339-y	Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Kapaga, A.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine three parameters of the quality of the raw milk marketed by milk selling points (MSPs) in Dar es Salaam region. Total bacterial count (TBC) was used as an indicator of the microbial quality of the milk; antimicrobial residues were determined; and the California mastitis test (CMT) was used to screen for milk somatic cells as an indication of the mastitis level in the cows that provided the milk. Moreover, a water sample at each MSP was taken for bacteriological culturing. Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the milk sellers at the MSPs to identify risk factors for poor milk hygiene. A total of 128 milk samples and corresponding water samples were collected from randomly selected milk selling points in Dar es Salaam region. The mean TBC was (8.2± 1.9) × 106 cfu/ml, and major bacterial isolates from the milk samples were Escherichia coli (6.3%), Bacillus cereus (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (6.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (4.7%). In most cases, the organisms identified in milk corresponded to those isolated from the corresponding water samples. Of milk samples, 79.0% were positive to the CMT and 7.0% were positive for antimicrobial residues. TBC was normalized by log-transformation, and the possible predictors of TBC were identified by fitting two linear regression models. In a random effect model, water microbial quality, frequency of cleaning the milk containers, frequency of milk supply, milk storage time and the type of containers, and mixing of fresh and previous milk were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) associated with the mean log TBC. In a fixed effect model, in addition to these indicators, water shortage, water source and the refrigerator condition were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) associated with log TBC. It was concluded that the milk sold in Dar es Salaam region is of poor quality and is of public health significance. © Springer 2006.	Antimicrobial residues; CMT; Dar es Salaam; Microbiological quality; Public health hazards; TBC	drug residue; animal; animal disease; article; bacterial count; bacterium; cattle; cattle disease; cell count; chemistry; cross-sectional study; cytology; female; human; hygiene; isolation and purification; microbiology; milk; public health; questionnaire; risk factor; safety; standard; statistical model; Tanzania; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Cell Count; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Residues; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Linear Models; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Public Health; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Tanzania; Water Microbiology; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861540352	Understanding student performance in a large class	Snowball J.D., Boughey C.	2012	Innovations in Education and Teaching International	49	2	10.1080/14703297.2012.677658	Department of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Centre for Higher Education Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Snowball, J.D., Department of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Boughey, C., Centre for Higher Education Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Across the world, university teachers are increasingly being required to engage with diversity in the classes they teach. Using the data from a large Economics 1 class at a South African university, this attempts to understand the effects of diversity on chances of success and how assessment can impact on this. By demonstrating how theory can be used to understand results, the paper aims to encourage university teachers to adopt proactive strategies in managing diversity, rather than simply explaining it using student characteristics. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	assessment; Economics teaching; student diversity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889666483	Flotation of PGM-containing minerals: Plant-wide regression and prediction of circuit performance	Du Preez N.B., Crundwell F.K., Knights B.D.H.	2013	Minerals Engineering	54	None	10.1016/j.mineng.2013.06.008	CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa	Du Preez, N.B., CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa; Crundwell, F.K., CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa; Knights, B.D.H., CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa	A crucial step in the processing of PGM-bearing reefs in South Africa is the flotation of the sulfidic minerals from the host rock. Flotation plays a crucial role in reducing the mass of material to be processed further downstream by smelting, converting and hydrometallurgical refining. However, flotation has the lowest recovery of valuable metals along the processing chain. As a result, small improvements in efficiency in flotation have an enormous benefit to the company's performance. Modelling and simulation play an important role in circuit optimisation, due to the ability to test and examine multiple options in a small amount of time without affecting the operational circuit. Unfortunately flotation is extremely difficult to model and simulate due to the complexity of the mechanism and the large number of variables involved. Whole circuit modelling is even more difficult, for the reasons already mentioned as well as maintaining a consistent mass balance in the face of multiple recycle streams. The purpose of this work is to construct a whole-circuit model of a flotation circuit, and use the model to predict the effect of changes to the flotation circuit. A goal in the construction of the model was to use as few parameters as possible. The work presented in this paper is focused on the regression of the parameters of a first-order kinetic flotation model to actual pilot plant data. The performance of the model was then validated by predicting the behaviour of a modified flotation circuit. The regression showed excellent correlation with actual plant data on a bank by bank basis. Using the regressed parameters directly on a modified circuit configuration, the model was able to predict the circuit behaviour when compared to plant data. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Flotation kinetics; Mass balance smoothing; Plant-wide regression; Recycle streams	Circuit configurations; Flotation kinetics; Mass balance; Modelling and simulations; Plant wides; Recovery of valuable metals; Recycle stream; Regression and prediction; Circuit theory; Forecasting; Metal recovery; Pilot plants; Recycling; Regression analysis; Flotation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946709432	Effect of addition of different carbon materials on hydrogel derived carbon material for high performance electrochemical capacitors	Barzegar F., Bello A., Guellati O., Momodu D.Y., Harat A., Dangbegnon J.K., Guerioune M., Manyala N.	2015	Electrochimica Acta	186	None	10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.189	Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria	Barzegar, F., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Bello, A., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Guellati, O., LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria; Momodu, D.Y., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Harat, A., LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria; Dangbegnon, J.K., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Guerioune, M., LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Activated carbon (AC) materials derived from addition of graphene foam, carbon nanotube and expended graphite mixed with polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were synthesized and tested for supercapacitor application. Although the AC obtained from expended graphite shows the smallest specific surface area (SAA), it exhibits the highest electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) performance with high rate capability and specific capacitance. This material tested in the symmetric configuration works in a large potential window of 1.6 V. More interestingly, the device made out this material gets better in terms of electrochemical performance when subjected to ageing effect with voltage holding for 100 hours. Some tentative reasons for such discrepancy between the SAA and the EDLC are explained. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	activated carbon; electrical double layer capacitor; specific surface area	Activated carbon; Capacitance; Capacitors; Carbon nanotubes; Electrochemical electrodes; Graphite; Specific surface area; Yarn; Electrical double layer capacitor; Electrical double-layer capacitances; Electrochemical performance; High performance electrochemical capacitors; High rate capability; Poly vinyl pyrrolidone; Specific capacitance; Supercapacitor application; Foams	None
None	None	Directors' Diversity and Board Performance: Evidence from East African Microfinance Institutions	Mori N.	2014	Journal of African Business	15	2	10.1080/15228916.2014.920654	Department of Finance, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway	Mori, N., Department of Finance, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway	Active board participation is one of the main challenges faced by microfinance institutions. This article sets out to explore the effect of board of directors' characteristics (age, gender, and education) on their ability to effectively perform their board roles (monitoring and resource provision). Microfinance policy makers are concerned with the role of boards in terms of the performance of the industry. This study used the agency theory and resource dependence theory to test the relationship between directors' characteristics and boards' performance. The empirical analysis is based on a survey conducted with 105 board directors representing 63 microfinance institutions from three East African countries (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda). The results show a positive relationship between directors' age and their ability to monitor and provide the board with resources. The study also shows that the effect of directors' level of education on boards' performance is positive, while no evidence was found with regard to the effect of female directors on boards. The findings imply that board directors need to be appointed based on their personal characteristics and their ability to perform their roles. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	board roles; characteristics; directors; East Africa; microfinance institutions	empirical analysis; financial policy; financial services; industrial performance; institutional framework; microfinance; policy making; Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870512131	Evaluation of demodulation algorithms for robust self-sensing active magnetic bearings	Van Schoor G., Niemann A.C., Du Rand C.P.	2013	Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical	189	None	10.1016/j.sna.2012.10.033	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Van Schoor, G., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Niemann, A.C., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Du Rand, C.P., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) play a key role in various industrial applications. In the ongoing challenge to reduce the number of external sensing devices and manufacturing costs of AMBs, self-sensing techniques have positioned themselves in a dominant role to provide sensorless estimation of rotor displacement. A self-sensing arrangement employs an estimation algorithm that uses the modulated coil voltage and current signals to determine the air gap information. However, filters in the demodulation path of the estimator introduce additional phase-shift that results in lower achievable stability margins. Furthermore, a disadvantage of modulation self-sensing approaches is that the position estimates are nonlinearly dependent on the power amplifier voltage duty cycle. This paper firstly evaluates the static and dynamic performance of different demodulation techniques via an experimentally verified transient simulation model. The direct current measurement (DCM) approach, which comprises a minimum number of filters, is proposed for position estimation of self-sensing AMBs. The DCM algorithm incorporates a novel PA switching method that only uses the bearing coil currents as input. The estimator facilitates duty-cycle invariant position estimates with minimal additional phase-shift. According to simulated as well as experimental results, the sensitivity level of this estimator is the lowest compared to the other examined techniques. A practical implementation of the DCM approach shows that robust estimation can be realized for a 10 A magnetically coupled AMB that lends itself to industrial application. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Active magnetic bearing (AMB); Amplitude modulation; Demodulation; Position estimation, Direct current measurement; Self-sensing	Active Magnetic Bearing; Active magnetic bearings; Air-gaps; Coil current; Current signal; Demodulation algorithms; Demodulation techniques; Direct current measurement; Estimation algorithm; Manufacturing cost; Position estimates; Position estimation; Practical implementation; Robust estimation; Rotor displacement; Self-sensing; Sensing devices; Sensorless; Stability margins; Static and dynamic performance; Switching methods; Transient simulation models; Algorithms; Amplitude modulation; Computer simulation; Demodulation; Electric current measurement; Estimation; Industrial applications; Modulation; Optical variables measurement; Phase shift; Phase shifters; Power amplifiers; Sensors; Magnetic amplifiers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875947281	Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Crateva adansonii leaves and their interactions	Agboke A.A., Attama A.A., Momoh M.A.	2011	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	1	10	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Incorporating Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical	Agboke, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Incorporating Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Attama, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Momoh, M.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Activities of crude extract of Cryptolepis Sanguinolen and Crateva Adansonii leaves and their interactions were evaluated.Crude methanol extracts of Crateva adansonii and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta leaves were obtained by cold maceration. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were carried out against six bacteria ie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and two fungi which includes Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using agar dilution method MICs of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii against the six bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa -12.5 mg/ml, Escherichia coli - 6.25 mg ml, Salmonella typhi - 12.5 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus - 2.5 mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumonia - 6.25 mg/ml, Bacillus subtilis - 12.5 mg/ml, fungi Aspergillus niger - 12.5 mg/ml, Candida albicans - 12.5 mg/ml. While the MICs of methanol extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta against the six bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 12.5 mg/ml, Escherichia coli - 6.25 mg ml, Salmonella typhii - 12.5 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus - 12.5 mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumoni - 12.5 mg/ml. Bacillus subtilis - 6.25 mg/ml and for fungi Aspergillus niger - 12.5 mg/ml, Candida albicans - 6.25 mg/ml. Combined activity of the two plant extracts against Escherichia coil, klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans was carried out at the ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 of extracts of Crateva adansonii and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta respectively. Combination 1:2 and 2:1 were found to be effective and able to inhibit Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The result of this work shows that the extracts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Cranteva Adansonii have both antifungal and antibacterial effects and their combination is effective in some bacterial and fungal infection most especially Candida albicans infection.	Antibacteria; Antifungal; Combination interactions; Crateva adansonii; Crude extracts; Cryptolepis sanginolenta	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79954508990	Safety evaluation of Hymenocardia acida leaf extracts in rats and mice	Sofidiya M.O., Adedapo A.A., Jimoh F.O., Masika P.J., Afolayan A.J., Odukoya O.A., Familoni O.B.	2010	Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences	3	2	None	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria; ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos	Sofidiya, M.O., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Adedapo, A.A., ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Jimoh, F.O., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Masika, P.J., ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Odukoya, O.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Familoni, O.B., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria	Acute and sub-acute effects of the aqueous extracts of the leaves of Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae) were studied in mice and rats. In the acute toxicity test, H. acida extract (400-3200 mg/kg) did not cause mortality, behavioural changes, or alteration in physiological activities in mice after 48h of administration. Sub-acute test indicated no significant change in the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (HB), red blood cell count (RBC) and the erythrocytes indices. A significant increase in white blood cell count (WBC) and decrease in the level of platelets at (200-800 mg/kg) was observed. Changes in the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin and the electrolytes not significant but there was decreased total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, creatinine, urea, p-glucose, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alanine amino transferase [ALT]. No histopathological changes were observed in all the organs, though there was a significant reduction in their weights.	Hematology; Histopathology; Hymenocardia acida; Serum biochemistry	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; creatinine; electrolyte; gamma glutamyltransferase; globulin; hemoglobin; Hymenocardia acida extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; article; behavior change; controlled study; erythrocyte; erythrocyte count; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; hematocrit; hemoglobin blood level; histopathology; leukocyte count; male; mortality; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; thrombocyte count; Hymenocardia acida; Mus; Rattus	None
None	None	Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: A KDIGO summary (Part 1)	Kellum J.A., Lameire N., Aspelin P., Barsoum R.S., Burdmann E.A., Goldstein S.L., Herzog C.A., Joannidis M., Kribben A., Levey A.S., Macleod A.M., Mehta R.L., Murray P.T., Naicker S., Opal S.M., Schaefer F., Schetz M., Uchino S.	2012	Critical Care	17	1	10.1186/cc11454	The Crisma Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 604 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent B9000, Belgium; Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Cairo University, Egypt; University of São Paulo, Brazil; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, United States; Hennepin County Medical Center, MN, United States; Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Tufts University, MA, United States; University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; University College Dublin, Ireland; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Brown University, RI, United States; Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; University of Leuven, Belgium; Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan	Kellum, J.A., The Crisma Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 604 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Lameire, N., Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent B9000, Belgium; Aspelin, P., Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Barsoum, R.S., Cairo University, Egypt; Burdmann, E.A., University of São Paulo, Brazil; Goldstein, S.L., Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, United States; Herzog, C.A., Hennepin County Medical Center, MN, United States; Joannidis, M., Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; Kribben, A., University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Levey, A.S., Tufts University, MA, United States; Macleod, A.M., University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Mehta, R.L., University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Murray, P.T., University College Dublin, Ireland; Naicker, S., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Opal, S.M., Brown University, RI, United States; Schaefer, F., Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Schetz, M., University of Leuven, Belgium; Uchino, S., Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan	Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious problem affecting millions and causing death and disability for many. In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes completed the first ever, international, multidisciplinary, clinical practice guideline for AKI. The guideline is based on evidence review and appraisal, and covers AKI definition, risk assessment, evaluation, prevention, and treatment. In this review we summarize key aspects of the guideline including definition and staging of AKI, as well as evaluation and nondialytic management. Contrast-induced AKI and management of renal replacement therapy will be addressed in a separate review. Treatment recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant trials. Appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Limitations of the evidence are discussed and a detailed rationale for each recommendation is provided. © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albumin; amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide; aminoglycoside; amphotericin; contrast medium; creatinine; dopamine; fenoldopam mesilate; furosemide; hetastarch; hypertensive factor; insulin; interleukin 18; mannitol; nesiritide; noradrenalin; rolofylline; theophylline; creatine; diuretic agent; glucose blood level; vasoconstrictor agent; vasodilator agent; acute kidney failure; article; blood cell count; burn; contrast induced nephropathy; creatinine blood level; disease severity; fluid resuscitation; follow up; glycemic control; heart surgery; human; hyperglycemia; insulin treatment; kidney function; oxygenation; practice guideline; priority journal; prognosis; renal protection; renal replacement therapy; risk assessment; sepsis; shock; urea nitrogen blood level; urine volume; Acute Kidney Injury; analysis; blood; decision support system; fluid therapy; glucose blood level; nutritional support; off pump coronary surgery; practice guideline; urine; Acute Kidney Injury; Blood Glucose; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; Creatine; Decision Support Techniques; Diuretics; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Nutritional Support; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Assessment; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890152411	Damage evaluation in gap tubular truss 'K' bridge joints using SFEM	Jiki P.N., Agber J.U.	2014	Journal of Constructional Steel Research	93	None	10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.010	Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Electrical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Jiki, P.N., Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Agber, J.U., Electrical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A damage stiffness parameter a of the shell element is calculated analytically using the fracture mechanics concept. A smooth quad T4 element was modified using the calculated parameter α. The modified element was introduced at the junction between the chord/brace connection where welding defect had taken place, while the unmodified same element was used elsewhere on the joint. Thereafter, a finite element analysis was carried out using thin shell theory and the smooth element formulation to investigate the effect of brace spacing on the distribution of stress concentrations in the welded tubular 'K' joint. This was done in order to investigate the level of stress concentrations and damage in the welded connection in the tubular joint. The joint was first modelled with no gap between the braces and a finite element computer run was made. Thereafter, the joint was modelled with brace gaps from 10 mm to 70 mm and finite element computer runs were made. The results obtained were then compared with those published in the literature. It was found that the presence of variable gaps between braces of the joint together with pre-crack affects the strength of tubular 'K' joints appreciably. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Computer simulation; Effect of bracing; Smoothed finite element; Stress concentration; Stress distribution; Structural joints; Tubular truss bridges	Effect of bracing; Element formulation; Smoothed finite elements; Stiffness parameters; Structural joints; Thin shell theory; Tubular truss; Welded connections; Computer simulation; Fracture mechanics; Trusses; Welding; Stress concentration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878690444	Participatory evaluation of adaptability and morpho-agronomic performance of released and on pipeline high land maize technologies	Ayalneh T., Tesfaye L., Abinasa M., Amare B.	2013	International Journal of Agricultural Research	8	1	10.3923/ijar.2013.49.54	Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia	Ayalneh, T., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, L., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Abinasa, M., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Amare, B., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia	Adaptability and agronomic performance test across environments are important in plant breeding. The current study was conducted with the objective to generate information on adaptability and morpho-agronomic performance of maize genotypes through participatory breeding. The experiment were conducted using released and on pipeline maize genotypes with one local check in six different environments (Shanaka, Agarfa, Shallo, Hissu, Gassera and Sinana) in 2005 and 2006 main season. From the two years pooled mean grain yield performance, BH-660 (8.3 ton ha-1) and BH-670 (7.6 ton ha-1) gave, relatively the highest yield, ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively in both years while Kuleni gave the lowest yield and ranked least in both years. The analysis of variance of mean grain yield (ton ha-1) of seven varieties and one local check tested in six environments showed that 39.0, 40.2 and 20.8% of the total sum of squares were attributed to environment, genotype and genotype X environment interaction effects, respectively. From the AMMI analysis results, the lowest Principal Components Analysis-1 (PCA1) scores were observed in genotype G4 (0.03), followed by G1 (0.10) and G2 (0.12) but in case of Interaction Principal Components Analysis-2 (IPCA2) the lowest score showed by G6 (0.13), followed by G5 (0.17) and G8 (0.31). In general, the study showed the importance of participatory plant breeding, genotype adaptation test across environment and the effects of environments. © 2013 Academic Journals Inc.	Adaptability; Additive main effect and multiplication interaction; Environment; Genotypes; Interaction; Maize	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866323459	Orphanage caregivers' perceptions: The impact of organizational factors on the provision of services to orphans in the Ashanti Region of Ghana	Castillo J.T., Sarver C.M., Bettmann J.E., Mortensen J., Akuoko K.	2012	Journal of Children and Poverty	18	2	10.1080/10796126.2012.710484	College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Sociology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Castillo, J.T., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Sarver, C.M., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Bettmann, J.E., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Mortensen, J., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Akuoko, K., Department of Sociology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Adding to the growing body of literature on outcomes for children living in orphanages and children's homes, this qualitative study explored the perceptions of institutional personnel - caregivers, staff members, supervisors, and administrators - about organizational factors affecting their ability to care for orphaned and vulnerable children living in institutions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The participants in this study consisted of 59 caregivers, 7 supervisors, 10 administrators, 4 cooks, 4 teachers, 1 social worker, 1 security guard/driver, and 6 women classified as house helpers. Individual interviews were conducted using an English-written and stated semistructured interview guide the researchers had created. The data from the 92 interviews were transcribed and coded using inductive methodologies. The results revealed concerns from the personnel about their institutions' lack of adequate funding for essential items, including food and medicine for the children. The personnel were also concerned about the lack of appropriate workplace standards to ensure the sustainability of a viable workplace environment, including inadequate training, supervision, communication procedures, and staffing patterns, and collaborative partnerships and associations with other public or private community-based institutions. The findings from this study have considerable policy, practice, and research implications for social workers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Ghana; organizational structure; orphan caregiver; orphanage; orphans	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76649110257	Initial evaluation of a simple coupled surface and ground water hydrological model to assess sustainable ground water abstractions at the regional scale	Hughes D.A., Kapangaziwiri E., Baker K.	2010	Hydrology Research	41	1	10.2166/nh.2010.038	Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Hughes, D.A., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Kapangaziwiri, E., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Baker, K., Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Additional surface-ground water interaction routines were recently added to the Pitman monthly rainfall-runoff model, widely used in South Africa for quantifying water resources in ungauged catchments. Some evaluations of the model have demonstrated that it can realistically simulate interactions between surface and ground water at catchment scales of approximately 100 to 5,000 km2. The model allows ground water abstractions to be simulated, but no reported evaluations of this component are available. This study uses the model to estimate sustainable abstraction volumes in a semi-arid catchment and includes an assessment of model parameter uncertainties. In recognition of potential spatial scale issues related to the model structure an alternative model configuration, based on splitting the total catchment into recharge and abstraction sub-catchments, was also tested. While the results appear to be conceptually appropriate, there is insufficient available information to quantitatively confirm the model parameters and results. The same would apply regardless of the type of model being applied in such a data-deficient area. Additional geo-hydrological information is required to resolve the model uncertainties and improve the parameter estimation process. This pilot study has highlighted the type of information required, but further work is needed to identify how best to obtain that information. © IWA Publishing 2010.	Ground water; Hydrological models; Recharge; Resource estimation	Catchment scale; Hydrological models; Model configuration; Model parameters; Model uncertainties; Parameter estimation process; Pilot studies; Rainfall-runoff models; Regional scale; Resource estimation; Semiarid catchments; South Africa; Spatial scale; Subcatchments; Ungauged catchment; Abstracting; Catchments; Groundwater; Parameter estimation; Runoff; Uncertainty analysis; Groundwater resources; catchment; groundwater-surface water interaction; hydrological modeling; resource assessment; water resource; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350316807	Field performance of VST SHAKTI power tiller on sawah rice plots in Nigeria and Ghana	Ademiluyi S.Y., Oladele O.I.	2008	Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science	14	5	None	National Center for Agricultural Mecahnisation, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics, Education and Extension, Botswana College of Agriculture, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Belgium	Ademiluyi, S.Y., National Center for Agricultural Mecahnisation, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oladele, O.I., Department of Agricultural Economics, Education and Extension, Botswana College of Agriculture, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Belgium	ADEMILUYI, S. Y. and O. I. OLADELE, 2008. Field performance of VST SHAKTI power tiller on sawah rice plots in Nigeria and Ghana. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 517-522 The paper reports the Field performance of VST SHAKTI power tiller on sawah rice plots in Nigeria and Ghana. This is based on the fact that power tillers were re- introduced in Nigerian agriculture in 2001 by Water shed Initiatives Nigeria by importing few units for sawah rice production technology. The field performance evaluation of the model was carried out in different rice fields located at Shaba-Maliki and Ejeti village near Bida on a clayey loamy, sandy soil, under the guinea savannah ecology of Nigeria. The process was repeated in Biemo No1 and Adugyma in Ghana. These study sites are located about 40 kilometers northwest of Kumasi on the Kumasi - Sunyani main road in Ahafo Ano South District which is at the north-western part of the Ashanti Region. The result shows that 93% and 92% were recorded for field efficiency at Ejeti and Shaba-Maliki respectively. The difference in effective field capacity obtained at Shaba- Maliki (0.089 ha/hr) and Ejeti (0.047 ha/hr) was due to the variation in the average time of operation, the operational time at Ejeti (21.7 hr/ha) almost doubles that of Shaba-Maliki (13.15 hr/ha). In Ghana the field efficiency of VST SHAKTI 130D1 power tillers Biemso 1 and Adugyma were 80.52% and 82%. On the other hand, the effective field capacity are 0.15 ha/hr and 0.11 ha/hr for Biemo1 and Adugyma; while the average time of operation are 7.92 hr/ha and 8.9 hr/ha respectively for the locations in Ghana. The results of One way analysis of variance for field performance of power tillers in 4 locations show that average time of operations only Ejeti is significantly different from the 3 other locations, while Adugyma and AhabaMaliki, the effective field capacity differs significantly from Biemso and Ejeti. In terms of field efficiency, Biemso 1 is significantly different from Adugyma but not any difference between Ejeti and Shaba-Maliki. The means for slippage is highest in Ejeti and Shaba-Maliki though not significantly different between them but shows high significance difference between the locations in Ghana that is Biuemso 1 and Adugyma.	Field capacity; Field efficiency; Field performance; Sawah rice; Slippage; VST SHAKTI power tiller	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887885629	Nutrition as an important mediator of the impact of background variables on outcome in middle childhood	Kitsao-Wekulo P., Holding P., Taylor H.G., Abubakar A., Kvalsvig J., Connolly K.	2013	Frontiers in Human Neuroscience	None	OCT	10.3389/fnhum.2013.00713	Department of Publications and Ethics, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Nairobi, Kenya; Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Research and Training, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Mombasa, Kenya; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom	Kitsao-Wekulo, P.Department of Publications and Ethics, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Nairobi, Kenya, Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Holding, P.Department of Research and Training, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Mombasa, Kenya, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Taylor, H.G., Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Abubakar, A.Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Kvalsvig, J., Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Connolly, K., Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom	Adequate nutrition is fundamental to the development of a child's full potential. However, the extent to which malnutrition affects developmental and cognitive outcomes in the midst of co-occurring risk factors remains largely understudied. We sought to establish if the effects of nutritional status varied according to diverse background characteristics as well as to compare the relative strength of the effects of poor nutritional status on language skills, motor abilities, and cognitive functioning at school age. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-age boys and girls resident in Kilifi District in Kenya. We hypothesized that the effects of area of residence, school attendance, household wealth, age and gender on child outcomes are experienced directly and indirectly through child nutritional status. The use of structural equation modeling (SEM) allowed the disaggregation of the total effect of the explanatory variables into direct effects (effects that go directly from one variable to another) and indirect effects. Each of the models tested for the four child outcomes had a good fit. However, the effects on verbal memory apart from being weaker than for the other outcomes, were not mediated through nutritional status. School attendance was the most influential predictor of nutritional status and child outcomes. The estimated models demonstrated the continued importance of child nutritional status at school-age. © 2013 Kitsao-Wekulo, Holding, Taylor, Abubakar, Kvalsvig and Connolly.	Co-occurring risk factors; Cognitive outcomes; Direct and indirect effects; Nutritional status; School-age children; Structural equation modeling	age; article; child; childhood; cognition; cross-sectional study; demography; female; gender; human; human experiment; Kenya; language; male; motor performance; normal human; nutritional status; outcome assessment; school; school child; structural equation modeling; verbal memory	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956346728	Contamination of sachet water in Nigeria: assessment and health impact	Omalu I.C.J., Eze G.C., Olayemi I.K., Gbesi S., Adeniran L.A., Ayanwale A.V., Mohammed A.Z., Chukwuemeka V.	2010	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	9	4	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria	Omalu, I.C.J., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Eze, G.C., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Olayemi, I.K., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Gbesi, S., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Adeniran, L.A., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Ayanwale, A.V., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Chukwuemeka, V., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings. Water consumers are frequently unaware of the potential health risks associated with exposure to water borne contaminants which have often led to diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, legionnaire's disease and parasitic diseases. The inadequacy of pipe borne water-supply in Nigeria is a growing problem; as a result people resort to buying water from vendors, and sachet or bottled water became a major source of drinking water. Although, portable and affordable, the problems of its purity and other health concerns have begun to manifest. Sachet water have been reported to contain bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., and oocysts of Cryptosporidia sp. Apart from environmental contaminants, improper storage and handling by vendors also poses a serious threat to the health of the ignorant consumers. This paper tends to review the quality of these 'pure water'; its physical examination, microbial assessments, its impacts on health, and the various strategies adopted by the concerned authorities to regulate this thriving industry.	Contaminants; Pipe borne water; Pure water; Vendors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949099533	Instructional leadership for quality learning: An assessment of the impact of the primary school management development project in Botswana	Pansiri O.N.	2008	Educational Management Administration and Leadership	36	4	10.1177/1741143208095789	Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana	Pansiri, O.N., Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana	A descriptive study using questionnaires was conducted in 2004 to assess the effectiveness of instructional leadership displayed by primary school management teams following the implementation of the Primary School Management Project in Botswana. Leadership skills, Coordination of instructional activities, management of curriculum and quality of learners were key variables that guided the study. Respondents were 240 primary school teachers including school heads and 575 learners. Data were analyzed descriptively through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program using frequencies and percentages. The results reveal school management teams' lack of interpersonal skills necessary for classroom supervision, inability to mobilize parents to participate in school instructional improvement activities, teachers' unauthorized use of corporal punishment and lack of creativeness and innovativeness for management of curriculum change. Regarding quality of learning, the study identifies learners' inability and lack of freedom for self-expression and inadequate acquisition of basic literacy skill at varying degrees between rural and urban schools. © 2008 BELMAS.	Instructional leadership; Instructional supervision; Pedagogical leadership; School improvement; Transformational leadership	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867264073	Power evacuation assessment and contingency evaluation of the pre-reform 330KV Nigeria power system using MATLAB	Izuegbunam F.I., Okafor E.N.C., Akwukwaegbu I.O., Ichetaonye O.I.	2012	International Journal of Applied Engineering Research	7	9	None	Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Izuegbunam, F.I., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Okafor, E.N.C., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Akwukwaegbu, I.O., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ichetaonye, O.I., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A detailed analysis of the various contingencies that can occur on the prereform 330KV Nigeria power network was simulated in this paper. The methodology involves performing an in-depth power flow analysis on the 330KV network and then subjecting it to the various contingencies. The simulation was done using Newton-Raphson technique in MATLAB program. The findings revealed that the network is characterised with some level of instability in terms of voltage and thermal limit violations. Recommendations were however made with a view to strengthen the network so as to attain reasonable degree of reliability in its operations. © Research India Publications.	Contingency evaluation; National grid; Power flow; Pre-reform; Voltage profile	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049072176	Irrigation suitability evaluation of Asu River Basin soils, south eastern Nigeria	Fasina A.S.	2008	International Journal of Soil Science	3	1	None	Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Fasina, A.S., Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	A detailed soil survey of about 120.89 ha of land in Asu River Basin was carried out to evaluate the suitability of the soils for irrigation agriculture. The study revealed four (4) major soil types (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2, Ameta 1 and Ameta 2). The soils are deep (&gt;100 cm) and contain low tolerable levels of calcium carbonate (EC-0.01 mmho cm-1 -0.22 mmho cm-1). Soil textures consist of loam (Ihuibe 1), sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 2), clay loam (Ametal 1) and loamy Sand (Ameta 2) on the surface to sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 1), clay loam (Ihuibe 2), sandy clay loam (Ameta 1) and clay (Ametal 2) subsoil. Three of the soils are imperfectly drained (Ihuibe 1, Ihuibe 2 and Ameta 2) while Ameta 1 is moderately well drained. The soils were classified into irrigation suitability classes for surface/gravity irrigation (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ameta 1 was classified as highly suitable (S1) and Ameta 2 as currently not suitable. For drip/localized irrigation, Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 1 were classified as highly suitable (S1). The study is recommending that for sustainable use of the area for irrigation agriculture, drip/localized type of irrigation should be used to irrigate the soils of the area. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Asu River Basin; Irrigation; Nigeria; Suitability evaluation	calcium carbonate; irrigation; soil survey; soil water; Africa; Asu Basin; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69549113116	Impact of anthropogenic activities on the Densu River in Ghana	Fianko J.R., Osae S., Achel D.	2009	Water and Environment Journal	23	3	10.1111/j.1747-6593.2008.00137.x	Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Fianko, J.R., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Osae, S., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Achel, D., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana	A detailed study has been carried out on the Densu River and its tributaries to identify the chemical characteristics of the water, examine the hydrological connections among the land cover types and evaluate the relative contributions of anthropogenic activities to the river's pollution. The results indicate that sites closer to the most urbanized, industrialized and agricultural areas are severely impaired. The river water was found to vary considerably in terms of chemical and physical properties. The water was slightly alkaline, brackish to fresh and of mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types. Nutrient and organic matter were found to be the most frequent cause of pollution of the river. Pollution has reached such a proportion that it has destroyed the aquatic ecosystem in most exposed sections of the river. © 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 CIWEM.	Anthropogenic activity; Densu River; Ghana; Physico-chemical analysis; Pollution	Agricultural areas; Anthropogenic activity; Aquatic ecosystem; Chemical characteristic; Densu River; Ghana; Land-cover types; Organic matter; Physico-chemical analysis; Relative contribution; River water; Calcium; Chemicals; Organic compounds; Pollution; Rivers; Sodium; River pollution; bicarbonate; calcium; chloride; magnesium; nitrate; organic matter; phosphate; potassium; sodium; sulfur; agricultural land; aquatic ecosystem; human activity; hydrology; land cover; organic matter; physical property; physicochemical property; river water; water pollution; agriculture; alkalinity; article; electric conductivity; Ghana; industrial area; meteorological phenomena; pH; priority journal; river; urban area; water analysis; water content; water hardness; water pollution; water quality; water temperature; Africa; Densu River; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861083711	Modeling the impact of voluntary testing and treatment on tuberculosis transmission dynamics	Mushayabasa S., Bhunu C.P.	2012	International Journal of Biomathematics	5	4	10.1142/S1793524511001726	Department of Applied Mathematics, Modeling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Mathematics, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mushayabasa, S., Department of Applied Mathematics, Modeling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Bhunu, C.P., Department of Mathematics, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe	A deterministic model for evaluating the impact of voluntary testing and treatment on the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis is formulated and analyzed. The epidemiological threshold, known as the reproduction number is derived and qualitatively used to investigate the existence and stability of the associated equilibrium of the model system. The disease-free equilibrium is shown to be locally-asymptotically stable when the reproductive number is less than unity, and unstable if this threshold parameter exceeds unity. It is shown, using the Centre Manifold theory, that the model undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation where the stable disease-free equilibrium co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. The analysis of the reproduction number suggests that voluntary tuberculosis testing and treatment may lead to effective control of tuberculosis. Furthermore, numerical simulations support the fact that an increase voluntary tuberculosis testing and treatment have a positive impact in controlling the spread of tuberculosis in the community. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company.	case findings; reproductive number; stability; TB model; treatment	None	None
None	None	Modeling the impact of climate change on the dynamics of rift valley fever	Mpeshe S.C., Luboobi L.S., Nkansah-Gyekye Y.	2014	Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine	2014	None	10.1155/2014/627586	School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Department of Mathematics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mpeshe, S.C., School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Luboobi, L.S., School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania, Department of Mathematics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Nkansah-Gyekye, Y., School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	A deterministic SEIR model of rift valley fever (RVF) with climate change parameters was considered to compute the basic reproduction number 0 and investigate the impact of temperature and precipitation on 0. To study the effect of model parameters to 0, sensitivity and elasticity analysis of 0 were performed. When temperature and precipitation effects are not considered, 0 is more sensitive to the expected number of infected Aedes spp. due to one infected livestock and more elastic to the expected number of infected livestock due to one infected Aedes spp. When climatic data are used, 0 is found to be more sensitive and elastic to the expected number of infected eggs laid by Aedes spp. via transovarial transmission, followed by the expected number of infected livestock due to one infected Aedes spp. and the expected number of infected Aedes spp. due to one infected livestock for both regions Arusha and Dodoma. These results call for attention to parameters regarding incubation period, the adequate contact rate of Aedes spp. and livestock, the infective periods of livestock and Aedes spp., and the vertical transmission in Aedes species. © 2014 Saul C. Mpeshe et al.	None	Aedes; article; basic reproduction number; climate change; Culex; egg laying; environmental temperature; hatching; incubation time; lifespan; livestock; longevity; mortality; precipitation; Rift Valley fever; sensitivity analysis; survival rate; temperature sensitivity; theoretical model; vertical transmission; algorithm; animal; computer program; disease carrier; genetics; probability; Rift Valley fever; Rift Valley fever virus; sensitivity and specificity; statistical model; transmission; Aedes; Algorithms; Animals; Basic Reproduction Number; Climate Change; Insect Vectors; Livestock; Models, Statistical; Probability; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650753581	Incentive-based control of ad hoc networks: A performance study	Göbel J., Krzesinski A., Mandjes M.	2009	Computer Networks	53	14	10.1016/j.comnet.2009.04.010	Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, Netherlands	Göbel, J., Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany; Krzesinski, A., Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mandjes, M., Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, Netherlands	Ad hoc networks are self-configuring networks of mobile nodes, connected by wireless links. If a destination node is beyond the transmission range of an origin node, then the nodes must cooperate to provide a multi-hop route. Any node can act as a sender, receiver or transit node. It is clear that it is in a node's interest to be a sender or receiver, but it is less clear what the value is of forwarding traffic on behalf of other nodes. The nodes should therefore be given incentives to act as transit nodes, otherwise the network would fail to function. A way to do so is by introducing for each node a credit balance, where nodes use credits to pay for the costs of sending their own traffic, and earn credits by forwarding traffic from other nodes. However, nodes that are located near the edge of the network will attract little transit traffic and earn few credits. In contrast, nodes located near the centroid of the network will attract transit traffic and earn credits. We investigate various ways of providing nodes near the edge of the network with preferential treatment in order to improve their credit balance and their throughputs. We next focus on the situation where each node can move to improve its utility expressed in terms of either credit balance or throughput. Here radio interference plays an important role, as it defines an interesting trade-off: nodes may prefer to be close together in order to reduce the power needed to transmit data, but on the other hand proximity increases radio interference, and has therefore a negative effect on connectivity. Simulation experiments reveal that the positions of the nodes converge to non-trivial optimal positions on 2D and 3D surfaces. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Autonomous motion; Congestion pricing; Credit incentives; Credit redistribution; Incentives for collaboration; Mobile ad-hoc networks; Mobility models; Radio interference	Autonomous motion; Congestion pricing; Credit incentives; Credit redistribution; Incentives for collaboration; Mobility models; Electromagnetic compatibility; Electromagnetic pulse; Mobile ad hoc networks; Radar interference; Radio interference; Three dimensional; Throughput; Traffic congestion; Two dimensional; Wireless telecommunication systems; Ad hoc networks	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877264025	Rheumatoid arthritis impacts on the independent relationships between circulating adiponectin concentrations and cardiovascular metabolic risk	Dessein P.H., Norton G.R., Badenhorst M., Woodiwiss A.J., Solomon A.	2013	Mediators of Inflammation	2013	None	10.1155/2013/461849	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Department of Rheumatology, University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Dessein, P.H., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Badenhorst, M., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Solomon, A., Department of Rheumatology, University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Adiponectin and leptin are likely involved in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and therefore potential new therapeutic targets. Adiponectin inhibition could be expected to enhance cardiovascular metabolic risk. However, it is unknown whether RA changes the influence of adipokines on cardiovascular metabolic risk. We determined whether RA impacts on the independent relationships of circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations with cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in 277 black African subjects from a developing population; 119 had RA. RA impacted on the relationships of adiponectin concentrations with lipid concentrations and blood pressure, independent of confounders including adiposity (interaction P < 0.05). This translated into an association of adiponectin concentrations with more favorable lipid variables including HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0005), non-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.007), and triglyceride (P = 0.005) concentrations, total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0002) and triglycerides-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0003) ratios, and higher systolic (P = 0.0006), diastolic (P = 0.0004), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.0007) in RA but not non-RA subjects. Leptin was not associated with metabolic risk after adjustment for adiposity. The cIMT did not differ by RA status, and adipokine concentrations were unrelated to atherosclerosis. This study suggests that leptin and adiponectin inhibition may not alter overall cardiovascular risk and disease in RA. © 2013 Patrick H. Dessein et al.	None	adiponectin; angiotensin receptor antagonist; antidiabetic agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; C reactive protein; calcium channel blocking agent; cholesterol; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; insulin; leptin; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; triacylglycerol; adipocytokine; adiponectin; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; leptin; adipocytokine; adult; alcohol consumption; antihypertensive therapy; arterial wall thickness; article; body mass; cardiometabolic risk; carotid atherosclerosis; cholesterol blood level; correlational study; diastolic blood pressure; exercise; female; glucose blood level; human; major clinical study; male; mean arterial pressure; obesity; priority journal; protein blood level; rheumatoid arthritis; risk assessment; smoking; systolic blood pressure; triacylglycerol blood level; waist circumference; waist hip ratio; aged; arterial pressure; atherosclerosis; blood; cardiovascular disease; carotid artery disease; middle aged; physiology; rheumatoid arthritis; risk factor; blood; cardiovascular disease; Adipokines; Adiponectin; Aged; Arterial Pressure; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cholesterol, HDL; Female; Humans; Leptin; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Adipokines; Adiponectin; Aged; Arterial Pressure; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cholesterol, HDL; Female; Humans; Leptin; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors	None
None	None	Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis	Lembo T., Niezgoda M., Velasco-Villa A., Cleaveland S., Ernest E., Rupprecht C.E.	2006	Emerging Infectious Diseases	12	2	None	University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Lembo, T., University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Niezgoda, M., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Velasco-Villa, A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Cleaveland, S., University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Ernest, E., Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	A direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions to detect rabies virus antigen in frozen and glycerol-preserved field brain samples from northwestern Tanzania. Compared to the direct fluorescent antibody test, the traditional standard in rabies diagnosis, the dRIT was 100% sensitive and specific.	None	virus antigen; animal tissue; article; brain tissue; controlled study; diagnostic test; evaluation; field study; fluorescent antibody technique; frozen section; immunohistochemistry; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; nonhuman; rabies; Rabies virus; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; tissue preservation; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Antigens, Viral; Brain; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Glycerol; Immunohistochemistry; Population Surveillance; Rabies; Rabies virus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Time Factors; Tissue Preservation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876094440	Performance of compute intensive applications of distributed memory heterogeneous parallel computer system using analytic and recursive models	Oguike O.E., Agu M.N., Echezona S.C., Ebem D.U.	2011	International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology	12	4	None	Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Oguike, O.E., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agu, M.N., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Echezona, S.C., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ebem, D.U., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	A distributed memory heterogeneous parallel computer system can be described as a heterogeneous parallel computer system where each of the processors has its own memory. In a heterogeneous parallel computer system, the computational resources distributed to each of the processors, like memory capacity and processor speed differ from one another. Since the memory is distributed, it means that each of the processors will have its own queue. Furthermore, a compute intensive application of a heterogeneous parallel computer is an application of heterogeneous parallel computer system where the overall utilization factor is high and greater than 1, for each of the heterogeneous queues of the parallel computer system. This means that the arrival rate into each of the heterogeneous queues is greater than the departure rate of the processor for that queue. On the other hand, a non-compute intensive application of a heterogeneous parallel computer system is an application of a heterogeneous parallel computer system where the overall utilization factor of each of the queues is less than 1. This paper models the various performance metrics of a compute intensive application of a distributed memory heterogeneous parallel computer system using analytic and recursive models.	Compute intensive applications; Distributed memory parallel computer; Heterogeneous parallel computer; Performance metrics; Queuing network	Computational resources; Distributed Memory; Distributed-memory parallel computers; Parallel computer; Parallel computer systems; Performance metrics; Queuing network; Utilization factor; Computer applications; Distributed computer systems; Queueing theory; Parallel processing systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858226639	Unethical behaviour in Nigerian organizational settings: Its evolution, dimensions and impact on national development	Ugwu L.I.	2011	Asian Social Science	7	2	None	Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ugwu, L.I., Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A disturbing but unavoidable fact of organizational life is that employees sometimes engage in ethically questionable activities that harm their companies, their co-workers, or the general public. Unethical behaviour in the workplace can take different dimensions ranging from lying, cheating, stealing, sabotage, corruption, to hiding or destruction of official documents. The paper traced the origin of employees' unethical behaviour to the undesirable activities of the colonialists and the corresponding employees' tacit resistance that manifested in the form of unethical behaviour. The employees' undesirable activities were designed to reduce the perceived input-outcome differentials that favoured the colonialists. The questionable ethical activities of the employees have the potential of slowing down the pace of economic development and tarnish the image of the organizations, with gross reduction in public confidence, which invariably deter investors. Consequently, the economic costs of such unethical behaviour in the workplace cannot easily be estimated, but it is likely that billions of Naira is lost annually. The paper contends that individual value system, organizational practices, and wider external environments are some influential factors of unethical behaviour, and therefore, recommends periodic workshops, seminars, and ethics training for employees so that they can internalize high ethical standards in their daily behaviour.	Individual variables and organizational settings; Unethical behaviour	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651462061	Impact of HIV type 1 subtype on drug resistance mutations in Nigerian patients failing first-line therapy	Chaplin B., Eisen G., Idoko J., Onwujekwe D., Idigbe E., Adewole I., Gashau W., Meloni S., Sarr A.D., Sankalé J.L., Ekong E., Murphy R.L., Kanki P.	2011	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	27	1	10.1089/aid.2010.0050	Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria; National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Univer	Chaplin, B., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Eisen, G., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Idoko, J., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria; Onwujekwe, D., National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Idigbe, E., National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Adewole, I., University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gashau, W., University Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Meloni, S., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Sarr, A.D., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Sankalé, J.L., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Ekong, E., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Murphy, R.L., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Kanki, P., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	A diverse array of non-subtype B HIV-1 viruses circulates in Africa and dominates the global pandemic. It is important to understand how drug resistance mutations in non-B subtypes may develop differently from the patterns described in subtype B. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease sequences from 338 patients with treatment failure to first-line ART regimens were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of subtype on each mutation controlling for regimen, time on therapy, and total mutations. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes included CRF02-AG (45.0%), G (37.9%), CRF06-cpx (4.4%), A (3.6%), and other subtypes or recombinant sequences (9.2%). The most common NRTI mutations were M184V (89.1%) and thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). The most common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (49.7%), K103N (36.4%), G190A (26.3%), and A98G (19.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that CRF02-AG was less likely to have the M41L mutation compared to other subtypes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.35; p = 0.022]. Subtype A patients showed a 42.5-fold increased risk (AOR = 42.5, p = 0.001) for the L210W mutation. Among NNRTI mutations, subtype G patients had an increased risk for A98G (AOR = 2.40, p = 0.036) and V106I (AOR = 6.15, p = 0.010), whereas subtype CRF02-AG patients had an increased risk for V90I (AOR = 3.16; p = 0.003) and a decreased risk for A98G (AOR = 0.48, p = 0.019). Five RT mutations were found to vary significantly between different non-B West African subtypes. Further study to understand the clinical impact of subtype-specific diversity on drug resistance will be critically important to the continued success of ART scale-up in resource-limited settings. © Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	efavirenz; lamivudine; stavudine; tenofovir; thymidine derivative; zidovudine; article; controlled study; drug treatment failure; gene sequence; genotype; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; major clinical study; Nigeria; nonhuman; phylogenetic tree; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; structural gene; virus gene; virus mutation; Amino Acid Substitution; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Protease; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, Missense; Nigeria; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Treatment Failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878132005	Evaluation of "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program for vulnerable girls in Ethiopia	Erulkar A., Ferede A., Girma W., Ambelu W.	2013	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	8	2	10.1080/17450128.2012.736645	Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Erulkar, A., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ferede, A., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girma, W., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ambelu, W., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS compared to boys of the same age. Few programs on the continent have sought to address the social exclusion of most marginalized girls in the poorest communities, including child domestic workers and migrants, as well as their vulnerability to HIV. Moreover, few interventions have been rigorously evaluated. "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program is for poorest adolescent girls in urban Ethiopia and aims to build their social support and improve skills to prevent HIV infection. The project uses a combination of house-to-house recruitment, formation of girls' groups by female mentors, and education on HIV/AIDS, life skills, and basic literacy. A quasi-experimental research design involving pre- and post-intervention surveys in experimental and control areas was used to measure changes in social safety nets, HIV knowledge, and prevention capabilities. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. At endline, girls in the intervention sites were more than twice as likely to report social support (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0) compared to girls in the control site. They were also twice as likely (OR = 1.9) to score highly on HIV knowledge questions, to know where to obtain voluntary counseling and testing (OR = 2.0) and to want to be tested (OR = 1.9). "Biruh Tesfa" is one of a few rigorously evaluated support programs targeted at vulnerable girls in sub-Saharan Africa. The positive changes suggest that well-designed programs can reach and effectively support the most vulnerable girls in the poorest areas, such as child domestic workers and rural-urban migrants. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	adolescent girls; domestic workers; Ethiopia; evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953492925	Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of 2 and 3D visualizations in students' understanding of structures of organic molecules	Oke O.K., Alam G.M.	2010	International Journal of Physical Sciences	5	5	None	Department of Science and Technical Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Oke, O.K., Department of Science and Technical Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Alam, G.M., Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Adopting quantitative approach using test as a key instrument, this study investigated the relative effectiveness of 2 and 3D visualizations on students' performance in the study of organic molecules, structures and nomenclature. The instrument was administered before and after treating two experimental groups with 2 and 3D supplemental learning software following a conventional teaching. The control group was made to interact with textbooks at the times the experimental groups were in the computer laboratory viewing the CD-ROMs. The study was conducted at a College in Lagos. The College had 205 chemistry students and of 205, 40% were randomly selected as the study sample. They were in turn randomly assigned to the three groups. Findings show that due to cultural and economical prejudice and long heritage of traditional teaching, assessment and learning system in place, many students are familiar with traditional system and they also feel comfortable with it. This is why the performance of the group making use of 2D visualization significantly better than the other group making use of 3D visualization. However, scores of students in both experimental groups were close which is higher than control group. Moreover, it is evident that the use of 2 and 3D visualizations enhanced performance in organic chemistry and thus one supplements other. Considering these, the simultaneous use of the two visualizations in the teaching and learning of organic molecules and structures based on closeness of the mean scores of the two experimental groups is suggested considering that 3D might prove more enhancing if students get used to it. © 2010 Academic Journals.	2; 3D visualizations; Effectiveness; Organic molecules; Structures and nomenclature	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69149102687	The impact of cost sharing on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Ndivisi division, Bungoma district Kenya	Kiveu N.M., Mayio J.	2009	Educational Research and Reviews	4	5	None	Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya	Kiveu, N.M., Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya; Mayio, J., Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya	Adoption of cost sharing policy in education has witnessed the return to communities and parents a substantial proportion of financial responsibility for schooling. With increased poverty levels, many parents and communities have not been able to meet the cost requirements under cost sharing policy. Thus their investment in education and support to their children's education have dwindled, this study therefore intended to evaluate the impact of cost sharing on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Ndivisi division of Bungoma district. In particular the study sought to find out the direct costs of secondary school education, the proportion of dropout, absenteeism and repetition attributed to costs of secondary education, the extent to which parents and communities contribute to physical facilities and equipment in schools. It is hoped that this study has contributed useful information applicable to the effective implementation of cost sharing policies in education in Kenya. It has encouraged further interest and inquiry into the application of cost-sharing policies in education. This is also a significant contribution to the development of an appropriate policy for financing education in Kenya, the scope of the study was all public secondary schools in Ndivisi division of Bungoma district. Seven secondary schools in the division were purposively sampled. The study was carried out using descriptive survey study design. The researcher used questionnaires, observation and interview schedules as research tools. Analysis of documented data was also done to gather relevant information. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Qualitative data were analyzed in narration form while quantitative data were analyzed by use of %, means and frequencies. Tables were used to present data for easy interpretation. The study found out that school fees, uniform, transport and stationary were among the direct costs incurred by parents. On average, the transition rate was 0.30, dropout rate was 0.095 and repetition rate was 0.03, parent's contribution to physical facilities and equipment was minimal. Parents and teachers view cost sharing as a burden and it has both negative and positive impact. Negative in the sense that it has increased dropout, repetition and absenteeism and it has led to inadequate facilities and equipment in schools, positively, it has led to democratization in the management of schools. The study recommended that the government should establish the unit cost of secondary education and provide fee guidelines that are acceptable by all and additional costs in the middle of the term or year should be avoided. School administrators should encourage and use locally available teaching-learning materials, start income generating activities and sensitize parents on their role in the provision of physical facilities and equipment in schools. © 2008 Academic Journals.	Cost sharing; Internal efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938153218	Combination Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV in Rwandan Adults: Clinical Outcomes and Impact on Reproductive Health up to 24 Months	Asiimwe-Kateera B., Veldhuijzen N., Balinda J.P., Rusine J., Eagle S., Vyankandondera J., Mugabekazi J., Ondoa P., Boer K., Asiimwe A., Lange J., Reiss P., Van De Wijgert J.	2015	AIDS Research and Treatment	2015	None	10.1155/2015/740212	INTERACT Program, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Treatment and Research for AIDS Center, Kigali, Rwanda; National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kigali University, Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ministry of Health of Rwanda, Rwanda	Asiimwe-Kateera, B., INTERACT Program, Kigali, Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Veldhuijzen, N., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Balinda, J.P., Treatment and Research for AIDS Center, Kigali, Rwanda; Rusine, J., National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda; Eagle, S., Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Vyankandondera, J., Kigali University, Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Mugabekazi, J., Kigali University, Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Ondoa, P., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Boer, K., INTERACT Program, Kigali, Rwanda, Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Asiimwe, A., Ministry of Health of Rwanda, Rwanda; Lange, J., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Reiss, P., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Van De Wijgert, J., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda	Adult women (n=113) and men (n=100) initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and women not yet eligible for cART (n=199) in Kigali, Rwanda, were followed for 6-24 months between 2007 and 2010. In the cART groups, 21% of patients required a drug change due to side effects and 11% of patients had virological failure (defined as >1,000 HIV RNA copies/mL) after 12 months of cART. About a third of the pregnancies since HIV diagnosis were unintended. The proportion of women in the pre-cART group using modern contraception other than condoms (50%) was similar to women in the general population, but this proportion was only 25% in women initiating cART. Of the women who carried at least one pregnancy to term since having been diagnosed HIV-positive, a third reported to have participated in a prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT, option A) intervention. Many patients were coinfected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (79-92%), human papillomavirus (38-53%), and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) with no differences between groups. We applaud the Rwandan government for having strengthened family planning and PMTCT services and for having introduced HPV vaccination in recent years, but additional work is needed to strengthen STI and HPV-related cancer screening and management in the HIV-positive population. © 2015 Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749128032	Effect of analyte properties on the kinetic performance of liquid chromatographic separations	de Villiers A., Lynen F., Sandra P.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	16	10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.101	University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	de Villiers, A., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Lynen, F., Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Sandra, P., Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Advances in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have led to increased interest in the comparison of the ultimate performance limits of methodologies aimed at increasing the resolving power per unit time. Kinetic plot-based methods have proven invaluable in facilitating such evaluations. However, in bridging the gap between fundamental comparisons and the eventual practical applicability of kinetic performance data, the effect of analyte properties have thus far largely been neglected. Using pharmaceutical compounds as representative real-life analytes, it is demonstrated that noteworthy differences in the optimal kinetic performance of a chromatographic system are observed compared to data for common test compounds. For a given stationary phase particle size, higher optimal- and maximum plate numbers, corresponding to increased analysis times, are measured for pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, it is found that the optimal particle size/maximum pressure combination depends on the analyte under investigation, with the beneficial range of efficiencies for small particles shifted towards higher plate numbers for drug molecules. It is further demonstrated that the pH of the mobile phase plays a crucial role in determining the kinetic performance of pharmaceutical compounds. These data clearly indicate that data for test compounds do not reflect the performance attainable for pharmaceutical compounds and highlights the importance of using real-life samples to perform kinetic evaluations. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Analyte properties; Kinetic performance; Liquid chromatography; Pharmaceutical compounds	Analyte properties; Analytes; Chromatographic systems; Drug molecules; High-performance liquid chromatographies; Kinetic evaluations; Kinetic plots; Liquid chromatographic separations; Mobile phase; Per units; Performance datum; Performance limits; Pharmaceutical compounds; Resolving power; Small particles; Stationary phase; Body fluids; Chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; High pressure liquid chromatography; Liquids; Optimization; Particle size analysis; Chromatographic analysis; phenol derivative; propyl paraben; analytic method; analytical equipment; article; drug determination; instrumentation; kinetics; liquid chromatography; measurement; particle size; pH; priority journal; Chromatography, Liquid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Solutions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549087881	Impact of mycotoxins on human health in developing countries	Shephard G.S.	2008	Food Additives and Contaminants	25	2	10.1080/02652030701567442	PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Adverse human health effects from the consumption of mycotoxins have occurred for many centuries. Although mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products still occurs in the developed world, the application of modern agricultural practices and the presence of a legislatively regulated food processing and marketing system have greatly reduced mycotoxin exposure in these populations. At the mycotoxin contamination levels generally found in food products traded in these market economies, adverse human health effects have largely been overcome. However, in the developing world, where climatic and crop storage conditions are frequently conducive to fungal growth and mycotoxin production, much of the population relies on subsistence farming or on unregulated local markets. The extent to which mycotoxins affect human health is difficult to investigate in countries whose health systems lack capacity and in which resources are limited. Aflatoxin B1, the toxin on which major resources have been expended, has long been linked to liver cancer, yet its other effects, such as immune suppression and growth faltering previously observed in veterinary studies, are only now being investigated and characterized in human populations. The extent to which factors such as immune suppression contribute to the overall burden of infectious disease is difficult to quantify, but is undoubtedly significant. Thus, food safety remains an important opportunity for addressing current health problems in developing countries.	Aflatoxicosis; Aflatoxin; Africa; Cancer; Developing countries; Fumonisin; Health; Mycotoxin; Risk assessment	aflatoxin B1; carcinogen; fumonisin; immunoglobulin A; mycotoxin; aflatoxicosis; article; cancer incidence; cancer risk; climate change; developing country; esophagus cancer; food contamination; food intake; food processing; food safety; food storage; gastrointestinal symptom; growth retardation; gynecomastia; human; infection risk; kidney disease; liver cancer; malnutrition; morbidity; mortality; mycotoxicosis; neural tube defect; population exposure; poverty; precocious puberty; priority journal; public health; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk factor; underweight; Adult; Animals; Cereals; Child; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Ergot Alkaloids; Food Contamination; Humans; Infant; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins; Public Health; Risk Factors	None
None	None	Quality assurance of aerial applications of larvicides for mosquito control: Effects of granule and catch tray size on field monitoring programs	Russell T.L., Gatton M.L., Ryan P.A., Kay B.H.	2009	Journal of Economic Entomology	102	2	10.1603/029.102.0207	Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Public Health Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania	Russell, T.L., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, Public Health Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Gatton, M.L., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Ryan, P.A., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Kay, B.H., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia	Aerial applications of granular insecticides are preferable because they can effectively penetrate vegetation, there is less drift, and no loss of product due to evaporation. We aimed to 1) assess the field efficacy of VectoBac G to control Aedes vigilax (Skuse) in saltmarsh pools, 2) develop a stochastic-modeling procedure to monitor application quality, and 3) assess the distribution of VectoBac G after an aerial application. Because ground-based studies with Ae. vigilax immatures found that VectoBac G provided effective control below the recommended label rate of 7 kg/ha, we trialed a nominated aerial rate of 5 kg/ha as a case study. Our distribution pattern modeling method indicated that the variability in the number of VectoBac G particles captured in catch-trays was greater than expected for 5 kg/ha and that the widely accepted contour mapping approach to visualize the deposition pattern provided spurious results and therefore was not statistically appropriate. Based on the results of distribution pattern modeling, we calculated the catch tray size required to analyze the distribution of aerially applied granular formulations. The minimum catch tray size for products with large granules was 4 m2 for Altosid pellets and 2 m2 for VectoBac G. In contrast, the minimum catch-tray size for Altosid XRG, Aquabac G, and Altosand, with smaller granule sizes, was 1 m2. Little gain in precision would be made by increasing the catch-tray size further, when the increased workload and infrastructure is considered. Our improved methods for monitoring the distribution pattern of aerially applied granular insecticides can be adapted for use by both public health and agricultural contractors. © 2009 Entomological Society of America.	Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis; Catch-trays; Distribution pattern; Helicopter; S-methoprene	animal; article; Bacillus thuringiensis; biological pest control; drug effect; larva; methodology; mosquito; Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Culicidae; Larva; Mosquito Control; Pest Control, Biological; Aedes vigilax; Bacillus thuringiensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74049155522	Enhancement of magnetic signatures of impact structures	Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.51	Cowan Geodata Services, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Aeromagnetic surveys are a useful tool in the detection and analysis of terrestrial impact structures. Although gravity anomalies provide clearer and simpler signatures of impact craters, large regional-scale aeromagnetic surveys are more widely available. A combination of many factors, such as the nature of the target rocks, the impact-related magnetization, and effects of crater fill and post-impact cover results in a great variation of magnetic signatures in the terrestrial impact craters. In crystalline basement targets, the most common signature of a complex impact structure is a magnetic low with a central peak or ring uplift magnetic anomaly. Contributions to the magnetic signature include demagnetization, shock remagnetization, and thermal and chemical remanent magnetization effects. Impact craters in sedimentary targets usually are of small magnetic amplitude, depending on the lithology. The origin of the magnetic signatures in sedimentary targets is not well understood. Enhancement of magnetic signatures of terrestrial impact structures using filtering techniques is an important part of detection and analysis. Derivative and derivative-based (such as sunshading) techniques, along with separation filtering, are probably the most used methods. Here we present our new developments of algorithms for fractional order derivatives and circular shaded relief that have dramatically improved filter results. The fractional derivative order can be varied to optimize the separation of the impact magnetic signature. Given a chosen center location, the circular shaded relief algorithm treats all directions equally, thus preventing fade-out of features subparallel to the shading direction evident in conventional shaded relief. Unlike Hough transform based algorithms, the circular sunshading method is not sensitive to the radius of the circular feature being searched for, and no radius parameter is specified during the data processing We illustrate the new fractional derivative and circular shaded relief algorithms using selected Australian and Canadian impact crater data sets involving both crystalline basement and sedimentary targets. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Aeromagnetic surveys; Circular shaded relief; Fractional order derivatives; Impact structures; Magnetization	aeromagnetic survey; algorithm; crater; crystalline rock; data set; gravity anomaly; magnetic anomaly; magnetization; relief; uplift; Australia; Canada	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906252880	Facile synthesis and morphogenesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for high-performance supercapacitor applications	Mitchell E., Gupta R.K., Mensah-Darkwa K., Kumar D., Ramasamy K., Gupta B.K., Kahol P.	2014	New Journal of Chemistry	38	9	10.1039/c4nj00741g	Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg KS-66762, United States; Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A and T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro NC-27411, United States; Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque NM-87545, United States; National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India; Department of Physics, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg, KS 66762, United States	Mitchell, E., Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg KS-66762, United States; Gupta, R.K., Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg KS-66762, United States; Mensah-Darkwa, K., Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB Kumasi, Ghana; Kumar, D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A and T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro NC-27411, United States; Ramasamy, K., Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque NM-87545, United States; Gupta, B.K., National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India; Kahol, P., Department of Physics, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg, KS 66762, United States	A facile method has been developed for the synthesis of nearly mono-dispersed iron oxide nanocrystals. The structural analysis of the synthesized iron oxide nanocrystals reveals the magnetite phase of Fe 3O4. The average particle size of the iron oxide was estimated to be 8 ± 2 nm. The observed particle size is in good correlation with the particle size estimated by magnetic measurements. Furthermore, these nanocrystals showed bi-functional ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic behavior below and above the blocking temperature, respectively. The potential use of these nanocrystals as an electrode for supercapacitors was examined by investigating the electrochemical behavior of iron oxide using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The CV characteristics of the iron oxide electrode showed a typical pseudocapacitive behavior in 3 M KOH solution. Moreover, the specific capacitance of 185 F g-1 at the current of 1 mA was observed with excellent cyclic stability, which is much higher than the reported value for iron oxide. The higher specific capacitance is due to the uniform nano-size of iron oxide. This work provides an ultimate facile method to synthesize nanostructured iron oxide for application in next generation energy storage materials. © the Partner Organisations 2014.	None	ferromagnetic material; iron oxide; nanocrystal; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; article; chemical structure; cyclic potentiometry; electric conductivity; electric potential; electrochemical analysis; electrostimulation; energy conservation; facile synthesis; galvanic current; galvanostatic charge discharge test; magnetic field; molecular electronics; particle size; priority journal; supercapacitor; synthesis; temperature	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875540845	Synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel α-aminophosphonates	Chinnam S., Potturi C., Maddila S., Muttana V.B.R., Ediga A., Chinnam V.	2013	Der Pharma Chemica	5	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, West Ville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban -4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India; Department of Chemistry, KVR College, Nandigama, India	Chinnam, S., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Potturi, C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India; Maddila, S., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, West Ville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban -4000, South Africa; Muttana, V.B.R., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Ediga, A., Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India; Chinnam, V., Department of Chemistry, KVR College, Nandigama, India	A facile method has been developed for the synthesis of novel α-aminophosphonates 5a-j by the one-pot three component reaction of equimolar quantities of 4-amino-N-2-thiazolyl-benzenesulfonamide (Sulfathiazole) (1), dimethyl phosphite (2) and various aldehydes (4a-j) in dry toluene at reflux conditions via Kabachinik-Fields reaction in high yields (70-80%) without use of any catalyst. Their chemical structures were established by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P-NMR, mass spectral studies and elemental analyses. All the title compounds exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal activities.	Antibacterial activity; Antifungal activity; Dimethyl/diethyl phosphites; Kabachinik-fields reaction; Sulfathiazole	aldehyde; antifungal agent; bovastin; dimethyl (2 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (2 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 cyanophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 methoxyphenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 trifluoromethylphenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 fluorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl [(3 trifluoromethyl)phenyl] [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; phosphoramidic acid derivative; streptomycin; sulfathiazole; toluene; unclassified drug; antifungal activity; article; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; bacterial strain; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; catalyst; chemical reaction; controlled study; drug structure; drug synthesis; Escherichia coli; Fusarium oxysporum; infrared spectroscopy; Kabachinik Fields reaction; nonhuman; phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Streptococcus bovis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244491530	Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia	Hailu A., Schoone G.J., Diro E., Tesfaye A., Techane Y., Tefera T., Assefa Y., Genetu A., Kebede Y., Kebede T., Schallig H.D.F.H.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	1	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003	Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia	Hailu, A., Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schoone, G.J., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Diro, E., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Techane, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Assefa, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Genetu, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, Y., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, T., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schallig, H.D.F.H., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (κ value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	DAT; Direct agglutination test; Ethiopia; FAST; Fast agglutination screening test; Visceral leishmaniasis	protozoon antibody; agglutination test; antibody detection; antibody screening; article; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic error; diagnostic value; endemic disease; Ethiopia; fever; field experiment; human; intermethod comparison; Leishmania; leishmaniasis; major clinical study; microbiological examination; nonhuman; parasitology; prediction; sensitivity and specificity; splenomegaly; visceral leishmaniasis; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Protozoan; Ethiopia; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863788240	Growth performance of finisher broilers on Livingstone-potato (Plectranthus esculentus) tubers meal	Okereke C.O.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	5	10.3923/pjn.2012.411.413	National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Okereke, C.O., National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	A feeding trial lasting 42 days was conducted using seventy two (72) 4-weeks old Anak broiler chicks with an average initial live weight of 4.40 kg to determine the growth performance of finisher broilers fed diet containing Livingstone-potato tubers meal. The animals were assigned to four treatment based on their initial live weight. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (20% CP). The control diet was based on maize and soybean meal without Livingstone-potato tubers meal. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The growth performance of broilers fed on various levels of meals in which Livingstone-potato (Rizga) meal substituted maize at 10%, 20% and 30% showed that there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in final body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among the treatments. The implication of these result is that those parameters measured were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the dietary levels of Livingstone-potato (Plectranthus esculentus) meal. The results suggest that 30% replacement of maize with Livingstone-potato (Plectranthus esculentus) meal produced no negative effect on the production performance of finisher broilers. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Anak broiler chicks; Growth performance; Plectranthus esculentus meal	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; broiler; chick; controlled study; food composition; food intake; growth; maize; nonhuman; Plectranthus esculentus; potato; soybean; weight gain; Animalia; Glycine max; Plectranthus esculentus; Solanum tuberosum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875991092	Effect of cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers' dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance [Efecto del cassayeast producido a partir de varias combinaciones de yuca (Manihot esculenta)	Anlebo A.O.	2011	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	11	1	None	Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria	Anlebo, A.O., Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria	A feeding trial using 480 day-old Anak broiler chicks was conducted in which cassava meal (CM) fortified with brewers' dried yeast (BDY) completely replaced maize in four out of five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The objective was to determine the influence of cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers's dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance. Dried CM blended with BDY formed cassayeast in the ratios of 30/11.1; 35/12.94; 40/14.79 and 45/16.64 in dietary treatments B, C, D and E, respectively. Diet A (control) contained maize without the test ingredient. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, body weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization (Feed: gain and gain: feed ratios) and weights of breast and liver. Gizzard weights were similar (P>0.05). The study demonstrated that the use of cassayeast could improve feed availability in the broiler industry. It also showed that with proper protein balancing, cassayeast can completely replace maize in broiler diets.	Brewers' dried yeast; Broiler performance; Cassava meal; Cassayeast	Aves; Manihot esculenta; Saccharomyces; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147100219	Effect of different methods of processing neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds on performance of young rabbits	Bawa G.S., Orunmuyi M., Agbaji A.S., Ladan Z., Okekeifi U.O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	3	None	National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Agbaji, A.S., National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Ladan, Z., National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Okekeifi, U.O., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A feeding trial using sixty (60) weaner rabbits with an average initial live weight of 560 ± 0.80g was conducted to determine the effects of different methods of processing neem seeds on their performance and carcass characteristics. The rabbits were assigned to five dietary treatments based on their initial live weight and sex. There were twelve individually caged rabbits per treatment. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (18% CP). Diet 1 (control) was a Maize-Groundnut cake based diet without neem seed. Diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 had raw milled neem seed (RMNS), hydraulic press neem seed cake (HNSC), Solvent Extracted neem seed cake (SNSC) and Expeller neem seed cake (ENSC) included at 20% level, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Weekly feed intake and body weight changes were determined and feed efficiency calculated. At the end of the 63-day feeding trial, four rabbits per treatment were selected based on the group average weight and sacrificed for carcass evaluation. Blood samples were also obtained from the animals to evaluate Packcell volume (PCV), Haemoglobim (Hb) and Total protein (TP). The results showed that rabbits fed the processed neem seed cake diets had growth performance that were statistically comparable to those fed the control diet. Animals on processed neem seed cake diets had significantly (P<0.05) improved performance over and above those fed the raw neem seed diets. Animals on raw neem seed cake diet had consistently low value for PVC, Hb and TP. The use of solvent extracted neem seed cake in rabbit diet was favoured in this study. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Expeller extraction; Hydraulic extraction; Neem; Rabbit; Solvent extraction	hemoglobin; animal experiment; animal food; article; Azadirachta indica; blood analysis; blood sampling; body weight; controlled study; dietary intake; food analysis; food composition; food processing; hemoglobin determination; intermethod comparison; maize; nonhuman; nutritional health; nutritional value; peanut; plant seed; protein determination; solvent extraction; weight change; Animalia; Azadirachta indica; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40749131569	Evaluation of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage as a substitute for concentrate in diets of sheep	Assefa G., Kijora C., Kehaliew A., Bediye S., Peters K.J.	2008	Livestock Science	114	42403	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.017	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	Assefa, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Kijora, C., Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Kehaliew, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bediye, S., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Peters, K.J., Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	A feeding trial was carried out for 90 days to asses the supplementing effect of tagasaste forage as a substitute for a concentrate supplement (wheat bran-noug seed cake (Gizotia abyssinica) mixture in 3:1 proportion) using 24 Menz male sheep (initial weight of 18.3 ± 1.6 kg). The sheep were fed on natural pasture hay as basal diet. The treatments were iso-nitrogenous supplements of 100% concentrate offered at 200 g DM/sheep/day (T1), 67% concentrate + 33% tagasaste (T2), 33% concentrate + 67% tagasaste (T3) and 100% tagasaste (T4). Digestibility tests of treatment diets were done for 10 days following the feeding trial using the same experimental animals. At the end of the experiment, carcass parameters were also evaluated. In situ degradability of feeds was determined using three rumen fistulated crossbred steers. Tagasaste forage contains more CP (215 g/kg), ADF (221 g/kg), ADL (69 g/kg); and less NDF (351 g/kg) compared to the concentrate. The concentrate had a high immediately soluble fraction (a), and a low insoluble but potential degradable matter (b), while tagasaste had a low a and higher b values and the overall potential degradability was 755, 702, and 586 g/kg, for tagasaste, concentrate and natural pasture hay respectively. Tagasaste forage had also shown higher rates of degradation (c) compared to the concentrate which might increase the total effective degradability. In the feeding trial the supplements made 26.8, 27.0, 28.3 and 29% of the total dry matter (DM) intake for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Increasing the inclusion of tagasaste forage significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the daily total DM intake of the basal diet and total metabolizable energy (ME), and increased the CP intake. The average weight gain of sheep did not show significant difference (P > 0.05), but had a decreasing trend, with 44.4, 41.4, 38.9 and 38.1 g/sheep for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The in vivo digestibility of DM and nutrients generally followed the order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T4. The dressing percentage of the carcass was 40.4% and all other parameters measured did not show significant variation due to treatment diets (P > 0.05). However, weight of liver, kidney and spleen was higher for sheep fed with higher tagasaste forage diet. The result of this study revealed that tagasaste can substitute wheat bran-noug seed cake concentrate mixture as a protein supplement. Options to increase the low ME and minimize the effect of the anti nutritional factors will improve nutrient digestibility in tagasaste forage and will enhance the overall efficiency of feed utilization. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Carcass; Digestibility; In situ degradability; Intake; Sheep weight gain; Tagasaste	Animalia; Chamaecystis palmensis; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Equus asinus; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855467309	Comparative evaluation of tree lucerne (chamaecytisus palmensis) over conventional protein supplements in supporting growth of yearling horro lambs	Kitaw G., Dejene M., Kehaliw A., Assefa G.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	1	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kitaw, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dejene, M., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kehaliw, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Assefa, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A feeding trial was conducted for 90 days on yearling Horro lambs with a mean body weight of 18.5±0.05kg (mean ±SD) to investigate the effect of supplementation of conventional oil seed cakes and the comparative advantage they have over a fodder legume (Chamaecytisus palmensis) commonly known as Tagasaste supplementation. Six experimental sheep per treatment were arranged in completely randomized design to receive dietary treatments formulated to the nearest iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric in order to achieve a daily growth rate of 100g. In addition to being fed to an ad libitum natural pasture hay the sheep were supplemented with a concentrate mix composed of 180g noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake + 180g wheat bran (NC), 180g linseed cake + 180g wheat bran (LC), 160g cotton seed cake + 200g wheat bran (CS), 250g Tagasaste leaf on dry matter bases + 150g wheat bran (TL) while the control group (CTL) was allowed to graze 8 hours a day according to the farmer's practice with out supplementation. Supplementation with cotton seed meal followed by linseed cake has substantially improved feed dry matter and nutrient intake (P<0.05), and significantly (P<0.05) promoted daily body weight gain and feed conversion efficiencies. For almost all measured parameters in general no appreciable differences (P>0.05) in terms of sheep performance were observed among experimental sheep receiving noug cake meal and Tagasaste forage leaf signifying the need to capture the opportunity to replace conventional and most widely used purchased protein supplement with cost effective on-farm grown multi-purpose forage legume under Ethiopian condition. Even though, part of the work related to the carcass quality deserves special attention in the up-coming future research work the data set from the current study favors the use of the protein supplements in the order of CS, LC, TL, NC, respectively.	Forage legumes; Iso-caloric; Iso-nitrogenous; Natural pasture hay; Nutrient intake; Oil seed cakes; Tagasaste; Wheat bran	Animalia; Chamaecystis palmensis; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Gossypium hirsutum; Guizotia abyssinica; Medicago sativa; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879262893	Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fed dietary milk fat	Orire A.M., Fawole S.O.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	11	None	Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Nigeria	Orire, A.M., Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Nigeria; Fawole, S.O., Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted on the utilization of milk fat as lipid energy source by Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (0.85±0.03 g). The fishes were fed with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20% milk fat based diets respectively for 8 weeks. The results obtained showed significant differences (p<0.05) for diets containing graded levels of milk fat in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate when compared with the control diet (0% milk fat). Among the milk fat based diets, containing that had 20% inclusion level of milk fat gave the highest specific growth rate and lowest feed conversion ratio. Carcass analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control diet and milk fat based diets. Therefore, the results indicated efficient utilization of milk fat as protein sparing which would promote sustainable aquaculture in view of the high cost fish oil. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Clarias gariepinus; Fish oil; Milk fat; Protein sparing	fish oil; milk fat; animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; aquaculture; article; body composition; body weight; carcass; Clarias gariepinus; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; dietary intake; energy resource; food composition; growth rate; nonhuman; water quality; weight gain; Clarias gariepinus; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924755839	Growth performance of juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed Ipomoea aquatica based diets	Odulate D.O., Idowu A.A., Fabusoro A.A., Odebiyi C.O.	2014	Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science	9	6	10.3923/jfas.2014.468.472	Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Odulate, D.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Idowu, A.A., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Fabusoro, A.A., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Odebiyi, C.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of Ipomoea aquatica based diet as dietary replacement of maize in the diets of juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0 (control diet), 15, 30, 45 and 60% Ipomoea aquatica. Each treatment was carried out in triplicate using ten C. gariepinus juvenile per replicate with mean initial weight of 9.0 g. The fish were fed at 5% body weight per day for a period of 8 weeks. The best growth response in terms of mean weight gain was obtained in fish fed 15% I. aquatica diet inclusion (35.57±3.44 g) while fish fed 60% I. aquatica diet had the lowest growth response (23.80±1.18 g), the highest FCR was obtained in fish fed 60% I. aquatica (1.79±0.04) while the lowest was obtained in fish fed 15% I. aquatica (1.58±0.06). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters of the treatments. The results revealed that any of the inclusion level can be used up to 60% inclusion level of I. aquatica. However, 15% inclusion level gave the best result in terms of growth. © 2014 Academic Journals Inc.	Dietary ingredients; Experimental diets; Inclusion levels; Ipomoea aquatica; Isonitrogenous	diet; feeding; finfish; growth rate; growth response; juvenile; Clarias gariepinus; Ipomoea aquatica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880942811	Effect of graded levels of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed meal on the growth performance and production economic analysis of broiler chickens	Sarven Bale J., Pam Mancha Y., Sanusi M., Dass Doma U.	2013	International Journal of Poultry Science	12	5	None	Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria	Sarven Bale, J., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Pam Mancha, Y., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Sanusi, M., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Dass Doma, U., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of baobab seed meal on growth performance and cost benefit in broiler chicken production. A total of two hundred one-week old broiler chicks of the Anak breed were randomly distributed to five dietary treatments and replicated four times with 10 birds each for a period of 8 weeks. Baobab seed meal was included in the broiler chicken diets at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels designated as diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively for both the starter and finisher phases. At the starter phase, feed intake (65.18-71.73 g), daily weight gain (30.36-36.16 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.96-2.39) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. However, at finisher phase, the daily feed intake (133.40-148.40 g) and weight gain (37.23-55.00 g) were significantly affected at (p<0.001) and (p<0.05) respectively. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly (p>0.05) different among all the treatments means. The overall performance showed significant difference at (p<0.001 and p<0.01) for daily feed intake and daily weight gain, respectively. The birds fed 20% diet had the highest daily weight gain (44.55 g) and lowest (33.80 g) was recorded for diet 5. The feed cost per gain (N/kg gain) was cheaper (N142.44) on diet 4 and most expensive (N163.69) on diet 1 during the starter phase, while at the finisher phase diet 5 was cheaper (N176.36) and diet 1 being the most expensive (N193.91). Similar trends were obtained at the overall phase. It was therefore concluded that baobab seed meal can be incorporated into broiler chicken diets up to 30% without any deleterious effect on performance with concomitant reduction in feed cost. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Baobab seed meal; Broilers; Cost-benefit; Feed conversion ratio; Feed intake; Weight gain	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249888457	Performance of laying hens fed varying dietary levels of Bambara (Voandzeia subterrenea Thouars) offals	Onyimonyi A.E., Ugwu S.O.C.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	3	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onyimonyi, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ugwu, S.O.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of laying hens fed varying dietary levels of Toasted Bambara Offals (TBO). The TBO was included in the diet at five levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent. A total of ninety laying hens on their eight week of lay were used for the trial that lasted for 133 days. The ninety birds were randomly assigned to the five dietary levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent) with 18 birds per levels. Each dietary level was further replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Results showed that egg weight (g), yolk weight (g) and albumen weight (g) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by treatments. Values of 61.38, 64.00, 64.67, 65.00 and 68.45 g was recorded as egg weights for birds on the 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively. Yolk weight was 16.53, 16.50, 16.43, 17.83 and 18.07 for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively and albumen weight of 37.78, 39.51, 39.44, 39.82, 43.09 was also observed in that order. The cost of feed (•) significantly (P<0.05) decreased as level of TBO in the diets increased. Cost of feed consumed/bird (•) significantly decreased as level of TBO in the diets increased. Total eggs produced/bird followed the same trend. Profit recorded from sale of eggs was significantly (P<0.05) highest at the 10 percent level. A value of • 1139.81 was recorded for the 10 percent diet, as compared to • 1120.13; • 1126.96, • 1089.75 and • 1083.87 recorded for the control, 5, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively. The results of the present study showed that TBO can be fed at 10 percent to laying hens to replace substantial levels of the more costly maize and soyabean meal. This level of feeding will ensure optimum performance and economic benefit to the farmer. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Bambara offal; Laying hens; Performance	Aves; Bambara; Glycine max; Voandzeia; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749091825	Effect of graded levels of dried pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed on the performance, haematology, serum biochemistry and carcass evaluation of chicken broilers	Bolu S.A.O., Sola-Ojo F.E., Olorunsanya O.A., Idris K.	2009	International Journal of Poultry Science	8	9	10.3923/ijps.2009.905.909	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Bolu, S.A.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Sola-Ojo, F.E., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Olorunsanya, O.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Idris, K., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of graded levels of Dried Pawpaw Seed (DPS) on growth performance, haematological parameters and carcass evaluation of chicken broilers. One hundred day-old broilers were randomly divided into four treatments groups of diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% DPS in a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) for a period of six weeks. The results of this experiments showed that there were significant differences (p>0.05) in feed intake and weight gain across the dietary treatment with diet containing 5% DPS having the highest weight gain of 17.58g/bird/day, while birds fed diets with 15% DPS had the lowest weight gain (11.18 g/bird/day), nutrient utilization was higher in birds fed 5% DPS. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the haematological parameters, serum biochemistry and carcass parameters across the dietary treatment. The results of this study indicate that DPS can be included in broiler diet at 5% level. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Broilers; Dried pawpaw seed; Nutrient utilization	Asimina triloba; Aves; Carica papaya	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646674295	Effects of dietary replacement of maize with malted or unmalted sorghum on the performance of weaner rabbits	Abubakar M., Doma U.D., Kalla D.J.U., Ngele M.B., Augustine C.L.D.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	5	None	Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Abubakar, M., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Doma, U.D., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kalla, D.J.U., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ngele, M.B., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Augustine, C.L.D., VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted using twenty-one, 8 to 9 weeks old weaner rabbits allotted to three groups of seven animals each in a completely randomized design. The study which lasted for six weeks was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary replacement of maize as a source of energy with malted or un-malted sorghum on the performance of the animals. The rabbits fed malted sorghum based diet had a similar dry matter intake to those on the maize based diet, but significantly higher than those on the unmalted sorghum based diet. All the animals gained weight, at rates similar across the treatments, indicating that the intake of energy and proteins were well above maintenance requirements. The best feed efficiency was recorded for rabbits fed on the malted sorghum based diet. The financial analysis revealed that feed cost per kg body weight gain was lowest for animals on the malted and unmalted sorghum based diets. It is concluded that malted or unmalted sorghum could effectively replace maize as a source of energy in diets for weaner rabbits without any adverse effects on performance and with reduced cost of feed per kg body weight gain.	Maize; Performance; Rabbits; Sorghum	Animalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650222412	The effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit pulp meal on the growth performance of rabbits	Hon F.M., Oluremi O.I.A., Anugwa F.O.I.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	8	10.3923/pjn.2009.1150.1155	Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Hon, F.M., Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Nigeria; Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Anugwa, F.O.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted with thirty six mixed breeds of rabbits to assess the feeding value of sun dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit pulp meal (SOPM). The sweet orange peel meal was analyzed for its proximate nutrients and its crude fibre constituents. The nutrients in SOPM were 7.71% CP, 9.6% CF, 2.12% EE, 5.18% ash, 75.31% NFE and 3756.14kcalME/kg. The crude fibre fractions were 15.04% cellulose, 20.46% hemi-cellulose, 38.28% NDF, 18.32% ADF and 3.28% ADL. The experimental rabbits were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments: T0, T5, T10, T15, T20 and T25 in which SOPM replaced maize at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, respectively at the rate of six rabbits per dietary group. The rabbits were fed these diets for 84 days during which performance and nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Experimental diets had significant effects (p&lt;0.05) on the body weight gain, water intake, water: feed ratio, protein efficiency ratio and final live weight. Coefficient of digestibility and nutrient digestibility, were not adversely affected by the inclusion of SOPM in the diets. This study has shown the possibility that sweet orange fruit pulp meal can be used as a replacement feedstuff for maize in the ration of grower rabbit up to a level of 20%. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Performance and nutrient digestibility; Rabbit; Sweet orange fruit pulp meal	cellulose; hemicellulose; lignin; protein; animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; controlled study; dietary intake; experimental rabbit; female; fluid intake; food analysis; food composition; fruit; growth rate; maize; male; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; nutritional value; plant fiber; sweet orange; weight gain; Citrus sinensis; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949129736	Evaluation of toasted sunflower (Helianthus annus) seed meal in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings	Akintayo I.A., Obasa S.O., Alegbeleye W.O., Bangbose A.M.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	10	None	Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agricultu	Akintayo, I.A., Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Obasa, S.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Alegbeleye, W.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bangbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A feeding trial was designed and carried out to assess the growth, nutrient utilization heamatological profile and yield of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus fed graded levels of toasted sunflower seed meal based diets. One hundred and fifty (150) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (13.08±0.1g) were fed with five iso-nitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein. The toasted sunflower seed meal (TSFSM) protein replaced fishmeal meal in the diets in the following proportions: Diet TSFI (0% TSFSM), Diet TSF2 (25%TSFSM), Diet TSF3 (50% TSFSM), Diet TSF4 (75% TSFSM), and Diet TSF5 (100% TSFSM). At the end of the trial, the mean weight gain of fish was highest in diet TSF1 (103.47g), and lowest in diet TSF5 (24.54g), with a significant difference (p<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in mean weight gain (MWG) of fish fed diet TSF1 (and fish fed diet TSF2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best in fish fed dietTSF1 (1.18) but not significantly different (P>0.05) from fish fed diet TSF2 (1.28). The highest apparent net protein utilization (APP-NPU) of 25.00% was recorded in fish fed diet TSF1. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) than others, while the lowest value of 15.00% was recorded in fish fed diet TSF5. Heamatological parameters such as pack cell volume (PCV), heamoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased as toasted sunflower seed meal increased in diet. PCV was higher (35.00mg/dl) significantly in fish fed TSF1 than the value of (31.00mg/dl) in fish fed diet TSF4. It was therefore observed that toasted sunflower seed meal protein can favourably replace 25% of fishmeal protein in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.	Fishmeal; Growth response; Heamatological profile; Iso-nitrogenous; Nutrient utilization; Protein	Clarias gariepinus; Helianthus; Helianthus annuus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879555890	Potential impacts of afforestation on climate change and extreme events in Nigeria	Abiodun B.J., Salami A.T., Matthew O.J., Odedokun S.	2013	Climate Dynamics	41	2	10.1007/s00382-012-1523-9	Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Abiodun, B.J., Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Salami, A.T., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Matthew, O.J., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Odedokun, S., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Afforestation is usually thought as a good approach to mitigate impacts of warming over a region. This study presents an argument that afforestation may have bigger impacts than originally thought by previous studies. The study investigates the impacts of afforestation on future climate and extreme events in Nigeria, using a regional climate model (RegCM3), forced with global climate model simulations. The impacts of seven afforestation options on the near future (2031-2050, under A1B scenario) climate and the extreme events are investigated. RegCM3 replicates essential features in the present-day (1981-2000) climate and the associated extreme events, and adequately simulates the seasonal variations over the ecological zones in the country. However, the model simulates the seasonal climate better over the northern ecological zones than over the southern ecological zones. The simulated spatial distribution of the extreme events agrees well with the observation, though the magnitude of the simulated events is smaller than the observed. The study shows that afforestation in Nigeria could have both positive and negative future impacts on the climate change and extreme events in the country. While afforestation reduces the projected global warming and enhances rainfall over the afforested area (and over coastal zones), it enhances the warming and reduces the rainfall over the north-eastern part of the country. In addition, the afforestation induces more frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events (flooding) over the coastal region and more frequent occurrence of heat waves and droughts over the semi-arid region. The positive and negative impacts of the afforestation are not limited to Nigeria; they extend to the neighboring countries. While afforestation lowers the warming and enhances rainfall over Benin Republic, it increases the warming and lowers the rainfall over Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The result of the study has important implication for the ongoing climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in Nigeria. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.	Afforestation; Climate change; Extreme events; Geo-engineering; Monsoon; Nigeria	afforestation; climate change; climate modeling; extreme event; global warming; monsoon; rainfall; regional climate; seasonal variation; spatial distribution; Nigeria	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956493398	Organic based nutrient management strategies: Effect on soil nutrient availability and maize (Zea mays L.) performance in Njoro, Kenya	Lelei J.J., Onwonga R.N., Freyer B.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	2	None	Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Organic Farming, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	Lelei, J.J., Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Onwonga, R.N., Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Freyer, B., Division of Organic Farming, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	A field experiment based on the concept of organic nutrient management (ONM) was conducted in Njoro, Kenya to test the effect of improved legume fallows; crotalaria (CR), lablab (LB), garden pea (GP) and natural fallow (NF, as control) on available soil N and P, and maize performance. The experimental layout was a split plot in a randomized complete block design. The main plots were two cropping systems involving the improved legume fallows and NF preceding sole maize and maize bean (M/B) intercrop. The sub-plots were two residue management types; residue incorporation and residue removal with farm yard manure (FYM) incorporated in its place. Incorporation of LB, CR and GP residues resulted in higher concentrations of N and P in soil than NF residue and FYM incorporation in both cropping systems. Under sole maize, grain yield following LB was significantly higher (51, 28.2 and 52%) than after CR, GP and NF, respectively. In the M/B intercrop, maize grain yield following LB was significantly higher (38.5 and 28.5%) than after GP and NF with no significant differences in yields following CR and LB. Maize dry matter (DM) yields followed a similar trend. Overall, maize grain and DM yields were higher in sole maize cropping system than in M/B intercrop with an additional 0.5 - 0.6 kg ha-1 of bean grain yield obtained in the latter cropping system. The improved fallow legumes, with LB being superior, enhanced soil productivity and consequently higher yields of the succeeding crop. The ONM strategy tested is thus a feasible technology that could easily fit into the circumstances of the resource poor farmers within the region. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Farm yard manure; Improved legume fallow; Residue management	Crotalaria; Lablab; Pisum sativum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924097095	Evaluation of elite hot pepper varieties (Capsicum spp.) for growth, dry pod yield and quality under Jimma condition, South West Ethiopia	Delelegne S., Belew D., Mohammed A., Getachew Y.	2015	International Journal of Agricultural Research	9	7	10.3923/ijar.2014.364.374	Jimma Zone Agriculture Office, P.O. Box 194, Jimma, Ethiopia; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	Delelegne, S., Jimma Zone Agriculture Office, P.O. Box 194, Jimma, Ethiopia; Belew, D., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mohammed, A., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Getachew, Y., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	A field experiment was conducted at two locations under Jimma condition with the aim of investigating the performance of different varieties of hot pepper for growth, dry pod yield and quality, thereby, to recommend best adapting and high yielding variety/varieties for the farmers in the study area. The study was conducted from October 2009-March 2010, at JUCAVM experimental field and Seka Chokorsa woreda under irrigated condition using nine hot pepper varieties (Mareko fana, Bako local, Melka zala, Weldele, Melka shote, Oda haro, Dube medium, Dube short) and one local (Gojeb local) as a control. The experiment consisted of two factors (location and variety) and was laid out in a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result of the study showed significant interactions between location and varieties on days to 50% flowering, days to first harvest, mean number of flowers per plant, canopy diameter, mean number of branches (primary, secondary and territory), shoot and root dry weight (g), number of fruit per plant, number of seed per fruit, mean seed weight per fruit, marketable, unmarketable and total yield (t ha-1), fruit dry weight (g), pericarp thickness, fruit length and fruit diameter. As a result, the earliest variety to attain days to 50% flowering was Gojeb local at Kechema site followed by Mareko fana at both locations. The variety to attain shortest days to first harvest was recorded from variety Gojeb local while the highest number of fruits per plant was from Weldele at Kechema site. On the other hand the highest primary, secondary and tertiary branches were recorded from variety Weldele at Kechema site. Similarly the thickest fruit size was obtained from Mareko fana at Kechema site, whereas, the widest fruit diameter was recorded from Mareko fana, Bako local, Dube medium and Dube short at Kechema site, respectively. The highest marketable yield (t ha-1) of hot peppers was recorded from Varieties Weldele, Mareko fana, Dube medium and Dube short at JUCAVM and Kechema, respectively while the highest total yield (t ha-1) was recorded from Weldele and Mareko fana at both locations. The high yielding capacities were attributed to their early flowering and maturity, days to first harvest, high marketable and total yield, dry weight content of the varieties as well as their reaction to disease. © 2015 Academic Journals Inc.	Capsicum; Dry pod yield; Hot pepper; Jimma SW ethicpia; Quality parameters	Capsicum; Capsicum frutescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864997429	Genetic evaluation of some newly developed soybean (Glycine max) genotypes in Benue State of Nigeria	Shaahu A., Vange T., Bello L.L.	2012	Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences	82	7	None	University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Shaahu, A., University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Vange, T., University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Bello, L.L., University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted during 2008-09 at Yandev in Benue state of Nigeria to evaluate 56 soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) genotypes for genotypic and phenotypic variances, coefficient of variance, heritability, genetic advance for yield and its contributing traits. Significant variations among the genotypes, year and year × genotypes were observed for days to maturity, plant height, shattering, pods/plant, lodging. High heritability (broad sense) along with moderate genetic advance in per cent of mean was observed for shattering, days to 50% flowering and seed yield indicating that these characters would be best for phenotypic selection. The study indicated that there is appreciable variability with the genotypes under consideration for genetic advance. The genotypes TGx 1987-64F, TGx 1987-37F, TGx 1987-10F with relatively higher yield for two years are promising varieties for Yandev location.	Genetic variability; Heritability; Soyabean; Yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860434233	Intercrop performance of maize, sorghum and soybean in row-replacement series systems	Quainoo A.K., Bissue J.K., Aidoo I.K.	2011	Tropical Agriculture	88	4	None	Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	Quainoo, A.K., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Bissue, J.K., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Aidoo, I.K., Department of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	A field experiment was conducted during the 2001 and 2002 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana. The objective of the study was to determine the appropriate crop mixture ratios for maize/soybean and sorghum/soybean cropping systems. The crop mixtures were assessed on the basis of new indices termed 'actual yield loss' (AYL) and 'intercropping advantage' (IA), and other existing indices such as land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC) and monetary advantage (MA). Except the three rows of maize (Zea mays cv. Okomasa) alternating with three rows of soybean (Glycine max cv. sallintuya -1), three rows of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Framida) alternating with three rows of soybean (Glycine max cv. sallintuya -1), and two rows of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Framida) alternating with three rows of soybean (Glycine max cv. sallintuya -1), intercropping reduced the yields of the component crops with respect to the pure stands. Three rows of maize (Zea mays cv. Okomasa) alternating with three rows of soybean (Sorghum bicolor cv. Framida proved to be most remunerative mixture (AYL = +0.275, IA = +0.828), followed by three rows of sorghum alternating with three rows of soybean (AYL = +0.065, IA = +0.700) and two rows of sorghum alternating with three rows of soybean (AYL = -0.344, IA = +0.171). Yield loss or gain could not be quantified by LERs and RCCs whereas AYLs and IAs indicated yield loss or gain by its sign. Therefore, AYL and IA are more appropriate when assessing yields in intercropping arrangements. © Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	AYL; IA; LER; MA; Maize; RCC; Sorghum and soybean	Glycine max; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960095020	Seasonal agronomic performance of rice (oryza sativa L.) hybrids in a tidal saline mangrove agro-ecological zone of Nigeria	Ogburia M.N., Okele K.	2010	European Journal of Scientific Research	44	4	None	Department of Crop/Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ogburia, M.N., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Okele, K., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted for two years (December, 2001 to December, 2003) at Imbiakpabai, Bayelsa State-a tidal saline mangrove swamp agro-ecological zone of Nigeria, to compare the agronomic performance of 10 swamp rice hybrids between dry and wet season croppings. Percent germination, days to 50% emergence, plant height (cm), tiller number, number of leaves, grain yield (tha-1) among the rice genotypes all varied significantly (P &lt; 0.05). WITA 4 produced highest grain yield (2.19 tha-1) and lowest grain yield was obtained from Tox 303-13-3-1-1-2 (1.03 tha-1). Between the two cropping seasons, higher grain yield (1.66 tha-1) was obtained in the wet season as compared with 1.34 tha-1 of the dry season. Generally, wet season gave better agronomic performance than dry season. WITA 4 and BW 348-1 have been identified as good cultivars for planting in this agro-ecology, and wet season cropping is preferred to that of dry season. © 2010 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.	Agronomic performance; Grain yield; Mangrove ecology; Nigeria; Rice hybrids; Seasonality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865526554	Performance of four cauliflower varieties (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) under open field conditions in seychelles	Ijoyah M.O., Rakotomavo H.	2006	Tropical Agriculture	83	04-Jan	None	Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Mahe, Seychelles; Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	Ijoyah, M.O., Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Rakotomavo, H., Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Mahe, Seychelles	A field experiment was conducted from March to September 2005 at the Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, to evaluate the performance of four cauliflower varieties under open-field conditions in Seychelles. Results of the study showed that variety Rami not only produced curds with the largest circumference of 33.9 cm, but also produced the highest number of curds not affected with the black rot fungal disease. This variety, in addition, gave curd yield increases of 7.8, 15.7, and 25.0% compared to the yield obtained from Amazing, Clima, and Tropical Extra Early varieties, respectively. Rami performed best under open field conditions in Seychelles and can be considered as a potential replacement for the common variety (Tropical Extra Early). ©2006 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Cauliflower varieties; Performance; Seychelles	Botrytis; Brassica oleracea; Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856274347	Performance of sweet potato soybeans as affected by cropping sequence in the northern guinea savanna of Nigeria	Babatunde F.E., Dantata I.J., Olawuyi O.J.	2012	Journal of Agronomy	11	1	10.3923/ja.2012.22.26	Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Osun State University (Uniosun), PMB 4014, Ejigbo Campus, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, PMB 044, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Ba	Babatunde, F.E., Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Osun State University (Uniosun), PMB 4014, Ejigbo Campus, Nigeria; Dantata, I.J., Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, PMB 044, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria; Olawuyi, O.J., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, PMB 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of sweet potato and soybeans under different cropping sequences during the raining seasons of 2007, 2008 and 2009 in Bauchi, Nigeria. The cropping sequences consisted of sweet potato transplanted 1 week after soybeans (+1), sweet potato transplanted 2 weeks after soybeans (+2), sweet potato + soybeans planted simultaneously (0), sweet potato transplanted 1 week before soybeans (-1), sweet potato transplanted 2 weeks before soybeans (-2), Sole sweet potato (Ssp) and Sole soybeans (Ssb). These were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Percent production of tubers and pods as well as tuber and grain yields of component crops were significantly increased (p = 0.05) by the cropping treatments in all the three seasons of this studyanother in each season, except in percent tuber production with sole sweet potato in both 2008 and 2009 as well as in tuber yield with sole sweet potato in 2009. Therefore, component crops can be sole-grown or adopt sweet potato transplanted a week or 2 before soybeans-sequence for better tuber and grain yields. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Crop sequence; Northern guinea savanna; Performance; Soybeans; Sweet potato	Glycine max; Ipomoea batatas	None
None	None	Field performance of alternative landfill covers vegetated with cottonwood and eucalyptus trees	Abichou T., Musagasa J., Yuan L., Chanton J., Tawfiq K., Rockwood D., Licht L.	2012	International Journal of Phytoremediation	14	None	10.1080/15226514.2011.607869	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States; Civil Engineering Department, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, United States; Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Ecolotree, Inc., North Liberty, Iowa, United States	Abichou, T., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States; Musagasa, J., Civil Engineering Department, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Yuan, L., Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, United States; Chanton, J., Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Tawfiq, K., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Rockwood, D., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Licht, L., Ecolotree, Inc., North Liberty, Iowa, United States	A field study was conducted to assess the ability of landfill covers to control percolation into the waste. Performance of one conventional cover was compared to that of two evapotranspiration (ET) tree covers, using large (7 × 14 m) lined lysimeters at the Leon County Solid Waste management facility in Tallahassee, Florida. Additional unlined test sections were also constructed and monitored in order to compare soil water storage, soil temperature, and tree growth inside lysimeters and in unlined test sections. The unlined test sections were in direct contact with landfill gas.Surface runoff on the ET covers was a small proportion of the water balance (1% of precipitation) as compared to 13% in the conventional cover. Percolation in the ET covers averaged 17% and 24% of precipitation as compared to 33% in the conventional cover. On average, soil water storage was higher in the lined lysimeters (429 mm) compared to unlined test sections (408 mm). The average soil temperature in the lysimeters was lower than in the unlined test sections. The average tree height inside the lysimeters was not significantly lower (8.04 m for eucalyptus and 7.11 m for cottonwood) than outside (8.82 m for eucalyptus and 8.01 m for cottonwood). ET tree covers vegetated with cottonwood or eucalyptus are feasible for North Florida climate as an alternative to GCL covers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	alternative covers; cottonwood; eucalyptus; evapotranspiration; landfill covers; lysimeter	rain; water; article; chemistry; construction work and architectural phenomena; environmental monitoring; Eucalyptus; growth, development and aging; pollution; Populus; season; soil; standard; temperature; tree; United States; waste disposal facility; water flow; water pollution; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Eucalyptus; Facility Design and Construction; Florida; Populus; Rain; Seasons; Soil; Temperature; Trees; Waste Disposal Facilities; Water; Water Movements; Water Pollution; Eucalyptus; Populus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955574326	Effect of furrow length and flow rate on the performance of short-furrows used to irrigate potatoes in Gojam, Ethiopia	Eshetu S., Tilahun K., Zerihun D.	2009	International Agricultural Engineering Journal	18	42433	None	Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, P.O.Box 45, Ethiopia; University of Arizona, Yuma Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ 85721, United States; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia	Eshetu, S., Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tilahun, K., Haramaya University, P.O.Box 45, Ethiopia, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Zerihun, D., University of Arizona, Yuma Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ 85721, United States	A field study was conducted to evaluate existing irrigation management practices in small-scale farm holdings in northwest Ethiopia. In this study, the effect of furrow length, as well as flow rate on irrigation performance, crop yield, and water use was studied. The field experiment was arranged in a split plot design; furrow length as main plot and flow rate as sub-plot. Each treatment has three levels; 10, 25, and 40 m furrow lengths and 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 L/s flow rates. Irrigation performance indicators are: application efficiency, Ea, storage efficiency, Es, distribution uniformity, DU, runoff fraction, Rf, deep percolation fraction, Df, yield, Y, water use efficiency, WUE. The effect of furrow length was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) on all performance indices except E, and flow rate has shown significant effect on all performance indices (p&lt;0.05). The ranges of measured values of Ea, Es, DU, Rf and Df were 18-34%; 46-80%; 93-98%; 81-95%; 11-57%; and 25-47% respectively. Both furrow length and flow rate had a significant effect on yield and WUE at p&lt;0.05. The ranges of crop yield and WUE found in the study were 17-32 t/ha and 2.1-4.1 Kg/m3 respectively. Crop yield and WUE have shown a decreasing trend as furrow length increases and increases as flow rate increases.	None	Crop yield; Deep percolation; Distribution uniformity; Ethiopia; Field experiment; Field studies; Irrigation management; Irrigation performance; Performance indices; Split plot designs; Storage efficiency; Water use; Water use efficiency; Benchmarking; Biochemical oxygen demand; Irrigation; Solvents; Water supply; Crops; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957796908	Performance of a sorghum/rice mixture at varying proportions of rice in a semi-arid environment of Nigeria	Odion E.C., Yahaya R.A., Aliyu And L., Babaji B.A.	2008	Research on Crops	9	1	None	Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Odion, E.C., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Yahaya, R.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Aliyu And, L., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Babaji, B.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	A field trial was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria in the 1997 and 1998 cropping seasons to study the effect of rice (Oryza sativum L.) proportions and thinning levels on the performance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and rice in mixed stands. Sorghum performed better in the drier year than in the wetter one, gave LER values that were lower than expected values except at the 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 stand proportions in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The sorghum crop was most stable at the 1 : 1 stand proportion and less aggressive than the rice crop in the mixed stands. The rice crop performed better in the wetter year than the drier (i. e. 1998 compared to 1997), gave LER values that were lower than expected except at the 1 : 1 and 1 : 4 stand proportions in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The rice crop gave stability values that were lower than expected at all the stand proportions and was more aggressive than the sorghum crop at all the stand proportions. The mixtures gave LER values that were either equal to or greater than 1.00 only at the 1:1 and 1:2 stand proportions; indicating that the mixture was only more efficient than the pure stands at the 1:1 stand proportion. It was also most stable at the 1:1 stand proportion; suggesting that the planting higher proportions of rice for the cash return from rice is detrimental to the mixture and to the food security of farmers in the area.	Mixture; Rice; Semi-arid environment; Sorghum	Oryza; Sativum; Sorghum bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547893417	Performance of growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)/rice intercrop in the South West Nigeria	Okonji C.J., Okeleye K.A., Oyekanmi A.A.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	4	None	Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Okonji, C.J., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okeleye, K.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oyekanmi, A.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (latitude 7°15 N' and longitude 3°25 E') located in the forest-savanna transition zone of South West Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 to assess the agronomic growth and yield of intercropping cassava and rice. The treatments consisted of two cassava cultivars and three rice varieties in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The two cassava cultivars were TMS 30572 and TME 1 and the three rice varieties were interspecific hybrid WAB 189-B-B-B-6-HB, ITA 150 and ITA 321. In 2002, cropping system had no significant effects on growth parameters of rice varieties. However, in 2003, cropping system significantly decreased the number of tillers, but increased the panicle length of rice. Cropping system significantly decreased the number of grains per panicle in 2003 and grain yield of rice in both years. The grain yield of rice was significantly conelated with number of tillers (r = 0.83), LAI (r = 0.81) and number of panicles per hill (r = 0.91) in both years. In 2002, tuber yields of the two cassava cultivars in mixtures were similar to the yields of their corresponding sole crop plants. However, in 2003, sole cassava cvs TMS 30572 and TME 1 produced significantly 26 and 23% higher tuber yield than their conesponding intercrops. In 2002 and 2003, TMS 30572 produced 35 and 25 t ha-1 while TME 1 produced 27 and 171 ha-1 tuber yield, respectively, in mixtures. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Agronomic attributes; Cassava; Intercropping; Morphotypes; Rice; Yield attributes	Manihot esculenta; Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877978898	Effect of graded levels of toasted pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp] seed meal diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)	Yisa A.G., Yakubu B., Edache J.A., Danjuma M.N., Deme H.I.	2013	International Journal of Poultry Science	12	2	None	National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Yisa, A.G., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Yakubu, B., Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Edache, J.A., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Danjuma, M.N., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Deme, H.I., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	A five week study was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of toasted pigeon pea on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail chicks. In a completely randomized design, three hundred unsexed, seven day old Japanese quails used for the study were divided into four groups of seventy five birds each. Each group was divided into three replicates of twenty five birds. Four isonitrogenous (24%CP) diets incorporating graded levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of toasted pigeon pea were evaluated. Average daily feed intake (18.62, 19.68, 19.58 and 20.29 g), Feed conversion ratio (4.87, 5.13, 5.36 and 5.38) and feed cost (Naira) per bird (38.34, 40.86, 41.46 and 43.57) increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of dietary toasted pigeon pea inclusion. However, average daily weight gain (3.82, 3.83, 3.65 and 3.77 g) and dressing percentages (59.53, 61.91, 58.89 and 61.92) and percentage of breast to live weight were statistically similar (p>0.05) for all the treatments respectively. The back, wings, thighs and drumsticks were affected (p<0.05) by levels of toasted pigeon pea inclusion. By this study, pigeon pea may be included in diets of Japanese quails by not more than 10% for optimum growth and cost effective feeding. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Carcass characteristics; Growth performance; Japanese quails; Toasted pigeon pea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876959735	Effects of soil parent material and climate on the performance of vitis vinifrra L. cvs. Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon - Part II. Climate, leaf analysis, juice analysis and wine quality	Shange L.P., Conradie W.J.	2012	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	33	2	None	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Shange, L.P., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Conradie, W.J., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa	A five-year investigation (2004/05 to 2008/09) was carried out in two Sauvignon blanc and two Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards in the Helderberg area, Western Cape, South Africa. Soils, derived mainly from granite and shale, were identified in each vineyard. Climatic parameters were measured, while leaves and juice were analysed. Experimental wines were prepared and evaluated annually. The nutritional status of the leaf blades and petioles was not affected by soil parent materials in a consistent pattern. Juice N of grapevines on the shale-derived soil was usually higher than that of vines on the granite-derived soil. The effect of soil parent material on Sauvignon blanc wine style appeared to have been more distinct at the locality where wine quality was highest. At this locality, wine from the grapevines on shale-derived soil (higher water-holding capacity) was best in 2004/05 (dry season), while the reverse was true in the 2007/08 season (wet). The style and/or quality of Cabernet Sauvignon wines were affected to a greater extent by differences in soil parent materials, relative to Sauvignon blanc. Differences were especially noticeable during the cooler and wetter seasons. Better drainage in the case of the granite-derived soils, due to the higher coarse sand fraction, may have played a positive role during these seasons.	Granite; Juice nitrogen; Shale; Wine style	Vitis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149116837	Evaluation of atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize	Atehnkeng J., Ojiambo P.S., Ikotun T., Sikora R.A., Cotty P.J., Bandyopadhyay R.	2008	Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment	25	10	10.1080/02652030802112635	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United St	Atehnkeng, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ojiambo, P.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Ikotun, T., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sikora, R.A., Department of Soil Ecosystem Phytopathology and Nematology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Cotty, P.J., Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Bandyopadhyay, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria	Aflatoxin contamination resulting from maize infection by Aspergillus flavus is both an economic and a public health concern. Therefore, strategies for controlling aflatoxin contamination in maize are being investigated. The abilities of eleven naturally occurring atoxigenic isolates in Nigeria to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize were evaluated in grain competition experiments and in field studies during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of inoculation of either grains in vials or ears at mid-silking stage in field plots, with the toxigenic isolate (La3228) or atoxigenic isolate alone and co-inoculation of each atoxigenic isolate and La3328. Aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in the co-inoculation treatments compared with the treatment in which the aflatoxin-producing isolate La3228 was inoculated alone. Relative levels of aflatoxin B1 + B2 reduction ranged from 70.1% to 99.9%. Among the atoxigenics, two isolates from Lafia, La3279 and La3303, were most effective at reducing aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations in both laboratory and field trials. These two isolates have potential value as agents for the biocontrol of aflatoxin contamination in maize. Because these isolates are endemic to West Africa, they are both more likely than introduced isolates to be well adapted to West African environments and to meet regulatory concerns over their use throughout that region.	Aflatoxin; Competitive exclusion; Corn; Mycotoxin; West Africa	aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; Africa; article; Aspergillus flavus; biological control agent; controlled study; enzyme analysis; enzyme stability; food analysis; food contamination; fungal contamination; fungus isolation; inoculation; maize; Nigeria; priority journal; bacterial spore; biological pest control; chemistry; crop; drug antagonism; ecology; food control; maize; methodology; microbiology; Aspergillus flavus; Zea mays; Aflatoxin B1; Aflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; Crops, Agricultural; Ecology; Food Microbiology; Nigeria; Pest Control, Biological; Spores; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938414925	Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda	Kang M.-S., Nkurunziza P., Muwanika R., Qian G., Tang L., Song X., Xue K., Nkwata A., Ssempebwa J., Lutalo T., Asiki G., Serwadda D., Seeley J., Kaleebu P., Nalugoda F., Newton R., William J.H., Wang J.-S.	2015	Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment	32	8	10.1080/19440049.2015.1048749	College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom	Kang, M.-S., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Nkurunziza, P., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanika, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Qian, G., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Tang, L., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Song, X., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Xue, K., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Nkwata, A., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Ssempebwa, J., School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Lutalo, T., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Asiki, G., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Seeley, J., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kaleebu, P., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Newton, R., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, University of York, York, United Kingdom; William, J.H., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Wang, J.-S., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Aflatoxins (AF) are a group of mycotoxins. AF exposure causes acute and chronic adverse health effects such as aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in human populations, especially in the developing world. In this study, AF exposure was evaluated using archived serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative participants from two cohort studies in south-western Uganda. AFB<inf>1</inf>–lysine (AFB-Lys) adduct levels were determined via HPLC fluorescence in a total of 713 serum samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC), covering eight time periods between 1989 and 2010. Overall, 90% (642/713) of the samples were positive for AFB-Lys and the median level was 1.58 pg mg−1 albumin (range = 0.40–168 pg mg−1 albumin). AFB-Lys adduct levels were also measured in a total of 374 serum samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), across four time periods between 1999 and 2003. The averaged detection rate was 92.5% (346/374) and the median level was 1.18 pg mg−1 albumin (range = 0.40–122.5 pg mg−1 albumin). In the GPC study there were no statistically significant differences between demographic parameters, such as age, sex and level of education, and levels of serum AFB-Lys adduct. In the RCCS study, longitudinal analysis using generalised estimating equations revealed significant differences between the adduct levels and residential areas (p = 0.05) and occupations (p = 0.02). This study indicates that AF exposure in people in two populations in south-western Uganda is persistent and has not significantly changed over time. Data from one study, but not the other, indicated that agriculture workers and rural area residents had more AF exposure than those non-agricultural workers and non-rural area residents. These results suggest the need for further study of AF-induced human adverse health effects, especially the predominant diseases in the region. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>–lysine adduct; aflatoxins; cohort studies; human exposure; Uganda	Aflatoxins; Agriculture; Amino acids; Body fluids; Developing countries; Population dynamics; Rural areas; Viruses; Adverse health effects; Aflatoxin B; Cohort studies; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Human exposures; Human immunodeficiency virus; Statistically significant difference; Uganda; Diseases; aflatoxin B1; albumin; lysine; adult; Article; blood sampling; cohort analysis; controlled study; demography; educational status; environmental exposure; female; fluorescence analysis; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; occupation; population; priority journal; residential area; rural area; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus	DFID, National Institutes of Health; FIC, National Institutes of Health; MRC, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health; USAID, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922576120	Effects of gas distribution profile on flotation cell performance: An experimental investigation	Bhondayi C., Moys M.H.	2015	International Journal of Mineral Processing	135	None	10.1016/j.minpro.2015.01.004	School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS, South Africa	Bhondayi, C., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS, South Africa; Moys, M.H., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS, South Africa	A flotation cell that enables the study of the effects of different air distribution profiles on flotation performance has been designed. Three distinct gas fluxes viz. high gas flux at the back of the flotation cell (impeller and gas distribution mechanism at the back), high gas flux at the centre (impeller and gas distribution mechanism at the centre) and high gas flux close to the concentrate weir (impeller and gas distribution mechanism close to concentrate weir). Pseudo-steady state experiments using an artificial ore comprising of 80% silica as gangue and 20% limestone as floatable component were done. Results indicated that high gas rate at the back of the flotation cell resulted in higher limestone recovery when compared to the other gas distribution profiles investigated while high gas flux close to the concentrate weir resulted in high limestone grade. The differences in recovery ranged between 5 and 10% while the grade differences ranged between 0.5 and 5% with high gas flux at the centre produced lower values for all froth depths and gas rates. The effect of gas distribution profile on limestone grade was found to dwindle as froth height was increased; changes in limestone grade ranged between 0.47 and 2% for a froth depth of 10.1 cm while those for a froth height of 6.3 cm ranged between 1.40 and 5%. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Flotation cell; Gas distribution profile; Impeller; Superficial gas velocity	Cells; Cytology; Flotation; Hydraulic structures; Impellers; Limestone; Molecular biology; Weirs; Air distribution; Experimental investigations; Flotation cell; Flotation performance; Gas distribution; High gas fluxes; Pseudo steady state; Superficial gas velocities; Gases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84909592407	Influence of operating conditions on unsteady wind performance of vertical axis wind turbines operating within a fluctuating free-stream: A numerical study	Wekesa D.W., Wang C., Wei Y., Danao L.A.M.	2014	Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics	135	None	10.1016/j.jweia.2014.10.016	Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China; Department of Physics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi City, Kenya; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quenzon City, Philippines	Wekesa, D.W., Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China, Department of Physics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi City, Kenya; Wang, C., Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China; Wei, Y., Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China; Danao, L.A.M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quenzon City, Philippines	A fluctuating free-stream in unsteady wind environment presents a more significant challenge in wind turbine performance. In this paper, a numerical method is presented to investigate the influence of operating conditions on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) of NACA00XX symmetric airfoils with 12% and 22% thickness in unsteady wind condition. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical method was used to analyze the aerodynamic performance and physics of flow of the VAWT. The VAWT dynamic motion of blades was introduced by sinusoidally oscillating both VAWT blades. Using a validated CFD model, steady wind simulations at Umean=7.00m/s and 11.00m/s were conducted and the results predicted the Power Coefficient (CP) performance for the VAWT scale. The results derived in the numerical analysis show that, within fluctuating free-stream wind conditions, thicker airfoils are desirable. Overall maximum unsteady CP of VAWT with thicker blades reveals positive deviations if the tip speed ratio λ is slightly higher than λ of the steady maximum CP, while thinner blades maximum CP marginally drops from the steady maximum CP for the same λ range. Higher frequencies of fluctuation marginally improve the unsteady wind performance of both VAWT blade profiles. High fluctuation amplitudes reveal overall performance degradation on both VAWT blade profiles more than small fluctuation amplitudes. The findings lend substantially to our understanding of both the kinematic and aerodynamic behavior on VAWT scale blades operating in unsteady wind condition, and the flow physics that causes the behavior. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	CFD; NACA00XX; Power coefficient; Unsteady wind; VAWT	Free-stream; NACA00XX; Operating condition; Power coefficients; VAWT; Vertical axis wind turbines; Wind performance; Computational fluid dynamics	None
None	None	Current performance of food safety management systems of dairy processing companies in Tanzania	Kussaga J.B., Luning P.A., Tiisekwa B.P.M., Jacxsens L.	2015	International Journal of Dairy Technology	68	2	10.1111/1471-0307.12183	Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium; Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen, Netherlands	Kussaga, J.B., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium; Luning, P.A., Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen, Netherlands; Tiisekwa, B.P.M., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Jacxsens, L., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium	A food safety management system (FSMS)-diagnostic instrument was applied in 22 dairy processing companies to analyse the set-up and operation of core control and assurance activities in view of the risk characteristics of the systems' context. Three clusters of companies were identified differing in levels of set-up and operation of this FSMS and system outputs, but all operated in a similar moderate-risk context. Microbiological assessment of products, environmental and hand samples indicated a poor to moderate food safety level. A two stage intervention approach has been proposed to enable commitment and sustainable improvement for the longer term. © 2014 Society of Dairy Technology.	Food safety; Food safety management system; Intervention measures; Microbiological performance; Tanzania dairy industry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930445395	Principals’ perceptions of the motivation potential of performance agreements in underperforming schools	Heystek J.	2015	South African Journal of Education	35	2	10.15700/saje.v35n2a986	School of Education Studies, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Heystek, J., School of Education Studies, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	A formidable challenge most school leaders in South Africa face is to improve the academic results in state schools. In terms of their contracts, principals are accountable for the academic results as reflected in examination and test results for their schools. The National Department of Education (currently the Department of Basic Education) has made attempts to implement a performance agreement with principals and deputy principals, which would hold them directly and specifically accountable for the examination results. The article explores the proposed performance agreement and its potential influence on principals’ motivation to improve their own, and therefore also the teachers’ and learners’ academic performance. The focus group interviews conducted with principals and deputy principals indicate that principals do not want to be held accountable, because there are too many factors outside their control. They perceive a performance agreement of this kind as potentially demotivating because they do not feel they would be able to achieve the goals it sets. © 2015, Foundation for Education Science and Technology. All rights reserved.	Accountability; Motivation; Performance agreements; Performance management; Power; School leadership; Underperforming school	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877987870	Growth performance and carcass yield of broiler finishers fed diets having partially or wholly withdrawn fish meal	Yisa A.G., Edache J.A., Udokainyang A.D., Iloama C.N.	2013	International Journal of Poultry Science	12	2	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	Yisa, A.G., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Edache, J.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Udokainyang, A.D., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Iloama, C.N., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	A four-week study was conducted to investigate the effect of partially or completely withdrawing fish meal from broiler finisher diets on growth performance and carcass yield. In a completely randomized design, ninety six (96) four-week-old Marshall Breed of broilers were allotted to four dietary treatments having 0, 50, 75 and 100% of their fishmeal content withdrawn. Each dietary treatment had 24 birds with 3 replicates of 8 birds. Results show that initial weights, final weights, average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram gain were not negatively affected (P>0.05) by levels of fish meal withdrawal. Dressing percentages were also not significantly different (P>0.05) between treatment means. However, the percent carcass cut-up parts of breast, wings, thighs and drumsticks to live weight of birds fed diets with fish meal totally withdrawn were significantly less (P<0.05) than those of birds fed diets containing fish meal. From this study, it can be concluded that withdrawing fish meal from broiler finisher diets may not have any adverse effect on their growth performance provided protein is obtained from non-animal sources. However, total withdrawal of fish meal negatively affects optimum development of the cut-up parts and as such 0.5-1% fish meal may be included in broiler finisher diets for full development of carcass components. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Carcass yield; Fish meal; Growth performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901803214	Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials of aframomum melegueta methanolic seed extract	Onoja S.O., Omeh Y.N., Ezeja M.I., Chukwu M.N.	2014	Journal of Tropical Medicine	2014	None	10.1155/2014/159343	Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences	Onoja, S.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Omeh, Y.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Ezeja, M.I., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Chukwu, M.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria	Aframomum melegueta Schum (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herb widely cultivated for its valuable seeds in the tropical region of Africa. The present study evaluated the antioxidant effects of methanolic seed extract of A. melegueta. The antioxidant effects were evaluated using in vitro, 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazine photometric assay and in vivo serum catalase, superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay method. The extract (25-400 g/mL concentration) produced concentration dependent increase in antioxidant activity in 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazine photometric assay. The extract (400 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum catalase and superoxide dismutase activity when compared with the control group. The extract (400 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the serum level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance when compared with the control group. These findings suggest that the seed of A. melegueta has potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological activities and can be used as antioxidant supplement. © 2014 Samuel Okwudili Onoja et al.	None	Aframomum melegueta extract; antioxidant; catalase; malonaldehyde; plant extract; superoxide dismutase; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; unclassified drug; Aframomum melegueta; animal experiment; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; article; body weight; concentration response; controlled study; drug screening; enzyme activity; enzyme blood level; in vitro study; in vivo study; lipid peroxidation; male; nonhuman; plant seed; rat; weight gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745454177	The impact of cultural practices on the spread of HIV/AIDS: An anthropological study of selected countries in sub-Sarahan Africa	Nkwi P.N.	2005	Discovery and Innovation	17	SPEC. ISS.	None	African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Nkwi, P.N., African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Africa is a continent plagued by population problems. These problems have no common solution because they occur in such culturally diverse populations. What works under some cultural conditions simply may not work under others. Deeply entrenched cultural practices have serious implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS, as well as other communicable diseases. In Africa, HIV is spread largely through high-risk, heterosexual behaviours. People know the consequences of these behaviours, but changing them requires knowing their causes, both cultural and material. Community-based research by African Population Advisory Council (APAC) finds that cultural practices such as widow inheritance (the levirate), early marriage, polygamy, bodily scarifications, funeral sexual rites, concubinage, sexual initiation of girls, forced remarriage of widows, and various forms of genital cutting have enhanced, and continue to enhance, the spread of HIV/AIDS. Dealing with these practices must be part of an integrated policy on confronting the HIV/AIDS pandemic.	None	Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50849139863	Elephant impact on dragonflies	Samways M.J., Grant P.B.C.	2008	Journal of Insect Conservation	12	5	10.1007/s10841-007-9089-2	Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Samways, M.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Grant, P.B.C., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	African elephants and other indigenous megaherbivores have a major impact on local vegetation structure, including aquatic communities, as their big feet and large mass pound the fringes of water bodies. This disturbance is likely to have a profound influence on the structure and composition of insect assemblages in these habitats. We investigated which dragonfly (Odonata) species were tolerant of trampling by elephants and other game. Assemblage composition differed according to extremely high, very high or high disturbance levels. Dragonfly abundance was greatest where impact was high, and decreasing when disturbance became very high or extremely high. Several odonate species are well-adapted to fairly high levels of disturbance, although too much is impoverishing. Medium and low impact sites were geographically separated, and this, combined with much lower disturbance levels, had a considerable influence on promoting regional dragonfly diversity. Several regional specialist species only occurred in the geographically separated, low-impact sites. The full complement of dragonflies is present only when there is a combination of various disturbance levels combined with spatial variation. Elephant impact is similar to that of humans, with too much of either or both, leading to a species-poor, habitat-generalist dragonfly assemblage. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.	Dragonfly biodiversity; Elephant trampling; Parallels with human impact	abundance; anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; community composition; community structure; dragonfly; spatial variation; species diversity; vegetation structure; Africa; Anisoptera (dragonflies); Elephantidae; Hexapoda; Loxodonta; Odonata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648817250	Maleic anhydride derivatives of a protein isolate: Preparation and functional evaluation	Lawal O.S., Dawodu M.O.	2007	European Food Research and Technology	226	02-Jan	10.1007/s00217-006-0525-4	Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany; Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen	Lawal, O.S., Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany, Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria	African locust bean protein isolate (NPI) was acylated with maleic anhydride at various concentrations. Addition of maleic anhydride at the levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/g of protein produced 36.4% (MP1), 43.7% (MP2) and 73.6% (MP3) of maleylated protein isolate, respectively. Water absorption capacity increased after maleylation but oil absorption capacity reduced progressively with increase in level of modification. Results also revealed that gelation capacities reduced after protein modifications. Emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES) increased following protein modification. In addition, corresponding increases in emulsifying properties were observed with increase in degree of modification of the proteins. Maleylation improved the foaming capacity of the native protein. Foaming capacity increased with increases in protein concentration for both native and maleylated protein derivatives while progressive decline in foam stability occurred with increases in level of protein modification. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Functional properties; Maleic anhydride; Modification; Protein isolate	Derivatives; Emulsions; Gelation; Maleic anhydride; Water absorption; Emulsifying activity (EA); Emulsion stability (ES); Foam stability; Functional properties; Protein isolate; Proteins; Parkia filicoidea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447569541	In vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein-mediated metabolism of some phytochemicals in extracts and formulations of African potato	Nair V.D.P., Foster B.C., Thor Arnason J., Mills E.J., Kanfer I.	2007	Phytomedicine	14	42559	10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.004	Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada	Nair, V.D.P., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Foster, B.C., Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Thor Arnason, J., Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Mills, E.J., The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea, AP) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used as an immune booster and also for the treatment of various ailments such as urinary diseases, prostrate hypertrophy and cancer. Amongst the chemical components contained in AP, the norlignan glycoside, hypoxoside (HYP) is purported to be the most important phytochemical in terms of AP's medicinal value. Additional constituents in AP include the sterols, β-sitosterol (BSS), stigmasterol (STG), and the stanol, stigmastanol (STN). The potential of extracts of AP, AP formulations as well as HYP, its aglycone rooperol (ROP) and the sterols to inhibit in vitro metabolism of drug marker substrates by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 were investigated. Samples were also assessed for their effect on drug transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The effects on CYP-mediated metabolism were studied by fluorometric microtitre plate assay. The potential interaction with P-gp was investigated by measuring the efflux of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) in the CaCo-2 (colon carcinoma) cell line. Various extracts of AP, AP formulations, only STG and the norlignans, in particular the aglycone ROP, exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-, 3A5- and 19-mediated metabolism. The extracts and the formulations that contained a significant amount of HYP showed high induction of P-gp compared to the positive control, ritonavir. Whilst extrapolation of the current in vitro findings to clinical effects may well be considered speculative, these in vitro data should be heeded as a signal of possible in vivo interactions. Appropriate measures are therefore necessary to explore the possibility of such in vitro-in vivo correlations. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	β-sitosterol; Drug interactions; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hypoxoside; Rooperol; Stigmasterol	African potato extract; alpha tocopherol; aromatase; ascorbic acid; cyanocobalamin; cytochrome P450; cytochrome P450 3A4; cytochrome P450 3A5; fluorescent dye; ginseng extract; glycoprotein P; hypoxoside; norlignan glycoside; plant extract; plant medicinal product; pyridoxine; retinol; rhodamine 123; riboflavin; ritonavir; rooperol; selenium; sitostanol; sitosterol; stanol ester; sterol derivative; stigmasterol; thiamine; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; vitamin D; article; cell strain CACO 2; controlled study; drug formulation; drug metabolism; herb; human; human cell; in vitro study; in vivo study; nonhuman; potato; priority journal; protein induction; traditional medicine; Caco-2 Cells; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hypoxis; Molecular Structure; P-Glycoprotein; Plant Extracts; Ritonavir; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959605625	Evaluating herbivore management outcomes and associated vegetation impacts	Grant R.C.C., Peel M.J.S., Bezuidenhout H.	2011	Koedoe	53	2	10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1008	Scientific Services Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Private bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa; Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa; Conservation Services, South African National Parks, South Africa	Grant, R.C.C., Scientific Services Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Private bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa; Peel, M.J.S., Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, H., Conservation Services, South African National Parks, South Africa	African savannas are characterised by temporal and spatial fluxes that are linked to fluxes in herbivore populations and vegetation structure and composition. We need to be concerned about these fluxes only when management actions cause the system to shift towards a less desired state. Large herbivores are a key attribute of African savannas and are important for tourism and biodiversity. Large protected areas such as the Kruger National Park (KNP) manage for high biodiversity as the desired state, whilst private protected areas, such as those adjacent to the KNP, generally manage for high income. Biodiversity, sustainability and economic indicators are thus required to flag thresholds of potential concern (TPCs) that may result in a particular set of objectives not being achieved. In large conservation areas such as the KNP, vegetation changes that result from herbivore impact, or lack thereof, affect biodiversity and TPCs are used to indicate unacceptable change leading to a possible loss of biodiversity; in private protected areas the loss of large herbivores is seen as an important indicator of economic loss. Therefore, the first-level indicators aim to evaluate the forage available to sustain grazers without deleteriously affecting the vegetation composition, structure and basal cover. Various approaches to monitoring for these indicators were considered and the importance of the selection of sites that are representative of the intensity of herbivore use is emphasised. The most crucial step in the adaptive management process is the feedback of information to inform management decisions and enable learning. Feedback loops tend to be more efficient where the organisation's vision is focused on, for example, economic gain, than in larger protected areas, such as the KNP, where the vision to conserve biodiversity is broader and more complex. Conservation implications: In rangeland, optimising herbivore numbers to achieve the management objectives without causing unacceptable or irreversible change in the vegetation is challenging. This manuscript explores different avenues to evaluate herbivore impact and the outcomes of management approaches that may affect vegetation. © 2011.	None	adaptive management; biodiversity; bioindicator; community composition; conservation management; herbivore; protected area; vegetation structure; Kruger National Park; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883446561	The comparative performance of chartered accountancy students in South Africa: The impact of historical legacies	Sartorius K., Sartorius B.	2013	Development Southern Africa	30	3	10.1080/0376835X.2013.817307	School of Accountancy, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Sartorius, K., School of Accountancy, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sartorius, B., School of Accountancy, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	African students continue to underperform in South Africa's schools and universities. This paper investigates the comparative performance of African chartered accountancy students from school to post-university level. The paper employed a mixed-method approach to analyse a series of cross-sectional datasets. The results showed that African students have underperformed at school, university and at post-university level, although the performance gap appears to be narrowing in the first professional chartered accountancy examination. The differential performance of these students was explained by poorer marks in mathematics and English that can be traced back to historical legacies in the education sector. South African universities, moreover, perpetuate this disadvantage because they have retained Eurocentric teaching approaches. In order to remove these barriers, tuition at school and university must be complemented by cross-cultural teaching practices and bridging programmes. © 2013 Copyright Development Bank of Southern Africa.	accountancy students; examination performance	academic performance; comparative study; student; teaching; university sector; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928818404	Pyrethroid Treatment of Cattle for Tsetse Control: Reducing Its Impact on Dung Fauna	Vale G.A., Hargrove J.W., Chamisa A., Grant I.F., Torr S.J.	2015	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	9	3	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003560	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Division of Tsetse Control, Harare, Zimbabwe; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom	Vale, G.A., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Hargrove, J.W., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Chamisa, A., Division of Tsetse Control, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grant, I.F., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom; Torr, S.J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom	African trypansomiases of humans and animals can be controlled by attacking the vectors, various species of tsetse fly. Treatment of cattle with pyrethroids to kill tsetse as they feed is the most cost-effective method. However, such treatments can contaminate cattle dung, thereby killing the fauna which disperse the dung and so play an important role in soil fertility. Hence there is a need to identify cost-effective methods of treating cattle with minimal impact on dung fauna. We used dung beetles to field bioassay the levels of dung contamination following the use of spray and pour-on formulations of deltamethrin, applied to various parts of the body of cattle in Zimbabwe. Results suggested that dung was contaminated by contact with insecticide on the body surface as the cattle defecated, and by ingestion of insecticide as the cattle licked themselves. Death of dung beetles was reduced to negligible levels by using only the spray and applying it to the legs and belly or legs alone, i.e., places where most tsetse feed. The restricted applications suitable for minimising the impact on dung fauna have the collateral benefits of improving the economy and convenience of cattle treatments for tsetse control. The demonstration of collateral benefits is one of the surest ways of promoting environmentally friendly procedures. © 2015 Vale et al.	None	deltamethrin; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; pyrethroid; Article; bioassay; bullock; cattle farming; economic aspect; Glossinidae; insect control; leg; microbial contamination; mortality; nonhuman; stomach; animal; beetle; bovine; drug effects; feces; insect control; parasitology; procedures; Zimbabwe; Animals; Beetles; Cattle; Feces; Insect Control; Insecticides; Nitriles; Pyrethrins; Zimbabwe	R7539, DFID, Department for International Development; R7987, DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955953372	Economic analysis of the impact of policy reforms on the South African automobile industry	Damoense M.Y., Agbola F.W.	2009	International Journal of Economic Perspectives	3	4	None	School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, South Africa Campus, 144 Peter Road, Ruimsig, Roodepoort, 1725, South Africa; Newcastle Business School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University of Newcastle - Australia, 1 University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia	Damoense, M.Y., School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, South Africa Campus, 144 Peter Road, Ruimsig, Roodepoort, 1725, South Africa; Agbola, F.W., Newcastle Business School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University of Newcastle - Australia, 1 University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia	After years of intense protection, the South African automobile industry has undergone major policy reforms. This paper investigates the impact of policy reforms on the welfare of consumers, producers and society as a whole. The results of the simulation analysis indicate that, following the removal of domestic content requirements and reduction in tariffs, there has been significant reduction in consumer welfare loss and societal deadweight loss in the automobile industry, while tariff revenue to the South African government has significantly decreased. The results demonstrate that further reduction in tariffs on completely built-up units and completely knocked-down units is likely to result in further reduction in efficiency loss, thus leading to an improvement in the performance of South Africa's automobile industry. © International Economic Society.	Automobile industry; Policy reforms; South Africa; Welfare gains and losses	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84918769713	Isolation and evaluation of antiglycation potential of polyalthic acid (furano-terpene) from Daniella oliveri	Atolani O., Olatunji G.A.	2014	Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis	4	6	10.1016/j.jpha.2014.05.002	Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 3005, Redemption Camp, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Atolani, O., Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 3005, Redemption Camp, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria, Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Olatunji, G.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	A furano-diterpene (polyalthic acid) was isolated as a major stable compound for the first time from the oleoresin of the Daniella oliveri of the family Caesalpiniacea through column chromatography fractionation. Polyalthic acid was characterized using data obtained from EIMS, HREIMS, ESI-MS, MALDI-MS as well as 1D and 2D NMR and it was evaluated for its potential to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) using a standard in vitro antiglycation procedure. Polyalthic acid indicated a negative antiglycation potential compared to standard inhibitor that has 85% inhibition, which is an indication that polyalthic acid may not contribute to the antiglycation activity of the plant as acclaimed in folkloric medicine. The negative antiglycation observed could indicate that the polyalthic acid could trigger glycation, thereby subjecting users to various degrees of complications. The bioactivity evaluation on molinspiration evaluator indicated that polyalthic acid could be a potential drug candidate. The biological and chemical insights gained on polyalthic acid provide a good basis for future research. © 2014 Xi'an Jiaotong University.	Antiglycation; Daniella oliveria; Furano-diterpene; Matrix assistedlaser desorption/ionization (MALDI); Polyalthic acid	advanced glycation end product; furan derivative; hydrogen; polyalthic acid; rutoside; terpene derivative; unclassified drug; antiglycation activity; Article; biological activity; Caesalpinia; controlled study; Daniella oliveri; deciduous plant; drug activity; drug isolation; drug screening; electrospray mass spectrometry; heteronuclear multiple bond correlation; heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence; hydrogen bond; IC50; plant exudate; tree	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887355721	Do gender differentials play any role in university physics students' performance?	Mundalamo F.J., Netswera F.G.	2013	International Journal of Learner Diversity and Identities	19	3	None	Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; University of Limpopo, South Africa	Mundalamo, F.J., Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Netswera, F.G., University of Limpopo, South Africa	Against international literature that indicates that gender differences exist in the performance in introductory physics level students, this paper has examined the prospects of gender based differences in students' performance in introductory physics at the university level in South Africa. The study was conducted at four South African universities using a sample of 194 students. A third (68) of the participants in this research were female students. Student performance was measured through two instruments, namely 1) The Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation (FMCE) tests adapted from Thornton and Sokoloff (1998) and 2) the student's introductory physics mechanics marks. Both FMCE and mechanics courses lay the foundation for other physics courses. Student performances on the two instruments were analysed. The students' outcomes on these tests suggest that in the South African context, gender differentials do not necessarily predict performance in physics. In conclusion, this paper discusses other factors which in the context of South Africa need attention as possible barriers to general outcomes in physics. © Common Ground, Fhatuwani J. Mundalamo, Fulufhelo Godfrey Netswera.	Gender; Performance; Physics; University	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860800961	Corporate social responsibility performance in the Niger Delta: beyond two constitutive orthodoxies [Performances en matière de responsabilité sociale des entreprises dans le delta du Niger: audelà de deux orthodoxies constitutives]	Aaron K.K.	2011	Development in Practice	21	6	10.1080/09614524.2011.582856	Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Aaron, K.K., Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Against the background of attempts to explain the poor Corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of transnational oil corporations in the Niger Delta in the context of flawed approaches, processes and inadequate CSR packages, this paper contests not only the explanations for the failure of CSR, but the core idea that CSR is capable of engendering sustainable community development at all. Given the enormity of the development challenge in the region, corporations cannot, even with the best of intentions, make meaningful impact on host communities, mainly because of the structural constraints arising from the profit-seeking ethos which drives corporate behaviour. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Conflict and reconstruction; Governance and public policy	corporate strategy; governance approach; industrial performance; oil industry; sustainable development; Niger Delta; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935090382	Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of a galactose-specific lectin in the skin mucus of african catfish (clarias gariepinus, burchell, 1822) against some aquatic microorganisms	Olayemi O.O., Adenike K., Ayinde A.D.	2015	Research Journal of Microbiology	10	4	10.3923/jm.2015.132.144	Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria	Olayemi, O.O., Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Adenike, K., Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Ayinde, A.D., Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria	A galactose-specific lectin purified from the skin mucus of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was tested for antimicrobial activities against microbial pathogens isolated from the catfish pond water with a view to examining the involvement of the protein in the host defense mechanism. Standard methods of microbial isolation and identification were employed and disc-diffusion method was used for the anti-microbial assay. Anti-microbial evaluation of standard antibiotics ampicillin and nystatin were used as comparative study. The microbial load of the fish pond water was high, with highest total bacterial count of 7.1×10<inf>8</inf> CFU mL-1 and fungal count of 6.7×103 CFU mL-1. Twelve bacterial species and 14 fungi species were isolated and identified from the pond water. The lectin specifically agglutinated different Gram-negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis, Klebsiella edwardsii and Vibrio metschnikovii but had no effect on Gram-positive bacteria. It inhibited strongly the growth of A. hydrophila, A. faecalis, Bacillus cereus, B. polymyxa, K. pneumoniae, K. edwardsii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and V. metschnikovii. In the same manner, the lectin inhibited the mycelia growth of yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus and a phytopathogenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. The ability of skin mucus lectin to agglutinate and inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi will make available effective defense mechanism for the African catfish against invading microbes. © 2015 Academic Journals Inc.	African catfish; Agglutination; Antimicrobial; Lectin; Pathogens; Skin mucus	Aeromonas hydrophila; Alcaligenes faecalis; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Clarias gariepinus; Fungi; Fusarium oxysporum; Klebsiella; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Kluyveromyces marxianus; Negibacteria; Polymyxa; Posibacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Vibrio metschnikovii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903847292	The impact of livestock grazing on plant diversity: An analysis across dryland ecosystems and scales in southern Africa	Hanke W., Böhner J., Dreber N., Jürgens N., Schmiedel U., Wesuls D., Dengler J.	2014	Ecological Applications	24	5	10.1890/13-0377.1	Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Synthesis Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany	Hanke, W., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Böhner, J., Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Dreber, N., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Jürgens, N., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Schmiedel, U., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Wesuls, D., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Dengler, J., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany, Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany, Synthesis Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany	A general understanding of grazing effects on plant diversity in drylands is still missing, despite an extensive theoretical background. Cross-biome syntheses are hindered by the fact that the outcomes of disturbance studies are strongly affected by the choice of diversity measures, and the spatial and temporal scales of measurements. The aim of this study is to overcome these weaknesses by applying a wide range of diversity measures to a data set derived from identical sampling in three distinct ecosystems. We analyzed three fence-line contrasts (heavier vs. lighter grazing intensity), representing different degrees of aridity (from arid to semiarid) and precipitation regimes (summer rain vs. winter rain) in southern Africa. We tested the impact of grazing intensity on multiple aspects of plant diversity (species and functional group level, richness and evenness components, alpha and beta diversity, and composition) at two spatial scales, and for both 5-yr means and interannual variability. Heavier grazing reduced total plant cover and substantially altered the species and functional composition at all sites. However, a significant decrease in species alpha diversity was detected at only one of the three sites. By contrast, alpha diversity of plant functional groups responded consistently across ecosystems and scales, with a significant decrease at heavier grazing intensity. The cover-based measures of functional group diversity responded more sensitively and more consistently than functional group richness. Beta diversity of species and functional types increased under heavier grazing, showing that at larger scales, the heterogeneity of the community composition and the functional structure were increased. Heavier grazing mostly increased interannual variability of alpha diversity, while effects on beta diversity and cover were inconsistent. Our results suggest that species diversity alone may not adequately reflect the shifts in vegetation structure that occur in response to increased grazing intensity in the dryland biomes of southern Africa. Compositional and structural changes of the vegetation are better reflected by trait-based diversity measures. In particular, measures of plant functional diversity that include evenness represent a promising tool to detect and quantify disturbance effects on ecosystems. © 2014 by the Ecological Society of America.	Alpha diversity; Beta diversity; Biodiversity; Disturbance; Evenness; Fence-line contrast; Functional diversity; Nama Karoo; Rangeland degradation; Richness; Stability; Succulent Karoo	biome; community composition; data set; disturbance; dryland farming; functional group; grazing management; livestock; plant community; spatiotemporal analysis; species diversity; Karoo; Nama Karoo; South Africa; Southern Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051470936	Geochemical evaluation of Niger Delta sedimentary organic rocks: A new insight	Akinlua A., Torto N.	2011	International Journal of Earth Sciences	100	6	10.1007/s00531-010-0544-z	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Fossil Fuels and Environmental Research Group, Department of C	Akinlua, A., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa, Fossil Fuels and Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	A geochemical evaluation of Niger Delta organic matter was carried out using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) sample preparation procedure. Comparison of geochemical significance of gas chromatographic data of rock extracts of SFE with those of Soxhlet extraction method from previous studies was made in order to establish the usefulness of SFE in geochemical exploration. The assessment of geochemical character of the rock samples from the comparison and interpretation of other geochemical parameters were used to give more insights into understanding the source rocks characteristics of onshore and shelf portions of the Niger Delta Basin. The results of the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of the rock extracts across the lithostratigraphic units show that Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17, Pr/nC18, CPI and odd/even preference ranged from 0.07 to 12.39, 0.04 to 6.66, 0.05 to 13.80, 0.12 to 8.4 and 0.06 to 8.12, respectively. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and geochemical ratios and parameters calculated from the GC data showed that most of the samples are mature and have strong terrestrial provenance while a few samples have strong marine provenance. The few marine source rocks are located in the deeper depth horizon. Pr/Ph and standard geochemical plots indicate that most of samples were derived from organic matter deposited in less reducing conditions, i. e. more of oxidizing conditions while a few samples have predominantly influence of reducing conditions. The results of trace metal analysis of older samples from Agbada Formation also indicate marine and mixed organic matter input deposited in less reducing conditions. The results obtained in this study are comparable with those obtained from previous studies when Soxhlet extraction method was used and also indicated the presence of more than one petroleum systems in the Niger Delta. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.	Extraction; Niger Delta; Organic matter; Supercritical fluid	extraction method; gas chromatography; lithostratigraphy; organic matter; oxidation; pyrolysis; sediment chemistry; source rock; trace metal; Niger Delta; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350067656	Geophysical evaluation and chemical analysis of kaolin clay deposit of Lakiri village, Southwestern Nigeria	Badmus B.S., Olatinsu O.B.	2009	International Journal of Physical Sciences	4	10	None	Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Badmus, B.S., Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olatinsu, O.B., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	A geophysical survey using the vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique was carried out to evaluate kaolin clay mineral deposit of Lakiri village, Obafemi-Owode local government area of Ogun State, Southwestern, Nigeria. Thirty three (33) Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings (VES) were acquired at three different sites. The data obtained was interpreted using WingGLink software to determine the apparent resistivity and thickness of each geoelectric layer. A minimum of three geoelectric layers and a maximum of five geoelectric layers were delineated. The subsurface lithology includes: topsoil, clayey sand/sandy clay, kaolin clay and sandstone. The kaolin clay distribution was identified in about 80% of the VES stations with resistivity values ranging between 1099 - 22037 ω m and thicknesses between 0.4 - 17 m. Chemical analysis carried out on samples collected from these sites shows that the kaolin clay is acidic and contains high concentration of alkaline metals. The physical analyses revealed the kaolin clay to have an average porosity of 0.46 and bulk density of 1.4 g cm-3. The study also revealed that the percentage of clay in the samples collected was found to be higher than that of silt and sand. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Bulk density; Electrical sounding and geoelectric layers; Kaolin clay; Resistivity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892998601	The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid chromatography marine pigment measurements	Peloquin J., Swan C., Gruber N., Vogt M., Claustre H., Ras J., Uitz J., Barlow R., Behrenfeld M., Bidigare R., Dierssen H., Ditullio G., Fernandez E., Gallienne C., Gibb S., Goericke R., Harding L., Head E., Holligan P., Hooker S., Karl D., Landry M., Let	2013	Earth System Science Data	5	1	10.5194/essd-5-109-2013	Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States; Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston, SC, United States; Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; University of Maryland Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States; Ecosystem Research Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Institute for Marine Remote Sensing/IMaRS, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA, United States; NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany; Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia	Peloquin, J., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Swan, C., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Gruber, N., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Vogt, M., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Claustre, H., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Ras, J., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Uitz, J., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Barlow, R., Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Behrenfeld, M., Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bidigare, R., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Dierssen, H., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States; Ditullio, G., Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston, SC, United States; Fernandez, E., Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Gallienne, C., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Gibb, S., Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom; Goericke, R., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Harding, L., University of Maryland Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States; Head, E., Ecosystem Research Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Holligan, P., Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Hooker, S., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Karl, D., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Landry, M., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Letelier, R., College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Llewellyn, C.A., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Lomas, M., Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Lucas, M., Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Mannino, A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Marty, J.-C., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Mitchell, B.G., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Muller-Karger, F., Institute for Marine Remote Sensing/IMaRS, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Nelson, N., Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; O'Brien, C., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Prezelin, B., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Repeta, D., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Smith Jr., W.O., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA, United States; Smythe-Wright, D., Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Stumpf, R., NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Subramaniam, A., Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Suzuki, K., Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Trees, C., NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy; Vernet, M., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Wasmund, N., Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany; Wright, S., Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia	A global pigment database consisting of 35 634 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chromatography was assembled in support of the MARine Ecosytem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. These data originate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Nearly one quarter of the data originates from the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), with an additional 17% and 19% stemming from the US JGOFS and LTER programs, respectively. The MAREDAT pigment database provides high quality measurements of the major taxonomic pigments including chlorophylls a and b, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, lutein, peridinin, prasinoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, which may be used in varying combinations to estimate phytoplankton community composition. Quality control measures consisted of flagging samples that had a total chlorophyll a concentration of zero, had fewer than four reported accessory pigments, or exceeded two standard deviations of the log-linear regression of total chlorophyll a with total accessory pigment concentrations. We anticipate the MAREDAT pigment database to be of use in the marine ecology, remote sensing and ecological modeling communities, where it will support model validation and advance our global perspective on marine biodiversity. The original dataset together with quality control flags as well as the gridded MAREDAT pigment data may be downloaded from PANGAEA: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.793246. © 2013 Author(s).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940305720	Evaluation of a gp63-PCR based assay as a molecular diagnosis tool in canine Leishmaniasis in Tunisia	Guerbouj S., Djilani F., Bettaieb J., Lambson B., Diouani M.F., Ben Salah A., Ben Ismail R., Guizani I.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0105419	Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Molteno Institute for Parasitology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; World Health Organization - Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO - EMRO), Cairo, Egypt	Guerbouj, S., Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Djilani, F., Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Bettaieb, J., Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Lambson, B., Molteno Institute for Parasitology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Centre for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Diouani, M.F., Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Ben Salah, A., Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Ben Ismail, R., Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, World Health Organization - Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO - EMRO), Cairo, Egypt; Guizani, I., Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia	A gp63PCR method was evaluated for the detection and characterization of Leishmania (Leishmania) (L.) parasites in canine lymph node aspirates. This tool was tested and compared to other PCRs based on the amplification of 18S ribosomal genes, a L. infantum specific repetitive sequence and kinetoplastic DNA minicircles, and to classical parasitological (smear examination and/or culture) or serological (IFAT) techniques on a sample of 40 dogs, originating from different L. infantum endemic regions in Tunisia. Sensitivity and specificity of all the PCR assays were evaluated on parasitologically confirmed dogs within this sample (N = 18) and control dogs (N = 45) originating from non-endemic countries in northern Europe and Australia. The gp63 PCR had 83.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity, a performance comparable to the kinetoplast PCR assay and better than the other assays. These assays had comparable results when the gels were southern transferred and hybridized with a radioactive probe. As different infection rates were found according to the technique, concordance of the results was estimated by (κ) test. Best concordance values were between the gp63PCR and parasitological methods (74.6%, 95% confidence intervals CI: 58.8-95.4%) or serology IFAT technique (47.4%, 95% CI: 23.5-71.3%). However, taken together Gp63 and Rib assays covered most of the samples found positive making of them a good alternative for determination of infection rates. Potential of the gp63PCR-RFLP assay for analysis of parasite genetic diversity within samples was also evaluated using 5 restriction enzymes. RFLP analysis confirmed assignment of the parasites infecting the dogs to L. infantum species and illustrated occurrence of multiple variants in the different endemic foci. Gp63 PCR assay thus constitutes a useful tool in molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infections in dogs in Tunisia. © 2014 Guerbouj et al.	None	article; Australia; canine leishmaniasis; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; dog; Europe; genetic polymorphism; gp63 PCR assay; hybridization; INF PCR assay; infection rate; intermethod comparison; kinetoplast PCR assay; Leishmania; leishmania aethiopica; Leishmania archibaldi; Leishmania donovani; Leishmania infantum; Leishmania major; Leishmania tropica; leishmaniasis; molecular diagnosis; molecular probe; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parasitology; polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; RIB PCR assay; sensitivity and specificity; serology; Tunisia; animal; dog; Dog Diseases; evaluation study; genetics; Leishmania infantum; leishmaniasis; metabolism; molecular pathology; polymerase chain reaction; procedures; veterinary; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis; Pathology, Molecular; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tunisia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863946617	Development of granular-medium-based impact energy management system	Mwangi F.M., Kanny K.	2012	International Journal of Crashworthiness	17	4	10.1080/13588265.2012.661658	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	Mwangi, F.M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Kanny, K., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	A granular-medium-based impact energy management system has been developed. The system was subjected to low-tomedium velocity regime impacts. Effects of lubrication of granules and defaulting of boundary conditions using Bravais cubic lattice structures have been investigated. Unlike traditional design platforms where heavy reliance is placed on the intrinsic properties of materials, experimental results indicate that the new system effectively relies on the underlying synergistic mechanisms to absorb and dissipate impact energy. Dynamic simulation results validate the system's practical relevance to the automotive industry and similar contexts. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.	Absorption; Bumpers; Dissipation; Granular medium; Impact energy	Cubic lattice; Design platform; Granular medium; Impact energy; Impact energy management; Intrinsic property; Synergistic mechanism; Absorption; Automobile bumpers; Automotive industry; Computer simulation; Energy dissipation; Energy management; Management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051564160	Land, landlords and sustainable livelihoods: The impact of agrarian reform on a coconut hacienda in the Philippines	Vista B.M., Nel E., Binns T.	2012	Land Use Policy	29	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.06.002	Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Vista, B.M., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Nel, E., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand, Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Binns, T., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand	Agrarian reform has been a key theme on the development agenda of many countries in the Global South for decades. Whilst such interventions are often pursued for political goals and in the interests of empowerment, there is often a mismatch between these goals and the actual outcomes achieved. Within this context, this study investigates the impacts of agrarian reform in Del Rosario, a former coconut hacienda in the Philippines. This is done in an attempt to explore whether agrarian reform has facilitated the creation of sustainable livelihoods among its beneficiaries, in particular, and in their agrarian reform community, in general. The impacts of reform are examined in relation to four themes - economic, social, demographic and environmental. Overall, the study concludes that agrarian reform has not brought about sustainable livelihoods in the former coconut hacienda. People's livelihoods, especially those derived from copra farming, remain at a subsistence level. At most, at an economic level agrarian reform has brought about improved access to land among its beneficiaries. Nevertheless, it has empowered the farmers by giving them greater freedom and has increased their sense of well-being, as well as enabling them to improve their families' life prospects and strengthen social capital. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Agrarian reform; Hacienda; Impacts; Land reform; Livelihoods; Philippines	accessibility; agrarian reform; empowerment; land reform; land tenure; landownership; social capital; sustainable development; Philippines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939630358	Enhancing growth performance of Chromolaena odorata in two soil samples by using cow manure as amendment	Anyasi R., Atagana H.	2014	Pakistan Journal of Botany	46	5	None	Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Science and Technology Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Anyasi, R., Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Atagana, H., Institute for Science and Technology Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of cow manure on the growth of Chromolaena odorata propagated for the purpose of phytoremediation of organic contaminant in soil. Cow manure was mixed separately with two soil types: clay soil and sandy-loam soils in a ratio of 9:1 (soil:manure) and put into 2 L PVC pots, the homogenized soil types were measured into 2 L PVC planting pots. Selected sprouting stem cuttings of Chromolaena odorata were transplanted into the pots containing the soil-manure mixture. Nutrient status of the soil was monitored weekly through the period of experimentation and the growth of the plants and biomass accumulation were measured. Control experiment was set up with manure. Survival of plants after transplanting was highest for cuttings transplanting after 3 weeks (95%) and 5 weeks (50%) of sprouting in the nursery. Profuse growth of plants in the both amended soil types were observed when compared with the control. Biomass accumulation was significantly higher in amended soils compared to the control. This study has shown that organic manure amendment to both soil types can enhance the growth and biomass accumulation of Chromolaena odorata. This is a good indication that the amendment could be beneficial in soil phytoremediation studies involving C. odorata. © 2014, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.	Chromolaena odorata; Growth enhancement; Growth performances; Soil	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650230819	Potential impacts of a green revolution in Africa-the case of Ghana	Breisinger C., Diao X., Thurlow J., Hassan R.M.A.	2011	Journal of International Development	23	1	10.1002/jid.1641	International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Breisinger, C., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Diao, X., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Thurlow, J., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Hassan, R.M.A., University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Agricultural growth in Africa has accelerated, yet most of this growth has been driven by land expansion. Land expansion potential is reaching its limits, urging governments to shift towards a green revolution type of productivity-led growth. Given the huge public investments required, this paper aims to assess the potential impacts of a green revolution. Results from a CGE model for Ghana show that green revolution type growth is strongly pro-poor and provides substantial transfers to the rest of the economy, thus providing a powerful argument to raise public expenditure on agriculture to make a green revolution happen in Africa. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Africa; Agriculture; CGE; Ghana; Green revolution; Growth; Microsimulation; Poverty	agricultural economics; green revolution; investment; numerical model; poverty; public spending; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908626464	Benefits of legume-maize rotations: Assessing the impact of diversity on the productivity of smallholders in Western Kenya	Ojiem J.O., Franke A.C., Vanlauwe B., de Ridder N., Giller K.E.	2014	Field Crops Research	168	None	10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Research Centre, P.O. Box 1490, Kisumu, Kenya; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands; Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, Universit	Ojiem, J.O., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Research Centre, P.O. Box 1490, Kisumu, Kenya, Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands; Franke, A.C., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands, Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Vanlauwe, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; de Ridder, N., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands	Agricultural intensification of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is a prerequisite to alleviate rural poverty and improve livelihoods. Legumes have shown great potential to enhance system productivity. On-farm experiments were conducted in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in Western Kenya to assess the agronomic and economic benefits of promising legumes. In each zone, trials were established in fields of high, medium and low fertility to assess the effect of soil fertility heterogeneity on legume productivity and subsequent maize yield. Common bean, soybean, groundnut, lima bean, lablab, velvet bean, crotalaria, and jackbean were grown in the short rains season, followed by maize in the long rains season. Alongside, continuous maize treatments fertilised at different rates were established. AEZs and soil fertility gradients within these zones greatly affected crop productivity, returns to land and labour of rotations, as well as the relative performance of rotations. Poorer soil fertility and AEZs with lower rainfall gave smaller legume and maize yields and consequently, smaller returns to land and labour. The cultivation of legumes increased maize yields in the subsequent long rains season compared with continuous maize receiving fertiliser at a similar rate, while the increase of maize after green manure legumes was stronger than that after grain legumes. Maize yield responded strongly to increasing amounts of N applied as legume residues with diminishing returns to legume-N application rates above 100kgNha-1. In the low potential zones, factors other than improved N availability likely also stimulated maize yield. Rotations with grain legumes generally provided better returns than those with green manures. Intercropping bean with maize in the long rains season provided an additional bean yield that did not come at the expense of maize yield and improved returns to land and labour, but more so in the high potential zones. The results demonstrate the strong impact of biophysical diversity on the productivity of the legumes and suggest the need for careful targeting of legume technologies to the different biophysical conditions. © 2014.	Agro-ecological zones; Economic analysis; Legumes; Rotations; Soil fertility gradients; Technology niches	agricultural economics; agricultural intensification; agroecology; crop production; crop rotation; crop yield; cultivation; legume; maize; productivity; smallholder; soil fertility; Kenya; Zea mays	None
WoS	WOS:000293559000014	Evaluating Agricultural Research and Extension in Tanzania: the Production Function Approach	Anandajayasekeram, P,Babu, S,Isinika, A. C.,Keswani, CL,Liebenberg, F,Rukuni, M	2007	IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON AFRICAN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY	None	None	None	Sokoine University of Agriculture	None	Agricultural research in Tanzania began in 1923 on sorghum and cotton. Since then, the number of research stations and institutions involved in agricultural research has increased. However, there are very few evaluations of the performance of agricultural research. This study uses the production function approach to assess the efficiency of investments in agricultural research and extension from 1971 to 1992. Results of the regression analysis showed that the total factor productivity for crop production in Tanzania is responsive to expenditures on research while it is not responsive to expenditure on agricultural extension. The model also shows that total factor productivity for crop production was not significantly responsive to the literacy rate of farmers, rainfall and lagged export earnings. The study concludes that since the marginal rate of return of investment in agricultural research is greater than the social rate of return, continued funding of agricultural research by both government and private sector is encouraged. The marginal rate of return was found to be low. This calls for efforts to improve extension and enhance the linkages between agricultural research and extension.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751661876	Potential impact of edible tropical legumes on crop productivity in the small-holder sector in Sub-Saharan Africa	Gwata E.T.	2010	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	8	3-4 PART 2	None	University of Venda, Department of Plant Production, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Gwata, E.T., University of Venda, Department of Plant Production, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa are dominated by the small-holder types of production. The small-holder sector (SHS) is characterized largely by resource-poor farmers with small farms averaging about 0.4 ha per household. The farmers are constrained by lack of capital to purchase production inputs or lack of the pre-requisite technical and managerial skills to produce and market commodities successfully. Crop production systems in the SHS are predominantly subsistence, consisting of largely cereals and a limited proportion of tropical legumes in spite of the importance of legumes in these cropping systems. The objective of this paper was to explore the potential impact of edible tropical grain legumes on household food security and poverty alleviation in the SHS production systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The legumes provide food for human consumption, improve soil fertility and can be traded to generate income. The potential yield advantage of tropical legumes over that of cereals is high particularly under low soil fertility conditions. From a nutritional standpoint, the legumes contain a broad range of amino acids and vitamins. Because of the high protein levels (>20%) in the grain, the legumes are valuable sources of affordable protein particularly in rural small-holder communities that largely depend on cereal based diets and face high risks of malnutrition. The legumes can also be used in the production of stock feeds. Therefore, the tropical legumes offer flexible options for improving food production as well as income generation for the small-holder farmers in Africa thereby contributing to household food security and poverty alleviation.	Production systems; Small-holder sector; Soil fertility; Tropical legumes	amino acid; protein; vitamin; Africa south of the Sahara; agricultural management; agricultural worker; article; cereal; controlled study; crop production; cropping system; dietary intake; food composition; food industry; food intake; food security; grain; harvest; household; legume; nonhuman; nutritional value; poverty; protein malnutrition; skill; small holder sector; soil fertility; stock assessment; Africa; crop; drought tolerance; income; intercropping; rural area; seed production	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926609970	Performance of small-scale water management interventions on crop yield, water use and productivity in three agro-ecologies of Malawi	Kadyampakeni D.M., Kazombo-Phiri S., Mati B., Fandika I.R.	2015	Irrigation and Drainage	64	2	10.1002/ird.1886	Kasinthula Research Station, Chikhwawa, Malawi; Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya	Kadyampakeni, D.M., Kasinthula Research Station, Chikhwawa, Malawi; Kazombo-Phiri, S., Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi; Mati, B., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Fandika, I.R., Kasinthula Research Station, Chikhwawa, Malawi	Agricultural water management interventions play a critical role in mitigating hunger during droughts and dry seasons in southern Africa. A study was conducted in Malawi to compare the performance of improved agricultural water management interventions with traditional water management practices to assess the performance of the interventions on crop yield and water use. The study used questionnaires and focused group discussions to collect data from farmers and key informants. The results showed significant gains using regulated surface irrigation compared with unregulated surface irrigation. The results showed that yield increases of 33 and 37% for onion and tomato respectively were obtained from wetland seepage irrigation compared with upland cultivation. Treadle pump irrigation increased crop production by 5-54% compared with water can irrigation. Treadle pumps also increased gross and net incomes by ≥12%, suggesting that farmers using the treadle pump were able to realize higher incomes across all crop enterprises compared with farmers using water cans. However, there is a dire need to improve the efficiency of the surface irrigation systems for rice production because the water applied was about two to three times the gross irrigation requirement which could result in environmental degradation through increased salinity and waterlogging. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Irrigation; Smallholder agriculture; Streamflow diversion; Water-use efficiency	Allium cepa; Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649778495	Impact of schistosome infection on plasmodium falciparum malariometric indices and immune correlates in school age children in burma valley, zimbabwe	Sangweme D.T., Midzi N., Zinyowera-Mutapuri S., Mduluza T., Diener-West M., Kumar N.	2010	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	4	11	10.1371/journal.pntd.0000882	Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Schistosomiasis Section, National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States	Sangweme, D.T., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Midzi, N., Schistosomiasis Section, National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zinyowera-Mutapuri, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mduluza, T., Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Diener-West, M., Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Kumar, N., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States	A group of children aged 6-17 years was recruited and followed up for 12 months to study the impact of schistosome infection on malaria parasite prevalence, density, distribution and anemia. Levels of cytokines, malaria specific antibodies in plasma and parasite growth inhibition capacities were assessed. Baseline results suggested an increased prevalence of malaria parasites in children co-infected with schistosomiasis (31%) compared to children infected with malaria only (25%) (p = 0.064). Moreover, children co-infected with schistosomes and malaria had higher sexual stage geometric mean malaria parasite density (189 gametocytes/ml) than children infected with malaria only (73/ml gametocytes) (p = 0.043). In addition, a larger percentage of co-infected children (57%) had gametocytes as observed by microscopy compared to the malaria only infected children (36%) (p = 0.06). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the prevalence of anemia, which was approximately 64% in both groups (p = 0.9). Plasma from malaria-infected children exhibited higher malaria antibody activity compared to the controls (p = 0.001) but was not different between malaria and schistosome plus malaria infected groups (p = 0.44) and malaria parasite growth inhibition activity at baseline was higher in the malaria-only infected group of children than in the co-infected group though not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.5). Higher prevalence and higher mean gametocyte density in the peripheral blood may have implications in malaria transmission dynamics during coinfection with helminths. © 2010 Sangweme et al.	None	albendazole; apical membrane antigen 1; chloroquine; fansidar; hemoglobin; immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin G2; immunoglobulin G3; merozoite surface protein 1; praziquantel; helminth antibody; protozoon antibody; adolescent; anemia; article; asexual reproduction; blood sampling; child; controlled study; disease transmission; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; gametocyte; growth inhibition; helminthiasis; human; in vitro study; major clinical study; malaria; male; mixed infection; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; prevalence; Schistosoma hematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; single drug dose; Zimbabwe; animal; cohort analysis; immunology; malaria falciparum; parasitology; physiology; Schistosoma; schistosomiasis; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antibodies, Protozoan; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943611171	Benchmarking: Business strategy to improve environmental performance	Doorasamy M.	2015	Investment Management and Financial Innovations	12	2	None	Department of Financial Accounting, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa	Doorasamy, M., Department of Financial Accounting, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa	A growing number of organizations have failed to realize that environmental strategies should be incorporated as part of the organizations corporate business strategies, to ensure their sustainable competitive advantage. Future sustainability and competitiveness require the adoption of Cleaner Production (CP) techniques and technologies which will address waste issues at its source and ensure more efficient use of resources. However, management is not keen on this strategy as they perceive CP as a costly strategy that requires innovation with no financial benefits to the company. The aim of this paper is to benchmark the company's environmental costs by comparing the company's current non-product output against technological standards and standards of best available technology. The results are based on a case study which is focused on the coal - fired boiler technology used in the steam generation process. It had been found that benchmarking enabled managers to evaluate and analyze how much they can save by ensuring that their current technology is functioning according to technological standards and also reduces the amount of waste generated due to technological inefficiency. © Mishelle Doorasamy, 2015.	Benchmarks; Best available technology; Cleaner production techniques; Competiveness; Environmental strategies; Non-product output; Sustainability; Technological standards	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938348842	Environmental impact of mining and pedogeochemistry of Agunjin area, southwestern Nigeria	Odewumi Shola C., Aminu Ahmed A., Abuh M., Bulus Joseph A.	2015	International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering	8	2	None	Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos,	Odewumi Shola, C., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Aminu Ahmed, A., Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abuh, M., Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Bulus Joseph, A., Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria	Agunjin area occurs in the southwestern sector of the Nigerian Basement Complex along Ajase Ipo- Igbaja road. The present study is to assess the environmental impact of mining and the extent of contaminations in the soil. Soil samples were collected at a distance of about 100-400metres in N-S and E-W direction to the mining phase in Agunjin area. Twelve Soil samples were analyzed for major oxides and trace elements using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The major element compositions of Na2O ranges from 0.26 to 0.50wt%, K2O ranges from 0.21 to 0.47wt%, Al2O3 varies from 0.85 to 1.50wt%, MgO varies from 1.51 to 2.83wt%, CaO ranges from 15.39 to 55.97wt%, Fe2O3 and MnO ranges from 0.087 to 0.28wt% and 0.093 to 0.14wt% respectively. Results from the studies revealed that the concentration of Cu ranges from 5.49 to 27.56ppm and Zn ranges from 0.33 to 6.59ppm. The high concentrations of the CaO, Zn and Cu in the soil could be linked to the elemental concentrations in the marble and other metasedimentary rocks in the area which were mechanically dispersed by the mining activities and surface erosion. These elements will eventually find their way into the drainage system leading to some contaminations and possibly bioaccumulations. Total environmental impact score of mining in the area is (-) 3850 indicating major injurious impact on environment and the excess of Mn in soil is hazardous to the people living in the area. © 2015 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.	Bioaccumulation; Ecosystem; Toxic elements; Zinc and copper	Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Bioaccumulation; Biochemistry; Ecosystems; Manganese; Manganese oxide; Soil surveys; Soils; Trace elements; Zinc; Basement complex; Drainage systems; Elemental concentrations; Metasedimentary rocks; Mining activities; Southwestern nigeria; Surface erosion; Toxic elements; Environmental impact; bioaccumulation; copper; environmental impact; geochemistry; mining; pedology; soil pollution; toxic substance; zinc; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30044433053	Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of an industrial solid waste leachate	Schoeman J.J., Steyn A., Makgae M.	2005	Desalination	186	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.061	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Makgae, M., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A hazardous leachate from an industrial landfill site is stored in lined dams. The TDS (approximately 100 g/l) and the organic concentration (approximately 70 g/l COD) of the leachate are high. The high TDS concentration of the leachate would make treatment with reverse osmosis (RO) very difficult. The leachate also contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, barium, strontium and phenolics. This leachate has the potential to pollute the water environment, if the dams overflow. Therefore, electrodialysis (ED) was evaluated as an alternative technology to desalinate/concentrate the leachate for effluent volume reduction and pollution control. Physical/chemical pretreatment of the leachate with fly ash and chemicals have shown that the fouling potential of the leachate for membrane systems could be significantly reduced. The AFN anionic membrane from Tokuyama Soda was found to be the most resistant anionic membrane towards membrane fouling during tests in a membrane fouling test cell. This membrane was then used in a laboratory-scale ED stack to evaluate the process for treatment of the leachate. It was found that the leachate could be effectively desalinated/concentrated with ED. The desalinated effluent was significantly less toxic and more biodegradable than the ED feed or brine which comprised approximately 38% of the treated leachate. It also appears that it should be possible to control membrane fouling with regular membrane cleanings. Electrodialysis pilot tests were finally conducted in the batch and feed-and-bleed modes to develop process design criteria for a full-scale application. It was found that an excellent quality water could be produced with batch ED treatment followed by RO desalination. The treated water is almost of potable quality (645 mg/l TDS) except for high COD (935 mg/l). Feed-and-bleed ED pilot tests have shown that the TDS of the leachate could be reduced from 116,255 mg/l to 2,435 mg/l (5 stage ED). Brine volume comprised approximately 41% of the treated leachate. The capital cost of an 80 kl/d (feed) ED plant is estimated at 2.38 million US$. Operational costs are estimated at 28.96 US$/kl. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrodialysis; Leachate characterisation; Leachate treatment; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Treatment costs; Volume reduction	Industrial waste treatment; Leachate treatment; Membranes; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Solid wastes; Leachate characterisation; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Treatment costs; Volume reduction; Electrodialysis; electrodialysis; filtration; leachate; membrane	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749099272	Evaluation of sole and amended organic fertilizers on soil fertility and growth of kola seedlings (Cola acuminate)	Moyin-Jesu E.I.	2009	Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science	32	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	A healthy kola seedling in the nursery is very important for sustainable establishment and high yield of kolanuts in the fields. An investigation was carried out in Akure, in the rainforest zone of Nigeria, to determine the effectiveness of amended forms of wood ash and cocoa husk, turkey, goat and duck manures (sole) as sources of fertilizers, on the growth of kola (Cola acuminate) seedlings in the nursery. For this purpose, nine organic fertilizer treatments [duck manure, goat manure, turkey manure (sole), wood ash/duck manure mix, cocoa husk/duck manure mix, goat manure/wood ash mix, goat manure/cocoa husk mix, turkey manure/cocoa husk mix and turkey manure and wood ash mix] were applied at 8t/ha (40g per 10kg soil filled pots), replicated three times with NPK fertilizer and a control (no fertilizer), and arranged in a completely randomized design. The soil, plant and the organic residues were chemically analysed. The findings revealed that the use of organic residues significantly increased plant height, leaf area, stem girth, root length as well as leaf number of kolanut seedlings, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg concentrations, soil pH and O.M contents (p&lt;0.05), relative to the control treatments. The amended wood ash + duck increased the shoot weight, plant height, root length, leaf area, leaf number and stem girth of kolanut by 6%, 27%, 20%, 35%, 27% and 37% respectively, as compared to using the NPK fertilizer. In addition, it was also found to increase the same parameters by 84%, 80%, 72%, 78%, 56% and 82% respectively, as compared to the control treatment. As for the soil chemical composition, duck manure + wood ash were shown to increase the soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M by 42%, 26%, 38%, 46%, 59%, 6% and 52% respectively, compared to the duck manure (sole). At the same time, it also increased soil K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M by 51%, 97%, 93%, 29% and 90% respectively, as compared to using the NPK fertilizer. In particular, the treatment using duck manure + cocoa husk increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg of kolanut seedlings by 12%, 74%, 56%, 69% and 75%, respectively as compared to merely using duck manure (sole). It also increased the same leaf parameters by 42%, 54%, 92% and 84% respectively, as compared to the control treatment. In this study, the NPK fertilizer was found to decrease soil O.M but it increased soil N and P more than the organic residues. The amended duck manure + wood ash and duck manure + cocoa husk, applied at 8tha-1 (40g/10kg), were found to be the most effective in improving the performance of kolanut seedlings. ©Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.	Cola acuminate; Kolanut seedlings; Organic fertilizers	Capra hircus; Theobroma cacao	None
WoS	WOS:000320574400001	Can palliative care integrated within HIV outpatient settings improve pain and symptom control in a low-income country? A prospective, longitudinal, controlled intervention evaluation	Alexander, Carla,Collins, Karilyn,Combo, Eric,Harding, Richard,Loy, George,Memiah, Peter,Patrick, Genevieve,Sigalla, Geoffrey,Simms, Victoria	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	7	10.1080/09540121.2012.736608	Kings College London, University of London, University of Maryland Baltimore, University System of Maryland, AIDS Relief, Evangel Lutheran Church Tanzania, Hosp Teule, Sekou Toure Hosp	"Alexander, Carla: University of Maryland Baltimore","Alexander, Carla: University System of Maryland","Harding, Richard: Kings College London","Harding, Richard: University of London","Memiah, Peter: University of Maryland Baltimore","Memiah, Peter: University System of Maryland","Simms, Victoria: Kings College London","Simms, Victoria: University of London",	A high burden of pain, symptoms and other multidimensional problems persist alongside HIV treatment. WHO policy indicates palliative care as essential throughout the disease course. This study aimed to determine whether palliative care delivered from within an existing HIV outpatient setting improves control of pain and symptoms compared to standard care. A prospective, longitudinal controlled design compared patient outcomes at an outpatient facility that introduced palliative care training to clinicians and stocked essential palliative care drugs, to outcomes of a cohort of patients at a similar HIV care facility with no palliative care, in Tanzania. Inclusion criteria were clinically significant pain or symptoms. Patients were followed from baseline fortnightly until week 10 using validated self-report outcome measures. For the primary pain outcome, the required sample size of 120 patients was recruited. Odds of reporting pain reduced significantly more at intervention site (OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.50-0.72) than at control (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.80-0.90), p=0.001. For secondary outcomes, longitudinal analysis revealed significant difference in slope between intervention and control, respectively: Medical Outcomes Study-HIV (MOS-HIV) physical score 1.46 vs. 0.54, p=0.002; MOS-HIV mental health 1.13 vs. 0.26, p=0.006; and POS total score 0.84 vs. 0.18, p=0.001. Neither baseline CD4 nor antiretroviral therapy (ART) use was associated with outcome scores. These data are the first to report outcomes evaluating integrated HIV outpatient palliative care in the presence of ART. The data offer substantive evidence to underpin the existing WHO clinical guidance that states an essential role for palliative care alongside HIV treatment, regardless of prognosis.	evaluation,HIV,PAIN,palliative,SYMPTOMS,"ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BURDEN,CONTROLLED-TRIALS,"HEALTH SURVEY",INFECTION,"OUTCOME SCALE",PREVALENCE,QUALITY-OF-LIFE,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947722705	Enhanced low-humidity performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell by the insertion of microcrystalline cellulose between the gas diffusion layer and the anode catalyst layer	Hou S., Su H., Zou H., Dang D., Song H., Li X., Liao S.	2015	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	40	45	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.084	Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Hou, S., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Su, H., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Zou, H., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Dang, D., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Song, H., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Li, X., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Liao, S., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	A high-performance self-humidifying membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared by inserting hygroscopic microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) between the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL). At low humidity, the MEA exhibited good self-humidification, including high output and good stability. With our optimal MEA, in which the MCC loading was ca. 0.5 mg cm-2, the current density at 0.6 V reached 1100 mA cm-2 and the maximum power density was 751 mW cm-2, at a relative humidity (RH) of 30% for both anode and cathode gases and a cell temperature of 70 °C; the performance was comparable to that of a MEA prepared without added MCC and operated at 100% RH. Further, after 24 h of operation at low humidity and 0.6 V, the MEA's current density decreased by only 9.1%, compared with the 60% decline experienced by the MEA without MCC after 3 h under the same conditions, demonstrating the former's good self-humidification stability. When we attempted to insert the MCC layer elsewhere, including between the membrane and the anode CL, we found that inserting it between the GDL and the anode CL yielded the best performance. The high self-humidification performance of this MEA is attributable to the strong wettability and water-retention capacity of MCC. The MCC layer between the GDL and the anode CL ensured the latter would remain sufficiently wet and accelerated hydrogen activation and proton transfer, resulting in the MEA having high self-humidification under conditions of low humidity and high cell temperature. © 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Low humidity; Membrane electrode assembly; Microcrystalline cellulose; Proton exchange membrane fuel cell; Self-humidifying	Anodes; Catalysts; Cellulose; Crystalline materials; Density of gases; Diffusion in gases; Electrodes; Fuel cells; Membranes; Gas diffusion layers; Low humidity; Maximum power density; Membrane electrode assemblies; Micro-crystalline cellulose; Self-humidifying; Self-humidifying membranes; Water retention capacity; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC); Catalysts; Diffusion; Fuel Cells; Humidity; MicrOCRystalline Cellulose	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844456882	Determination of trace levels of dinitrophenolic compounds in environmental water samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography	Berhanu T., Liu J.-F., Romero R., Megersa N., Jönsson J.Å.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1103	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.082	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Berhanu, T., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Liu, J.-F., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Romero, R., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jönsson, J.Å., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden	A hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction method for the liquid chromatographic determination of dinitrophenolic compounds at ppt levels has been developed. Different variables affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, shaking speed, acceptor pH, acceptor buffer concentration, salt content and humic acids have been studied. Enrichment factors up to 7000 times were obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments and studies of the linearity of the responses in different matrices. Good linearity was obtained in the environmental matrices evaluated. Detection limits range from 6.0 to 8.0 ng/L, and the relative standard deviations do not exceed 7% in terms of repeatability. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fiber; HPLC; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membrane	Extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Liquid membranes; pH effects; Trace analysis; Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fibers; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membranes; Nitrogen compounds; 2,4 dinitrophenol; article; calibration; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; hollow fiber; liquid membrane; priority journal; validation process; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinitrophenols; Herbicides; Humic Substances; Reproducibility of Results; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
None	None	Performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland in the removal of Tannins	Njau K.N., Renalda M.	2010	Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering	37	3	10.1139/L09-161	Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Njau, K.N., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Renalda, M., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) was employed to remove tannins from the effluent of a tannins extracting company. Two HSSFCW cells with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 d and packed with limestone were used. One cell without macrophytes was used as a control, while the second cell was planted with Phragmites mauritianus. Results indicated that HSSFCW was capable of treating tannin wastewater that has been seeded with primary facultative pond sludge. Tannins and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 95.9% and 90.6% with outlet concentration of 27 mg/L and 86 mg/L, respectively, were obtained in the planted cell; while the tannins and COD removal efficiency of 91.1% and 89.5% with outlet concentration of 57 mg/L and 96 mg/L, respectively, were obtained in the control cell.	Biodegradation; Constructed wetlands; Performance; Tannins; Tannins wastewater; Wattle	Chemical oxygen demand removals; COD removal efficiency; Constructed wetlands; Control-cell; Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands; Hydraulic retention time; Macrophytes; Outlet concentration; Performance; Phragmites; Primary facultative ponds; Agriculture; Biodegradation; Biological water treatment; Degradation; Effluents; Microbiology; Oxygen; Removal; Roads and streets; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Wetlands; Chemical oxygen demand; biodegradation; chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); constructed wetland; limestone; performance assessment; pollutant removal; subsurface flow; tannin; waste treatment; Phragmites mauritianus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897383740	Hybrid diesel generator/renewable energy system performance modeling	Kusakana K., Vermaak H.J.	2014	Renewable Energy	67	None	10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.025	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Kusakana, K., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Vermaak, H.J., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	A Hybrid Energy System may been defined as a system in which different energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, diesel generator, etc.) as well as energy storage systems are interconnected to meet the load energy demand at any time. Given that the electrical contribution of energy each sources (taking individually) is dependent on the variation of the resources (sun, wind, water), and since the load energy requirement fluctuates, the main attribute of such hybrid system is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each energy source, and storing excess energy for the later use in deficit generating conditions. The induced optimization problem is to compute the optimal size and operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing its initial, operation and maintenance as well as replacement costs while responding to the load energy requirements.In this paper our goal will be to propose an approach for optimal operation control of a hybrid multisource system with the aim of meeting the load energy requirement with reliability and minimized life cycle costs. The paper will be limited at the problem formulation and the development of the mathematical model for the performance of all the hybrid system's components.The proposed hybrid system model is based on a description of current flows from the different power sources, taking into account the losses and the impact of the operating decisions along the way up to the loads. The decision variables include the renewable energy sources sizes and number of modules as well as the operation control settings and strategies which lead to the determination the diesel generator and battery system output power. These developed model's decision variables can then be optimized using any suitable advanced algorithm in such a way to minimize the life-cycle costs subject while satisfying demand. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Diesel generator; Hybrid system; Optimal operation control; Renewable energy	Costs; Decision making; Life cycle; Mathematical models; Optimization; Renewable energy resources; Diesel generators; Different energy sources; Electrical contribution; Energy storage systems; Operation and maintenance; Optimal operation; Renewable energies; Renewable energy source; Hybrid systems; algorithm; diesel; life cycle analysis; optimization; performance assessment; power generation; renewable resource	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923327691	Microwave irradiation controls the manganese oxidation states of nanostructured (Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2) layered cathode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries	Jafta C.J., Raju K., Mathe M.K., Manyala N., Ozoemena K.I.	2015	Journal of the Electrochemical Society	162	4	10.1149/2.0931504jes	Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany	Jafta, C.J., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany; Raju, K., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Mathe, M.K., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	A hybrid synthesis procedure, combining microwave irradiation and conventional annealing process, is described for the preparation of lithium-rich manganese-rich cathode materials, Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNC) and its aluminum-doped counterpart, Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2 (LMNCA). Essentially, this study interrogates the structure and electrochemistry of these layered cathode materials when subjected to microwave irradiation (these microwave-based produced are abbreviated herein as LMNC-mic and LMNCA-mic). The nanoparticulate nature of these layered cathode materials were confirmed by SEM. The crystallinity and layeredness were determined from the XRD analysis. The XPS measurements proved a definite change in the oxidation states of the manganese due to microwave irradiation. The galvanostatic charge-discharge characterization showed that the aluminum-doped cathode material obtained with the assistance of microwave irradiation has superior electrochemical properties. In summary, the electrochemical performance of these cathode materials produced with and without the assistance of microwave irradiation decreased as follows: LMNCAmic &gt; LMNCA &gt; LMNCmic &gt; LMNC. © 2015 The Electrochemical Society.	None	Aluminum; Cathodes; Characterization; Electric batteries; Electric discharges; Electrochemistry; Electrodes; Hybrid materials; Irradiation; Lithium; Lithium alloys; Lithium compounds; Lithium-ion batteries; Manganese; Microwave irradiation; Microwave materials processing; Microwaves; Nickel; Radiation; Secondary batteries; Cath-ode materials; Conventional annealing; Electrochemical performance; Galvanostatic charge discharges; High-performance lithium-ion batteries; Layered cathode materials; Manganese oxidations; Synthesis procedure; Lithium batteries	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925500432	Evaluation of hydrochemical characteristics and flow directions of groundwater quality in Udi Local Government Area Enugu State, Nigeria	Chukwura U.O., Udom G.J., Cuthbert S.J., Hursthouse A.S.	2015	Environmental Earth Sciences	73	8	10.1007/s12665-014-3741-4	Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom	Chukwura, U.O., Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Udom, G.J., Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Cuthbert, S.J., School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Hursthouse, A.S., School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom	A hydrogeological study was conducted at the Udi Local Government Area in south-eastern region of Nigeria to examine the hydrochemical constituent of groundwater and determine the quality for drinking and agricultural purposes. Results show that groundwater in the area is slightly acidic to slightly basic, soft and potable, when compared with the World Health Organisation standards for drinking water, and is suitable for agricultural purposes. The groundwater flow direction was determined to establish the implications of pollution from any water contamination. Twenty-one groundwater samples from existing boreholes were collected and analysed for various physicochemical parameters using standard field and laboratory techniques. Distribution of major ions was plotted on a Trilinear Piper diagram. Ajali Sandstone, known as major aquiferous layer in the area, outcrops predominately in sandy bed with medium to coarse-grained sediments. The aquifers are unconfined, semi-confined and with hydraulic conductivity values ranging from 9.0 × 10−2 to 8.5 × 10−2 m/day indicating medium transmissivity of groundwater in some areas and a flow net south to northward groundwater flow towards the coast. This explains why the aquifer does not appear to be very permeable and only provides a medium yield of good quality water in some regions of the study area. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater quality; Guinea savannah; Hydrochemistry; Nigeria; Tropical rain forest	Agriculture; Aquifers; Groundwater flow; Groundwater geochemistry; Groundwater resources; Hydrochemistry; Hydrogeology; Potable water; Water quality; Coarse-grained sediments; Ground-water qualities; Groundwater flow directions; Guinea savannah; Hydrochemical characteristics; Nigeria; Physicochemical parameters; Tropical rain forest; Groundwater pollution	None
None	None	Evaluation of distribution of presbyopic correction through primary healthcare centres in Zanzibar, East Africa	Laviers H., Burhan I., Omar F., Jecha H., Gilbert C.	2011	British Journal of Ophthalmology	95	6	10.1136/bjo.2010.186890	International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Laviers, H., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Burhan, I., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Omar, F., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Jecha, H., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Gilbert, C., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: A pilot scheme was developed to integrate the distribution of ready-made near spectacles into primary eye-care delivery in six primary healthcare facilities in Zanzibar, East Africa. With the aim of scaling it up to national level, the scheme was evaluated in terms of relevance, effectiveness, equality, sustainability and replicability. Methods: Six medical officers were trained in ocular anatomy, history taking, blindness definitions, ocular abnormalities, preventable blindness, distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, eye examination, record keeping and referral criteria. Each clinic was supplied with 200 near spectacles. The evaluation team revisited the units 6 months later to assess the scheme. Results: The evaluation team recommendations included: a structured approach to planning from the outset, facility selection criteria, raising awareness through community meetings, funding through a revolving fund and the introduction of referral monitoring systems. 372 of the 574 patients attending the facilities had eye complaints; 285 eye infections, 29 distance vision problems and 173 near vision problems. 173 near vision spectacles were dispensed, and 74 people were referred. All medical officers and participants recommended continuing with the scheme. Conclusions: The project is highly relevant and timely, given that presbyopia is now a priority with the WHO. The scheme could easily be adopted at the national level in Zanzibar and other areas in East Africa.	None	adult; aged; anamnesis; article; awareness; blindness; child; eye disease; eye examination; eye infection; female; financial management; health care access; health care quality; health program; human; infant; major clinical study; male; medical documentation; patient referral; presbyopia; primary health care; priority journal; school child; spectacles; staff training; Tanzania; visual acuity; visual disorder; Age Distribution; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Delivery of Health Care; Eyeglasses; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Satisfaction; Pilot Projects; Presbyopia; Tanzania; Visual Acuity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903130516	Evaluation of the hepato and nephron-protective effect of a polyherbal mixture using wistar albino rats	Iroanya O.O., Adebesin O.A., Okpuzor J.	2014	Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research	8	6	10.7860/JCDR/2014/5875.4501	Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Iroanya, O.O., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Adebesin, O.A., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Okpuzor, J., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Aim: A polyherbal formulation prepared from a mixture of leaves of Gongronema latifolia, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina (GOV) was evaluated for hepato-nephro protective properties against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Normal Wistar albino rats were orally treated with different doses of GOV extract (2, 4 and 8 g/kg b. wt), distilled water and some standard hepatoprotective drugs such as Liv 52 and silymarin for 14 days. However, a day prior to the 14th day, 3 g/kg body weight dose of Acetaminophen (APAP) was administered p.o. 1h before GOV and the standard drugs to induce hepatic and renal damage. The normal control was setup which received only distilled water. The serum levels of liver marker enzymes, biochemical analytes, antioxidant enzymes and hematological parameters were monitored. Results: The results showed that pretreatment of experimental animals with a different doses of the polyherbal formulation dose dependently caused a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the levels of most of the measured hematological parameters but significantly (p≤0.05) reduced the levels of MCV and monocytes when compared to the APAP induced toxin control group. Rats pretreated with GOV exhibited significant (p&lt; 0.05) increase in serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Urea and a subsequent decrease in Albumin, Creatine and Total protein when compared to the normal rats. This trend in enzyme and biochemical analytes levels were significantly (p&lt; 0.05) reversed when compared to toxin control group. GOV significantly (p&lt; 0.05) and dose dependently increased the serum, kidney and hepatic CAT, GPx, GSH, GST, SOD and total protein activity in APAP induced damage in rats compared to the toxin control groups. Conclusion: The data from this study suggest that the polyherbal formulation possess hepato and nephron-protective potential against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats, thus providing scientific rationale for its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases.	Acetaminophen; Antioxidant; Gongronema latifolia; Hepatotoxicity; Liver marker enzymes; Nephron-protective; Ocimum gratissimum; Vernonia amygdalina	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; cholesterol; creatine; edetic acid; gamma glutamyltransferase; glutathione; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione transferase; hemoglobin; herbaceous agent; lactate dehydrogenase; liv 52; malonaldehyde; paracetamol; polyherbal extract; silymarin; superoxide dismutase; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; Apocynaceae; article; controlled study; Gongronema latifolia; Gymnanthemum amygdalinum; hematocrit; hematological parameters; intoxication; kidney injury; leukocyte count; liver protection; liver toxicity; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; medicinal plant; nonhuman; Ocimum gratissimum; rat; renal protection; thrombocyte count	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349090253	The evaluation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals achieved in patients with established cardiovascular disease and/or hyperlipidaemia receiving lipid-lowering therapy: The South African Not at Goal study (SA-NAG)	Ramjeeth A., Butkow N., Raal F., Maholwana-Mokgatlhe M.	2008	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	19	2	None	Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Halfway House, Midrand, South Africa	Ramjeeth, A., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Butkow, N., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Raal, F., Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maholwana-Mokgatlhe, M., Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Halfway House, Midrand, South Africa	Aim: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor that leads to the clinical sequelae of CVD. As a result, it has become essential for South Africa to update its guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia, and the South African scientific community has recently adopted the European guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice. The South African Not at Goal study (SA-NAG) was a survey done to determine the percentage of patients on lipid-lowering therapy who were not achieving guideline-specified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. Methods: I n this cross-sectional study, dyslipidaemic and/or CVD patients on lipid-lowering therapy for more than four months were enrolled. V olunteers had their demographic data and previous medical history documented. Blood samples from these patients were analysed (using standardised methods) to obtain fasting blood lipid and glucose levels. Results: I n total, 1 201 patients (age 58 ± 11.4 years) were recruited by physicians and general practitioners from across South Africa. U nder the new guidelines, 41% of patients were defined as low risk (LR) and 59% were high risk (HR). Sixty-three per cent of LR patients and 77% of HR patients (71% overall) did not achieve their LDL-C target goals of 2.5 and 3.0 mmol/l, respectively. The LR and HR patients who did not achieve their LDL-C goals were on average 19% (0.7 mmol/l ± 0.5) and 31% (1.1 mmol/l ± 1.1) above their LDL-C target levels, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that a considerable number of patients fall into the category 'not at goal' LDL-C. Patients who failed to achieve goal were also far above their LDL-C target levels. The adoption of the new guidelines will necessitate enhanced disease management to reduce the disease burden.	None	antilipemic agent; atorvastatin; fluindostatin; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; simvastatin; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk; controlled study; dyslipidemia; female; general practitioner; glucose blood level; human; hyperlipidemia; lipid blood level; major clinical study; male; obesity; practice guideline; South Africa; Age Distribution; Aged; Antilipemic Agents; Biological Markers; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Guideline Adherence; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Male; Metabolic Syndrome X; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Assessment; South Africa; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955909190	Evaluation of the effect of lime fruit juice on the anticoagulant effect of warfarin	Adepoju G.K.A., Adeyemi T.	2010	Journal of Young Pharmacists	2	3	10.4103/0975-1483.66808	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Adepoju, G.K.A., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adeyemi, T., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Aim: Citrus aurantifolia (Family Rutaceae) is commonly known as a familiar food and medicine, and s therapeutic effectiveness in a variety of diseases has been suggested in traditional medicine. Various complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) have been shown to interact with orthodox medicines. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate such a phenomenon particularly the interaction of lime fruit juice with warfarin. Materials and Method: Wistar strain albino rats of both sexes weighing between 190 and 230g were administered with oral doses of the respective drugs used depending on the groups of animals. Effects on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin were determined by standard laboratory methods. Result: Lime fruit juice caused a reduction in the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Conclusion: This finding has shown that CAM can interact with orthodox medicines hence, warfarin prescribers need to be aware of the usage of CAM and monitor the international normalized ratio (INR) of their patients more frequently.	Anticoagulant; complementary and alternative medicines; interaction; lime fruit; therapeutic effectiveness; traditional medicine; warfarin	warfarin; alternative medicine; animal cell; animal experiment; anticoagulation; article; controlled study; drug efficacy; female; food drug interaction; fruit; fruit juice; hemostasis; international normalized ratio; lime (fruit); male; nonhuman; priority journal; rat; single drug dose	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858059504	Predicting how adaptation to climate change could affect ecological conservation: Secondary impacts of shifting agricultural suitability	Bradley B.A., Estes L.D., Hole D.G., Holness S., Oppenheimer M., Turner W.R., Beukes H., Schulze R.E., Tadross M.A., Wilcove D.S.	2012	Diversity and Distributions	18	5	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00875.x	Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Park Planning and Development Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Humewood 6013, South Africa; Center for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6013, South Africa; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch 2599, South Africa; School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Climate Systems Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Bradley, B.A., Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Estes, L.D., Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Hole, D.G., Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Holness, S., Park Planning and Development Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Humewood 6013, South Africa, Center for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6013, South Africa; Oppenheimer, M., Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Turner, W.R., Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Beukes, H., Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch 2599, South Africa; Schulze, R.E., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Tadross, M.A., Climate Systems Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wilcove, D.S., Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Aim: Ecosystems face numerous well-documented threats from climate change. The well-being of people also is threatened by climate change, most prominently by reduced food security. Human adaptation to food scarcity, including shifting agricultural zones, will create new threats for natural ecosystems. We investigated how shifts in crop suitability because of climate change may overlap currently protected areas (PAs) and priority sites for PA expansion in South Africa. Predicting the locations of suitable climate conditions for crop growth will assist conservationists and decision-makers in planning for climate change. Location: South Africa. Methods: We modelled climatic suitability in 2055 for maize and wheat cultivation, two extensively planted, staple crops, and overlaid projected changes with PAs and PA expansion priorities. Results: Changes in winter climate could make an additional 2millionha of land suitable for wheat cultivation, while changes in summer climate could expand maize suitability by up to 3.5millionha. Conversely, 3millionha of lands currently suitable for wheat production are predicted to become climatically unsuitable, along with 13millionha for maize. At least 328 of 834 (39%) PAs are projected to be affected by altered wheat or maize suitability in their buffer zones. Main conclusions: Reduced crop suitability and food scarcity in subsistence areas may lead to the exploitation of PAs for food and fuel. However, if reduced crop suitability leads to agricultural abandonment, this may afford opportunities for ecological restoration. Expanded crop suitability in PA buffer zones could lead to additional isolation of PAs if portions of newly suitable land are converted to agriculture. These results suggest that altered crop suitability will be widespread throughout South Africa, including within and around lands identified as conservation priorities. Assessing how climate change will affect crop suitability near PAs is a first step towards proactively identifying potential conflicts between human adaptation and conservation planning. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Adaptation; Climate change; Crop suitability; Indirect impacts; Maize; South Africa; Species distribution modelling; Wheat	abandoned land; adaptive management; buffer zone; climate change; conservation planning; crop production; decision making; environmental restoration; food security; land use change; maize; nature-society relations; prioritization; protected area; shifting cultivation; subsistence agriculture; wheat; South Africa; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349925243	The impact of shrub encroachment on savanna bird diversity from local to regional scale	Sirami C., Seymour C., Midgley G., Barnard P.	2009	Diversity and Distributions	15	6	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00612.x	Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick, Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Sirami, C., Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Seymour, C., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Midgley, G., Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Barnard, P., Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick, Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Aim Evidence is accumulating of a general increase in woody cover of many savanna regions of the world. Little is known about the consequences of this widespread and fundamental ecosystem structural shift on biodiversity. Location South Africa. Methods We assessed the potential response of bird species to shrub encroachment in a South African savanna by censusing bird species in five habitats along a gradient of increasing shrub cover, from grassland/;open woodland to shrubland dominated by various shrub species. We also explored historical bird species population trends across southern Africa during the second half of the 20th century to determine if any quantifiable shifts had occurred that support an ongoing impact of shrub encroachment at the regional scale. Results At the local scale, species richness peaked at intermediate levels of shrub cover. Bird species composition showed high turnover along the gradient, suggesting that widespread shrub encroachment is likely to lead to the loss of certain species with a concomitant decline in bird species richness at the landscape scale. Finally, savanna bird species responded to changes in vegetation structure rather than vegetation species composition: bird assemblages were very similar in shrublands dominated by Acacia mellifera and those dominated by Tarchonanthus camphoratus. Main conclusions Shrub encroachment might have a bigger impact on bird diversity in grassland than in open woodland, regardless of the shrub species. Species recorded in our study area were associated with historical population changes at the scale of southern Africa suggesting that shrub encroachment could be one of the main drivers of bird population dynamics in southern African savannas. If current trends continue, the persistence of several southern African bird species associated with open savanna might be jeopardized regionally. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biome shift; Bush encroachment; Global change; Land cover change; Landscape heterogeneity	biodiversity; bird; demographic trend; ecosystem structure; environmental disturbance; global change; habitat loss; population dynamics; savanna; shrub; shrubland; species richness; vegetation cover; vegetation dynamics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia mellifera; Aves; Tarchonanthus camphoratus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875024637	Computed tomography evaluation of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in an african population	Ogbole G.I., Akinmoladun V.I.	2012	Oral Surgery	5	3	10.1111/j.1752-248X.2012.01161.x	Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ogbole, G.I., Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinmoladun, V.I., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim: Fibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous tumour of bones commonly involving the craniofacial region.Computedtomography(CT) imaging study of the disease is useful for evaluation and treatment planning. However, few studieshaveevaluated patient series inanAfrican setting. Material and methods: A total of 14 patients with complete medical records and CT images were included in this study. All patients were non-syndromic fibrous dysplasia involving only the craniofacial region. None had skin pigmentation or other evidence of endocrine problems. Data analysis was essentially on clinical and CT appearances of the lesions. Results: Facial swelling was the chief complaint in 79% of patients. Two patients were incidentally discovered after cranial CT scanning for head injury and stroke. The average number of bones involved was 5.4 per patient. Involvement of more than one craniofacial bone occurred in 78% of patients. The maxilla was involved in eight patients (57.14%), the ethmoidal, orbital and frontal bones were the most commonly jointly involved bones (64.3%). CT images appeared sclerotic or homogenous in 36%, ground glass or heterogeneous in 71% and cystic in 7%. Conclusion: CT features of craniofacial dysplasia in patients of African descent are similar to that seen in other racial groups. Our findings further suggest that craniofacial fibrous dysplasia can hardly be described as monostotic. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.	Computed tomography; Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia African population; Imaging	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880783371	Impact of inter-facility transport on maternal mortality in the free state province	Schoon M.G.	2013	South African Medical Journal	103	8	10.7196/SAMJ.6828	Free State Department of Health, South Africa; Free State University, South Africa	Schoon, M.G., Free State Department of Health, South Africa, Free State University, South Africa	Aim. In December 2011, having identified inter-facility transport as a problem in the maternity service, the Free State Department of Health procured and issued 48 vehicles including 18 dedicated to maternity care. Subsequently, a sustained reduction in mortality was observed. We probed the role of inter-facility transport in effecting this reduction in mortality. Methods. A before-after analysis was performed of data from 2 separate databases, including the district health information system and the emergency medical and rescue services call-centre database. Data were compared for a 12-month prior- and 10-month post-intervention period using descriptive and correlation statistics. Results. The maternal mortality decreased from 279/100 000 live births during 2011 to 152/100 000 live births during 2012. The mean dispatch interval decreased from 32.01 to 22.47 minutes. The number of vehicles dispatched within 1 hour increased from 84.2% to 90.7% (p<0.0001). Monthly mean dispatch interval curves closely mirrored the maternal mortality curve. Conclusion. Effective and prompt inter-facility transport of patients with pregnancy complications to an appropriate facility resulted in a reduction of maternal mortality. Health authorities should prioritise funding for inter-facility vehicles for maternity services to ensure prompt access of pregnant women to centres with skills available to manage obstetric emergencies.	None	article; correlation analysis; delivery; descriptive research; emergency health service; female; human; live birth; maternal care; maternal mortality; patient transport; perinatal mortality; public health service; rescue personnel; retrospective study; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Patient Transfer; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Time Factors; Transportation of Patients	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549115840	Global indicators of biological invasion: Species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses	McGeoch M.A., Butchart S.H.M., Spear D., Marais E., Kleynhans E.J., Symes A., Chanson J., Hoffmann M.	2010	Diversity and Distributions	16	1	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x	Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB30NA, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, C/o Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, 2011 Crystal Drive, Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; IUCN Species Programme, IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland	McGeoch, M.A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; Butchart, S.H.M., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB30NA, United Kingdom; Spear, D., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Marais, E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Kleynhans, E.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Symes, A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; Chanson, J., IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; Hoffmann, M., IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, C/o Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, 2011 Crystal Drive, Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, IUCN Species Programme, IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland	Aim Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a significant threat to biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 Biodiversity Target, and the associated indicator for IAS, has stimulated globally coordinated efforts to quantify patterns in the extent of biological invasion, its impact on biodiversity and policy responses. Here, we report on the outcome of indicators of alien invasion at a global scale. Location Global. Methods We developed four indicators in a pressure-state-response framework, i.e. number of documented IAS (pressure), trends in the impact of IAS on biodiversity (state) and trends in international agreements and national policy adoption relevant to reducing IAS threats to biodiversity (response). These measures were considered best suited to providing globally representative, standardized and sustainable indicators by 2010. Results We show that the number of documented IAS is a significant underestimate, because its value is negatively affected by country development status and positively by research effort and information availability. The Red List Index demonstrates that IAS pressure is driving declines in species diversity, with the overall impact apparently increasing. The policy response trend has nonetheless been positive for the last several decades, although only half of countries that are signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have IAS-relevant national legislation. Although IAS pressure has apparently driven the policy response, this has clearly not been sufficient and/or adequately implemented to reduce biodiversity impact. Main conclusions For this indicator of threat to biodiversity, the 2010 Biodiversity Target has thus not been achieved. The results nonetheless provide clear direction for bridging the current divide between information available on IAS and that needed for policy and management for the prevention and control of IAS. It further highlights the need for measures to ensure that policy is effectively implemented, such that it translates into reduced IAS pressure and impact on biodiversity beyond 2010. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 Biodiversity Target; Environmental legislation; Invasive alien species; Red List Index; Species richness	biodiversity; biological invasion; invasive species; policy analysis; policy implementation; Red List; species diversity; species richness	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644893072	Evaluation of speech in patients with partial surgically acquired defects: Pre and post prosthetic obturation	Arigbede A.O., Dosumu O.O., Shaba O.P., Esan T.A.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obe	Arigbede, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Shaba, O.P., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obefeml Awolowo University, Ile-Ile, Nigeria	Aim: Maxillectomy often results in a high level of morbidity with significant psychological and functional implications for the patient. Such disabilities include inability to masticate, deglutition, and speech disturbance. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the speech disturbance and the influence of the class of surgical defects in this group of patients. The aims of the present study were to assess the effectiveness of the maxillary obturator as a speech rehabilitation aid and to examine the influence of the classes of surgical defects on speech intelligibility (SI). Materials and Methods: Twelve patients aged between 18 and 60 years with surgically acquired partial maxillary defects were included in this study. The patients were given immediate surgical obturators six to ten days after surgery, which were then converted to interim obturators by relining with tissue conditioner. Interim prostheses were used for two to three months until healing and resorption were found satisfactory after which the definitive obturators were fabricated. The SI test described by Plank et al.1 and Wheeler et al.8 was employed in this study. There were significant improvements in the mean SI score from 59.8% without prosthetic obturation, to 89.2% following interim obturation, and 94.7% following definitive obturation (p&lt;0.005). Nine patients (75%) had class I surgical defects, two patients (16.67%) had class II defects, while only one patient (8.33%) had a class VI surgical defect. None of the patients had class III, IV, or class V surgical defects. There was an improvement in the SI score from class I to class VI without obturation, after insertion of interim obturator, and after insertion of the definitive obturator. Conclusion: Results support the widely held view that the maxillary obturator is a useful speech rehabilitation aid. It also shows immediate, interim, and definitive obturators are all important in the speech rehabilitation of patients with surgically acquired maxillary defects. Moreover SI is affected by the class of defect.	Maxillectomy; Obturator; SI; Speech intelligibility	adult; article; bone remodeling; clinical article; controlled study; female; human; male; maxilla resection; osteolysis; patient assessment; postoperative complication; prosthesis; reparative dentistry; scoring system; speech; speech disorder; speech intelligibility; speech rehabilitation; statistical analysis; statistical significance; adolescent; aged; child; evaluation; maxilla; maxilla tumor; middle aged; Nigeria; oral surgery; outcome assessment; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Dental Prosthesis Design; Female; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Oral Surgical Procedures; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Palatal Obturators; Speech Intelligibility; Tissue Conditioning (Dental)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79551539471	Hypoglycemic evaluation of a new triterpene and other compounds isolated from Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Ebenaceae) root bark	Deutschländer M.S., Lall N., Van De Venter M., Hussein A.A.	2011	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	133	3	10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.038	Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Deutschländer, M.S., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Lall, N., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Van De Venter, M., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Hussein, A.A., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Aim of the study: Investigate the hypoglycaemic activity of the four isolated compounds from a crude acetone extract of the root bark of Euclea undulata var. myrtina, which is used by traditional healers in the Venda area, Limpopo Province in the treatment of diabetes. Material and methods: The hypoglycaemic activity of the four compounds isolated from Euclea undulata was determined by in vitro screening of glucose utilization by C2C12 myocytes at a concentration of 25 μg/ml or 50 μg/ml. The inhibition of α-glucosidase was also tested at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 200.00 μg/ml. Results: Assay-guided isolation of the crude acetone extract of the root bark of Euclea undulata var. myrtina afforded a new triterpene, α-amyrin-3O-β-(5-hydroxy) ferulic acid (1), in addition to three known compounds; betulin (2), lupeol (3) and epicatechin (4). The in vitro results on C2C12 myocytes suggest that compound 4 may have some effect to lowers blood glucose levels, whereas compound 1 has the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase at a concentration of 200.0 μg/ml with an IC50 value of 4.79 that correlates with that of the positive control acarbose IC50 value 4.75. Conclusion: The results suggest that 4 may have some ability to lower blood glucose levels, whereas 1 has the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Ethnopharmacological relevance: These findings corroborate the ethnomedicinal use of Euclea undulata by traditional healers for the treatment of diabetes as two substances was isolated from the acetone plant extract that exhibit hypoglycaemic activity. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	α-Glucosidase; C2C12 myocytes; Ebenaceae; Euclea undulata; Hypoglycaemic activity; New triterpene	acarbose; alpha amyrin 3 o beta (5 hydroxy)ferulic acid; alpha glucosidase; antidiabetic agent; betulin; epicatechin; Euclea undulata extract; glucose; lupeol; plant extract; triterpene; unclassified drug; article; bark; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; controlled study; drug activity; drug screening; Ebenaceae; enzyme inhibition; Euclea undulata; glucose utilization; hypoglycemic activity; IC 50; muscle cell; plant root; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ebenaceae; Hypoglycemic Agents; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Triterpenes; Ebenaceae; Euclea undulata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53449083087	Ethnoveterinary use of southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties	McGaw L.J., Eloff J.N.	2008	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	119	3	10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.013	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Aim of the study: Livestock keepers in many developing countries with restricted access to orthodox veterinary healthcare services commonly use traditional remedies to treat their animals when disease is encountered. This review collates the documented use of plants in South Africa for healing various ailments in domestic animals, and records bioactivity testing that has been carried out on these plants. Materials and methods: A literature survey was conducted on the use of plants in South African ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM), as well as on biological activity investigations relating to their ethnoveterinary use where available. Results: The ethnoveterinary application of plants, and results of screening studies of EVM plant extracts in various bioassays is presented. For diseases such as coughs, wounds, skin diseases, mild diarrhoea and reproductive disorders, EVM may be a cheap and easily accessible alternative to expensive pharmaceuticals. Studies on biological activity of EVM plants can provide indications of promising leads for extracts that can be developed into standardized medications to be used on a commercial basis. Isolation studies on active plants may yield pure active compounds that could be chemically modified to optimize medicinal value and reduce possible toxic effects. Conclusion: In South Africa, a large proportion of the population relies on traditional remedies to treat themselves and their animals for common diseases. Only a small percentage of EVM plants have been analysed for biological activity or toxic effects, and hence research in this field offers fertile possibilities for future investigation. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ethnoveterinary medicine; Livestock disease; South Africa; Traditional remedies	plant extract; animal disease; article; bioassay; biological activity; chemical modification; Cissus quadrangularis; Combretum; Combretum caffrum; coughing; diarrhea; drug screening; ethnopharmacology; Gunnera perpensa; Jatropha; Jatropha zeyheri; medicinal plant; nonhuman; Peltophorum africanum; plant; reproduction; Salix capensis; skin disease; South Africa; standardization; veterinary medicine; willow; wound; Ziziphus mucronata; Animals; Indicators and Reagents; Medicine, African Traditional; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; South Africa; Veterinary Medicine; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73749085582	Evaluation of the diuretic and analgesic activities of the rhizomes of Rumex abyssinicus Jacq in mice	Mekonnen T., Urga K., Engidawork E.	2010	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	127	2	10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.020	Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mekonnen, T., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Urga, K., Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Engidawork, E., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Aim of the study: Rumex abyssinicus Jacq (Polygonaceae) has been used traditionally for treatment of hypertension, inflammatory and painful conditions in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate the diuretic and analgesic activities of extracts of Rumex abyssinicus at different doses in mice. Materials and methods: The effect on urine volume and urinary electrolyte (Na+, K+ and Cl-) was assessed for a period of 5 h following oral administration of aqueous (500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg) or 80% methanolic (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 750 mg/kg) extract or furosemide (10 mg/kg). Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were employed to study the analgesic effect of 80% methanolic extracts (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg, P.O.) and compared with that of aspirin (100 mg/kg, P.O.) or morphine (10 mg/kg, sc). Results: The extracts displayed dose-dependent diuretic and analgesic effects. The highest doses of both extracts markedly and significantly increased (P &lt; 0.001) urine volume and urinary electrolytes, qualitatively similar to that of furosemide. 1000 mg/kg of the extract reduced the number of writhing by 67.6% (P &lt; 0.001) and conferred more than 70% protection against thermally induced pain stimuli after 45 min of treatment comparable to that of aspirin and morphine, respectively. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts exhibited significant diuretic and analgesic activities, providing evidence, at least in part, for its folkloric use. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Acetic acid-writhing test; Analgesic activity; Diuretic effect; Hot-plate test; Rumex abyssinicus	acetylsalicylic acid; analgesic agent; diuretic agent; furosemide; morphine; plant extract; Rumex abyssinicus extract; unclassified drug; acute toxicity; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; article; chloride urine level; controlled study; diuretic activity; dose response; drug dose comparison; female; hot plate test; male; mouse; nonhuman; pain; potassium urine level; rhizome; Rumex; Rumex abyssinicus; sodium urine level; urinary excretion; urine volume; writhing test; Analgesics; Animals; Diuretics; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Mice; Pain; Pain Measurement; Plant Extracts; Rhizome; Rumex; Mus; Polygonaceae; Rumex abyssinicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76149135991	Evaluation of the anti-stress and anticonvulsant activities of leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia in mice	Umukoro S., Aladeokin A.C.	2010	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	127	3	10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.023	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aladeokin, A.C., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim of the study: The extract of the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (AC) is extensively used in ethnomedicine for ulcers, rheumatic pains, febrile convulsions and for enhancing physical performance. In this study, the anti-stress and anticonvulsant activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia were investigated in mice. Materials and methods: The anti-stress activity was assessed based on the ability of the extract to alter the duration of immobility, in the forced swim endurance test, whilst a picrotoxin-treated animal, was employed as the model for convulsive seizures. Results: The extract (100-400. mg/kg) given orally was found to significantly (p<0.05) reduce the duration of immobility, which suggest an anti-stress/anti-fatigue property. However, AC when tested at doses between 100 and 400. mg/kg did not prevent convulsions induced by picrotoxin in mice. The acute toxicity study carried out in mice revealed that the extract was well tolerated by the animals, as no death was observed at oral doses of 500-4000. mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study provide evidence, which may support the use of Alchornea cordifolia against stress or fatigue in ethnomedicine. © 2009.	Alchornea cordifolia; Anti-stress; Convulsions; Forced swimming test	alchornea cordifolia extract; alpha methyldopamine; amphetamine; anticonvulsive agent; picrotoxin; plant extract; unclassified drug; water; alchornea cordifolia; animal experiment; animal model; anticonvulsant activity; article; controlled study; convulsion; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug mechanism; drug screening; endurance; fatigue; forced swimming test; hyperventilation; immobilization; medicinal plant; motor dysfunction; mouse; nonhuman; plant leaf; sedation; toxicity testing; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Euphorbiaceae; Fatigue; Female; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Picrotoxin; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Seizures; Stress, Psychological; Swimming; Alchornea cordifolia; Animalia; Mus	None
WoS	WOS:000282120600024	Educational impact of a hospital-based neonatal resuscitation program in Ghana	Barker, Pierre,Bookman, Laurel,Engmann, Cyril,Enweronu-Laryea, Christabel,Owen, Medge,Price, Wayne,Randolph, Greg,Srofenyoh, Emmanuel	2010	RESUSCITATION	81	9	10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.034	Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Wake Forest University, Korle Bu Teaching Hosp, Ridge Reg Hosp	"Barker, Pierre: University of North Carolina","Barker, Pierre: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Bookman, Laurel: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","Engmann, Cyril: University of North Carolina","Engmann, Cyril: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Owen, Medge: Wake Forest University","Price, Wayne: University of North Carolina","Price, Wayne: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Randolph, Greg: University of North Carolina","Randolph, Greg: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill",	Aim of the study: To assess midwives' baseline cognitive knowledge of evidence-based neonatal resuscitation practices, and short- and long-term educational effects of teaching a neonatal resuscitation program in a hospital setting in West Africa. Methods: All midwives (n = 14) on the labor ward at Ridge Hospital in Ghana were trained using materials modified from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). This training program included didactic and practical teaching and was assessed by direct observation within delivery rooms and written pre- and post-test evaluations. Written and practical modules 9-12 months after the initial training session were also conducted to assess retention of NRP knowledge and skills. Results: Fourteen midwives received NRP training on the labor ward. Both written and practical evaluation of neonatal resuscitation skills increased after training. The percentage of items answered correctly on the written examination increased from 56% pre-training to 71% post-training (p &lt;0.01). The percentage of items performed correctly on the practical evaluation of skills increased from 58% pre-training to 81% (p &lt;0.01). These results were sustained 9-12 months after the initial training session. Conclusion: After receiving NRP training, neonatal resuscitation knowledge and skills increased among midwives in a hospital in West Africa and were sustained over a 9-month period. This finding demonstrates the sustained effectiveness of a modified neonatal resuscitation training program in a resource constrained setting. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	GHANA,"Hospital-based educational program","international outreach","neonatal resuscitation program",COURSES,MORTALITY,"PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS","PERINATAL ASPHYXIA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876056428	Formulation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of zidovudine contained in solidified reverse micellar delivery system of immune compromised rats	Uronnachi Emmanuel M., Ogbonna John D.N., Kenechukwu Franklin C., Attama Anthony A., Okore Vincent C.	2013	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	3	2	10.7324/JAPS.2013.30206	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria	Uronnachi Emmanuel, M., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ogbonna John, D.N., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Kenechukwu Franklin, C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Attama Anthony, A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Okore Vincent, C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria	Aim of the study was to study the in vitro and in vivo evaluation and correlation of zidovudine (AZT) loaded solidified reverse micellar microparticles (SRMMs). The SRMMs composed of goat fat and Phospholipon® 90H in various ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 2:3) were prepared by melt dispersion method. AZT (1 %w/w, 2 %w/w, 3 %w/w and 5 %w/w)were incorporated into the SRMMs and preliminary analysis of the preparations on their stability were done visually. The 1:1 formulation was evaluated for the particle size, percentage yield and in vitro studies which was done using SGF and SIF. The in vivo study was done using Wistar albino rats and the in vitroin vivo correlation (IVIVC) wasdetermined by plotting a graph of the fraction of drug absorbed in vivoversus the fraction of drug released in vitro. The yield of the goat fat extraction was 58 %. The particle size and yield of the solid lipid microparticle (SLM) containing 1 %w/w of AZT were 5.10 ± 0.10±m and 86.3 ± 4.70% respectively. The fraction of drugs absorbed in vivo were 0.102 μg, 0.114 μg, 0.115 μg, 0.134 μg and 0.123 μg for 1 h, 3 h,5 h, 8 h and 12 h respectively. A 1:1 ratio of goat fat and Phospholipon® 90H with a high value of correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.909) suggested good level-A correlation between the in vitro-in vivo data ofthe SLM obtained in the study.	Immune-compromised; Invitro-in vivo correlation; Lipid matrix; Phospholipon® 90H; Solidified reverse micellar microparticle (SRMM)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952527503	Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Piliostigma thonningiin (crude extract) and fractions 1-3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 against Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Daniyan S.Y., Galadima M., Ijah U.J.J., Odama L.E., Yusuf A.Y., Jigam A.A., Abbas Y.	2010	Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences	1	4	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Ayigba, Nigeria; Department	Daniyan, S.Y., Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Galadima, M., Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Ijah, U.J.J., Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Odama, L.E., Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Ayigba, Nigeria; Yusuf, A.Y., Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development(NIPRD) Idu, Abuja, Nigeria; Jigam, A.A., Department of Biochemistry, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Abbas, Y., Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development(NIPRD) Idu, Abuja, Nigeria	Aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of traditional Nigeria medicines with special interest in anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity. Hexane, ethylacetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of this plant was prepared. Agar dilution, agar-well diffusion tests and MIC's were used to investigate antibacterial activity. Out of 4 extract that were evaluated for antibacterial activity using agar dilution technique only hexane extract gave the highest inhibition against all the MRSA isolates. Crude extract and fractions showed the highest levels of antibacterial activity overall with MIC's against MRSA in the range of 1.0 and 2.0mg/ml. The presence of antibacterial activity in extracts and fractions of leaves of P. thonningii plants traditionally used to treat skin infections, are reported for the first time. Extracts from P. thonningii, also used to treat wounds, had the widest spectrum of antibacterial activity.	Antibacterial; MRSA; Nigeria; Traditional medicines	Piliostigma thonningiin extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; vancomycin; agar dilution; antibacterial activity; article; bacterium isolate; diffusion; drug isolation; medicinal plant; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; minimum inhibitory concentration; Nigeria; nonhuman; Piliostigma thonningiin; plant leaf; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Piliostigma; Piliostigma thonningii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347402221	Evaluation of the effects of the aqueous extract of Vitex doniana root-bark on the peripheral and central nervous system of laboratory animals	Abdulrahman F.I., Onyeyili P.A., Sandabe U.K., Ogugbuaja V.O.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	10	None	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Abdulrahman, F.I., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Onyeyili, P.A., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Sandabe, U.K., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Ogugbuaja, V.O., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Aim of this study to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Vitrex doniana on the peripheral and central nervous systems and possibility to use it as folk medicine. The aqueous extract of Vitex doniana was soxhlet extracted with distilled water and concentrated in vacuo to give a yield of 8.5% w/w. The LD50 following intraperitoneal administration was estimated to be 980 mg kg-1. The aqueous extract of Vitex doniana from the study produced substantial depressant effects on both the peripheral and central nervous system. The aqueous extract induced sleep on its own at dose of 400 mg kg-1 and potentiated sodium thiopental sleeping time in a dose dependant manner. It also showed significant (p&lt;0.05) muscle relaxant activities and produced analgesia and weal anesthetic effect. The extract was able to confer 80% protection to rats treated with convulsive dose of PTZ, while it conferred 100% protection to rats treated with convulsion dose of strychnine. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Local anaesthetic; Muscle relaxant; Sleeping time; Vitex doniana	Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Local anaesthetic; Muscle relaxants; Sleeping time; Vitex doniana; Anesthetics; Muscle; Rats; Sleep research; Neurophysiology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244454770	Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands	Chown S.L., Hull B., Gaston K.J.	2005	Global Ecology and Biogeography	14	6	10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00173.x	Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Chown, S.L., Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Hull, B., Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Gaston, K.J., Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom	Aim Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of exotic species on diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in diversity might be a consequence of similar responses by species to available energy, or because of positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from the Southern Ocean island plants and insects to investigate these issues. Location The Southern Ocean Islands ranging from Tristan da Cunha to Heard Island and South Georgia. Methods Generalized linear models are used to explore the relationships between indigenous and exotic species richness for plants and insects on two different islands. Similar models are used to examine interactions between indigenous and exotic species richness, energy availability and propagule pressure at the regional scale. Results Positive relationships were found between indigenous and exotic species richness at local scales, although for plants, the relationship was partially triangular. Across the Southern Ocean Islands, there was strong positive covariation between indigenous and exotic plant species richness and insect species richness, even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both exotic and indigenous plant and insect species richness covaried with energy availability, as did human visitor frequency. When two islands with almost identical numbers of human visits were contrasted, it was clear that energy availability, or perhaps differences in climate-matching, were responsible for differences in the extent of invasion. Conclusion In plants and insects, there are positive relationships between indigenous and exotic diversity at local and regional scales across the Southern Ocean islands. These relationships are apparently a consequence of similar responses by both groups and by human occupants to available energy. When visitor frequency is held constant, energy availability is the major correlate of exotic species richness, though the exact mechanistic cause of this relationship requires clarification. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Disturbance; Diversity; Human history; Insects; Introduced species; Propagule pressure; Vascular plants	biodiversity; biological invasion; human activity; island; species richness; Southern Ocean; Hexapoda; Insecta; Tracheophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925250271	The Collaborative Wilms Tumour Africa Project; Baseline evaluation of Wilms tumour treatment and outcome in eight institutes in sub-Saharan Africa	Paintsil V., David H., Kambugu J., Renner L., Kouya F., Eden T., Hesseling P., Molyneux E., Israels T.	2015	European Journal of Cancer	51	1	10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.030	Dept of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dept of Paeds Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Dept of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Acad Unit of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Dept of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyrea, Malawi; Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, Netherlands	Paintsil, V., Dept of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; David, H., Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kambugu, J., Dept of Paeds Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Renner, L., Dept of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Kouya, F., Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Eden, T., Acad Unit of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Hesseling, P., Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Molyneux, E., Dept of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyrea, Malawi; Israels, T., Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, Netherlands	Aim Reported survival of Wilms tumour in sub-Saharan Africa is below 50%. A published International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) Pediatric Oncology in Developing Countries (PODC) consensus adapted treatment guideline is implemented as a multi-centre prospective clinical trial at eight centres in sub-Saharan Africa. A baseline evaluation has been done to help decide on priorities to improve outcome and to assess improvements over time. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients admitted with Wilms tumour in the three years (2011-2013) preceding the collaborative trial. Patient outcome at the end of treatment was documented for all patients diagnosed in 2011 and 2012. Outcome was classified as (1) alive, no evidence of disease; (2) alive with disease; (3) died during treatment and (4) incomplete treatment. Details on treatment facilities, staff and estimated cost of treatment are documented. Results Every year 114-130 patients are diagnosed. The mean survival at end of treatment is 39% (69/176) ranging from 11% to 61%. Incomplete treatment is the most common cause of treatment failure with 31% (54/176), ranging from 14% to 48% between centres. Twenty-six percent (46/176) of patients died during treatment, ranging from 13% to 37%. Estimated cost of treatment for parents ranged from 100 US$ to 1100 US$ and was considered an important cause of failure to complete treatment. Conclusion Overall two year survival is estimated at 25%. Prevention of incomplete treatment is possible and will positively affect outcome. Sharing similar local challenges in this regional collaborative project helps to identify and implement feasible, sustainable and successful strategies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Adapted treatment guideline; Africa; Developing country; Low income country; Nephroblastoma; Regional network; Treatment abandonment; Treatment cost; Treatment related mortality; Wilms tumour	Africa south of the Sahara; Article; cancer patient; cancer survival; demography; follow up; health care cost; health insurance; human; major clinical study; medical record review; nephroblastoma; outcome assessment; priority journal; retrospective study; treatment failure; treatment outcome; clinical trial; economics; female; mortality; multicenter study; prospective study; risk factor; survival; treatment outcome; Wilms Tumor; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Wilms Tumor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855231902	The state of occupational radiation protection and monitoring in public and private X-ray facilities in Edo state, Nigeria	Eze K.C., Nzotta C.C., Marchie T.T., Okegbunam B., Eze T.E.	2011	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	14	3	10.4103/1119-3077.86774	Department of Radiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria; St Philomena Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Eze, K.C., Department of Radiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Nzotta, C.C., University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Marchie, T.T., University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Okegbunam, B., Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria; Eze, T.E., St Philomena Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Aims and Objectives: To find out the state of radiation protection and monitoring practices of the public and private X-ray centres in Edo State. Materials and Methods: Survey visits were made to all the functional X-ray facilities in Edo state and the available facilities identified, staff interviewed and collected data analyzed. Result: There are 18 functional X-ray facilities comprising 10 (55.56%) publicly owned and eight (44.44%) privately owned. Only two (20%) of the public and five (62.5%) of the private X-ray units have personnel and environmental monitoring. All the X-ray centers in both public and private hospitals have effective lead aprons. All the public (100%) and only four (50%) of the private centers have gonadal shield although none is using them on a routine basis. Qualified radiographers are available only in five (50%) of the public and six (75%) of the private centers. Only three (30%) of the public X-ray centers have the services of radiologists. Among the private X-ray units, five (62.5%) have radiologist while three (37.5%) have no radiologist. Only one (10%) of the public centers and one (12.5%) private X-ray centre have a purpose-built adequately designed X-ray unit with barium plasters and lead lining of walls and doors. There is also only limited lead lining of doors and walls in three (37.5%) private units while no lead lining or barium plasters are used in five (62.5%) of the private units. No X-ray unit in Edo State uses digital radiography or computerized information system. This means that lost hard copy must be repeated, leading to more radiation to patients and staff. Conclusions: There are inadequate radiation protection and monitoring practices in most of the functional X-ray facilities in Edo state with only five (62.5%) of the private and two (20%) of the public X-ray units monitored. There is poor adherence to the advice of the medical physicists due to the cost implications of the implementation.	Edo state; Monitoring; Nigeria; Practices; Protection; Radiation; Survey	adolescent; adult; article; evaluation; female; human; male; methodology; Nigeria; occupational exposure; occupational health; private hospital; protective clothing; public hospital; questionnaire; radiation monitoring; radiation protection; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Hospitals, Private; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Protective Clothing; Questionnaires; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646371453	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30%	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	European Journal of Heart Failure	8	3	10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.11.008	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤ 30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤ 40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤ 30% (N = 2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (P = 0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (P = 0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (P = 0.01) and HF mortality/HF hospitalization was reduced 25% (P = 0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (P = 0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.006), and 58% for SCD (P = 0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤ 30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © 2005 European Society of Cardiology.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	acetylsalicylic acid; angiotensin receptor antagonist; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; digitalis; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; eplerenone; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; placebo; vitamin K group; acute heart infarction; adult; aged; article; controlled study; drug fatality; female; follow up; heart death; heart failure; heart left ventricle ejection fraction; hospitalization; human; hyperkalemia; hypokalemia; major clinical study; male; morbidity; mortality; priority journal; randomization; risk reduction; standard; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Heart Failure, Congestive; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Spironolactone; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750109560	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30% [Beurteilung der wirkung von eplerenon in der subgruppe der EPHESUS-patienten mit einer linksventrikulären auswurffraktion ≤30% zu studienbe	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., Van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	Perfusion	19	42559	None	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States; University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤30% (n=2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (p=0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (p=0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (p=0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (p=0.01) and HF mortality/HP hospitalization was reduced 25% (p=0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (p=0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (p=0.006), and 58% for SCD (p=0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © Verlag Perfusion GmbH.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349191053	Comparative evaluation of the microbial community in biological processes treating industrial and domestic wastewaters	Degenaar A.P., Ismail A., Bux F.	2008	Journal of Applied Microbiology	104	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03563.x	Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Degenaar, A.P., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Ismail, A., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Bux, F., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Aims: Comparison of the microbial composition and process performance between laboratory scale processes treating domestic and vegetable oil wastewaters. Methods and Results: Two laboratory scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger processes were operated under similar operating conditions. One process was fed domestic wastewater and the other an industrial wastewater, vegetable oil effluent. Nitrogen removal capacities of the processes were similar. The industrial process exhibited a lower COD removal capacity and oxygen utilization rate, although a greater mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration was observed in the industrial process. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a revealed that 81% and 72% of total cells stained with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the domestic and industrial processes respectively bound to EUBmix. This indicated a slightly lower Eubacterial population within the industrial process. The alpha-proteobacteria was the dominant community in the industrial process (31% of EUBmix), while the beta-proteobacteria dominated the domestic process (33% of EUBmix). Conclusions: The findings served to establish a difference in the microbial population between the processes. Therefore, the class alpha-proteobacteria could play a primary role in the degradation of vegetable oil effluent. Significance and Impact of the Study: This research will aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating vegetable oil effluent. © 2007 The Authors.	Alpha-proteobacteria; Beta-proteobacteria; FISH; Vegetable oil effluent treatment	4',6 diamidino 2 phenylindole; nitrogen; vegetable oil; biodegradation; chemical oxygen demand; comparative study; domestic waste; hybridization; industrial waste; microbial community; vegetable oil; waste treatment; wastewater; Alphaproteobacteria; article; Betaproteobacteria; bioprocess; chemical oxygen demand; comparative study; domestic waste; effluent; fluorescence in situ hybridization; immunocytochemistry; industrial waste; liquid; microbial community; microbial population dynamics; nonhuman; oxygen consumption; waste water management; Alphaproteobacteria; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Betaproteobacteria; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Industrial Waste; Plant Oils; Proteobacteria; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Alphaproteobacteria; Bacteria (microorganisms); Betaproteobacteria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857393680	Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria	Mgbakor C., Ojiegbe G.C., Okonko I.O., Odu N.N., Alli J.A., Nwanze J.C., Onoh C.C.	2011	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	7	4	None	Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcou	Mgbakor, C., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ojiegbe, G.C., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Okonko, I.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria; Odu, N.N., Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria; Alli, J.A., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Nwanze, J.C., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria; Onoh, C.C., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria	Aims: Continuous increase in the sale and indiscriminate consumption of packaged drinking waters in Nigeria is of public health significance. In order to safe guard public health, it is essential that the available packaged water is of the highest quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological quality of packaged water on sale in Owerri metropolis, Imo State of Nigeria. Methodology and Results: From 30 registered sachet water factories, 8 samples each was purchased randomly fifteen of the brands of sachet water all over Owerri metropolis in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. These were analyzed for presence of bacterial indicators of water quality. Four weeks later, a second batch of the samples was collected from other brands. A mean plate counts was taken and the organisms from each water sample identified using standard procedures. The results showed that 11 (73.3%) sachet water brands had growths of pathogenic organisms in the first batch while 10 (66.6%) had growth in the second batch. The isolates were identified to be Klebsilla spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium spp. The study showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae [7(29.2%)] was the most predominant. This was closely followed by Serratia spp. [6(25.0%)] and Proteus mirabilis [6(25.0%)]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3(12.5%)] and Chromobacterium spp. [2(8.3%)] was least predominant. Mean total heterotrophic bacteria plate counts (HPC) per millilitre ranged from 0.0 to 6.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 7.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C (first batch) and 0.0 to 5.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 10.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C for the second batch. Thus they fell below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard of 100 HPC per millilitre of water. Bacteriological examination of different brands of sachet water samples collected from different locations showed that only Vince water and Akudo table water was found to be safe for drinking while the other brands of sachet water from mobile vendors in Owerri metropolis was not potable. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: Hence, the bacteriological quality of some of the brands of sachet water on sale in Owerri was of poor quality index. The study suggests that sachet water could be a route of transmission of enteric pathogens among the populace. In order to safe guard public health, highest quality brands of sachet water is therefore advocated.	Bacteriological quality; Drinking water; Evaluation; Owerri metropolis; Sachet water; Southeastern nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928910474	Methyl jasmonate enhances memory performance through inhibition of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in mice	Eduviere A.T., Umukoro S., Aderibigbe A.O., Ajayi A.M., Adewole F.A.	2015	Life Sciences	132	None	10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.007	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Eduviere, A.T., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aderibigbe, A.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ajayi, A.M., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adewole, F.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aims Current research effort focuses on the development of safer natural compounds with multipronged mechanisms of action that could be used to ameliorate memory deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease, as cure for the disease still remains elusive. In this study, we evaluated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ), a naturally occurring bioactive compound on memory, acetylcholinesterase activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in mice. Main methods Male Swiss mice were treated with intraperitoneal injection of MJ (10-40 mg/kg) alone or in combination with scopolamine (3 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days. Thirty minutes after the last treatment, memory functions were assessed using Y-maze and object recognition tests. Thereafter, acetylcholinesterase activity and levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed in mice brains using standard biochemical procedures. Key findings MJ significantly enhanced memory performance and reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. MJ demonstrated significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity suggesting increased cholinergic neurotransmission. It further decreased malondialdehyde concentrations in mouse brain indicating antioxidant activity. Moreover, MJ significantly increased glutathione levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) in mice brains. The increased oxidative stress; evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidant defense systems in scopolamine-treated mice was attenuated by MJ. Significance The results of this study suggest that MJ may be useful in conditions associated with memory dysfunctions or age-related cognitive decline. The positive effect of MJ on memory may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress and enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Anti-cholinesterase activity; Antioxidant; Memory; Methyl jasmonate; Object recognition test	acetylcholinesterase; donepezil; glutathione; jasmonic acid methyl ester; malonaldehyde; superoxide dismutase; acetic acid derivative; biological marker; catalase; cholinesterase inhibitor; cyclopentane derivative; jasmonic acid methyl ester; malonaldehyde; oxylipin; scopolamine bromide; superoxide dismutase; animal experiment; animal model; antioxidant activity; Article; cholinergic transmission; controlled study; enzyme activity; male; memory; mouse; nonhuman; oxidative stress; scopolamine-induced cognitive defect; Alzheimer disease; analysis of variance; animal; brain; drug effects; maze test; memory; metabolism; oxidative stress; recognition; Mus; Acetates; Alzheimer Disease; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biological Markers; Brain; Catalase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cyclopentanes; Male; Malondialdehyde; Maze Learning; Memory; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Oxylipins; Recognition (Psychology); Scopolamine Hydrobromide; Superoxide Dismutase	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447633889	Evaluation of different growth media for the recovery of the species of Alicyclobacillus	Witthuhn R.C., Duvenage W., Gouws P.A.	2007	Letters in Applied Microbiology	45	2	10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02182.x	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Duvenage, W., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Gouws, P.A., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Aims: Five different isolation media, namely potato dextrose agar (PDA), orange serum agar (OSA), K agar, yeast-starch-glucose agar and Bacillus acidocaldarius medium were evaluated for the recovery of Alicyclobacillus spp. from inoculated diluted and undiluted fruit-juice concentrates. Methods and Results: Plates of PDA (pH 3.7), spread with vegetative cells (3.9 × 106 CFU ml-1) of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris from single-strength pear juice, recovered 2.9 × 106CFU ml -1 after 5 days at 50°C (74% recovery). The recovery of endospores from single-strength pear juice, after a heat treatment at 80°C for 10 min, was higher on spread plates of OSA (pH 5.5) at 50°C for 5 days (97% recovery). Conclusions: PDA (pH 3.7) and OSA (pH 5.5) at 50°C for 3-5 days recovered the highest numbers of vegative cells and endospores of Alicyclobacillus spp. from sterilized fruit juices and concentrates. Significance and Impact of the Study: The most appropriate synthetic media for the recovery of Alicyclobacillus species from inoculated fruit juices and concentrates are shown. © 2007 The Authors.	Alicyclobacillus; Endospores; Fruit juice; Isolation media; Spoilage; Vegetative cells	Bacteria; Cells; Fruit juices; Glucose; Heat treatment; pH effects; agar; bacterium; dilution; glucose; inoculation; sporulation; yeast; Alicyclobacillus; article; bacterial endospore; bacterial growth; bacterial strain; culture medium; heat treatment; nonhuman; vegetative growth; Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Beverages; Culture Media; Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Species Specificity; Temperature; Vitis; Alicyclobacillus; Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius; Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris; Pyrus; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873960047	In vitro evaluation of the antibiogramic activities of the seeds of myristica fragrans on food borne pathogens	Omoruyi I.M., Emefo O.T.	2012	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	8	4	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Toxicology option), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University	Omoruyi, I.M., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Toxicology option), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 00014, Finland; Emefo, O.T., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Aims: Foodborne diseases have been shown to have direct impact on the health and welfare of a large number of the world population. The in vitro antibiogramic properties of natural spices (Myristica fragrans) on common food borne pathogen became necessary both in improving food safety and development of new drugs. Methodology and Results: Test isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were collected from the culture collection unit of the department of Microbiology, Benson Idahosa University, Nigeria. Seeds of M. fragrans were extracted by soxhlet extractor using ethanol and water, while the oil was obtained by steam distillation. The extracts and oil were tested against the bacterial isolates using agar well diffusion method at varying concentration (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). The oil of M. fragrans was found to have the highest antibiogramic activity on the selected isolates, followed by its ethanolic extract with zones of inhibition ranging from 0-24 mm and 0-16 mm respectively. The aqueous extract of M. fragrans was found to be effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis only at 100 mg/mL. The MIC was also higher in oil extract of M. fragrans compared to its ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: The oil and aqueous extract of M. fragrans showed antibiogramic properties against the bacterial isolates used at different concentrations. Thus, its oil can be used as an alternative to synthetic food preservative found to harbor toxic effects and could also serve as sources for development of new antibiotics.	Ethanolic extract; Gram negative bacteria; Gram positive bacteria; Minimum inhibitory concentration	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28444439950	In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of antiviral medicinal plants using a vector-based assay technique	Esimone C.O., Grunwald T., Wildner O., Nchinda G., Tippler B., Proksch P., Überla K.	2005	Journal of Applied Microbiology	99	6	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02732.x	Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University,	Esimone, C.O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany, Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Grunwald, T., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Wildner, O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Nchinda, G., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Tippler, B., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Proksch, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Überla, K., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany	Aims: Medicinal plants are increasingly being projected as suitable alternative sources of antiviral agents. The development of a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic screening technique could contribute to rapid identification of potential bioactive plants and also to the standardization and/or pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiling of the bioactive components. Methods and Results: Recombinant viral vectors (lentiviral, retroviral and adenoviral) transferring the firefly luciferase gene were constructed and the inhibition of viral vector infectivity by various concentrations of plant extracts was evaluated in HeLa or Hep2 cells by measuring the changes in luciferase activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in parallel on HeLa or Hep2 cells stably expressing luciferase. Amongst the 15 extracts screened, only the methanol (ME) and the ethyl acetate (ET) fractions of the lichen, Ramalina farinacea specifically reduced lentiviral and adenoviral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Chromatographic fractionation of ET into four fractions (ET1-ET4) revealed only ET4 to be selectively antiviral with an IC50 in the 20 μg ml-1 range. Preliminary mechanistic studies based on the addition of the extracts at different time points in the viral infection cycle (kinetic studies) revealed that the inhibitory activity was highest if extract and vectors were preincubated prior to infection, suggesting that early steps in the lentiviral or adenoviral replication cycle could be the major target of ET4. Inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 was also observed at a 10-fold lower concentration of the extract. Conclusions: The vector-based assay is a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation technique for antiviral medicinal plants. The technique has successfully demonstrated the presence of antiviral principles in R. farinacea. Significance and Impact of Study: Potential anti-HIV medicinal plants could rapidly be evaluated with the reported vector-based technique. The lichen, R. farinacea could represent a lead source of antiviral substances and is thus worthy of further studies. © 2005 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antiviral; Lichen; Medicinal plants; Pharmacodynamic; Ramalina farinacea; Vector-based assay	acetic acid ethyl ester; adenovirus vector; antivirus agent; lentivirus vector; luciferase; methanol; plant extract; ramalina farinacea extract; retrovirus vector; unclassified drug; virus vector; antimicrobial activity; medicinal plant; virus; alternative medicine; article; chromatography; concentration response; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug selectivity; enzyme activity; fractionation; gene expression; gene transfer; HeLa cell; HEp 2 cell; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; in vitro study; medicinal plant; nonhuman; ramalina farinacea; standardization; technique; viral gene delivery system; virus infectivity; virus recombinant; virus replication; wild type; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Antiviral Agents; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemiluminescent Measurements; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Vectors; Hela Cells; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Luciferases; Medicine, African Traditional; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Retroviridae; Adenoviridae; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Lentivirus; Ramalina farinacea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895056660	The impact of chronic untreated hyperglycaemia on the long-term stability of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and antioxidant status in human sera	Macharia M., Kengne A.P., Blackhurst D.M., Erasmus R.T., Matsha T.E.	2014	Journal of Clinical Pathology	67	1	10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201646	Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Niversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lipid Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa	Macharia, M., Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Kengne, A.P., NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Niversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Blackhurst, D.M., Lipid Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Erasmus, R.T., Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Matsha, T.E., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa	Aims: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is increasingly measured on samples that have been stored for extended durations. The impact of storage and baseline conditions on the stability of the enzyme is however not well documented. We investigated the in fluence of hyperglycaemia on the stability of PON1 activity and antioxidant status in human sera stored for 12 months. Methods: Blood was collected from 60 individuals aged 35-80 years with chronic hyperglycaemia (HbA1c≥6.5%) or normoglycaemia (HbA1c<6.5%) in Cape Town. At baseline and after 12 months at -80°C, levels of PON1 activity ( paraoxoase and arylesterase), antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and oxidised low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)) were measured and compared. Results: In normoglycaemic samples, 12-month storage led to minor alterations of <10% for the six target variables. In hyperglycaemic samples, alterations ranged from 13% for AREase activity to about 23% for ox-LDLs indicating a twofold to fourfold difference between the two groups in the variables assessed. Changes in levels of FRAP, TEAC and ox-LDL were both statistically and clinically significant. Furthermore, there was evidence of significant statistical interaction by baseline glycaemic status on the alteration of FRAP, TEAC, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and ox-LDL, but not for PON1 activity. Conclusions: The results indicate that baseline glycaemic status may contribute to a decline in the stability of antioxidant activity and extent of lipid peroxidation but not PON activity.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890377175	Effects of hydration strategies on competitive squash performance [Effetti delle strategie di idratazione sulle prestazioni da squash competitivo]	Fritz S., Toriola A.L., Neveling N.	2013	Medicina dello Sport	66	3	None	Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Fritz, S., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Toriola, A.L., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Neveling, N., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim: Squash racket is a high intensity sport, which places considerable demand on the body's energy system. There is currently little information in the literature concerning the effects of squash racket on hydration status and performance. The objectives of this study were to determine if squash players do dehydrate during competitive squash-play and evaluate the effect of fluid loss on their performance. Methods: Thirteen elite male squash players (aged 23.8±3.26 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Following a VO2max test and fat percentage measurements, subjects completed two further sessions on a squash court on separate days in which measurements of body weight, bioelectrical impedance analysis, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were undertaken and a squash specific movement test (ghosting test) was performed before and after match-play. The same protocol was used during sessions A (no fluid consumption) and B (fluid consumption). During session B, the subjects consumed a total of 400 mL tap water (200 mL after game 1 and 200 mL after game 2). Results: The findings of the study suggest that the squash players' body weight decreased during both session A (74.78 kg to 73.78 kg) and session B (74.66 kg to 73.93 kg). Both sessions A and B recorded significant changes when the pre- and post-match body weights were compared. The largest fluid loss during the study was 1.33% during session A (no fluid consumption). Osmolality increased during both session A (291.53 to 296.46 mOsm.kg1) and session B (295.69 to 298.15 mOsm.kg') but a significant difference was only recorded during session A (without fluid consuming). Significant changes in intracellular and extracellular water content were recorded (P&lt;0.05). There was an improvement during sessions A and B when comparing pre- and post-match results for the squash-specific movement test. Conclusion: Whilst significant alterations in a number of hydration markers were observed, the results of the study support the notion that squash racket players should drink water during competitive games lasting 30 minutes or longer, if the player started the match fully hydrated. Further research is necessary to confirm the present findings.	Body fluids; Dehydration; Osmolar concentration; Racquet sports	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886911648	Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin	Zhang C., Denti P., Decloedt E.H., Ren Y., Karlsson M.O., Mcilleron H.	2013	British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology	76	5	10.1111/bcp.12101	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Zhang, C., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Denti, P., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Decloedt, E.H., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ren, Y., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Karlsson, M.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Mcilleron, H., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Aims: Rifampicin profoundly reduces lopinavir concentrations. Doubled doses of lopinavir/ritonavir compensate for the effect of rifampicin in adults, but fail to provide adequate lopinavir concentrations in young children on rifampicin-based antituberculosis therapy. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the pharmacokinetic differences of lopinavir and ritonavir, with and without rifampicin, between children and adults. Methods: An integrated population pharmacokinetic model developed in nonmem 7 was used to describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 21 HIV infected adults, 39 HIV infected children and 35 HIV infected children with tuberculosis, who were established on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy with and without rifampicin-containing antituberculosis therapy. Results: The bioavailability of lopinavir was reduced by 25% in adults whereas children on antituberculosis treatment experienced a 59% reduction, an effect that was moderated by the dose of ritonavir. Conversely, rifampicin increased oral clearance of both lopinavir and ritonavir to a lesser extent in children than in adults. Rifampicin therapy in administered doses increased CL of lopinavir by 58% in adults and 48% in children, and CL of ritonavir by 34% and 22% for adults and children, respectively. In children, the absorption half-life of lopinavir and the mean transit time of ritonavir were lengthened, compared with those in adults. Conclusions: The model characterized important differences between adults and children in the effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir. As adult studies cannot reliably predict their magnitude in children, drug-drug interactions should be evaluated in paediatric patient populations. © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society.	Adults; Children; Lopinavir/ritonavir; nonmem; Population pharmacokinetics; Rifampicin	isoniazid; lopinavir; lopinavir plus ritonavir; rifampicin; ritonavir; adult; article; child; clinical evaluation; controlled study; drug absorption; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug clearance; drug dose reduction; drug effect; drug half life; drug interaction; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; major clinical study; male; multiple cycle treatment; outcome assessment; population model; preschool child; priority journal; school child; tuberculosis; adults; children; lopinavir/ritonavir; nonmem; population pharmacokinetics; rifampicin; Adult; Age Factors; Anti-HIV Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Availability; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Drug Interactions; Female; Half-Life; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Lopinavir; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Nonlinear Dynamics; Rifampin; Ritonavir; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865562034	Evaluation of antimicrobial properties and nutritional potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf in South-Western Nigeria	Oluduro A.O.	2012	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	8	2	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oluduro, A.O., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Aims: The antimicrobial activities of the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on certain enteropathogenic and orthopaedics' wounds bacteria and fungi were investigated. Its phytochemical constituents and nutritional potentials were as well assessed. Methodology and results: The antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts were evaluated using paper disc diffusion method. All the leaf extracts showed little inhibitory effect on the enteropathogens, whereas aqueous and methanolic extracts showed appreciable inhibitory effects on the orthopaedic's wounds bacteria at 30mg/ml. Ethanolic extract did not show any zone of growth inhibition on the wound bacteria. All the fungal organisms except Aspergillus flavus were resistant to both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaf, meanwhile Ethanolic extract showed appreciable inhibitory effect on Tricophyton mentagrophyte, Pullarium sp, Aspergilus flavus and Penicillium sp. Minimum inhibitory concentration was 20mg/ml on all the enteropathogens and ranged from 3.75 to 30<g/ml on the orthopaedics' wounds organisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed less than 1 % of alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids and phenol in the leaf and contained appreciable quantity of calcium, magnesium, iron and 45.4 % carbohydrate, 16.2 % protein and 9.68 % fibre. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The study showed that Moringa oleifera leaves possess inhibitory properties thus can serve as an alternative therapy for wounds and certain fungal infections and also a good source of nutrient supplements.	Antimicrobial activity; Bacteria; Fungi; Moringa leaf	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929340681	Impact assessment of proximity of local black soap industry on the bacteriological and physicochemical properties of Ebu stream in Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Odeyemi A.T., Oluyege J.O., Fagbohun E.D., Adebayo A. A	2015	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	11	1	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Odeyemi, A.T., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Oluyege, J.O., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Fagbohun, E.D., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adebayo, A. A, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Aims: The level of contamination of Afawo Stream located near Afawo Soap industry in Ikere-Ekiti were investigated by determining the total bacteria and coliform count with antibiotics susceptibility of the isolated bacteria and physico-chemical qualities of the water samples. Methodology and results: The total bacteria and coliform count were determined using pour plate method, the antibiotic susceptibility were carried out using disc diffusion method, while physico-chemical and mineral studies were also carried out using standard methods. The mean total bacteria count of the water samples ranged 40.4 × 104 - 26.5 × 105 CFU/mL and 36.4 × 104 - 23.3 × 105 CFU/mL respectively. Percentage distribution of isolated bacteria include; Escherichia coli (17%), Streptococcus spp. (16%), Bacillus spp. (11%), Nitrobacter spp. (10%), Aeromonas spp. (9%), Arthrobacter spp. (9%), Pseudomonas spp. (5%), Klebsiella spp. (5%), Enterococcus spp. (5%), Micrococcus spp. (4%), Staphylococcus spp. (3%), Vibro spp. (3%), Enterobacter spp. (2%), Salmonella spp. (1%). Enteric microbes have high level of resistance to amoxicillin and augmentin, while nalixidic acid was most effective against the Gram negative isolates. Also the Gram positive isolates showed a high level of resistance to augmentin, cotrimoxazole and cloxacillin while streptomycin and gentamicin was most effective against the Gram positive isolates. Eighty four percent (84%) of the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, some of which possess plasmids with very high molecular weight ranging between 10 and 21 kbp. The physico-chemical properties of the water samples revealed the presence of the some mineral element in the water samples; magnesium (15.60 mg/L), potassium (16.20 mg/L), calcium (8.75 mg/L), sodium (11.55 mg/L), zinc (0.34 mg/L), iron (0.76 mg/L), chloride (21.40 mg/L), sulphate (5.60 mg/L), nitrate (0.35 mg/L). Meanwhile, the mean values of soil minerals were; potassium (76.5 - 83.5) mg/kg, calcium (49.8 - 62.7) mg/kg, sodium (63.4 - 71.6) mg/kg, magnesium (65.8 - 72.4) mg/kg, phosphorus (266.5 - 275.3) mg/kg, zinc (8.28 - 12.22) mg/kg, copper (3.60 - 4.68) mg/kg.	Ebu stream; Effluent discharge; Enteric microbes; Local black soap	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928317045	Impact of early synchronous lip and palatal repair on speech	Luyten A., Bettens K., D'haeseleer E., De Ley S., Hodges A., Galiwango G., Vermeersch H., Van Lierde K.	2014	Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica	65	6	10.1159/000362501	Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; Dept. of Head and Neck Surgery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Kisubi, Uganda	Luyten, A., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; Bettens, K., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; D'haeseleer, E., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; De Ley, S., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; Hodges, A., Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Kisubi, Uganda; Galiwango, G., Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Kisubi, Uganda; Vermeersch, H., Dept. of Head and Neck Surgery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Van Lierde, K., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium	Aims: The purpose of this study was to describe articulation and resonance characteristics of Ugandan English-speaking children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) after synchronous lip and palatal closure (Sommerlad technique) prior to the age of 6 months in comparison with an age- And gender-matched control group.Methods: Eleven Ugandan patients with CLP (mean age 4; 9 years), repaired during a synchronous lip and (soft and hard) palatal closure at a mean age of 3.4 months, were included as well as a control group (n = 22) consisting of 2 Ugandan age- And gender-matched noncleft children for each patient (mean age 4; 10 years). Objective and perceptual speech assessment techniques were applied.Results: Consonant inventories were significantly smaller in the CLP group. Moreover, phonetic disorders and phonological processes occurred in 91 and 100% of the CLP group, respectively. Perceptual consensus evaluation revealed absence of hyponasality and cul-de-sac resonance in all patients. Hypernasality and nasal emission/turbulence occurred in 18 and 27% of the patients, respectively. No significant group differences were observed regarding the mean nasalance values of oral speech samples.Conclusion: Various deviations from normal speech development seem to occur in patients with CLP following synchronous lip and palatal closure before 6 months of age. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.	Articulation; Cleft; Resonance; Sommerlad technique; Speech; Synchronous lip and palatal closure; Timing of palatoplasty	Articulation Disorders; child; cleft lip; cleft palate; complication; female; human; infant; male; phonetics; Postoperative Complications; preschool child; speech intelligibility; voice; Articulation Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Phonetics; Postoperative Complications; Speech Intelligibility; Voice Quality	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950485827	The impact of early standard therapy on dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure: The URGENT-dyspnoea study	Mebazaa A., Pang P.S., Tavares M., Collins S.P., Storrow A.B., Laribi S., Andre S., Mark Courtney D., Hasa J., Spinar J., Masip J., Frank Peacock W., Sliwa K., Gayat E., Filippatos G., Cleland J.G.F., Gheorghiade M.	2010	European Heart Journal	31	7	10.1093/eurheartj/ehp458	Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France; Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Geral de Santo Antó Nio, Porto, Portugal; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, INSERM U942, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France; Chef de Clinique des Universités-Assistant des Hô Pitaux, Université Paris Decartes, Hô Pital Cochin, Paris, France; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; University Hospital Brno, Internal Cardiology Department, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Dos de Maig, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, CH Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Unit, Athens University Hospital, Attikon, Greece; Department of Cardiology, University of Hull, Kingstonupon-Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States	Mebazaa, A., Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France; Pang, P.S., Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Tavares, M., Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Geral de Santo Antó Nio, Porto, Portugal; Collins, S.P., Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Storrow, A.B., Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Laribi, S., Department of Emergency Medicine, INSERM U942, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France; Andre, S., Chef de Clinique des Universités-Assistant des Hô Pitaux, Université Paris Decartes, Hô Pital Cochin, Paris, France; Mark Courtney, D., Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Hasa, J., Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Spinar, J., University Hospital Brno, Internal Cardiology Department, Brno, Czech Republic; Masip, J., Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Dos de Maig, University of Barcelona, Spain; Frank Peacock, W., Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Sliwa, K., Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, CH Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gayat, E., Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France; Filippatos, G., Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Unit, Athens University Hospital, Attikon, Greece; Cleland, J.G.F., Department of Cardiology, University of Hull, Kingstonupon-Hull, United Kingdom; Gheorghiade, M., Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States	AimsThe vast majority of acute heart failure (AHF) trials to date have targeted dyspnoea. However, they enrolled patients relatively late and did not standardize their methods of dyspnoea measurement. URGENT Dyspnoea was designed to determine changes in dyspnoea in response to initial, standard therapy in patients presenting with AHF using a standardized approach.Methods and resultsURGENT Dyspnoea was an international, multi-centre, observational cohort study of AHF patients managed conventionally and enrolled within 1 h of first hospital medical evaluation. Patient-assessed dyspnoea was recorded in the sitting position at baseline and at 6 hours by Likert and visual analog scales. Less symptomatic patients were placed supine to determine whether this provoked worsening dyspnoea (orthopnoea). Of the 524 patients with AHF, the mean age was 68 years, 43 were women, and 83 received intravenous diuretics. On a 5-point Likert scale, dyspnoea improvement was reported by 76 of patients after 6 h of standard therapy. Supine positioning (orthopnoea test) led to worse dyspnoea in 47 of patients compared to sitting upright.ConclusionWhen sitting upright, dyspnoea in the sitting position improves rapidly and substantially in patients with AHF after administration of conventional therapy, mainly intra-venous diuretics. However, many patients remain orthopnoeic. Improving the methodology of clinical trials in AHF by standardizing the conditions under which dyspnoea is assessed could enhance their ability to identify effective treatments. Relief of orthopnoea is clinically valuable and may represent a useful goal for clinical trials.	Acute heart failure; Dyspnoea; Orthopnoea	acetylsalicylic acid; adrenalin; aldosterone antagonist; angiotensin receptor antagonist; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; calcium channel blocking agent; clopidogrel; digoxin; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; dobutamine; dopamine; enoximone; glyceryl trinitrate; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; inotropic agent; levosimendan; loop diuretic agent; milrinone; nesiritide; nitrate; nitroprusside sodium; noradrenalin; vasodilator agent; warfarin; diuretic agent; acute disease; adult; aged; article; body position; cardiovascular disease; cohort analysis; disease exacerbation; diuretic therapy; dyspnea; female; heart failure; human; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; major clinical study; male; observational study; oxygen therapy; patient compliance; priority journal; prospective study; provocation test; supine position; treatment response; visual analog scale; body posture; clinical trial; dyspnea; emergency health service; heart failure; hospitalization; middle aged; multicenter study; patient positioning; very elderly; Acute Disease; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diuretics; Dyspnea; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Heart Failure; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Positioning; Posture; Prospective Studies	None
WoS	WOS:000267828800002	Development and test-retest reliability of a research instrument designed to evaluate school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in South Africa and Tanzania	Aaro, Leif Edvard,Flisher, Alan J.,Helleve, Arnfinn,Kaaya, Sylvia,Klepp, Knut-Inge,Mathews, Catherine,Mukoma, Wanjiru	2009	SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH	37	None	10.1177/1403494809103995	University of Bergen, University of Cape Town, University of Oslo, Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth	"Helleve, Arnfinn: University of Oslo","Klepp, Knut-Inge: University of Oslo","Mathews, Catherine: University of Cape Town",	Aims: This article reports on the development and psychometric properties of an instrument to evaluate school-based HIV/AIDS interventions aimed at adolescents in three African sites. Methods: The instrument was developed in a series of steps that involved a review of existing instruments; use of empirical data and secondary literature supporting an association between the variables of interest and sexual intercourse or condom use; operationalizing the constructs of the theoretical model employed; and using the objectives of the intervention. Test-retest reliability studies were conducted at each site. Results: The questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.50 for all the 10 psychosocial scales, while Cohen's kappa showed poor to substantial test-retest reliability on the sexual behaviour items (kappa = 0.14 to 0.69). Conclusions: We conclude that the instrument had sufficient test-retest reliability and internal consistency.	ADOLESCENTS,evaluation,HIV/AIDS,RELIABILITY,SCHOOL,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA","AIDS EDUCATION",CHILDREN,EDUCATION-PROGRAM,HEALTH,"NORTHERN TANZANIA","PREVENTION PROGRAMS",SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR,STUDENTS,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",VALIDITY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000267828800005	Process evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS intervention in South Africa	Ahmed, Nazeema,Flisher, Alan J.,Jansen, Shahieda,Klepp, Knut-Inge,Mathews, Catherine,Mukoma, Wanjiru,Schaalma, Herman	2009	SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH	37	None	10.1177/1403494808090631	Maastricht University, University of Cape Town, University of Oslo	None	Aims: This paper presents a process evaluation that assessed the fidelity and quality of implementation, as well as the acceptability and subjective evaluations of a HIV/AIDS intervention among students and teachers. Methods: The process evaluation was conducted as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial of a theory- and evidence-based school HIV/AIDS intervention in Cape Town. The intervention was designed for grade 8 high school students and delivered by teachers over a six-month period. Twenty-six schools participated in the trial, 13 in the intervention group and 13 in the control group. Results: The success of implementation was varied within and across the schools, with some teachers implementing the intervention with more fidelity than others. This was influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and institutional factors. The factors that aided implementation included compliance with the current outcomes-based education approach; provision of teacher training; provision of teacher manuals with detailed information and instructions about the lessons and activities; continued monitoring and support for teachers; and student enthusiasm for the lessons. Proper implementation was hindered by large class sizes; too many activities in the intervention; teacher resistance to and inexperience in using participatory methods; teacher turnover; the low status of life orientation compared to other subjects; and a general disregard for life orientation among students. Conclusions: These findings are important for improving the intervention and contextualizing the results of the outcome evaluation; and to better plan for further large scale dissemination of school-based HIV/AIDS intervention programmes.	ADOLESCENTS,HIV/AIDS,"process evaluation",SCHOOL,"SOUTH AFRICA","AIDS EDUCATION","DELIVERED SEX-EDUCATION",HEALTH,"HIV PREVENTION",IMPLEMENTATION,PROGRAM,TEACHERS,YOUTH	None	None
WoS	WOS:000250834900004	Adherence to HAART therapy measured by electronic monitoring in newly diagnosed HIV patients in Botswana	Anand, Bene,Cohen, Adam,Iwebor, Henry Uchechukwaka,Kristanto, Paulus,Rakesh, Pande,Stiekema, Jacobus,Vriesendorp, Reinout,Vrijens, Bernard	2007	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY	63	12	10.1007/s00228-007-0369-2	Leiden University, VU University Amsterdam, Ardex Ltd, CHDR, Nyangabgwe Hosp, Pharmion Syst Ltd	None	Aims This pilot study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of electronic adherence monitoring of antiretroviral medications in HIV patients who recently started Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Francistown, Botswana and to compare this with self-reporting. Methods Dosing histories were compiled electronically using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) monitors to evaluate adherence to prescribed therapies. Thirty patients enrolled in the antiretroviral treatment program were monitored over 6 weeks. These patients were all antiretroviral (ARV) naive. After each visit (mean three times) to the pharmacy, the data compiled by the monitors were downloaded. Electronic monitoring of adherence was compared to patient self-reports of adherence. Results The mean individual medication adherence level measured with the electronic device was 85% (range 21-100%). The mean adherence level measured by means of self-reporting was 98% (range 70-100%). Medication prescribed on a once-a-day dose base was associated with a higher adherence level (97.9% for efavirenz) compared with a twice-a-day regimen (88.4% for Lamivudine/Zidovudine). Conclusions It is feasible to assess treatment adherence of patients living in a low resource setting on HAART by using electronic monitors. Adherence, even in the early stages of treatment, appears to be insufficient in some patients and may be below the level required for continuous inhibition of viral replication. This approach may lead to improved targeting of counselling about their medication intake of such patients in order to prevent occurrence of resistant viral strains due to inadequate inhibition of viral replication. In this pilot study a significant difference between the data recorded through the electronic monitors and those provided by self-reporting was observed.	ADHERENCE,HAART,"MEMS caps","ANTIRETROVIRAL ADHERENCE",CLINICAL-PRACTICE,COMBINATIONS,DIDANOSINE,DRUG-RESISTANCE,"INFECTED PATIENTS",NEVIRAPINE,"PROTEASE INHIBITORS",SELF-REPORT,ZIDOVUDINE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916205419	Cash flow management: Assessing its impact on the operational performance of small and medium size enterprises at the Mafikeng local municipality in South Africa prior to the global financial crisis	Belobo A.B., Pelser F.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	27	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p226	North-West University, South Africa	Belobo, A.B., North-West University, South Africa; Pelser, F., North-West University, South Africa	Aims: This study propped up as a result of the repeated complaints from both electronic mails and customers’ about the underperformance of Mafikeng Small and Medium-Size enterprises after the global financial crisis. The authors were on the view that, poor operational performance experienced by Mafikeng SMEs was as a result of the negative effects on the cash flow of these businesses due to volatilities in the business environment in general prior to the global crisis. Thus, the paper was mainly aimed at determining the shortcomings experienced by these SMEs with regards to cash flow management. It was also aimed at suggesting possible measures to improve cash flow management of these SMEs in this tough time. Methods: A case study was conducted on 3 beverage suppliers, 27 bottle stores, 3 largest fast consumer goods super markets and 7 automobiles enterprises in the Mafikeng local municipality. The study made use of a mixed method approach. A purposive sampling was used in selecting SMEs that participated. Views and experiences of participants of the paper were captured through in-depth interviews. Data from the empirical investigation were interpreted using open coding and a simple percentage formula. Results: Findings from the empirical research reflected that majority of Mafikeng SMEs suffer poor operational performance prior to the global financial crisis primarily as a result of poor cash flow management. However, the empirical outcome also indicted other secondary factors contributing to this poor operational performance. Conclusion: Finally, the authors proposed possible measures that could be used to improve cash flow management and to solve other factors affecting operational performance in Mafikeng bottle stores in other to achieve better business performance. © 2014, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052535398	Occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among hospital nurses in Kampala, Uganda	Nabirye R.C., Brown K.C., Pryor E.R., Maples E.H.	2011	Journal of Nursing Management	19	6	10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01240.x	Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Community Health, Outcomes and Systems, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States	Nabirye, R.C., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Brown, K.C., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Pryor, E.R., Community Health, Outcomes and Systems, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Maples, E.H., Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States	Aims To assess levels of occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among hospital nurses in Kampala, Uganda; and how they are influenced by work and personal characteristics. Background Occupational stress is reported to affect job satisfaction and job performance among nurses, thus compromising nursing care and placing patients' lives at risk. Although these factors have been studied extensively in the US and Europe, there was a need to explore them from the Ugandan perspective. Methods A correlational study was conducted with 333 nurses from four hospitals in Kampala, Uganda. A questionnaire measuring occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance was used. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and anova. Results There were significant differences in levels of occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance between public and private not-for-profit hospitals, nursing experience and number of children. Conclusions Organizational differences between public and private not-for-profit hospitals influence the study variables. Implications for Nursing Management On-the-job training for nurse managers in human resource management to increase understanding and advocacy for organizational support policies was recommended. Research to identify organizational, family or social factors which contribute to reduction of perceived occupational stress and increase job satisfaction and job performance was recommended. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	East Africa; Hospital nurses; Job performance; Job satisfaction; Occupational stress; Uganda	adult; article; clinical competence; cross-sectional study; female; health personnel attitude; human; job satisfaction; male; mental stress; middle aged; nursing staff; psychological aspect; questionnaire; statistics; Uganda; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Clinical Competence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Male; Middle Aged; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Questionnaires; Stress, Psychological; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960564561	Evaluation of the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus Amycolatopsis and description of Amycolatopsis circi sp. nov., Amycolatopsis equina sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis hippodromi sp. nov	Everest G.J., Meyers P.R.	2011	Journal of Applied Microbiology	111	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05058.x	Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Everest, G.J., Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Meyers, P.R., Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Aims: To describe three new Amycolatopsis strains and assess the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus. Methods and Results: Three strains, designated S1·3T, S3·6T and SE(8)3T, belonging to the genus Amycolatopsis were isolated and found to cluster together by 16S rRNA and gyrB gene-based phylogenetic analysis. Genetic distance values, based on the gyrB gene, were calculated between the strains and their closest relatives and were all above the threshold value of 0·02 that has been proposed to distinguish Amycolatopsis type strains. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments against related type strains confirmed that strain S3·6T represents a unique genomic species. Strain S3·6T was also found to be distinct from strains S1·3T and SE(8)3T, the latter two of which were also shown to be distinct from each other. Antibiotic biosynthetic genes were identified from multiple Amycolatopsis strains, and their presence was found to be phylogenetically associated. Conclusions: The data presented in this study indicate that strains S1·3T, SE(8)3T and S3·6T belong to three novel species, for which the names Amycolatopsis circi sp. nov. (=DSM 45561T=NRRL B-24841T), Amycolatopsis equina sp. nov. (=DSM 45563T=NRRL B-24842T) and Amycolatopsis hippodromi sp. nov. (=DSM 45562T=NRRL B-24843T) are proposed. Significance and Impact of the Study: Three new species of Amycolatopsis are described, and the knowledge of the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus has been extended. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antibiotic biosynthetic potential; Family Pseudonocardiaceae; Fynbos; gyrB genetic distance; Nocardioform actinomycetes; Rapid genus identification	ansamycin derivative; antibiotic agent; avoparcin; DNA topoisomerase (ATP hydrolysing) B; genomic DNA; RNA 16S; antibiotics; genomics; hybridization; new genus; new species; phylogenetics; Amycolatopsis alba; Amycolatopsis albidoflavus; Amycolatopsis australiensis; Amycolatopsis azurea; Amycolatopsis balhimycina; Amycolatopsis benzoatilytica; Amycolatopsis circi; Amycolatopsis coloradensis; Amycolatopsis decaplanina; Amycolatopsis echigonensis; Amycolatopsis equina; Amycolatopsis eurytherma; Amycolatopsis halophila; Amycolatopsis halotolerans; Amycolatopsis helveola; Amycolatopsis hippodromi; Amycolatopsis japonica; Amycolatopsis jejuensis; Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis; Amycolatopsis keratiniphila; Amycolatopsis lexingtonensi; Amycolatopsis lurida; Amycolatopsis marina; Amycolatopsis methanolica; Amycolatopsis minnesotensis; Amycolatopsis nigrescens; Amycolatopsis niigatensis; Amycolatopsis palatopharyngis; Amycolatopsis pigmentata; Amycolatopsis plumensis; Amycolatopsis pretoriensis; Amycolatopsis regifaucium; Amycolatopsis rifamycinica; Amycolatopsis rubida; Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis; Amycolatopsis sacchari; Amycolatopsis samaneae; Amycolatopsis taiwanensis; Amycolatopsis thailandensis; Amycolatopsis thermoflava; Amycolatopsis tolypomycina; Amycolatopsis tucumanensis; Amycolatopsis ultiminotia; Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina; Amycolatopsis xylanica; antibiotic biosynthesis; article; bacterial strain; bacterium identification; bacterium isolation; DNA hybridization; Escherichia coli; genetic analysis; Mycobacterium aurum; nocardia mediterranea; nocardia orientalis; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parsimony analysis; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; Pseudonocardiaceae; Saccharopolyspora; Staphylococcus aureus; unindexed sequence; Actinomycetales; Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Phenotype; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Actinobacteria (class); Amycolatopsis; Pseudonocardiaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60049101030	Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment	Mtapuri-Zinyowera S., Midzi N., Muchaneta-Kubara C.E., Simbini T., Mduluza T.	2009	Journal of Applied Microbiology	106	3	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04054.x	Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute of Health Research, Causeway, Zimbabwe; Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Interventions, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Midzi, N., National Institute of Health Research, Causeway, Zimbabwe; Muchaneta-Kubara, C.E., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Simbini, T., Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Interventions, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mduluza, T., Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Aims: To determine the impact of natural sunlight in disinfecting water contaminated with cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using plastic containers. Methods and Results: Known quantities of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar cysts in sterile water were exposed to the sun. Containers were made of polyethylene terephthalate, eight painted black on one side, one not painted and another cut open at the top and the last was a high density polypropylene container. Viability testing was performed using vital and fluorescent dyes. The same assays were conducted under cloudy conditions. Thermal control tests were also performed using heat without ultra violet light from the sun. Results show that 99·9% of parasites was inactivated when water temperatures reached 56°C after sunlight exposure. Conclusion: Both solar radiation and heat produced by the sun have a synergistic effect in killing cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar when temperatures rise above 50°C, with complete death at 56°C, using painted 2-l PET containers. Significance and Impact of the Study: Solar disinfection system using PET containers painted black on one side can be used to disinfect water against Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using natural sunlight. © 2009 The Authors.	Drinking water at point-of-use; Protozoan parasites; Solar radiation; Treatment	drinking water; fluorescent dye; plastic; polyethylene terephthalate; polypropylene; water; bacterium; cyst; disinfection; drinking water; solar radiation; temperature effect; testing method; water temperature; water treatment; adolescent; article; child; container; controlled study; cyst (resting stage); density; disinfection; Entamoeba dispar; Entamoeba histolytica; Giardia duodenalis; heat; human; major clinical study; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite viability; preschool child; quantitative analysis; school child; solar radiation; sun; sun exposure; sunlight; thermal stimulation; ultraviolet radiation; vital stain; water contamination; water temperature; water treatment; Animals; Disinfection; Entamoeba histolytica; Fluorescent Dyes; Giardia lamblia; Spores, Bacterial; Sunlight; Water Microbiology; Water Purification; Water Supply; Entamoeba; Giardia intestinalis; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74049106141	Impact of Aspergillus section Flavi community structure on the development of lethal levels of aflatoxins in Kenyan maize (Zea mays)	Probst C., Schulthess F., Cotty P.J.	2010	Journal of Applied Microbiology	108	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04458.x	Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Plant Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; USDA-ARS, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States	Probst, C., Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Schulthess, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Plant Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; Cotty, P.J., Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States, USDA-ARS, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States	Aims: To evaluate the potential role of fungal community structure in predisposing Kenyan maize to severe aflatoxin contamination by contrasting aflatoxin-producing fungi resident in the region with repeated outbreaks of lethal aflatoxicosis to those in regions without a history of aflatoxicosis. Methods and Results: Fungi belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated from maize samples from three Kenyan provinces between 2004 and 2006. Frequencies of identified strains and aflatoxin-producing abilities were assessed, and the data were analysed by statistical means. Most aflatoxin-producing fungi belonged to Aspergillus flavus. The two major morphotypes of A. flavus varied greatly between provinces, with the S strain dominant in both soil and maize within aflatoxicosis outbreak regions and the L strain dominant in nonoutbreak regions. Conclusions: Aspergillus community structure is an important factor in the development of aflatoxins in maize in Kenya and, as such, is a major contributor to the development of aflatoxicosis in the Eastern Province. Significance and Impact of the Study: Since 1982, deaths caused by aflatoxin-contaminated maize have repeatedly occurred in the Eastern Province of Kenya. The current study characterized an unusual fungal community structure associated with the lethal contamination events. The results will be helpful in developing aflatoxin management practices to prevent future outbreaks in Kenya. © 2009 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Aflatoxicosis; Aspergillus flavus; Corn; Fungal community structure; Kenya	aflatoxin; community structure; fungus; identification method; maize; morphotype; mortality; statistical analysis; toxin; aflatoxicosis; article; Aspergillus flavus; community structure; food contamination; fungal community; fungal strain; fungus identification; fungus isolation; maize; morphotype; nonhuman; Aflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; Disease Outbreaks; Food Contamination; Kenya; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Zea mays; Eastern Province [Kenya]; Kenya; Aspergillus; Aspergillus flavus; Fungi; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449100048	Monitoring the bacterial community during fermentation of sunki, an unsalted, fermented vegetable traditional to the Kiso area of Japan	Endo A., Mizuno H., Okada S.	2008	Letters in Applied Microbiology	47	3	10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02404.x	Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Endo, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa, NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mizuno, H., NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Okada, S., NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan	Aims: To investigate the microbial community in sunki, an indigenous, unsalted, fermented vegetable, made from the leaves of red beet. Methods and Results: Fermenting samples were collected at 1- to 2-day intervals from four houses and investigated by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. PCR-Denaturing-Gradient-Gel-Electrophoresis profiles indicated that the bacterial community was stable and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lact. fermentum and Lact. plantarum were dominant during the fermentation. This result agreed well with that obtained by the culturing technique. Moulds, yeasts or bacteria other than lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were not detected. Conclusions: The bacterial community was stable throughout the fermentation, and Lact. delbrueckii, Lact. fermentum and Lact. plantarum were dominant. The acidic pH and lactic acid produced by LAB probably preserve the sunki from spoilage. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report on the use of both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques to study the bacterial community in sunki. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques is necessary for the analysis of complex microbial communities. © 2008 The Authors.	Bacterial community; Lactic acid bacteria; PCR-DGGE; Unsalted fermented vegetable	Agricultural products; Bacteria; Cell culture; Fermentation; bacterium; electrokinesis; fermentation; microbial community; monitoring; polymerase chain reaction; vegetable; article; bacterium identification; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; fermentation; food spoilage; Japan; lactic acid bacterium; Lactobacillus delbrueckii; Lactobacillus fermentum; Lactobacillus plantarum; microbial community; mould; nonhuman; pH; polymerase chain reaction; vegetable; yeast; Colony Count, Microbial; Fermentation; Food Microbiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Japan; Lactobacillus; Vegetables; Asia; Chubu; Eurasia; Far East; Honshu; Japan; Japanese Alps; Kiso Mountains; Nagano; Bacteria (microorganisms); Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris; Lactobacillus delbrueckii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849165400	Preoperative evaluation and triage of women with suspicious adnexal masses using risk of malignancy index	Enakpene C.A., Omigbodun A.O., Goecke T.W., Odukogbe A.-T., Beckmann M.W.	2009	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research	35	1	10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00869.x	University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Enakpene, C.A., University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omigbodun, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Goecke, T.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany; Odukogbe, A.-T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Beckmann, M.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Aims: To test the accuracy of risk of malignancy index (RMI) in preoperative prediction of malignancy and treatment of adnexal masses. Methods: A total of 302 women with ultrasound diagnosed adnexal masses, and serum measurement of cancer-associated antigen CA-125 levels, were studied. They all had surgical exploration between October 2001 and September 2005 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany. The RMI was based on menopausal status, ultrasound morphology of adnexal masses and absolute level of serum CA-125. A cut-off of 250 was chosen as the threshold for determining the type of surgical operations (laparotomy versus laparoscopy) and the skill of the surgeons (gynecological oncologist versus general gynecologist). The data obtained were analyzed for baseline characteristics using χ2 test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). P &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant. The various testing methods were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results: The best individual performance was found in RMI at a cut-off of 250 with a sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 74.3%, positive predictive value of 71.3% and negative predictive value of 90%. When RMI was used to triage patient treatment, 81.5% of patients who had laparoscopy had histological diagnosis of benign ovarian tumor and 7.5% had malignant tumor. In contrast, 74.4% of patients who had laparotomy had histological diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor and 16% had benign tumor. Conclusion: Risk of malignant index is a reliable, cheap, readily available and cost-effective method of preoperative discrimination of benign from malignant adnexal masses. It is also helpful in triaging patients to different treatment groups. © 2008 The Authors.	Preoperative evaluation; Risk of malignancy index; Suspicious adnexal masses; Triage	CA 125 antigen; adnexa disease; adnexal mass; adolescent; adult; aged; article; benign tumor; controlled study; emergency health service; female; Germany; histopathology; human; human tissue; laparoscopy; laparotomy; major clinical study; malignant neoplastic disease; menopause; ovary tumor; physician; preoperative evaluation; risk assessment; risk of malignancy index; sensitivity and specificity; ultrasound; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Algorithms; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Triage; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746559808	Clinical evaluation of post-extraction site wound healing	Adeyemo W.L., Ladeinde A.L., Ogunlewe M.O.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	3	None	Medical College of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany; Department of Oral, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos Universit	Adeyemo, W.L., Medical College of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany, Department of Oral, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Ladeinde, A.L., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Ogunlewe, M.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	Aim: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical pattern of post-extraction wound healing with a view to identify the types, incidence, and pattern of healing complications following non-surgical tooth extraction. Study Design: A total of 311 patients, who were referred for non-surgical (intra-alveolar) extractions, were included in the study. The relevant pre-operative information recorded for each patient included age and gender of the patient, indications for extraction, and tooth/teeth removed. Extractions were performed under local anesthesia with dental forceps, elevators, or both. Patients were evaluated on the third and seventh postoperative days for alveolus healing assessment. Data recorded were: biodata, day of presentation for alveolus healing assessment, day of onset of any symptoms, body temperature (°C) in cases of alveolus infection, and presence or absence of pain. Results: Two hundred eighty-two patients (282) with 318 extraction sites were evaluated for alveolus healing. Healing was uneventful in 283 alveoli (89%), while 35 alveoli (11%) developed healing complications. These complications were: localized osteitis 26 (8.2%); acutely infected alveolus 5 (1.6%); and an acutely inflamed alveolus 4 (1.2%). Females developed more complications than males (p=0.003). Most complications were found in molars (60%) and premolars (37.1%). Localized osteitis caused severe pain in all cases, while infected and inflamed alveolus caused mild or no pain. Thirty patients (12%) among those without healing complications experienced mild pain. Conclusions: Most of the post-extraction alveoli healed uneventfully. Apart from alveolar osteitis (AO), post-extraction alveolus healing was also complicated by acutely infected alveoli and acutely inflamed alveoli. This study also demonstrated a painful alveolus is not necessarily a disturbance of post-extraction site wound healing; a thorough clinical examination must, therefore, be made to exclude any of the complications.	Alveoli; Evaluation; Healing; Post-extraction alveolus	adult; article; body temperature; controlled study; female; human; incidence; infection; major clinical study; male; molar tooth; osteitis; pain assessment; postoperative period; premolar tooth; symptomatology; tooth extraction; wound healing; adolescent; bone infection; chi square distribution; middle aged; physiology; postoperative complication; postoperative pain; prospective study; tooth pain; tooth socket; Adolescent; Adult; Bone Diseases, Infectious; Chi-Square Distribution; Dry Socket; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Socket; Wound Healing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924146495	Determination of the myocardial performance index in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction and its link to adverse outcomes	Bhorat I.E., Bagratee J.S., Pillay M., Reddy T.	2015	Prenatal Diagnosis	35	3	10.1002/pd.4537	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Bhorat, I.E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bagratee, J.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Reddy, T., Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the fetal modified myocardial performance index (Mod-MPI) and E-wave/A-wave peak velocities (E/A ratio) in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and its link to adverse outcomes defined as perinatal death, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal resuscitation, neonatal cord pH <7.15, intraventricular hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Method: Forty three pregnant women with IUGR defined as the abdominal circumference <10th percentile for gestational age and umbilical resistance index >2 standard deviations in the third trimester of pregnancy were matched for gestational age and maternal age with 43 women with appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses. The IUGR group was subdivided on the basis of multivessel Doppler anomalies into different grades of growth restriction. Mod-MPI and E/A ratio were determined and linked to perinatal outcome. Results: The median Mod-MPI was significantly higher in growth-restricted fetuses compared with controls (0.59 vs 0.37, p<0.001) and increased with severity of IUGR, the classification of which was based on degree of abnormality of the umbilical resistance index, presence of arterial redistribution and degree of abnormality of the ductus venosus (DV) Doppler indices. A cut-off Mod-MPI value of 0.54 conferred a sensitivity of 87% [confidence interval (CI): 66-97%], specificity of 75% (CI: 55-91%) and a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.47 for an adverse outcome. A cut-off Mod-MPI value of 0.67 conferred a sensitivity of 100% (CI: 54-100%), specificity of 81% (CI: 65-92%) and LR of 5.28 for perinatal death. No abnormal outcomes occurred in controls. In logistic regression analysis, the MPI remained a significant predictor of adverse outcome after adjusting for gestational age of delivery, fetal weight, E/A ratio, maternal age, DV Doppler indices, amniotic fluid index and umbilical artery resistance index [adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.60 (1.15-5.83), p-value 0.02]. MPI fared significantly better than the E/A ratio as a predictor of adverse outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 and 0.76, p<0.001). Conclusion: Fetal myocardial performance deteriorates with severity of growth restriction. There is an association between severity of the MPI elevation and rates of adverse perinatal outcome. The Mod-MPI and E/A ratio have the potential to be integrated into routine surveillance techniques of the growth-restricted fetus. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	A wave; abdominal circumference; adverse outcome; Article; brain hemorrhage; cardiovascular parameters; clinical article; controlled study; disease severity; Doppler echocardiography; ductus venosus; female; fetus; heart function; heart performance; human; hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; intrauterine growth retardation; lung dysplasia; myocardial performance index; perinatal death; pH; pregnant woman; priority journal; real time ultrasound scanner; resuscitation; adult; amnion fluid; case control study; complication; diastole; echography; fetus echography; fetus heart; gestational age; heart left ventricle function; heart ventricle function; intrauterine growth retardation; pregnancy; prematurity; prognosis; second trimester pregnancy; severity of illness index; systole; third trimester pregnancy; umbilical artery; vascularization; Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Case-Control Studies; Diastole; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetal Heart; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Premature Birth; Prognosis; Severity of Illness Index; Systole; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Umbilical Arteries; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Ventricular Function; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43349158926	Relative impact of patient characteristics and radiographic variables on the difficulty of removing impacted mandibular third molars	Akadiri O.A., Obiechina A.E., Arotiba J.T., Fasola A.O.	2008	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	9	4	None	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Akadiri, O.A., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Obiechina, A.E., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Arotiba, J.T., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Fasola, A.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the relative contributions of patient characteristics and radiographic variables to the difficulty of extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in a Nigerian population. Methods and Materials: Seventy-nine consecutive patients undergoing mandibular third molar extractions were recruited for this prospective cohort study. Specific patient characteristics and radiographic variables were recorded. All extractions were performed under local anesthesia by the same oral surgeon, and the surgical difficulty was assessed based on the duration of surgery. Results: Body weight (BW) (P=0.009) and body surface area (BSA) (P=0.004) were the significant patient characteristics while tooth impaction depth (P=0.002), number of roots (P=0.035), and tooth angulation (P=0.003) were the significant radiographic variables associated with surgical difficulty using a univariate analysis. A multiple linear regression model was constructed with these variables using surgical difficulty as the dependent variable. Radiographic factors were found to be the more important determinants of surgical difficulty with the depth of impaction (P=0.038) being the singular most important factor. Conclusion: Although the difficulty of surgical removal of impacted lower third molars is dependent on BW, BSA, impaction depth, tooth angulation, and the number of roots, radiographic variables were of greater importance with impaction depth being the most important single factor.	Extraction; Impacted mandibular third molars; Patient variables; Radiographic variables; Surgical difficulty	adult; article; body mass; body surface; body weight; cohort analysis; female; forecasting; human; male; mandible; methodology; molar tooth; Nigeria; physiology; plastic surgery; prospective study; radiography; time; tooth disease; tooth extraction; tooth root; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Mandible; Molar, Third; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Surgical Flaps; Time Factors; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Root; Tooth, Impacted	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949823361	Basic physiological measures determine fitness and are associated with running performance in elite young male and female Ethiopian runners	Legaz-Arrese A., Kinfu H., Munguía-Izquierdo D., Carranza-Garcia L.E., Calderón F.J.	2009	Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness	49	4	None	Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Physiology Laboratory of the Addis Ababa, University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Section of Physical Education and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; Section of Physical Education and Sports Polytechnic, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain	Legaz-Arrese, A., Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Kinfu, H., Physiology Laboratory of the Addis Ababa, University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Munguía-Izquierdo, D., Section of Physical Education and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; Carranza-Garcia, L.E., Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Calderón, F.J., Section of Physical Education and Sports Polytechnic, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain	Aim. The aim of this study was to determine if possible, with the resources available in Ethiopia, to make significant associations between racing performance and laboratory physiological test results in elite young African runners. Methods. Twenty-four young Ethiopian runners (12 males and 12 females) attended the physiology laboratory of the Addis Ababa University, where skin fold thickness, basic resting pulmonary function and heart rate (HR) during an incremental treadmill exercise test were recorded a week before or a week after two official 800 and 1500 meter races. Performance was rated according to the scoring procedures of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF): male runners (1041, CV=4.1%), female (1051, CV=2.8%). Results. The sum of four skin folds was significantly correlated with male (r=-0.80, P<0.01) and female IAAF score (r= -0.78, P<0.01). IAAF score was also related to forced vital capacity (male: r=0.70, P<0.05; female: r=0.85, P<0.01) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (maie: r=0.63, P<0.05; female: r=0.80, P<0.01). For both sexes, HR at a fixed submaximal exercise workload was significantly associated with IAAF score. In both male and female runners, the more significant association was observed for a treadmill slope of 7.5% (r=-0.93, P<0.01; r= -0.95, P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion. These results show that basic physiological measures are useful in measuring fitness and in predicting middle-distance running performance in a homogeneous group of elite young male and female Ethiopian runners.	Heart rate; Respiratory function tests; Running; Skinfold thickness	adaptation; adult; age; article; Ethiopia; exercise test; exercise tolerance; female; fitness; heart rate; human; lung function test; male; physiology; rest; running; skinfold thickness; statistics; Adaptation, Physiological; Age Factors; Ethiopia; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Physical Fitness; Respiratory Function Tests; Rest; Running; Skinfold Thickness; Statistics as Topic; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79961144752	Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: Implications for management and restoration	Le Maitre D.C., Gaertner M., Marchante E., Ens E.-J., Holmes P.M., Pauchard A., O'Farrell P.J., Rogers A.M., Blanchard R., Blignaut J., Richardson D.M.	2011	Diversity and Distributions	17	5	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00816.x	Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia; Environmental Resource Management, Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7404, South Africa; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Le Maitre, D.C., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Gaertner, M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Marchante, E., Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Ens, E.-J., Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia; Holmes, P.M., Environmental Resource Management, Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7404, South Africa; Pauchard, A., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Chile, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile; O'Farrell, P.J., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Rogers, A.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Blanchard, R., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Blignaut, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Aim The biophysical impacts of invasive Australian acacias and their effects on ecosystem services are explored and used to develop a framework for improved restoration practices. Location South Africa, Portugal and Chile. Methods A conceptual model of ecosystem responses to the increasing severity (density and duration) of invasions was developed from the literature and our knowledge of how these impacts affect options for restoration. Case studies are used to identify similarities and differences between three regions severely affected by invasions of Australian acacias: Acacia dealbata in Chile, Acacia longifolia in Portugal and Acacia saligna in South Africa. Results Australian acacias have a wide range of impacts on ecosystems that increase with time and disturbance, transform ecosystems and alter and reduce ecosystem service delivery. A shared trait is the accumulation of massive seed banks, which enables them to become dominant after disturbances. Ecosystem trajectories and recovery potential suggest that there are important thresholds in ecosystem state and resilience. When these are crossed, options for restoration are radically altered; in many cases, autogenic (self-driven and self-sustaining) recovery to a pre-invasion condition is inhibited, necessitating active intervention to restore composition and function. Main conclusions The conceptual model demonstrates the degree, nature and reversibility of ecosystem degradation and identifies key actions needed to restore ecosystems to desired states. Control and restoration operations, particularly active restoration, require substantial short- to medium-term investments, which can reduce losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and the costs to society in the long term. Increasing restoration effectiveness will require further research into linkages between impacts and restoration. This research should involve scientists, practitioners and managers engaged in invasive plant control and restoration programmes, together with society as both the investors in, and beneficiaries of, more effective restoration. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Acacia; Biodiversity loss; Biological invasions; Degradation ecology; Ecosystem functions; Ecosystem services; Impact mechanisms; Invasive species; Seed banks; Soil nutrients	biological invasion; ecological impact; ecosystem function; ecosystem resilience; ecosystem response; ecosystem service; environmental degradation; environmental disturbance; invasive species; legume; population regulation; restoration ecology; seed bank; soil nutrient; Chile; Portugal; South Africa; Acacia; Acacia dealbata; Acacia longifolia; Acacia saligna	None
WoS	WOS:000273449700027	Developmental monitoring using caregiver reports in a resource-limited setting: the case of Kilifi, Kenya	Abubakar, A.,Bomu, G.,Holding, P.,Van Baar, A.,van de Vijver, F.	2010	ACTA PAEDIATRICA	99	2	10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01561.x	Case Western Reserve University, North West University - South Africa, Tilburg University, University of Utrecht, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Res Programme	"Van Baar, A.: University of Utrecht",	Aim: The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the reliability, validity and acceptability of developmental monitoring using caregiver reports among mothers in a rural African setting. Methods: A structured interview for parents of children aged 24 months and less was developed through both participant consultation and a review of literature. The reliability and validity of the schedule was evaluated through a 10-month monitoring programme of 95 children, aged 2-10 months. The acceptability of the process was evaluated by studying retention rates and by organizing focus group discussions with participating mothers. Results: The structured interview 'Developmental Milestones Checklist' consisted of 66 items covering three broad domains of child functioning: motor, language and personal-social development. The interview yielded scores of developmental achievements that showed high internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability. The results were sensitive to maturational changes and nutritional deficiencies. In addition, acceptable retention rates of approximately 80% were found. Participating mothers reported that they found the procedures both acceptable and beneficial. Conclusion: Developmental monitoring using caregiver report is a viable method to identify and monitor at-risk children in Sub-Saharan Africa.	Africa,"Caregiver reports",CHILDREN,"developmental monitoring",CARE,CHILD-DEVELOPMENT,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,"NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT",PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN,SERVICES	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890257401	Clinical evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic serological method in the diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis [Mikobakteriyum tüberkülozis tani{dotless}si{dotless}nda hi{dotless}zli{dotless} i̇mmünokromatografik serolojik yöntemin klinik deǧerlen	Banjoko S.O., Sridhar M.K.C.	2013	TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin	12	6	10.5455/pmb.1-1351682079	Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Yenagoa, Nigeria	Banjoko, S.O., Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sridhar, M.K.C., Department of Community Medicine, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Yenagoa, Nigeria	AIM: There is currently no single diagnostic method which can detect all tuberculosis (TB) cases. Therefore diagnosis can take several days and weeks and involve expensive, invasive and complex procedures. METHODS: 100 clinically diagnosed tuberculosis patients attending Jericho Chest Clinic, Ibadan, Nigeria (Test) and 100 tuberculosis free healthy individuals (Control) were recruited for the study after ethical clearance and patients' consent were obtained. Rapid serological test based on immobilized antigens on immune-chromatographic strips obtainable from (AMRAD, Australia) were performed using serum samples of clotted blood obtained from test and controlled subjects. Controls were selected using results of clinical examination and chest X ray while the tuberculosis patients were confirmed positive using clinical examination, chest X-ray, smear microscopy and microbial culture. RESULTS: The number of true positives were 78 (78.0%) and false positives were 8 (8.0%) while the number of true negatives were 92 (92.0%) and false negatives were 22 (22.0%). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values of this serological method were 78.0%, 92.0%, 80.7% and 90.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: These results underscore the need to include serological method as a routine in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis at the point of care particularly in poor resource settings and developing economies. Furthermore it is plausible to suggest that multiple antigen based immunechromatographic kits showed better promise for rapid serological diagnosis.	Diagnosis; Immunochromatography; Serology; Tuberculosis; Validity	immunoglobulin G; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; human; immunoaffinity chromatography; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; serology; sputum culture; sputum smear; thorax radiography; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646825236	Laboratory evaluation of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity. A preliminary study	Aiku A.O., Yates A., Rowland M.	2006	West African Journal of Medicine	25	1	None	Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aiku, A.O., Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Yates, A., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: The study evaluated the effect of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator) has been considered as a possible tool for management of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. There are documentations of the effectiveness of pyriproxifen in controlling larval development when applied directly to breeding site. Considerations have been given to the use of pyriproxyfen on bed nets for sterilizing effect on mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. Method: Groups of mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi - Beech) were exposed to bednet treated with 2% Pyriproxyfen and untreated netting 24 hrs after blood feeding. After oviposition, egg counts were done for each mosquito in the two groups. Larvae emerging from the laid eggs by each mosquito were counted. Three sets of experiments were successful. Results: There was no significant difference in number of eggs laid between the two treatment groups (p=0.177). There was statistically significant difference in the number of laid eggs that hatched between the treatment types (p=0.0061). There was also statistically significant difference in the mean number of eggs that hatched between the experiments (p=0.0013). The mean number of eggs retained in the pyriproxyfen group was higher (70.3) than in the control group (41.6). This difference was not statistically significant with the small sample tested (p=0.08). Conclusion: The results suggest that 2% pyriproxyfen on bed nets has no effect on An. stephensi fecundity. Reduced fertility of eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen treated bed nets was observed.	Fecundity; Fertility; Mosquito; Pyriproxifen	chemosterilant; pyrethroid; pyriproxyfen; Anopheles stephensi; article; bed net; breeding; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; egg laying; female; female fertility; growth regulation; hatching; insect resistance; larval development; malaria control; mosquito; nonhuman; statistical analysis; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Bedding and Linens; Culicidae; Female; Fertility; Insecticides; Oviparity; Pest Control, Biological; Protective Clothing; Pyridines; Reference Values	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890231658	Evaluation of different drinking water sources in Sokoto North-West Nigeria on performance, carcass traits and haematology of broiler chickens	Ibitoye E.B., Dabai Y.U., Mudi L.	2013	Veterinary World	6	11	10.14202/vetworld.2013.879-883	Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria	Ibitoye, E.B., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Dabai, Y.U., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Mudi, L., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria	Aim: The study examined the effect of different drinking water sources on performance, carcass characteristics and haematology of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: 63 unsexed day-old broiler chicks were randomly grouped into three treatment groups (Treatments 1, 2 and 3), each consisting of three replicates of seven chicks each. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were given water from various sources: pipe borne water; borehole water and well water, respectively from day-old to seven weeks of age. The water samples were subjected to physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses. Results: Physico-chemically, only well water had a fair taste, it also had highest turbidity; while borehole water was least turbid. Borehole water had highest total hardness, nitrate, sodium, and calcium. Chloride was higher in borehole water and magnesium was higher in well water; while these were absent in pipe borne water. The study revealed that all water sources were contaminated with bacteria. The well water had the highest bacterial load of 1.2×103 cfu/ml, followed by borehole water with 5.8×102 cfu/ml, while pipe borne water recorded least bacterial counts (1.6×102 cfu/ml). Escherichia coli, Klesiella spp and Proteus vulgaris were isolated from pipe borne, borehole and well water, respectively. The water treatments had no significant (p&gt;0.05) effect on broiler chicken's performance, carcass characteristics and haematological indices. However, numerical increase in feed intake and weight gain was observed in birds placed on borehole water (Treatment2). Conclusion: This study suggest that different water sources used as drinking water in this experiment have no significant effect on performance, carcass characteristics and haematology of broiler chicken production in Sokoto metropolis. However, drinking water quality standard for poultry should not be jeopardized. © The authors.	Bacteriological analysis; Broilers; Carcass characteristics; Haematology; Performance; Water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80655133705	Pain intensity, self-efficacy and physical performance in patients with chronic low back pain	Adegoke B.O.A., Ezeukwu A.O.	2010	International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation	17	10	10.12968/ijtr.2010.17.10.78811	Physiotherapy Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nigeria	Adegoke, B.O.A., Physiotherapy Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Ezeukwu, A.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nigeria	Aim: This article describes a study investigating the relationship between pain intensity, self-efficacy and physical performance in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) receiving physiotherapy at selected hospitals in Nigeria.Methods: One hundred and forty-two patients (86 female, 56 male) recruited from the out-patient units of the physiotherapy departments of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu participated in the study. The pain intensity in the low back, self-efficacy and physical performance of patients with CLBP were assessed using the Box Numerical Scale, Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale and Back Performance Scale respectively.Results: The participants were aged 48.05 ± 12.66 years (range 21–65). There was no significant correlation (r = 0.051; P = 0.548) between pain intensity and physical performance, but significant negative correlations were obtained between self-efficacy domain scores and physical performance (r values range from -0.239 to -0.414; P values range from 0.000 to 0.004). Self-efficacy for physical function was the only self-efficacy subscale/domain that had no significant correlation (r = -0.030; P = 0.719) with pain intensity.Conclusions: An increase in self-efficacy was significantly related to improvement in the physical performance of patients with CLBP, or vice versa. Only the self-efficacy domain of physical function was not significantly related with pain intensity. Recommendations were made for the incorporation of assessment of pain self-efficacy levels in the management of CLBP patients, as well as for the development of strategies to improve it clinically. © 2010, MA Healthcare Ltd. All rights reserved.	Chronic pain; Low back pain; Pain intensity; Physical performance; Self-efficacy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893708936	Evaluation of a peer-based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae G., Mokomane Z.	2014	Japan Journal of Nursing Science	11	1	10.1111/j.1742-7924.2012.00231.x	Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Population Health, Health Systems, and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Mokomane, Z., Population Health, Health Systems, and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim: This article provides the findings of a qualitative study done to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa known as BAR, an acronym for "Better Accept Reality". Methods: Data was collected from 15 adolescents orphaned by AIDS using focus group discussions, reflective diaries, and recordings of the adolescents' school grades. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's steps of data analysis. Results: The results showed a notable positive change in the participants' attitude to caregivers, responsibility to self and to others, and school grades. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the peer-based mental health support program is effective in meeting the mental health needs of adolescents orphaned by AIDS. The participants were able to express their needs and improve relationships with caregivers, a clear sign of adapting to their loss. © 2012 Japan Academy of Nursing Science.	Adolescents; AIDS; BAR program; Orphans South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adolescents; article; BAR program; human; mental health service; organization and management; orphaned child; orphans South Africa; peer group; psychological aspect; South Africa; adolescents; AIDS; BAR program; orphans South Africa; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Child, Orphaned; Humans; Mental Health Services; Peer Group; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899154644	Bio evaluation of different crude extracts of Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp.rotundata [Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp.rotundata farkli{dotless} ham özütlerinin biyodeǧerlendirilmesi]	Kommidi D.R., Kandappa H.R., Moodley B., Koorbanally N.A., Govender P.	2014	Turkish Journal of Biochemistry	39	1	10.5505/tjb.2014.84755	University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa	Kommidi, D.R., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Kandappa, H.R., Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa; Moodley, B., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Koorbanally, N.A., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Govender, P., Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa	Aim: This communication describes the in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative evaluation results of the different extracts of leaves, stem and roots of Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Asteraceae) for the first time. Materials and Method: Leaves, stem and roots of the plant were used for extraction by using distilled n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol. These fractions were tested for their in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative activities using standard protocols like micro broth dilution method for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal, DPPH radical scavenging and H2O2 scavenging activity methods for anti-oxidative activity. Results: The investigations resulted fractions with good anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidative activities which were tabulated. Conclusions: Based on the results it was concluded that these fractions with good bioactivity may be further researched for the pure compounds. © TurkJBiochem.com.	Bioactivity; Chrysanthimoides monilifera Subsp; DPPH radical scavenging; Rotundata	Chrysanthimoides monilifera extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; antibacterial susceptibility; antifungal activity; antifungal susceptibility; antioxidant activity; article; biological activity; broth dilution; comparative study; DPPH radical scavenging assay; drug sensitivity; hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; plant stem	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888117442	The roles of degree of competition and types of business strategies in adopting multiple performance measurement practices: Some reflections from bangladesh	Khan H.U.Z., Ahmed R., Halabi A.K.	2010	Research in Accounting in Emerging Economies	10	None	10.1108/S1479-3563	East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Khan, H.U.Z., East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Ahmed, R., James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Halabi, A.K., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Aim-This empirical study explores the association between competition, business strategy, and the uses of a multiple performance measurement system in Bangladesh manufacturing firms. Design/methodology-The study uses a questionnaire survey of 50 manufacturing companies. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and other descriptive statistics. Findings-The results suggest that greater emphasis on multiple measures for performance evaluation is associated with businesses that are facing high competition. The practices of multiple performance measures are also significantly related to the types of business strategy being followed. Specifically, firms pursuing a prospector strategy have relied more on multiple performance measures to rate business performance than the firms pursuing a defender strategy. Practical implications-The article notes that the designers of performance measurement systems need to consider contingent factors that affect an organizations' control system. Originality/value-Substantiating the connection between contingent variables and the use of multiple performance measures in manufacturing firms facilitate a better acceptance of firms' tendency toward new measurement tools. The study contributes to the performance measurement and contingency literature since it presents empirical evidence of the state of multiple performance measures with organizational contingent variables using a developing country's manufacturing sector data. Copyright © 2010 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Bangladesh; Firms' strategy; Manufacturing sector; Market competition; Multiple performance measures	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951900274	Development and evaluation of an international, interdisciplinary palliative care workshop in Botswana	Ersek M., Sebego M., Bloom A.M., Shaibu S., McMenamin E., Mokotedi M.	2010	International Journal of Palliative Nursing	16	1	None	John A Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, Center forIntegrative Science in Ageing, United States; University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States; Penn Wissahickon Hospice, United States; Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	Ersek, M., John A Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, Center forIntegrative Science in Ageing, United States, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States; Sebego, M., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Bloom, A.M., Penn Wissahickon Hospice, United States; Shaibu, S., Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; McMenamin, E., Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Mokotedi, M., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	Aim: This paper reports the development and evaluation of an interdisciplinary, international palliative care workshop presented in Gaborone, Botswana. Method: A 5-day workshop was held in June 2009 at the University of Botswana. Clinicians, faculty, and studentsfrom throughout Botswana were invited to attend at no cost. Participants included nurses,social workers, physicians, pharmacists, chaplains and volunteers. Learning activities included lectures, case studies, and group discussion. Results: Evaluation indicated high satisfaction with the workshop and signifi cant, though modest, gains in knowledge and self-evaluation of palliative care skills. Discussion revealed important clinical issues fo attendees and underscored the need to coordinate national efforts to enhance palliative care in Botswana. Conclusion: The international collaborative palliative care workshop increased the knowledge and commitment of attendees. Additional collaborative efforts to educate providers, coordinate care, and change policies and practices are needed to integrate palliative care fully into health care in Botswana.	Education; End-of-life care; Global health; Interdisciplinary; Nurses; Nursing; Palliative care	article; attitude to health; Botswana; continuing education; curriculum; education; health care quality; human; international cooperation; palliative therapy; philosophy; program development; terminal care; Botswana; Curriculum; Education, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Holistic Health; Humans; International Cooperation; Palliative Care; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Terminal Care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84962549351	The inluence of evaluation protocol on time spent exercising at a high level of oxygen uptake during continuous cycling	Merry K.L., Glaister M., Howatson G., Van Someren K.	2015	Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness	55	10	None	School of Science, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, United Kingdom; School of Sport, Health and Applied Science St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon -Tyne, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Human Performance Laboratory, Brentford, United Kingdom	Merry, K.L., School of Science, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, United Kingdom; Glaister, M., School of Sport, Health and Applied Science St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; Howatson, G., Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon -Tyne, United Kingdom, Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Someren, K., GlaxoSmithKline Human Performance Laboratory, Brentford, United Kingdom	Aim. This study evaluated the effects of protocol variation on the time spent exercising at ≥95% . VO2max during cycle ergometer trials performed at the exercise intensity associated with . VO2max (i . VO2max). Methods. Nine male triathletes (age: 32±10 years; body mass: 73.3±6.1 kg; stature: 1.79±0.07 m; . VO2max: 3.58±0.45 L.min-1) performed four exercise tests. During tests 1 and 2, participants performed a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test using different stage durations (1 min and 3 min) for the determination of i . VO2max (1 min) and i . VO2max (3 min). During tests 3 and 4, participants performed a continuous bout of exhaustive cycling at i . VO2max (1 min) (CONT1) and i . VO2max (3 min) (CONT3). Results. i . VO2max (1 min) was signiicantly greater (P&lt;0.001) than i . VO2max (3 min) (340±31 W vs. 299±44 W). Time to exhaustion (TTE) measured during CONT3 was signiicantly longer (P&lt;0.001) than CONT1 (529±140 s vs. 214±65 s). Time spent at . VO2max was signiicantly longer (P=0.036) during CONT3 than CONT1 . (146±158 s vs. 11±20 s), and time spent at ≥95% VO2max was signiicantly longer (P=0.005) during CONT3 than CONT1 (326±211 s vs. 57±51 s). Conclusion. These results show that when exercising continuously at i VO2max, time spent at ≥95% . VO2max is inluenced by the initial measurement of i . VO2max.	Exercise; Exercise Test; Oxygen	None	None
None	None	The impact of taking or not taking ARVs on HIV stigma as reported by persons living with HIV infection in five African countries	Makoae L.N., Portillo C.J., Uys L.R., Dlamini P.S., Greeff M., Chirwa M., Kohi T.W., Naidoo J., Mullan J., Wantland D., Durrheim K., Holzemer W.L.	2009	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	21	11	10.1080/09540120902862576	National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland; North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, United States; School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Makoae, L.N., National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; Portillo, C.J., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; Uys, L.R., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Dlamini, P.S., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland; Greeff, M., North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Chirwa, M., Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi; Kohi, T.W., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naidoo, J., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Mullan, J., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, United States; Wantland, D., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; Durrheim, K., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Holzemer, W.L., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States	Aim. This study examined the impact of taking or not taking antiretroviral (ARV) medications on stigma, as reported by people living with HIV infection in five African countries. Design. A two group (taking or not taking ARVs) by three (time) repeated measures analysis of variance examined change in reported stigma in a cohort sample of 1454 persons living with HIV infection in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Participants self-reported taking ARV medications and completed a standardized stigma scale validated in the African context. Data were collected at three points in time, from January 2006 to March 2007. Participants taking ARV medications self-reported a mean CD4 count of 273 and those not taking ARVs self-reported a mean CD4 count of 418. Results. Both groups reported significant decreases in total HIV stigma over time; however, people taking ARVs reported significantly higher stigma at Time 3 compared to those not taking ARVs. Discussion. This study documents that this sample of 1454 HIV infected persons in five countries in Africa reported significantly less HIV stigma over time. In addition, those participants taking ARV medications experienced significantly higher HIV stigma over time compared to those not taking ARVs. This finding contradicts some authors' opinions that when clients enroll in ARV medication treatment it signifies that they are experiencing less stigma. This work provides caution to health care providers to alert clients new to ARV treatment that they may experience more stigma from their families and communities when they learn they are taking ARV medications. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Africa; Antiretrovirals; HIV/AIDS; Stigma	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; controlled study; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; major clinical study; Malawi; male; patient compliance; priority journal; self report; South Africa; stigma; Swaziland; Tanzania; Africa; analysis of variance; clinical trial; multicenter study; patient compliance; psychological aspect; social psychology; Adult; Africa; Analysis of Variance; Anti-HIV Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Stereotyping	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890862298	Estimating the impact of changing fertilizer application rate, land use, and climate on nitrous oxide emissions in Irish grasslands	Kim D.-G., Rafique R., Leahy P., Cochrane M., Kiely G.	2014	Plant and Soil	374	42371	10.1007/s11104-013-1862-2	Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Shashemene, Ethiopia; HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019 OK, United States; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland	Kim, D.-G., Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Shashemene, Ethiopia, HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Rafique, R., HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019 OK, United States; Leahy, P., HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Cochrane, M., Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; Kiely, G., HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	Aim: This study examines the impact of changing nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates, land use and climate on N fertilizer-derived direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in Irish grasslands. Methods: A set of N fertilizer application rates, land use and climate change scenarios were developed for the baseline year 2000 and then for the years 2020 and 2050. Direct N2O emissions under the different scenarios were estimated using three different types of emission factors and a newly developed Irish grassland N2O emissions empirical model. Results: There were large differences in the predicted N2O emissions between the methodologies, however, all methods predicted that the overall N2O emissions from Irish grasslands would decrease by 2050 (by 40-60 %) relative to the year 2000. Reduced N fertilizer application rate and land-use changes resulted in decreases of 19-34 % and 11-60 % in N2O emission respectively, while climate change led to an increase of 5-80 % in N2O emission by 2050. Conclusions: It was observed in the study that a reduction in N fertilizer and a reduction in the land used for agriculture could mitigate emissions of N2O, however, future changes in climate may be responsible for increases in emissions causing the positive feedback of climate on emissions of N2O. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Climate change; Land-use change; Nitrogen fertilizer; Nitrous oxide; Scenario analysis	agricultural emission; biogeochemistry; climate change; climate effect; climate feedback; fertilizer application; grassland; land use change; nitrous oxide; Ireland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890514157	The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a simulated soccer match	Goedecke J.H., White N.J., Chicktay W., Mahomed H., Durandt J., Lambert M.I.	2013	Nutrients	5	12	10.3390/nu5125193	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Discovery Health High Performance Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	Goedecke, J.H., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; White, N.J., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Chicktay, W., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Mahomed, H., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Durandt, J., Discovery Health High Performance Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	Aim: This study investigated how performance was affected after soccer players, in a postprandial state, ingested a 7% carbohydrate (CHO) solution compared to a placebo (0% CHO) during a simulated soccer match. Methods: Using a double-blind placebo-controlled design, 22 trained male league soccer players (age: 24 ± 7 years, wt: 73.4 ± 12.0 kg, VO2max: 51.8 ± 4.3 mL O2/kg/min) completed two trials, separated by 7 days, during which they ingested, in random order, 700 mL of either a 7% CHO or placebo drink during a simulated soccer match. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), agility, timed and run to fatigue were measured during the trials. Results: Change in agility times was not altered by CHO vs. placebo ingestion (0.57 ± 1.48 vs. 0.66 ± 1.00, p = 0.81). Timed runs to fatigue were 381 ± 267 s vs. 294 ± 159 s for the CHO and placebo drinks, respectively (p = 0.11). Body mass modified the relationship between time to fatigue and drink ingestion (p = 0.02 for drink × body mass), such that lower body mass was associated with increased time to fatigue when the players ingested CHO, but not placebo. RPE values for the final stage of the simulated soccer match were 8.5 ± 1.7 and 8.6 ± 1.5 for theCHO and placebo drinks respectively (p = 0.87). Conclusions: The group data showed that the 7% CHO solution (49 g CHO) did not significantly improve performance during a simulated soccer match in league soccer players who had normal pre-match nutrition. However, when adjusting for body mass, increasing CHO intake was associated with improved time to fatigue during the simulated soccer match. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Football; Intermittent exercise; Sports drinks; Supplementation	carbohydrate; fat; placebo; adult; agility; article; athletic performance; body mass; carbohydrate intake; controlled study; dietary intake; double blind procedure; glycogen muscle level; heart rate variability; human; human experiment; jogging; male; muscle fatigue; normal human; palatability; postprandial state; randomized controlled trial; soccer; sports drink; stretching exercise; sweating; taste; visual analog scale; walking speed; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Performance; Dietary Carbohydrates; Double-Blind Method; Energy Intake; Fatigue; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Running; Soccer; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955947876	Impact of infant feeding practices on caries experience of preschool children	Folayan M., Sowole C., Owotade F., Sote E.	2010	Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry	34	4	None	Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nige	Folayan, M., Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sowole, C., Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Owotade, F., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sote, E., Department of Child Dental Health, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Aim: This study investigated the association between breastfeeding, bottle feeding, night feeding, age, and sex of the child on the caries experience. Method: Information was collected from the mothers of preschool children. Information included the age of the child, sex of the child, form of breastfeeding (whether exclusive, almost exclusive or mixed), duration of breastfeeding, night feeding habits of the child, and duration and content of bottle feeding. Intraoral examination was done to assess the dmft. The impact of the variables on the caries experience (rampant caries, no caries and the dmft) was then assessed. Results: The duration of breast feeding (p=0.002), and form of breast feeding (p=0.03) were significant predictors of the dmft. The dmft was highest in children who were breastfeed for longer than 18 months and highest for children who were exclusively breastfed. There is a strong association between rampant caries and duration of breast feeding only (p<0.001). The risk of having rampant caries increases by 10% (p = 0.012) with every month increase in the duration of breastfeeding. Conclusion: The duration of breastfeeding increased the risk for rampant caries in preschool children in Nigeria. The longer the duration, the higher the risk for caries.	Breastfeeding; caries; Nigeria; night feeding; preschool	age; article; artificial milk; baby food; bottle feeding; breast feeding; classification; dental caries; feeding behavior; female; food intake; health survey; human; infant; male; Nigeria; preschool child; risk factor; sex difference; time; food intake; Age Factors; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Feeding Behavior; Feeding Methods; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Formula; Male; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Age Factors; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Feeding Behavior; Feeding Methods; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Formula; Male; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953085277	Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of aqeous leaf extract of Swietenia mahogani (Maliaceae) in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats	Udem S., Nwaogu I., Onyejekwe O.	2011	Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences	4	1	10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0154	University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; University of Nigeria, Veterinary Anatomy, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria	Udem, S., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; Nwaogu, I., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Anatomy, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; Onyejekwe, O., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria	Aim: This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous leaf extract of Swietenia mahogany (Maliaceae) in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Material and Methods: The animals were given increasing concentrations (10% ethanol (v/v) in water for 1week, 20% (v/v) for another 2 weeks and 30% (v/v) for 9 weeks) per os daily. Treatment with the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) was instituted 6 h after given the alcohol for the same period the alcohol intake lasted. Thereafter, the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were assayed in the serum. The levels of other biochemical markers of organ damage such as total bilirubin and creatinine, as well as pentobarbitone sleeping time were determined. Histological examination of the liver was also performed. Results: The extract at all doses significantly (P<0.05) reduced the serum activities of ALT, AST, AP, serum levels of bilirubin and creatinine in comparison with the negative control that received only alcohol. The duration of pentobarbital induced hypnosis was also significantly shortened. The histopathological result showed significant (P<0.05) protection in the extract treated groups when compared with the group that received alcohol alone. Conclusion: The extract displayed significant (P<0.05) hepatoprotective activity in the model used in this study. © 2011 Udem S.	Aminotransferases; Biochemical markers of organ damage; Hepatoprotection; Histopathology; S. mahogani	alanine aminotransferase; alcohol; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; pentobarbital; plant extract; Swietenia mahogani extract; unclassified drug; alcohol consumption; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; bilirubin blood level; controlled study; creatinine blood level; female; histopathology; hypnosis; liver injury; liver protection; male; medicinal plant; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; sleep time; Swietenia mahogani	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905511026	Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Nigerian ethnoveterinary plants; Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis	Suleiman M.M., Mamman M., Sidiama A., Ighoja E.J., Tauheed M., Talba A.M.	2014	Veterinary World	7	7	10.14202/vetworld.2014.536-541	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Suleiman, M.M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mamman, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sidiama, A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ighoja, E.J., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Tauheed, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Talba, A.M., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the stem-barks of Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis which are used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections in goat. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical analysis using standard techniques was used to detect secondary metabolites contained in the plants. In vitro anthelmintic activity of the crude methanol extracts of the plants was determined using egg hatch inhibition test (EHIT) and larval development inhibition assay (LDIA). Results: The extracts of C. occidentalis and G. senegalensis inhibited hatching of eggs and larval development of Haemonchus contortus in a concentration-dependent manner. At concentrations of 0.1,1,10 and 100 mg/ml, the extract of C. occidentalis produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of egg hatching oiH. contortus eggs when compared with the untreated (distilled water) control group. C. occidentalis inhibited, by up to 86%, the larval development oiH. contortus. Similarly, the extract of G. senegalensis at concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/ml produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of egg hatching of H. contortus eggs and inhibited larval development by up to 85% of the parasite. C. occidentalis (EC50 - 4.23 mg/ml) was found to be more efficacious than G. senegalensis (EC50 = 88.24 mg/ml) against//, contortus eggs. However, G. senegalensis (EC50 - 0.0012 mg/ml) was more effective than C. occidentalis (EC50 = 0.11 mg/ml) against the larvae oiH. contortus. Conclusion: The crude methanol extracts of C. occidentalis and G. senegalensis possess in vitro anthelmintic activity against H. contortus that requires detailed in vivo pharmacological and toxicological trials to justify their use in clinical veterinary practice. © The authors.	Anthelmintic; Cassia occidentalis; Guiera senegalensis; Haemonchus contortus; Medicinal plants	Haemonchus contortus; Senna occidentalis; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941642623	Evaluation of predictive CYP2C19 genotyping assays relative to measured phenotype in a South African cohort	Dodgen T.M., Drögemöller B.I., Wright G.E.B., Warnich L., Steffens F.E., Cromarty A.D., Alessandrini M., Pepper M.S.	2015	Pharmacogenomics	16	12	10.2217/pgs.15.80	Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland	Dodgen, T.M., Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Drögemöller, B.I., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wright, G.E.B., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Warnich, L., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Steffens, F.E., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Cromarty, A.D., Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Alessandrini, M., Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Pepper, M.S., Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland	Aim: To align predicted and measured CYP2C19 phenotype in a South African cohort. Materials & methods: Genotyping of CYP2C19∗2, ∗3, ∗9, ∗15, ∗17, ∗27 and ∗28 was performed using PCR-RFLP, and an activity score (AS) system was used to predict phenotype. True phenotype was measured using plasma concentrations of omeprazole and its metabolite 5′-hydroxyomperazole. Results: Partial genotype-phenotype discrepancies were reported, and an adapted AS system was developed, which showed a marked improvement in phenotype prediction. Results highlight the need for a more comprehensive CYP2C19 genotyping approach to improve prediction of omeprazole metabolism. Conclusion: Evidence for the utility of a CYP2C19 AS system is provided, for which the accuracy can be further improved by means of comprehensive genotyping and substrate-specific modification. © 2015 Future Medicine Ltd.	activity score system; CYP2C19; genotype-phenotype correlation; omeprazole; South Africa	5' hydroxyomperazole; cytochrome P450 2C19; drug metabolite; omeprazole; unclassified drug; adult; Article; cohort analysis; controlled study; CYP2C19 gene; drug blood level; drug metabolism; female; gene frequency; genotype phenotype correlation; genotyping technique; human; male; phenotype; polymerase chain reaction; prediction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; South African	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84913612891	Strengthening confidence in climate change impact science	O'Connor M.I., Holding J.M., Kappel C.V., Duarte C.M., Brander K., Brown C.J., Bruno J.F., Buckley L., Burrows M.T., Halpern B.S., Kiessling W., Moore P., Pandolfi J.M., Parmesan C., Poloczanska E.S., Schoeman D.S., Sydeman W.J., Richardson A.J.	2015	Global Ecology and Biogeography	24	1	10.1111/geb.12218	Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, United Kingdom; GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom; Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, QLD, Australia; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA, United States; Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia	O'Connor, M.I., Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Holding, J.M., Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; Kappel, C.V., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Duarte, C.M., Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain, The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Brander, K., Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark; Brown, C.J., School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia, Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Bruno, J.F., Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Buckley, L., Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Burrows, M.T., Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Halpern, B.S., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, United Kingdom; Kiessling, W., GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, Erlangen, Germany; Moore, P., Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; Pandolfi, J.M., Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Parmesan, C., Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Poloczanska, E.S., Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Schoeman, D.S., Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, QLD, Australia, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Sydeman, W.J., Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA, United States; Richardson, A.J., Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia	Aim: To assess confidence in conclusions about climate-driven biological change through time, and identify approaches for strengthening confidence scientific conclusions about ecological impacts of climate change. Location: Global. Methods: We outlined a framework for strengthening confidence in inferences drawn from biological climate impact studies through the systematic integration of prior expectations, long-term data and quantitative statistical procedures. We then developed a numerical confidence index (Cindex) and used it to evaluate current practices in 208 studies of marine climate impacts comprising 1735 biological time series. Results: Confidence scores for inferred climate impacts varied widely from 1 to 16 (very low to high confidence). Approximately 35% of analyses were not associated with clearly stated prior expectations and 65% of analyses did not test putative non-climate drivers of biological change. Among the highest-scoring studies, 91% tested prior expectations, 86% formulated expectations for alternative drivers but only 63% statistically tested them. Higher confidence scores observed in studies that did not detect a change or tracked multiple species suggest publication bias favouring impact studies that are consistent with climate change. The number of time series showing climate impacts was a poor predictor of average confidence scores for a given group, reinforcing that vote-counting methodology is not appropriate for determining overall confidence in inferences. Main conclusions: Climate impacts research is expected to attribute biological change to climate change with measurable confidence. Studies with long-term, high-resolution data, appropriate statistics and tests of alternative drivers earn higher Cindex scores, suggesting these should be given greater weight in impact assessments. Together with our proposed framework, the results of our Cindex analysis indicate how the science of detecting and attributing biological impacts to climate change can be strengthened through the use of evidence-based prior expectations and thorough statistical analyses, even when data are limited, maximizing the impact of the diverse and growing climate change ecology literature. © 2014 The Authors.	Abundance; Attribution; Climate change; Distribution; Hypothesis; Impacts; Marine; Phenology; Scientific method; Time series	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875076653	Impacts of past habitat loss and future climate change on the range dynamics of South African Proteaceae	Sarmento Cabral J., Jeltsch F., Thuiller W., Higgins S., Midgley G.F., Rebelo A.G., Rouget M., Schurr F.M.	2013	Diversity and Distributions	19	4	10.1111/ddi.12011	Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany; University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Laboratoire D'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, Grenoble cedex 9, 38041, France; Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany; South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environment Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus. Pvt Bag X101, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Biodiversity Planning Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x101, Pretoria, South Africa; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France	Sarmento Cabral, J., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Jeltsch, F., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany; Thuiller, W., Laboratoire D'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, Grenoble cedex 9, 38041, France; Higgins, S., Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany; Midgley, G.F., South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa, School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environment Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus. Pvt Bag X101, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Rebelo, A.G., South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Rouget, M., Biodiversity Planning Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x101, Pretoria, South Africa; Schurr, F.M., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France	Aim: To assess how habitat loss and climate change interact in affecting the range dynamics of species and to quantify how predicted range dynamics depend on demographic properties of species and the severity of environmental change. Location: South African Cape Floristic Region. Methods: We use data-driven demographic models to assess the impacts of past habitat loss and future climate change on range size, range filing and abundances of eight species of woody plants (Proteaceae). The species-specific models employ a hybrid approach that simulates population dynamics and long-distance dispersal on top of expected spatio-temporal dynamics of suitable habitat. Results: Climate change was mainly predicted to reduce range size and range filling (because of a combination of strong habitat shifts with low migration ability). In contrast, habitat loss mostly decreased mean local abundance. For most species and response measures, the combination of habitat loss and climate change had the most severe effect. Yet, this combined effect was mostly smaller than expected from adding or multiplying effects of the individual environmental drivers. This seems to be because climate change shifts suitable habitats to regions less affected by habitat loss. Interspecific variation in range size responses depended mostly on the severity of environmental change, whereas responses in range filling and local abundance depended mostly on demographic properties of species. While most surviving populations concentrated in areas that remain climatically suitable, refugia for multiple species were overestimated by simply overlying habitat models and ignoring demography. Main conclusions: Demographic models of range dynamics can simultaneously predict the response of range size, abundance and range filling to multiple drivers of environmental change. Demographic knowledge is particularly needed to predict abundance responses and to identify areas that can serve as biodiversity refugia under climate change. These findings highlight the need for data-driven, demographic assessments in conservation biogeography. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biodiversity refugia; CFR Proteaceae; Climate change; Demographic properties; Habitat loss; Local abundances; Process-based range models; Range filling; Range size; Species distribution models	abundance; Cape Floristic Region; climate change; demography; dicotyledon; dispersal; environmental impact assessment; geographical distribution; habitat loss; population dynamics; range size; refugium; South Africa; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922577041	Explaining the variation in impacts of non-native plants on local-scale species richness: The role of phylogenetic relatedness	Vilà M., Rohr R.P., Espinar J.L., Hulme P.E., Pergl J., Le Roux J.J., Schaffner U., Pyšek P.	2015	Global Ecology and Biogeography	24	2	10.1111/geb.12249	Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic	Vilà, M., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Rohr, R.P., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Espinar, J.L., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Hulme, P.E., The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pergl, J., Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Le Roux, J.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Schaffner, U., CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland; Pyšek, P., Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic	Aim: To assess how the magnitude of impacts of non-native plants on species richness of resident plants and animals varies in relation to the traits and phylogenetic position of the non-native as well as characteristics of the invaded site. Location: Global. Methods: Meta-analysis and phylogenetic regressions based on 216 studies were used to examine the effects of 96 non-native plant species on species richness of resident plants and animals while considering differences in non-native species traits (life-form, clonality or vegetative reproduction, and nitrogen-fixing ability) and characteristics of the invaded site (ecosystem type, insularity and climatic region). Results: Plots with non-native plants had lower resident plant (-20.5%) and animal species richness (-26.4%) than paired uninvaded control plots. Nitrogen-fixing ability, followed by phylogeny and clonality were the best predictors of the magnitude of impacts of non-native plants on native plant species richness. Non-nitrogen-fixing and clonal non-native plants reduced species richness more than nitrogen-fixing and non-clonal invaders. However, life-form and characteristics of the invaded sites did not appear to be important. In the case of resident animal species richness, only the phylogenetic position of the non-native and whether invaded sites were islands or not influenced impacts, with a more pronounced decrease found on islands than mainlands. Main conclusions: The presence of a phylogenetic signal on the magnitude of the impacts of non-native plants on resident plant and animal richness indicates that closely related non-native plants tend to have similar impacts. This suggests that the magnitude of the impact might depend on shared plant traits not explored in our study. Our results therefore support the need to include the phylogenetic similarity of non-native plants to known invaders in risk assessment analysis. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Alien species; Biological invasion; Ecological impact; Insularity; Meta-analysis; N-fixing; Phylogenetic regression; Phylogeny; Weeds	animal; biological invasion; ecological impact; introduced species; meta-analysis; nitrogen fixation; phylogenetics; phylogeny; plant; relatedness; species richness; weed; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868144314	The impact of HIV infection on maternal deaths in South Africa	Chweneyagae D., Delis-Jarrosay N., Farina Z., Fawcus S., Godi N.P., Khaole N., Kunene B., Mhlanga R.E., Mbambisa G.Z., Mbombo N., Molefe N.E., Moodley J., Moran N.F., Pattinson R.C., Rout C., Schoon M., Seabe S.J.	2012	South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	18	3	10.7196/SAJOG.581	Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa	Chweneyagae, D., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Delis-Jarrosay, N., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Farina, Z., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Fawcus, S., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Godi, N.P., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Khaole, N., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Kunene, B., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Mhlanga, R.E., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Mbambisa, G.Z., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Mbombo, N., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Molefe, N.E., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Moodley, J., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Moran, N.F., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Rout, C., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Schoon, M., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Seabe, S.J., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa	Aim. To assess the impact of HIV infection on maternal deaths in South Africa from 2008 to 2010. Method. Data extracted from the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths database of maternal deaths, numbers of births from the District Health Information System (DHIS), and the estimated prevalence of HIV infection in the general population from the antenatal HIV and syphilis surveys were analysed. Estimations of the institutional maternal mortality ratios (iMMRs) for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women and women of unknown status were made for each province and category of underlying cause of disease. Results. The estimated iMMR for HIV-positive women was 430/100 000 live births and that for HIV-negative women 75/100 000 live births. In all categories of causes of death, the iMMR was increased in HIV-positive women. The major categories of causes of maternal death in HIV-negative women were complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (18.8/100 000 live births), obstetric haemorrhage (17.2/100 000 live births) and medical and surgical disorders (11.5/100 000 live births), while in HIV-positive women they were non-pregnancy-related infections (NPRIs) (267.3/100 000 live births), obstetric haemorrhage (38.4/100 000 live births) and pregnancy-related sepsis (miscarriages and sepsis following viable pregnancies - 34.1/100 000 live births). The major complications resulting in deaths were shock (38.0%), cardiac failure (31.9%) and respiratory failure. Tuberculosis (26.9%), community-acquired pneumonia (26.7%) and pneumocystis pneumonia (13.3%), and cryptococcal meningitis (4.2%) and other meningitis (8.7%) were the main underlying causes of death in the NPRI group, of which 87.4% were HIV positive. Complications of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were recorded as the underlying cause of death in 73 women (8.1% of those on HAART). Conclusion. HIV infection is the most important condition contributing to maternal death in South Africa. HIV-positive women are more likely to die of any underlying cause than HIV-negative women, with NPRI being the most common contributory condition.	None	efavirenz; nevirapine; adult; article; cause of death; central nervous system disease; community acquired pneumonia; cryptococcal meningitis; drug eruption; drug hypersensitivity; female; heart failure; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection; institutional maternal mortality ratios; liver failure; major clinical study; maternal hypertension; maternal mortality; meningitis; obstetric hemorrhage; Pneumocystis pneumonia; prevalence; respiratory failure; sepsis; shock; South Africa; spontaneous abortion; Stevens Johnson syndrome; syphilis; teratogenicity; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872864509	Obesity markedly attenuates the validity and performance of all electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy detection in a group of black African ancestry	Maunganidze F., Woodiwiss A.J., Libhaber C.D., Maseko M.J., Majane O.H.I., Norton G.R.	2013	Journal of Hypertension	31	2	10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835b8daa	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Maunganidze, F., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Libhaber, C.D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maseko, M.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Majane, O.H.I., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Aim: To assess the impact of obesity on the validity and performance of electrocardiographic criteria for the detection of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a group of participants of black African ancestry with a high prevalence of obesity. Methods: Electrocardiographic voltage criteria for the detection of echocardiographic LVH [left ventricular mass index (LVMI) >51 g/m] were evaluated in 661 participants from a community sample of black African ancestry (43% obese). Results: BMI was inversely associated with Sokolow-Lyon voltages (partial r =-0.27, P < 0.0001) and no BMI-Cornell voltage relations were noted (P = 0.21). BMI was associated with voltage criteria that incorporate only limb lead recordings (r = 0.17-0.23), but these relations were weaker than BMI-LVMI relations (r = 0.36, P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001 for comparisons of r values). All electrocardiographic criteria were as strongly related to blood pressure as LVMI. Sokolow-Lyon voltage-LVMI relations were noted only after adjustments for BMI (P < 0.02) and Sokolow-Lyon voltages showed no performance for LVH detection. Cornell voltages showed significant performance in nonobese [area under receiver operating curve (AUC) = 0.67 ± 0.04, P < 0.0005], but not in obese (AUC = 0.56 ± 0.04, P = 0.08). Electrocardiographic criteria which employ limb-lead recordings only (e.g. RaVL) showed better performance in nonobese than in obese (AUC = 0.75 ± 0.04 and 0.59 ± 0.04, respectively, P < 0.005 for comparison) and markedly reduced specificity for LVH detection in obese (76%) than in nonobese (92%, P < 0.0001) despite similar sensitivities (32 vs. 29%). Conclusion: In groups of black African ancestry, obesity contributes to a poor validity and performance of all voltage criteria for the detection of LVH. None of the current criteria are recommended for use in obesity. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams Wilkins.	electrocardiography; left ventricular hypertrophy; obesity	hemoglobin A1c; area under the curve; article; blood glucose monitoring; body mass; community sample; diabetes mellitus; echocardiography; electric potential; electrocardiography; female; heart left ventricle hypertrophy; heart left ventricle mass; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; Negro; obesity; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; systolic blood pressure; validity; African Continental Ancestry Group; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Male	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849098983	Evaluation of alcohol screening and brief intervention in routine practice of primary care nurses in Vhembe district, South Africa	Peltzer K., Matseke G., Azwihangwisi M., Babor T.	2008	Croatian Medical Journal	49	3	10.3325/cmj.2008.3.392	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Community Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Matseke, G., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Azwihangwisi, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Babor, T., Department of Community Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States	Aim: To assess the implementation of the Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) strategy as part of a routine practice of nurses in 18 primary health care services in Vhembe district, South Africa. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to assess the success of implementation of the SBI in 18 primary health care services. We examined all anonymously completed questionnaires (n = 2670) collected from all practices after a 6-month implementation period. Clinic managers were interviewed on SBI implementation after 4 months of implementation. The success of implementation was assessed on the basis of perceived benefits, beliefs, values, past history, current needs, competing priorities, complexity of innovation, trialability and observability, and feedback on SBI performance. Results: In the 6-month period, nurses screened 2670 patients and found that 648 (23.4%) patients (39.1% men and 13.8% women) were hazardous or harmful drinkers. Nine clinics had good and 9 poor SBI implementation. Factors discriminating the clinics with good or poor SBI implementation included the percentage of nurses trained in SBI, support visits, clinical workload, competing priorities, team work, innovation adoption curve, perceived complexity of innovation, compatibility beliefs, trialability, and observability of SBI. Conclusion: To improve SBI implementation as a routine practice, more attention should be paid to training modalities, clinic organization, and changes in the attitudes of nurses.	None	alcohol; adult; alcoholism; article; controlled study; drinking behavior; female; health service; human; major clinical study; male; medical education; medical practice; nurse; primary medical care; questionnaire; religion; risk factor; screening test; South Africa; teamwork; workload; Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Attitude of Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Nurses; Primary Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873714820	Tracking the impact of Pliocene/Pleistocene sea level and climatic oscillations on the cladogenesis of the Cape legless skink, Acontias meleagris species complex, in South Africa	Engelbrecht H.M., van Niekerk A., Heideman N.J., Daniels S.R.	2013	Journal of Biogeography	40	3	10.1111/jbi.12024	Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Engelbrecht, H.M., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Heideman, N.J., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Daniels, S.R., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa	Aim: To determine the geographical boundaries among cryptic lineages and examine the evolutionary drivers of cladogenesis within the Cape legless skink, Acontias meleagris species complex. Location: Coastal plains and adjacent interior of the Eastern, Northern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Methods: A total of 231 specimens from 55 localities were collected from the entire known distribution range of the A. meleagris complex. Partial sequence data were collected from two mitochondrial DNA loci, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and one protein-coding nuclear DNA locus, exophilin 5 (EXPH5). Phylogenetic, phylogeographical and population genetic analyses, together with divergence time estimation, were conducted on the DNA sequence data to examine evolutionary history and diversification within the species complex. Results: Marked genetic structure was observed within the A. meleagris complex, and five clades were retrieved, most of which were statistically well supported. These five clades were also evident within the haplotypic analyses and were characterized by demographic stability. Cladogenesis was induced during the Pliocene/Pleistocene epochs, most likely as a result of oscillations in climate and sea level, and Neogene geomorphic phenomena. The Breede River Valley is an area of high genetic diversity and is likely to have served as a refugium. Main conclusions: Lineage diversification and the current biogeographical patterning reflect the impact of sea level oscillations on historical coastal habitat availability. Fine-scale differences between co-distributed subterranean and supraterranean herpetofaunal taxa can be attributed to differences in life-history traits amongst different habitat types. Historical evolutionary drivers within this subterranean species complex are inferred and discussed. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Acontiinae; Biogeography; Cape region; Cladogenesis; Herpetofauna; Pleistocene; Pliocene; Subterranean; Supraterranean	climate oscillation; coastal plain; cytochrome; divergence; evolutionary biology; genetic structure; genetic variation; geographical distribution; geomorphology; habitat availability; habitat type; herpetofauna; life history trait; lizard; mitochondrial DNA; paleobiogeography; phylogenetics; phylogeography; Pleistocene; Pliocene; refugium; sea level; species complex; subterranean environment; tracking; Breede River; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Western Cape; Acontias meleagris; Acontiinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549172109	Assessing the impacts of climate change and land transformation on Banksia in the South West Australian Floristic Region	Yates C.J., McNeill A., Elith J., Midgley G.F.	2010	Diversity and Distributions	16	1	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00623.x	Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Yates, C.J., Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; McNeill, A., Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; Elith, J., School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Midgley, G.F., South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Aim To determine the potential combined effects of climate change and land transformation on the modelled geographic ranges of Banksia. Location Mediterranean climate South West Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR). Methods We used the species distribution modelling software Maxent to relate current environmental conditions to occurrence data for 18 Banksia species, and subsequently made spatial predictions using two simple dispersal scenarios (zero and universal), for three climate-severity scenarios at 2070, taking the impacts of land transformation on species' ranges into account. The species were chosen to reflect the biogeography of Banksia in the SWAFR. Results Climate-severity scenario, dispersal scenario, biogeographic distribution and land transformation all influenced the direction and magnitude of the modelled range change responses for the 18 species. The predominant response of species to all climate change scenarios was range contraction, with exceptions for some northern and widespread species. Including land transformation in estimates of modelled geographic range size for the three climate-severity scenarios generally resulted in smaller gains and larger declines in species ranges across both dispersal scenarios. Including land transformation and assuming zero dispersal resulted, as expected, in the greatest declines in projected range size across all species. Increasing climate change severity greatly increased the risk of decline in the 18 Banksia species, indicating the critical role of mitigating future emissions. Main conclusions The combined effects of climate change and land transformation may have significant adverse impacts on endemic Proteaceae in the SWAFR, especially under high emissions scenarios and if, as expected, natural migration is limiting. Although these results need cautious interpretation in light of the many assumptions underlying the techniques used, the impacts identified warrant a clear focus on monitoring across species ranges to detect early signs of change, and experiments that determine physiological thresholds for species in order to validate and refine the models. © 2009 Western Australian Government.	Biodiversity hotspot; Climate change; Habitat fragmentation; Maxent; Mediterranean-type ecosystem; Species distribution model	biodiversity; climate change; climate effect; dispersal; evergreen tree; floristics; habitat fragmentation; landscape change; physiology; phytogeography; population distribution; range size; software; Australia; Banksia; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888857387	Prevalence of dental caries and its impact on quality of life (QoL) among HIV-infected children in Kenya	Masiga M.A., M'imunya J.M.	2013	Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry	38	1	None	Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya; UNITID, Kenya	Masiga, M.A., Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya; M'imunya, J.M., UNITID, Kenya	Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and its impact on QoL among HIV-infected children in Kenya. Study design: Cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive children aged 3-15 years. Method: Two hundred and twenty participants were selected by consecutive sampling. Dental examination was undertaken to determine the presence of dental caries among the children using the dmft/DMFT indices. The children's perceived QoL in the domains of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social wellbeing was assessed using the WHO Simplified Oral Health Questionnaires for children. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 65% whence the prevalence in the deciduous dentition was 50% while that of the permanent dentition was 30.9%. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 1.75 and 1.08 respectively. Children with high dmft manifested negative impacts on appearance, chewing, biting hard foods and missing school on account of toothache and discomfort, while in the permanent dentition children with high DMFT had a negative impact on biting hard foods. Conclusion: A high caries experience had significant negative impacts on the children's QoL, especially in the primary dentition.	Children; Dental caries; HIV-positive children; QoL	absenteeism; adolescent; article; chi square distribution; child; cross-sectional study; deciduous tooth; dental caries; dental procedure; dentition; double blind procedure; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; male; mastication; preschool child; prevalence; psychological aspect; quality of life; self report; tooth pain; Absenteeism; Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Care for Children; Dental Caries; Dentition, Permanent; DMF Index; Double-Blind Method; Esthetics, Dental; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Male; Mastication; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Self Report; Tooth, Deciduous; Toothache	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875329055	Rates and impact of hepatitis on human immunodeficiency virus infection in a large African cohort	Gwamzhi Ladep N., Aladi Agaba P., Agbaji O., Muazu A., Ugoagwu P., Imade G., Cooke G., McCormack S., Taylor-Robinson S.D., Idoko J., Kanki P.	2013	World Journal of Gastroenterology	19	10	10.3748/wjg.v19.i10.1602	Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Londo	Gwamzhi Ladep, N., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Aladi Agaba, P., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Agbaji, O., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Muazu, A., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Ugoagwu, P., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Imade, G., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Cooke, G., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; McCormack, S., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, London NW1 2DA, United Kingdom; Taylor-Robinson, S.D., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Idoko, J., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria, National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Central Business District, Abuja 905001, Nigeria; Kanki, P., Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115-5810, United States	AIM: To determine the rates and impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections on response to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a large human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population in Nigeria. METHODS: HBV and HCV as well as HIV infections are endemic in sub Saharan Africa. This was a retrospective cohort study of 19 408 adults who were recruited between June 2004 and December 2010 in the AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria in Nigeria programme at Jos University Teaching Hospital. Serological assays, including HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C antibody were used to categorise hepatitis status of the patients. HBsAg was determined using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Monolisa HBsAg Ultra3; Bio-Rad). HCV antibody was tested using third generation EIA (DIA.PRO Diagnostic, Bioprobes srl, Milan, Italy). HIV RNA levels were measured using Roche COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test version 1.5 (Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) with a detection limit of 400 copies/mL. Flow cytometry was used to determine CD4+ cell count (Partec, GmbH Munster, Germany). Comparison of categorical and continuous variables were achieved using Pearson's χ 2 and Kruskal Wallis tests respectively, on MedCalc for Windows, version 9.5.0.0 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). RESULTS: With an overall hepatitis screening rate of over 90% for each virus; HBV, HCV and HBV/HCV were detected in 3162 (17.8%), 1983 (11.3%) and 453 (2.5%) HIV infected adults respectively. The rate of liver disease was low, but highest among HIV monoinfected patients (29, 0.11%), followed by HBV coinfected patients (15, 0.08%). Patients with HBV coinfection and triple infection had higher log10 HIV RNA loads (HBV: 4.6 copies/mL vs HIV only: 4.5 copies/mL, P &lt; 0.0001) and more severe immune suppression (HBV: 645, 55.4%; HBV/HCV: 97, 56.7%) prior to initiation of HAART compared to HIV mono-infected patients (1852, 48.6%) (P &lt; 0.0001). Of 3025 patients who were 4.4 years on HAART and whose CD4 cell counts results at baseline and end of follow up were available for analyses, CD4 increase was significantly lower in those with HBV co-infection (HBV: 144 cells/ mm3; HBV/HCV: 105 cells/mm3) than in those with HCV co-infection (165 cells/mm3) and HIV mono-infection (150 cells/mm3) (P = 0.0008). CONCLUSION: High rates of HBV and HCV infections were found in this HIV cohort. CD4 recovery was significantly diminished in patients with HBV co-infection. © 2013 Baishideng. All rights reserved.	Africa; Hepatitis b; Hepatitis c; Human immunodeficiency virus; Liver disease	hepatitis B surface antigen; hepatitis C antibody; virus RNA; adolescent; adult; Africa; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; enzyme immunoassay; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; flow cytometry; follow up; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver disease; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; prevalence; retrospective study; screening; serology; virus load; Africa; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; Human immunodeficiency virus; Liver disease; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Biological Markers; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Chi-Square Distribution; Coinfection; Female; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis B, Chronic; Hepatitis C Antibodies; Hepatitis C, Chronic; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Viral; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927786822	Relative impact of blood pressure as compared to an excess adiposity on left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in a community sample with a high prevalence of obesity	Millen A.M.E., Libhaber C.D., Majane O.H.I., Libhaber E., Maseko M.J., Woodiwiss A.J., Norton G.R.	2014	Journal of Hypertension	32	12	10.1097/HJH.0000000000000330	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Millen, A.M.E., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Libhaber, C.D., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Majane, O.H.I., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Libhaber, E., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maseko, M.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	Aim: To determine whether blood pressure (BP) or an excess adiposity, both frequently observed comorbidities that independently relate to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD), have a greater impact on LVDD at a community level. Methods: We assessed the relative independent impact of an excess adiposity versus BP on indices of LVDD as determined from the ratios of early-to-late transmitral blood flow velocity (E/A) and E/the mean of lateral and septal wall myocardial tissue lengthening at the level of the mitral annulus (e'; (E/e') in 417 randomly recruited participants of a community-based study with a high prevalence of excess adiposity (43% obese and 25% morbidly obese). Results: In multivariate adjusted models, including adjustments for appropriate BP values (SBP for E/e' and DBP for E/A), waist circumference was independently associated with E/A (partial r = -0.12, P < 0.02) and E/e' (partial r = 0.15, P < 0.005). In contrast, BMI was independently associated with E/e' (partial r = 0.11, P < 0.05), but not E/A (partial r = -0.09, P = 0.08). In multivariate models, SBP had a greater impact on E/e' (standardized β-coefficient = 0.32 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001) than did waist circumference (standardized β-coefficient = 0.16-0.05, P < 0.005; P < 0.05 for comparison), whereas DBP had a similar impact on E/A (standardized β-coefficient = -0.10 ± 0.03, P < 0.005) as did waist circumference (standardized β-coefficient = -0.10 ± 0.04, P < 0.05). Importantly, whereas SBP was the main factor independently associated with an increased E/e' (≥10) (P < 0.0005), waist circumference was not independently associated with either a decreased E/A (≤0.75) (P = 0.82) or an increased E/e' (≥10; P = 0.15). Conclusion: In a community sample with a high prevalence of excess adiposity, BP exceeds obesity as the most important modifiable risk factor for LVDD. These data suggest that in communities with a high prevalence of obesity, if weight loss programmes fail to produce sustainable target body weights, rigorous BP management to lower than normal thresholds may be sufficient to prevent LVDD. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Blood pressure; Left ventricular diastolic function; Obesity	adult; Article; blood flow velocity; blood pressure measurement; body mass; community sample; comorbidity; controlled study; diastolic blood pressure; female; heart ventricle septum; human; left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; major clinical study; male; measurement accuracy; middle aged; model; morbid obesity; obesity; prevalence; priority journal; systolic blood pressure; waist circumference; waist hip ratio; blood pressure; community care; comparative study; diastole; echocardiography; echography; heart left ventricle function; morbid obesity; obesity; pathophysiology; South Africa; Adiposity; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Community Health Services; Diastole; Echocardiography; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity, Morbid; South Africa; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Waist Circumference	None
None	None	Quantiferon®-TB gold in-tube performance for diagnosing active tuberculosis in children and adults in a high burden setting	Rose M.V., Kimaro G., Nissen T.N., Kroidl I., Hoelscher M., Bygbjerg I.C., Mfinanga S.G., Ravn P.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0037851	Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark	Rose, M.V., Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Kimaro, G., Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nissen, T.N., Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Kroidl, I., NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Hoelscher, M., Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Bygbjerg, I.C., Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mfinanga, S.G., Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ravn, P., Department for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Odense, Odense, Denmark	Aim: To determine whether QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) can contribute to the diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) in children in a high-burden setting and to assess the performance of QFT and tuberculin skin test (TST) in a prospective cohort of TB suspect children compared to adults with confirmed TB in Tanzania. Methods: Sensitivity and specificity of QFT and TST for diagnosing active TB as well as indeterminate QFT rates and IFN-γ levels were assessed in 211 TB suspect children in a Tanzanian district hospital and contrasted in 90 adults with confirmed pulmonary TB. Results: Sensitivity of QFT and TST in children with confirmed TB was 19% (5/27) and 6% (2/31) respectively. In adults sensitivity of QFT and TST was 84% (73/87) and 85% (63/74). The QFT indeterminate rate in children and adults was 27% and 3%. Median levels of IFN-γ were lower in children than adults, particularly children <2 years and HIV infected. An indeterminate result was associated with age <2 years but not malnutrition or HIV status. Overall childhood mortality was 19% and associated with an indeterminate QFT result at baseline. Conclusion: QFT and TST showed poor performance and a surprisingly low sensitivity in children. In contrast the performance in Tanzanian adults was good and comparable to performance in high-income countries. Indeterminate results in children were associated with young age and increased mortality. Neither test can be recommended for diagnosing active TB in children with immature or impaired immunity in a high-burden setting. © 2012 Rose et al.	None	gamma interferon; tuberculostatic agent; adult; age; article; child; childhood mortality; cohort analysis; controlled study; diagnostic kit; ethnic group; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; income; intermethod comparison; lung burden; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; prospective study; public hospital; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; Tanzanian; tuberculin test; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Infant; Interferon-gamma; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Survival Rate; Tanzania; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883548202	Development and evaluation of the Primary Healthcare-based Physiotherapy Intervention and its effects on selected indices of stroke recovery	Olaleye O., Hamzat T., Owolabi M.	2013	International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation	20	9	None	Department of Physiotherapy, College Of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University Of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Olaleye, O., Department of Physiotherapy, College Of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Hamzat, T., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University Of Ibadan, Nigeria; Owolabi, M., Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim: To develop a Primary Healthcare-Based Physiotherapy Intervention (PHCPI) that requires simple, inexpensive, easy-to-use equipment for stroke rehabilitation and evaluate its effects on selected clinical indices of recovery among post-acute stroke survivors over a 10-week period. Methods: Three databases (Medline, Pubmed and PEDro) were used to identify treatment approaches with proven efficacy. The authors synthesised these treatment approaches to develop the PHCPI, which was used in a repeated measure design involving 25 (mean age=60.6 ± 10.2 years) consenting individuals with first-incidence stroke. These individuals were treated at a primary health centre, twice weekly for 10 consecutive weeks. Outcomes were assessed using the Modified Motor Assessment Scale (MMAS), the Short Form Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (SF-PASS) and the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI), before the intervention and fortnightly thereafter. Walking speed and quality of life were also assessed before the intervention and at week 10 of it. Results: Within-subject multivariate analysis, after controlling for gender, showed a significant increase in motor function, postural balance, walking speed and quality of life. Their community reintegration scores also improved over the period. Conclusion: The PHCPI resulted in improved motor function, community reintegration, walking speed, postural balance and quality of life among community-dwelling stroke survivors. This intervention can be used for stroke rehabilitation at primary health centres.	Physiotherapy intervention; Primary health care; Rehabilitation; Stroke	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70450172295	The beginnings of children's palliative care in Africa: Evaluation of a children's palliative care service in Africa	Amery J.M., Rose C.J., Holmes J., Nguyen J., Byarugaba C.	2009	Journal of Palliative Medicine	12	11	10.1089/jpm.2009.0125	Hospice Africa Uganda, Kampala, Uganda	Amery, J.M., Hospice Africa Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Rose, C.J., Hospice Africa Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Holmes, J., Hospice Africa Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Nguyen, J., Hospice Africa Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Byarugaba, C., Hospice Africa Uganda, Kampala, Uganda	Aim: To evaluate a children's palliative care service designed specifically for a resource-poor sub-Saharan African setting. Methodology: The study used mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology: quantitative retrospective, comparative survey and cross-sectional, noninterventional interview survey. Results: Evaluation showed increases in referrals, proportion of children on program, morphine and chemotherapy prescriptions, and improved compliance for a cost of $100 per child. The most valued service strengths were free drugs, food, play, learning, and staff attitude. Weaknesses included insufficiency of strengths listed above, as well as poor hospital staff attitude, lack of school fees and poor treatment compliance rates. Suggestions included more of the strengths as well as more accessible service locations. Discussion: The study suggests affordable, nurse-led, volunteer-supported children's palliative care services are both achievable and effective in sub-Saharan African. The study suggests that palliative care units should provide a specialized service focused on children. Such a service would clearly identify children in need of children's palliative care and should provide medication for symptom control; food and basic needs support; play and learning facilities; child protection; and systems for patient education, communication and follow up. Staff lack confidence and/or competence and this is a significant barrier to children's palliative care that should be addressed in Africa. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	morphine; Africa; article; basic needs; chemotherapy; cross-sectional study; follow up; health care cost; health program; health service; hospital personnel; human; interpersonal communication; interview; methodology; palliative therapy; patient compliance; patient education; patient referral; prescription; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; retrospective study; social support; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child Welfare; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Palliative Care; Poverty; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956014792	Evaluation of cosmetic appearance of herniotomy wound scars in African children: Comparison of tissue glue and subcuticular suturing	Ademuyiwa A.O., Sowande O.A., Adejuyigbe O., Usang U.E., Bakare T.I.B., Anyanwu L.J.C.	2009	Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery	42	2	10.4103/0970-0358.59282	Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Ademuyiwa, A.O., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Sowande, O.A., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Adejuyigbe, O., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Usang, U.E., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Bakare, T.I.B., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Anyanwu, L.J.C., Paediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Aim: To evaluate the cosmetic appearance of herniotomy wound scars closed using either the tissue glue or subcuticular suturing technique. Materials and Methods: Prospective randomised control study; randomisation into tissue glue and suturing groups. Ethical clearance obtained. Cosmetic outcome were based on visual analogue scale by parents and Hollander wound evaluation scale by a Plastic Surgeon blinded to the wound closure method. Results: Fifty one wounds were evaluated, 26 in the tissue glue group and 25 in the suturing group. Parents′ evaluation using Visual Analogue scale (VAS) showed that in the suturing group, 17 parents (68%) gave a VAS of 8cm while six parents (24%) gave a score of 7cm. Two parents (8%) gave a score of 9cm. In the tissue glue group, 22 parents (84.6%) scored the scar of their children as 8 or 9cm on the VAS while four parents (15.4%) gave a score of 7cm. The median VAS was 8cm for both groups with a range of 7 to 9cm. The Chi- square test showed that the parents preferred tissue glue compared with subcuticular suturing (X2 = 7.90, P &lt; 0.05). The Hollander Wound Evaluation Scale (HWES) used by Plastic Surgeon showed 21 herniotomy wounds (84%) had a score of 6 in the suturing group while four wounds (16%) had a score of 5. In the tissue glue group, 19 wounds (73%) had a score of 6, six wounds (23.1%) had a score of 5 and a patient (3.8%) had a score of 4. The median score is 6 for both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups (X2 = 1.481, P = 0.393). Conclusion: This study has shown that the cosmetic outcome of wound closure using the tissue glue technique and subcuticular suturing technique are similar.	Scars on African skin; tissue glue; wound healing in Africans	None	None
WoS	WOS:000312313200017	Evaluating Helping Babies Breathe: training for healthcare workers at hospitals in Rwanda	Baribwira, Cyprien,Essen, Birgitta,Musafili, Aimable,Persson, Lars-Ake,Rukundo, Alphonse	2013	ACTA PAEDIATRICA	102	1	10.1111/apa.12034	Uppsala University, Kigali Univ, Rwanda Biomed Ctr, Univ Maryland	"Essen, Birgitta: Uppsala University","Persson, Lars-Ake: Uppsala University",	Aim To evaluate the educational effectiveness of the Helping Babies Breathe programme. Methods Knowledge of trainees from two district hospitals and one tertiary referral hospital was evaluated before and after training in 2010. A postcourse practical skills evaluation was performed on a Neonatalie Newborn Simulator. Participants underwent a re-evaluation after 3 months. Results One hundred eighteen trainees completed the course. The percentages of correct answers on a written test significantly increased from 77 +/- 15% to 91 +/- 9% (p &lt; 0.01) after training. The mean score obtained on a postcourse skill evaluation was 89 +/- 9%; 64% of the trainees achieved passing scores. Retesting 3 months later showed that knowledge remained at the same level, while practical skills decreased to 83 +/- 16%, and the pass rate dropped significantly to 43% (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion Healthcare workers who participate in a Helping Babies Breathe programme can significantly improve their knowledge. While such knowledge is retained for at least 3 months, skills dropped to unsatisfactory levels in that period of time, indicating the need for retraining in the interim or the acquisition of practical experience by such healthcare workers.	EDUCATION,"healthcare workers","Helping Babies Breathe",HOSPITAL,RWANDA,CARDIOPULMONARY-RESUSCITATION,COUNTRIES,"DELIVERY ROOM",KNOWLEDGE,MORTALITY,"NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PROGRAM",RESIDENTS,RETENTION,SETTINGS,"SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272009600019	Evaluating the effectiveness of a strategy for teaching neonatal resuscitation in West Africa	Bose, Carl,Engmann, Cyril,Enweronu-Laryea, Christabel,Osafo, Alexandra	2009	RESUSCITATION	80	11	10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.08.005	University of Ghana, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Korle Bu Teaching Hosp	"Bose, Carl: University of North Carolina","Bose, Carl: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Enweronu-Laryea, Christabel: University of Ghana",	Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a strategy for teaching neonatal resuscitation on the cognitive knowledge of health professionals who attend deliveries in Ghana, West Africa. Methods: Train-the-trainer model was used to train health professionals at 2-3 day workshops from 2003 to 2007. Obstetric Anticipatory Care and Basic Neonatal Care modules were taught as part of Neonatal Resuscitation Training package. American Neonatal Resuscitation Program was adapted to the clinical role of participants and local resources. Cognitive knowledge was evaluated by written pre- and post-training tests. Results: The median pre-training and post-training scores were 38% and 71% for midwives. 43% and 81% for nurses, 52% and 90% for nurse anaesthetists, and 62% and 98% for physicians. All groups of the 271 professionals (18 nurse anaesthetists, 55 nurses, 68 physicians, and 130 midwives) who completed the course showed significant improvement (p &lt; 0.001) in median post-training test scores, Midwives at primary health care facilities were less likely to achieve passing post-test scores than midwives at secondary and tertiary facilities [35/53 vs. 24/26 vs. 45/51 (p = 0.004)] respectively. Conclusion: Evidence-based neonatal resuscitation training adapted to local resources significantly improved cognitive knowledge of all groups of health professionals. Further modification of training for midwives working at primary level health facilities and incorporation of neonatal resuscitation in continuing education and professional training programs are recommended. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	GHANA,"neonatal resuscitation",TRAINING,COURSES,GHANA,IMPACT,MORTALITY	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049138840	Short-term clinical evaluation of four desensitizing agents	Olusile A.O., Bamise C.T., Oginni A.O., Dosumu O.O.	2008	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	9	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olusile, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Bamise, C.T., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oginni, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of four topical desensitizing agents in providing short-term relief of dentin hypersensitivity. Methods and Materials: One hundred sixteen hypersensitive teeth with a positive response to intraoral testing for dentin hypersensitivity were included in this study. The four desensitizing agents tested were Duraphat™, 2% fluoride iontophoresis, copal varnish (CV), and Gluma™ Comfort Bond Plus Desensitizer. Following a specific regimen randomly determined desensitizing agents were applied in an alternating order when patients presented in a clinical setting with a complaint of hypersensitive teeth. A visual analogue scale was used to determine the degrees of hypersensitivity at three points in time. The first being just before the treatment to establish a baseline, then at 24 hours post-treatment, and the last at seven days post-treatment. Differences in the mean pain scores (MPS) between the baseline and post-treatment evaluation periods were used to determine the reduction in dentin hypersensitivity. Results: At baseline the MPS for teeth treated with CV was 5.34 (SD: 2.39), Duraphat™ was 4.66 (SD: 1.82), Gluma™ was 6.03 (SD: 2.37), and iontophoresis was 5.76 (SD: 1.37). At 24 hours post-treatment the MPS for CV was 2.1 (SD: 0.95), Duraphat™ was 1.38 (SD;1.86), Gluma™ was 0.79 (SD;1.45), and iontophoresis was 1.62 (SD1.97). The reduction in dentin hypersensitivity at 24 hours (difference between baseline MPS and 24 hour MPS) was 5.28 for Gluma™, 4.14 for iontophoresis, 3.28 for Duraphat™, and 3.24 for CV which were all statistically significant (p<0.05). At seven days, the MPS for CV was 1.55 (SD: 1.44), Duraphat™ was 1.0 (SD;1.89), Gluma™ was 0.10 (SD;0.44), and iontophoresis was 0.3 (SD;0.98). Reduction of hypersensitivity between 24 hours and one week was 1.32 for iontophoresis, 0.69 for Gluma™, 0.55 for CV, and 0.38 for Duraphat™. Only the reductions for iontophoresis and Gluma™ were statistically significant at seven days (p<0.05). Conclusions: All agents caused a statistically significant reduction in dentin hypersensitivity within 24 hours of treatment. Gluma™ performed best at 24 hours while iontophoresis appeared to have an edge at seven days. Long-term studies are needed to determine why this difference exists. Dentin hypersensitivity presents as an emergency condition requiring an effective means of providing immediate relief in the clinician's treatment armamentarium.	Copal varnish; CV; Desensitizing agents; Duraphat™; Gluma™; Hypersensitive teeth; Iontophoresis	anticaries agent; biomedical and dental materials; fluoride; adolescent; adult; article; chemistry; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; dentin sensitivity; desensitization; female; human; iontophoresis; male; methodology; middle aged; pain assessment; randomized controlled trial; time; Adolescent; Adult; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Materials; Dentin Sensitivity; Desensitization, Immunologic; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Iontophoresis; Male; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751377243	Impact of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act on maternal morbidity and mortality in the west of Pretoria	Mbele A.M., Snyman L., Pattinson R.C.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	11	None	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa	Mbele, A.M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Snyman, L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, MRC Muternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim. To evaluate the impact of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act on maternal morbidity and mortality in the west of Pretoria. Setting. Indigent South Africans managed in two public hospitals in the west of Pretoria. Method. Data were collected on all abortions (incomplete or induced) treated in the hospitals in the study area in 1997-1998 and 2003-2005. All cases of severe acute maternal morbidity and maternal deaths due to abortion were identified for these time periods. Data exclude referrals from outside the west of Pretoria. Outcome measures. The case fatality rate (CFR), mortality index (MI) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR) due to abortions. Results. In 1997-1998 there were 2 050 abortions, of which 80.2% were regarded as being incomplete, and in 2003-2005 there were 3 999 abortions, of which 42.8% were regarded as incomplete. Twenty-four women who were critically ill due to complications of abortion presented in 1997-1998 (a rate of 3.05/1 000 births), compared with 50 (2.76/1 000 births) in 2003-2005. There were 5 deaths in 1997-1998 (CFR of 2.4/1 000 abortions) compared with 1 death in 2003-2005 (CFR 0.25/1 000 abortions) (p=0.01, relative risk (RR) 0.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.89). The MI fell from 21.7% to 2.0% (p=0.02, RR 0.1, 95% CI 0.01-0.89). The MMR was 63.6/100 000 births in 1997-1998 compared with 5.54/100 000 in 2003-2005 (p=0.017, RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.74). Conclusion: The introduction of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act has been associated with a massive reduction in women presenting with incomplete abortions. The prevalence of critically ill women due to complications of abortion has not changed, but the CFR, MI and MMR have declined significantly.	None	article; clinical article; confidence interval; controlled study; critically ill patient; disease severity; female; human; indigent; induced abortion; law enforcement; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; pregnancy termination; public hospital; risk assessment; South Africa; spontaneous abortion; statistical significance; Abortion, Legal; Abortion, Spontaneous; Data Collection; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949397126	Performance evaluation of tertiary care	Njoku J., Eze C.U., Nwobi I.C.	2010	British Journal of Health Care Management	16	2	None	Department of Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Radiography,	Njoku, J., Department of Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Eze, C.U., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Nwobi, I.C., Department of Radiography, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Aim: To evaluate the performance of tertiary healthcare institutions in Lagos State, Western Nigeria, with regard to their corporate goal of providing excellent tertiary healthcare services for the community. Methods: One hundred and ten structured questionnaires were distributed by stratified random sampling on healthcare workers in three tertiary healthcare institutions. The survey was first piloted on a separate hospital of equal status in Lagos State, which was not included in the study, after which minor changes were made with regard to presentation and wording. Surveys were completed and returned by 90 healthcare workers, giving a response rate of 82%. The questionnaires were analysed using percentages, frequencies and the chi-square (x2) test. Results: The hospitals studied did not translate their mission statements into specific performance objectives and goals; there appeared to be no framework to evaluate performance. Service delivery was generally hindered by poor staff training, poor funding (especially in government-run hospitals), lack of participative management, demotivation, work stoppages, and inadequate technology/obsolete equipment. Conclusions: Employee performance, and therefore productivity in the health sector, could improve if adequate attention is paid to the continuing professional development (CPD) of employees to match the trends in technology and meet the ever-changing needs of the patient. Public tertiary healthcare institutions have no system in place to improve performance. They seem not to bother about productivity as long as their funding is not dependent on performance. The risk is that these hospitals may not be self-sustaining should the government withdraw funding.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893777645	Evaluation of the "takeFiveSchool" : An education programme for people with Type 2 Diabetes in the WesternCape, South Africa	Van Der Does A.M.B., Mash R.	2013	Primary Care Diabetes	7	4	10.1016/j.pcd.2013.07.002	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Van Der Does, A.M.B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Mash, R., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Aim: To evaluate the Take Five School (TFS) group education programme for patients with Type 2 Diabetes in South Africa. Methods: Questionnaires, administered before and after 4 sessions of an hour each of group education, measured the effect on self-care activities in 84 patients from 6 different clinics. Individual interviews with health care workers (HCWs) and focus group interviews (FGI's) with patients explored attitudes. Results: A significant improvement in adherence to a diabetic diet, physical activity, foot care and the perceived ability to teach others was seen. There was no significant change in smoking or adherence to medication. Qualitative data revealed that comprehensive edu cation was appreciated, that the group process was deemed supportive, that HCWs doubt the effect of education in general and that a combination of group and individual sessions was seen as an option worth exploring. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the TFS are identified. Recommendations are made to improve the programme and its environment. Conclusion: Significant self-reported improvements in self-care activities after a group education programme support the view that introducing structured group education for Type 2 Diabetics in a South African public sector primary care context holds promise. Group education for diabetics, especially in resource limited settings, should be sustained and further research should focus on clinical outcomes. © 2013 Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Diabetes; Groupeducation; Primarycare; Self-management skills	adult; article; attitude to health; diabetes mellitus; evaluation study; female; Group education; group process; health behavior; human; male; middle aged; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; patient education; primary medical care; program evaluation; psychological aspect; questionnaire; self care; Self-management skills; South Africa; time; treatment outcome; Diabetes; Group education; Primary care; Self-management skills; Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Group Processes; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education as Topic; Program Evaluation; Questionnaires; Self Care; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751357810	Evaluation of a strict protocol approach in managing women with severe disease due to abortion	Pattinson R.C., Snyman L.C., Macdonald A.P.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	11	None	MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Pattinson, R.C., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Snyman, L.C., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Macdonald, A.P., MRC Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim. To evaluate whether the introduction of a strict protocol approach based on the systemic evaluation of critically ill pregnant women with complications of abortion affected outcome. Setting. Indigent South Africans managed in the regional and tertiary hospitals of the Pretoria Academic Complex. Method. Since 1997 a standard definition of severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) has been used in the Pretoria Academic Complex. All cases of SAMM and maternal deaths were entered on the Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Audit System programme. A comparison of outcome of severely ill women who had complications of abortion was made between 1997-1998 (original protocol) and 2002-2004 (strict protocol). Outcome measures. The mortality index and prevalence of organ system failure or dysfunction. Results. In 1997-1998 there were 43 women with SAMM who survived and a further 10 maternal deaths due to complications of abortion, compared with 107 women with SAMM and 7 maternal deaths during 2002-2004. The mortality index declined from 18.9% in 1997-1998 to 6.1% in 2002-2004 (p=0.02, odds ratio 0.28, 95% confidence limits 0.10-0.79). Significantly more women had hypovolaemic shock in 2002-2004 compared with 1997-1998 (54.4% v. 35.8%, p=0.04), but fewer women had immune system failure including septic shock (18.4% v. 47.2%, p=0.0002) and metabolic dysfunction (0 v. 5.7%, p=0.03) and there was a trend to less renal failure (10.5% v. 22.6%, p=0.06) and cardiac failure (4.4% v. 13.2%, p=0.08). Conclusion. The strict protocol approach based on systemic evaluation in managing critically ill pregnant women with complications of abortion, coupled with an intensive, regular feedback mechanism, has been associated with a reduction in the mortality index.	None	cephalosporin derivative; gentamicin; metronidazole; abortion; antibiotic therapy; article; brain disease; clinical article; clinical protocol; controlled study; critically ill patient; disease severity; female; fluid resuscitation; heart failure; hematologic disease; human; hypovolemic shock; immunopathology; indigent; kidney failure; liver failure; maternal morbidity; maternal mortality; medical audit; metabolic disorder; outcomes research; risk reduction; septic abortion; septic shock; South Africa; tertiary health care; trophoblastic disease; Abortion, Induced; Adult; Critical Care; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Quality of Health Care; Severity of Illness Index; South Africa; Survival Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863582043	Potential impacts of climatic change on southern African birds of fynbos and grassland biodiversity hotspots	Huntley B., Barnard P.	2012	Diversity and Distributions	18	8	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00890.x	School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Birds and Environmental Change Programme, Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Huntley, B., School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Barnard, P., Birds and Environmental Change Programme, Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Aim To examine potential impacts of climatic change on bird species richness of the fynbos and grassland biomes, especially on species of conservation concern, and to consider implications for biodiversity conservation strategy. Location Southern Africa, defined for this study as South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Methods Climate response surfaces were fitted to model relationships between recorded distributions and reporting rates of 94 species and current bioclimatic variables. These models were used to project species' potential ranges and reporting rates for future climatic scenarios derived from three general circulation models for 30-year periods centred on 2025, 2055 and 2085. Results were summarized for species associated with each biome and examined in detail for 12 species of conservation concern. Results Species richness of fynbos and grassland bird assemblages will potentially decrease by an average of 30-40% by 2085 as a result of projected climatic changes. The areas of greatest richness are projected to decrease in extent and to shift in both cases. Attainment of projected shifts is likely to be limited by extent of untransformed habitat. Most species of conservation concern are projected to decrease in range extent, some by >60%, and to decrease in reporting rate even where they persist, impacts upon their populations thus being greater than might be inferred from decreases in range extent alone. Two species may no longer have any areas of suitable climatic space by 2055; both already appear to be declining rapidly. Main conclusions Species losses are likely to be widespread with most species projected to decrease in range extent. Loss of key species, such as pollinators, may have far-reaching implications for ecosystem function and composition. Conservation strategies, and identification of species of conservation concern, need to be informed by such results, notwithstanding the many uncertainties, because the certainties of climatic change make it essential that likely impacts not to be ignored. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Conservation strategy; Fynbos biome; Grassland biome; Red list species; Southern africa; Species' distribution models	biodiversity; biome; bird; climate change; conservation management; ecological modeling; fynbos; grassland; habitat conservation; habitat loss; hot spot; population decline; population distribution; Red List; species richness; uncertainty analysis; Southern Africa; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886867428	Evaluation of the shedding routes and serological patterns in experimentally-induced Brucella melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated and transport-stressed goats	Tanko P.N., Emikpe B.O., Sabri Y.M.	2013	Veterinary World	6	9	10.14202/vetworld.2013.686-692	Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Tanko, P.N., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Emikpe, B.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sabri, Y.M., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia	Aim: To identify and evaluate the shedding routes and patterns following experimentally-induced Brucella melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated and transport-stressed goats. Materials and Methods: Twenty four healthy, adult goats were divided into 4 groups: A, B, C and D respectively. Group A was treated with dexamethasone for 8 days prior to inoculation with 107 Colony Forming Units of B. melitensis via the intraocular route. Group B was transported for 3 hours prior to inoculation with a similar dose. Group C was inoculated with a similar dose without subjecting the animals to any prior treatment, and this group served as our positive control. Group D was not inoculated with the infective dose and served as our negative control. Blood samples along with nasal, ocular, and vaginal swabs were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, and weekly thereafter until day 63 post inoculation (pi) and were analyzed by PCR, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and indirect ELISA techniques. Results: The nasal, ocular and vaginal swabs tested positive for Brucellosis with PCR from day 7, with nasal route being the first and most consistent route to reveal the positive results. Group B showed the earliest onset of shedding the bacterium (day 7) followed by group A which started from day 10 and shed relatively more positive of the bacterium via the routes examined. Blood samples tested positive with PCR from day 7 through 14 and the results were inconsistent subsequently. Sera samples tested positive with RBPT on day 14 in all the 3 infected groups but more consistent in group C. On the other hand, tests using ELISA showed positive results from day 7 pi, with group C having a 100% seroconvertion -while groups A and B showed only 50% seroconvertion. Conclusion: The consistent shedding via the nasal, ocular, and vaginal routes in groups A and B implied possible immunosuppression in the infected animals. We recommend that programs designed to control Brucellosis should consider analyzing a larger number of biological samples to enhance the accuracy of identification of shedders.	Brucellosis; Consistent shedding; Goats; Immunosuppression; Polymerase chain reaction; Serological tests; Swabs	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746933782	Impact of the malaria parasite on reproductive indices of male mice	Raji Y., Akinsomisoye O.S., Azeez M.O.	2006	Reproductive Medicine and Biology	5	3	10.1111/j.1447-0578.2006.00142.x	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinsomisoye, O.S., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Azeez, M.O., Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Aim: To investigate the impact and possible mechanism of action of the rodent malarial parasite on reproduction. Methods: Male albino mice were infected with 15, 30 and 45% Plasmodium berghei berghei through inoculation with 107 parasitized red blood cells. Each experiment had its own control that was not infected with P. berghei berghei. Mice infected with 15% P. berghei berghei were killed on days 0, 5, 10 and 15; those infected with 30% P. berghei berghei were killed on days 0, 3, 6 and 10; and those infected with 45% P. berghei berghei were killed on days 1-7 after infection. Caudal epididymal sperm motility, counts and morphology, body and wet organ weights and hematological indices were determined. Results: The results showed a progressive duration dependent decrease in sperm motility, sperm count and viability (P &lt; 0.01) in parasitized mice. There were significant decreases in serum testosterone and increases in cortisol levels (P &lt; 0.05) in the infected mice compared with the controls. There was also a progressive decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in red blood cell count and packed cell volume. However, there was a progressive increase (P &lt; 0.01) in white blood cell count and weight of the spleen and liver. There was no significant change in weight of the testis and epididymides. Conclusion: The results suggest that the malaria parasite could depress male fertility indices. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 201-209): © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation 2006 Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine.	Malaria; Male; Mice; Plasmodium; Reproduction	hydrocortisone; testosterone; analysis of variance; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; cell viability; controlled study; disease course; epididymis; erythrocyte count; hematocrit; hydrocortisone blood level; inoculation; leukocyte count; liver weight; malaria; male; male infertility; morphology; mouse; mouse strain; nonhuman; parasitemia; Plasmodium berghei; priority journal; reproduction; semen analysis; spermatozoon count; spermatozoon motility; spleen weight; Student t test; testosterone blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955604859	Predicting invasive alien plant distributions: How geographical bias in occurrence records influences model performance	Wolmarans R., Robertson M.P., van Rensburg B.J.	2010	Journal of Biogeography	37	9	10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02325.x	Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Wolmarans, R., Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Robertson, M.P., Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; van Rensburg, B.J., Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Aim: To investigate the impact of geographical bias on the performance of ecological niche models for invasive plant species. Location: South Africa and Australia. Methods: We selected 10 Australian plants invasive in South Africa and nine South African plants invasive in Australia. Geographical bias was simulated in occurrence records obtained from the native range of a species to represent two scenarios. For the first scenario (A, worst-case) a proportion of records were excluded from a specific region of a species' range and for the second scenario (B, less extreme) only some records were excluded from that specific region of the range. Introduced range predictions were produced with the M. axent modelling algorithm where models were calibrated with datasets from these biased occurrence records and 19 bioclimatic variables. Models were evaluated with independent test data obtained from the introduced range of the species. Geographical bias was quantified as the proportional difference between the occurrence records from a control and a biased dataset, and environmental bias was expressed as either the difference in marginality or tolerance between these datasets. Model performance [assessed using the conventional and modified AUC (area under the curve of receiver-operating characteristic plots) and the maximum true skill statistic] was compared between models calibrated with occurrence records from a biased dataset and a control dataset. Results: We found considerable variation in the relationship between geographical and environmental bias. Environmental bias, expressed as the difference in marginality, differed significantly across treatments. Model performance did not differ significantly among treatments. Regions predicted as suitable for most of the species were very similar when compared between a biased and control dataset, with only a few exceptions. Main conclusions: The geographical bias simulated in this study was sufficient to result in significant environmental bias across treatments, but despite this we did not find a significant effect on model performance. Differences in the environmental spaces occupied by the species in their native and invaded ranges may explain why we did not find a significant effect on model performance. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Australia; Ecological niche modelling; Environmental bias; Geographical bias; Invasive alien plants; Marginality; Maxent; Model performance; South Africa; Tolerance	bioclimatology; cohort analysis; data set; invasive species; model validation; niche partitioning; plant; spatial distribution; species occurrence; tolerance; Australia; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746087113	Sonographic evaluation of pancreatic segments in a normal adult population in Nigeria	Okoye I.J., Agwu K.K., Kolawole K.T., Okoye I.J.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	4	None	Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Okoye, I.J., Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Agwu, K.K., Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Kolawole, K.T., Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okoye, I.J., Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Aim: To sonographically determine the normal range of values of pancreatic segments and their relationship with each other in a normal adult population in Nigerian and to determine if these values show any racial bias. Materials and methods: The anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the pancreatic segments (Head, Neck, Body and Tail) were measured prospectively in the transverse/oblique planes by trans-abdominal sonography in 500 healthy adults (aged 18 to 67 years) from the South-Eastern region of Nigeria. The subjects gave informed consent and were selected by convenient sampling. Results: The normal range of AP diameters of the pancreatic head, neck, body and tail were (18-32)mm, (7-12)mm, (10-20)mm and (10-20)mm respectively and the overall mean AP diameters were 27.83±2.14mm, 9.51±1.35mm, 13.26±1.47mm and 13.30±1.68mm in the same respective order. The ratios of each segment relative to each other were found to be 3:1 (Head/Neck); 2:1 (Head/Body); 2:1 (Head/Tail); 2:3 (Neck/Body); 2:3 (Neck/Tail); 1:1 (Body/Tail).When each segment was related to the entire pancreas, the ratios were 3:7; 1:7; 3:14; 3:14; for the Head/ pancreas, Neck/pancreas, Body/pancreas and Tail/pancreas respectively. The subjects' ages showed negative correlation (P<0.001) with the pancreatic sizes and there was progressive decline in size of the pancreatic segments after the fifth decade of life. There were statistical significant differences between the mean AP diameters of the pancreatic segments of this study population and that of the Caucasian values obtained from literature, except for the neck. Conclusion: This study recommends that in assessing the pancreas, ratios of the (Head/Neck); (Head/Body); (Head/Tail); (Neck/Body); (Neck/Tail); (Body/Tail), Head/pancreas, Neck/pancreas, Body/pancreas and Tail/ pancreas, which exceeds 3:1, 2:1, 2:1, 2:3, 2:3, 1:1, 3:7, 1:7; 3:14; 3:14; respectively, should raise suspicion for focal enlargement. The positive correlation between each segment and the pancreas shown in this study, suggest that these ratios may be used alone to discriminate accurately between focal and diffuse involvement of the pancreas. The population-specific values have the potential to enable; early detection/ screening of patients with cancer and inflammatory disorders of the pancreas, monitoring response in patients with starvation disorders and discriminating between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, (NIDDM) patients. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	IDDM; NIDDM; Pancreatic segments; Starvation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899092479	Productive performance of indigenous and HF crossbred dairy cows in Gondar, Ethiopia	Kumar N., Eshetie A., Tesfaye A., Yizengaw H.A.	2014	Veterinary World	7	3	10.14202/vetworld.2014.177-181	College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Kumar, N., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eshetie, A., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Yizengaw, H.A., College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P.O.Box-231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Aim: To study the magnitude of variation in lactation length (LL), lactation milk yield (LMY) and peak-yield (PY)due to genetic and non-genetic cases in indigenous and crossbred cattle reared under private dairy unit in and around Gondar, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 411 milch animals from 86 dairy farmers comprising of 172 indigenous and 239 Holstein-Friesian (HF) crossbred cows. These cows were maintained under farmer's management system in and around Gondar (Ethiopia) and were analyzed by Least squares analysis to study the magnitude of variation in their LL, LMY and PY due to genetic and some non-genetic factors. Result: The overall Least squares means for LL, LMY and PY were estimated to be 275.1165.23 days, 1407.3471.34 litres and 6.880.38 litres respectively. Genetic group and lactation order had significant effect (P0.01) on LL, LMY and PY. Season of calving had significant effect (P0.01) on LMY and PY but its effect on LL was non-significant. Effect of location of herd was significant (P0.05) on LMY and PY while its effect on LL was non-significant. Variations in all the traits due to herd size and farming system were statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Productive performance of dairy cows in this study was found to be lesser than the optimum values desirable for profitable milk production. © The authors.	Crossbred cows; Indigenous; Lactation length; Lactation milk yield; Peak milk yield	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751470672	Postgraduate palliative care education: Evaluation of a South African programme	Ens C.D.L., Chochinov H.M., Gwyther E., Moses S., Jackson C., Thompson G., Harding R.	2011	South African Medical Journal	101	1	None	Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba FASD Centre, MB, Canada; Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Centre for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas Hospitals Carla	Ens, C.D.L., Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba FASD Centre, MB, Canada; Chochinov, H.M., Manitoba Palliative Care Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Gwyther, E., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Moses, S., Centre for Global Public Health, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Jackson, C., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Thompson, G., Faculty of Nursing, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Harding, R., Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas Hospitals Carla	Aim. We aimed to assess the postgraduate palliative care distance education programme of the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of its perceived ability to influence palliative care delivery. Methods. A mixed-methods approach, consisting of two surveys using open-ended and multiple-choice options, was conducted from January to December 2007 at the UCT School of Public Health and Family Medicine. All students registered in the programme from 2000 - 2007 were invited to participate; 83 (66.4% of all eligible participants) completed the general survey, and 41 (65.7%) of the programme's graduates completed the graduate survey. The survey scores and open-ended data were triangulated to evaluate UCT's palliative care postgraduate programme. Results. General survey scores of graduates were significantly higher in 5 of the 6 categories in comparison with current students. The graduate survey indicated that curriculum and teaching strengths were in communication and dealing with challenging encounters. Graduates also stressed the need to develop a curriculum that incorporated a practical component. Conclusions. In addition to current postgraduate training, palliative care education in South Africa should be extended to undergraduate medical students, as the benefits of UCT's programme were limited to a small cohort of practitioners.	None	article; controlled study; curriculum development; education program; female; health care delivery; human; male; medical student; palliative therapy; postgraduate education; South Africa; teaching; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Humans; Palliative Care; South Africa	None
None	None	Impact of habitat alteration on endemic Afromontane chameleons: Evidence for historical population declines using hierarchical spatial modelling	Shirk P.L., Linden D.W., Patrick D.A., Howell K.M., Harper E.B., Vonesh J.R.	2014	Diversity and Distributions	20	10	10.1111/ddi.12239	Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smith's, NY, United States; Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Maine Cooperative Fish, Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States	Shirk, P.L., Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Linden, D.W., Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Maine Cooperative Fish, Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States; Patrick, D.A., Division of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smith's, NY, United States; Howell, K.M., Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Harper, E.B., Division of Forestry, Natural Resources and Recreation, Paul Smith's College, Paul Smith's, NY, United States; Vonesh, J.R., Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States	Aim: We map estimated historical population declines resulting from species-specific models of sensitivity to habitat fragmentation for three forest-dependent chameleons. Location: East Usambara Mountains, Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Methods: We surveyed three chameleon species (Rhampholeon spinosus, Rhampholeon temporalis and Trioceros deremensis) along 32.2 km of transects and used a hierarchical, distance-sampling model to estimate densities. The model included habitat characteristics at the landscape (patch) and local (transect) scales while accounting for detectability. By analysing the model in a Bayesian framework, we were able to propagate error through the entire analysis and obtain exact solutions despite small sample sizes. We then used our estimated relationships between habitat and density to project chameleon population sizes across current and historical land cover maps of the study area (230 km2), giving an estimate of the impact of anthropogenic habitat alteration on these species. Results: Species' densities increased in larger patches and further from patch edges and varied seasonally. Local vegetation characteristics had significant relationships with expected chameleon densities, though effect sizes were small. Estimates of total current population sizes varied by two orders of magnitude among species, but each was 49-79% higher than detection-naïve estimates. All three declined from estimated historical levels by approximately 60% in the study area, approximately one-third more than would be expected from forest loss alone. Remaining populations of the study species are predominantly located in protected nature reserves, so the future of these species will likely be determined by the degree of protection offered by the nature reserves. Main conclusions: Habitat loss and fragmentation have greatly reduced forest-dependent chameleon population sizes in the East Usambara Mountains. Populations of these species in other areas are experiencing higher rates of habitat loss. Efforts aimed at ensuring the efficacy of protected forests may be a key to conserving remaining populations. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Chamaeleonidae; Density-area relationship; Distance sampling; Edge effects; Habitat fragmentation; Hierarchical Bayesian model	Chamaeleonidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651262701	Gonadotoxicity evaluation of oral administration of Zidolam in male albino rats	Osonuga I.O., Osonuga O.A., Osonuga A.A.	2010	Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences	3	4	10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2010.0125	Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ikenne Remo, Ogun 234, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ikenne Remo, Ogun 234, Nigeria; Medical Student, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Ca	Osonuga, I.O., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ikenne Remo, Ogun 234, Nigeria; Osonuga, O.A., Department of Pharmacology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ikenne Remo, Ogun 234, Nigeria; Osonuga, A.A., Medical Student, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Remo Campus, Ikenne Remo, Ogun 234, Nigeria	Aim. Zidolam is an antiretroviral combination therapy consisting of zidovudine and lamivudine for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between oral administration of zidolam and fertility in adult male albino rats Material and Methods. Fifteen male albino rats with body weight (bwt) of 150 - 220 gm were used for the 2-phase study. Solution of the drug in sterile water was administered via oral cannula to 5 male rats each at daily dose of 1.29 mg/100 gm bwt respectively for 21 days during phase I. Phase II was a recovery study involving 5 male rats exposed to dose regimen as in phase I, and sacrificed after 21-day withdrawal of treatment. The control group of 5 male rats was given sterile water ad-libitum during the period. Results. Zidolam caused significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the progressive sperm motility, sperm count, testosterone and viability of the animals while there was no significant change in the pH of the semen and all these factors may impair fertility. Discontinuation of the drug use caused restoration of the depressed values in the recovery group. The results suggested that Zidolam could induce reversible changes in all the parameters under investigation in the treated animals. Conclusion. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that the use of antiretroviral drugs could have deleterious effects on spermatogenesis hence cause sperm alterations which can lead to infertility even in normal subjects as the wistar rats used for the experiment were HIV -free. © 2010 Osonuga IO.	Antiretroviral drug; Fertility; Gonad; Male wistar rats; Zidolam	antiretrovirus agent; lamivudine plus zidovudine; unclassified drug; zidolam; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; drug withdrawal; gonad; male; male fertility; male infertility; nonhuman; pH; rat; spermatogenesis; spermatozoon count; spermatozoon motility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20344395331	The impact of acid rain deposition resulting from natural gas flaring on the socio-economic life of the people of Afiesere community, in Nigeria's Niger delta	Oghenejoboh K.M.	2005	Journal of Industrial Pollution Control	21	1	None	Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Oghenejoboh, K.M., Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria	Air and rainwater analyses were carried out within Afiesere, an oil producing community in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria to acertain the deposition of acid rain resulting from gas flaring in the area. The analysis showed that the pH of rainwater some distance away from the flare was 6.13, which is less than the pH of normal rainwater, while that within the oil facilities was 6.58. The concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr etc) and anions (SOx, NOx, Co etc) in the air were considerably low. However, the presence of extra H+ in the rainwater through diffusional effect of trans-atmospheric aerosol and other gaseous pollutants from the gas flare results in acid rain. The physical effects of acid rain are evident in the deteriorating health conditions and general economic life of the inhabitants of the community. © Enviromedia Printed in India. All rights reserved.	Acid rain; Anions; Atmosphere; Cations; Emission; Gas flaring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952293261	Evaluation of airborne lead levels in storage battery workshops and some welding environments in Kumasi metropolis in Ghana	Dartey E., Adimado A.A., Agyarko K.	2010	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	164	42373	10.1007/s10661-009-0869-x	Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana	Dartey, E., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana; Adimado, A.A., Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Agyarko, K., Faculty of Agriculture Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana	Airborne lead levels were assessed in nine workshops, three each from battery, electronic repair, and welding sources within the Kumasi Metropolis in Ghana. Samples were collected at 0, 2.5, and 5.0 m away from the emission source at the workshops during working hours and another at 5.0 m during break hours. Airborne lead particulates were collected and analyzed using the filter membrane technique and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among the air lead levels from the workshops. Workshop 3b produced the highest significant values of air lead concentrations of 2,820.31 ± 53.89, 2,406.74 ± 71.87, 754.55 ± 72.52, and 549.01 ± 67.30 μg/m3 at distances of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 5.0 m (break-time measurement), respectively, while workshop 1w significantly produced the lowest air lead concentration values of 261.06 ± 21.60, 190.92 ± 36.90, 86.43 ± 16.26, and 61.05 ± 3.88 μg/m3 at distances of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 5.0 m (break-time measurement), respectively. The air lead levels reduced with distance from emission source at the workshops. At all the distances of measurement at working hours, the airborne lead levels were higher than the World Health Organization standard of 50 μg/m3 and exceeded the threshold limit values of 100 to 150 μg/m3 recommended in most jurisdictions. Workers and people in the immediate environs were exposed to air lead levels that were too high by most international standards, thus posing a serious threat to their health. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Airborne lead; Filter membrane technique; Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; Jurisdictions; Threshold limit values	Airborne lead; Emission sources; Filter membrane; Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry; International standards; Lead concentration; Storage battery; Threshold limit values; Working hours; World Health Organization; Absorption; Atoms; Electric batteries; Electric power supplies to apparatus; Flammability; Health risks; Spectrophotometry; Time measurement; Welding; Lead; lead; atomic absorption spectroscopy; emission; filter; health impact; health risk; lead; occupational exposure; pollution exposure; spectrophotometry; air analysis; air sampling; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; battery industry; concentration (parameters); controlled study; electronics industry; environmental exposure; Ghana; health hazard; occupational exposure; standard; welding; work schedule; world health organization; Air Pollutants; Electric Power Supplies; Environmental Monitoring; Ghana; Lead; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Ashanti; Ghana; Kumasi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53949114420	Performance trends of an air-cooled steam condenser under windy conditions	van Rooyen J.A., Kröger D.G.	2008	Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power	130	2	10.1115/1.2771567	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	van Rooyen, J.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Air-cooled steam condensers (ACSCs) are increasingly employed to reject heat in modern power plants. Unfortunately, these cooling systems become less effective under windy conditions and when ambient temperatures are high. A better understanding of the fundamental air flow patterns about and through such ACSCs is essential if their performance is to be improved under these conditions. The present numerical study models the air flow field about and through a particular ACSC. The performance of the fans is modeled with the aid of a novel numerical approach known as the "actuator disc model." Distorted air flow patterns that significantly reduce fan performance in certain areas and recirculatory flows that entrain hot plume air are found to be the reasons for poor ACSC performance. It is found that the reduction in fan performance is the main reason for the poor ACSC performance while recirculation of hot plume air only reduces performance by a small amount. Copyright © 2008 by ASME.	Air-cooled steam condensers; Distorted air flow; Performance; Recirculation; Windy conditions	Air; Condensers (liquefiers); Cooling; Cooling systems; Electric power plants; Flow patterns; Numerical analysis; Power plants; Steam power plants; Air-cooled steam condensers; Distorted air flow; Performance; Recirculation; Windy conditions; Steam condensers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905404882	Mathematical modeling and simulation application to visualize the performance of retrofit heat pump water heater under first hour heating rating	Tangwe S., Simon M., Meyer E.	2014	Renewable Energy	72	None	10.1016/j.renene.2014.07.011	Fort Hare Institute of Technology, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Tangwe, S., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Simon, M., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Meyer, E., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Air source heat pump unlike water and geothermal source heat pumps are widely used in sanitary hot water production by virtue of the relative ease of harvesting, low grade aero-thermal energy and less complexity in operating and maintaining the heat pump unit. This research focused on performance monitoring of 1.2kW air source heat pump, retrofitting a 200L high pressure storage tank and operating under first hour heating rating for seven different climatic conditions. A data acquisition system was designed and built to measure the desired predictors of the power consumption and coefficient of performance of the ASHP water heater. A robust mathematical multiple linear regression models were built and were used in the modeled blocks in the simulation application developed in Simulink of MATLAB. Results indicated that the maximum coefficient of performance was associated with the maximum power consumption of the ASHP water heater. Finally, the simulation application could also be used by ASHP manufacturers and the energy saving company to quantify the energy reduced when geysers are retrofitted by ASHP. Optimization using constrained linear least squares solver in the optimization toolbox was also used to eliminate errors in the measurement from inclusion into the mathematical models. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Air source heat pump (ASHP); Coefficient of performance (COP); First hour heating rating (FHHR); Multiple linear regression	Computer simulation; Heating rate; Linear regression; Mathematical models; MATLAB; Measurement errors; Retrofitting; Water heaters; Coefficient of Performance; Constrained linear least squares; Data acquisition system; First hour heating rating (FHHR); Mathematical modeling and simulation; Multiple linear regression models; Multiple linear regressions; Simulation applications; Air source heat pumps; climate conditions; energy conservation; heating; manufacturing; mathematical analysis; numerical model; optimization; performance assessment; temperature effect; visualization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855259641	Impact of gas exploitation on the environmental radioactivity of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Area, Nigeria	Ononugbo C.P., Avwiri G.O., Chad-Umoren Y.E.	2011	Energy and Environment	22	8	10.1260/0958-305X.22.8.1017	Department of Physics, Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ononugbo, C.P., Department of Physics, Federal College of Education (Technical), Omoku, Nigeria; Avwiri, G.O., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Chad-Umoren, Y.E., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	A key component of the current national energy policy of Nigeria is to efficiently utilize her abundant natural gas reserves, especially in the energy sector. This paper reports a study of the terrestrial radioactivity in the industrial areas of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area (ONELGA) of Rivers State. These industrial areas and their host communities were divided into six (6) zones, each having an oil and gas facility. An in-situ measurement was done using two well calibrated nuclear radiation meters (digilert-100 and digilert-50) and geographical positioning system (GPS). Ten readings were taken in each of the six zones and the host community at randomly selected sites, making a total of 60 sampling points. The mean site radiation level ranges from 0.014 ± 0.001mRh -1 (1.183 ± 0.060mSvy -1) to 0.018 ± 0.002mRh -1 (1.689± 0.085mSvy -1) while the mean community radiation level ranges from 0.014 ± 0.001mRh -1 (1.183± 0.06mSvy -1) to 0.017 ± 0.001mRh -1 (1.435 ± 0.072mSvyr -1). The equivalent dose has an average range of 1.056 mSvy -1 to 2.871 mSvy -1, which is far below the recommended dose limit for radiological workers (20mSvy -1) but averagely above that for the general public (1mSvyr -1). Comparison of the measured radiation level of site locations with the normal background level shows that 43 locations, representing 71.7% of the sampled area, exceed the normal background level of 0.013mRh -1. This study indicates that there is no immediate radiological health hazard for the host communities and workers, however there may be long-term health challenges.	dose equivalent; environmental radiation; oil and gas industry; Terrestrial radioactivity	Background level; Dose equivalent; Dose limits; Energy sector; Environmental radiation; Environmental radioactivity; Equivalent dose; Gas exploitation; General publics; In-situ measurement; Industrial area; Key component; Local government areas; National energy policy; Natural gas reserves; Nigeria; Nuclear radiations; Oil and gas; Oil and Gas Industry; Positioning system; Radiation levels; Sampling points; Site location; Energy policy; Gas industry; Health hazards; Natural gas; Radiation; Radioactivity; Radiology; Proven reserves; energy policy; gas industry; gas supply; GPS; health risk; oil industry; radioactivity; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870727041	Impact of gas industry on sustainable economy in Nigeria: Further estimations through eview	Gabriel O.M., Kareem S.D., Kari F., Alam G.M., Matuin O.D.	2012	Journal of Applied Sciences	12	21	10.3923/jas.2012.2244.2251	Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia; Academic Performance Enhancement Unit, University of Malaya, Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia; Fac	Gabriel, O.M., Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Kareem, S.D., Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia; Kari, F., Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia; Alam, G.M., Academic Performance Enhancement Unit, University of Malaya, Kuala-Lumpur, Malaysia; Matuin, O.D., Faculty of Social Sciences, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria	A key policy objective of sustainable economic development, especially in any developing country like Nigeria, is to establish energy development paths that are both economically efficient and sustainable. However, this depends significantly on full utilization of such resources. Distributed Lag (DL) model, dummy variable regression model and co-integration analyses were used in this paper to evaluate the impact and sustainability of Gas utilization in the Nigerian economy. The structure of gas flaring in Nigeria in relation to the imposition of fine on flared gas was also examined. The regression results and the co-integration analysis show that utilization of Nigerian natural gas impacts positively on the economy given three-year time lag; it is also sustainable. On the other hand, although the imposition of fine on flared gas has the potential to end or reduce flares; it has not significantly led to any structural change (sliding slope) on the level of flares since its imposition in 1984. Hence there is need for government to always employ Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) to evaluate its policy implementations. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Co-integration; Distributed lag model; Economy; Gas flaring; Gas utilization; Government; Sustainability of gas	Cointegration; Economy; Gas flaring; Gas utilization; Government; Lag model; Developing countries; Gas industry; Integration; Regression analysis; Sustainable development; Gases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880917155	Substitution reactions in dinuclear platinum(II) complexes: An evaluation of the influence of the diazine-bridging ligand on reactivity	Ongoma P.O., Jaganyi D.	2013	Transition Metal Chemistry	38	5	10.1007/s11243-013-9726-4	School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	Ongoma, P.O., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Jaganyi, D., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa	A kinetic study of aqua substitution in dinuclear Pt(II) complexes, [{cis-Pt(OH2)(NH3)2}2-μ-pmn] (ClO4)2 (pmn), [{cis-Pt(OH2)(NH 3)2}2-μ-pdn](ClO4)2 (pdn), [{cis-Pt(OH2)(NH3)2}2-μ- qzn](ClO4)2 (qzn), [{cis-Pt(OH2)(NH 3)2}2-μ-pht](ClO4)2 (pht) and [{cis-Pt(OH2)(NH3)2} 2-μ-pzn](ClO4)2 (pzn) (pmn = pyrimidine, pdn = pyridazine, qzn = quinazoline, pht = phthalazine, pzn = pyrazine) by different sulphur-donor nucleophiles, thiourea (TU), N,N-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and N,N,N,N-tetramethylthiourea (TMTU) was carried out. The reactions were followed under pseudo-first-order conditions as a function of nucleophile concentration and temperature using stopped-flow and UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods. The reactivity of the nucleophiles follows the order TU &gt; DMTU &gt; TMTU. The general order of reactivity for the aqua complexes follows pzn &gt; qzn &gt; pmn &gt; pdn &gt; pht which is confirmed by the obtained pKa values and the quantum chemical calculated NBO charges at the metal centre. The negative values reported for the activation entropy confirm the associative nature of the substitution process. The results demonstrate the strong connection between structural and electronic characteristics of the diazine-bridging ligand and reactivity of the dinuclear Pt(II) complexes. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	None	Activation entropies; Aqua complexes; Dinuclear platinum complexes; Electronic characteristics; Negative values; Pseudo-first-order; Quantum chemical; Spectro-photometric method; Chemical compounds; Ligands; Nucleophiles; Quantum chemistry; Substitution reactions; Ultraviolet spectroscopy; Platinum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884948338	Evaluation of cast Al-Si-Fe alloy/coconut shell ash particulate composites	Aku S.Y., Yawas D.S., Apasi A.	2013	Gazi University Journal of Science	26	3	None	Ahmadu Bello University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Aku, S.Y., Ahmadu Bello University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Yawas, D.S., Ahmadu Bello University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Apasi, A., Ahmadu Bello University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Al-7wt%Si-2wt%Fe alloy/Coconut shell ash(CSAp) composites having 3-15wt%coconut shell ash were fabricated by double stir-casting method. The microstructure, hardness values and density of the composites were evaluated. The density of the composites decreased as the percentage of coconut shell ash increases in the aluminum alloy. This means that composites of lower weight component can be produced by adding CSAp. Microstructural analysis showed fairy distribution of coconut shell ash particles in the aluminum alloy. The presence of the coconut shell ash particles in the matrix alloy resulted in a much smaller grain size in the cast composites compared to the matrix alloy as confirmed from X-ray diffractometer analysis. Significant improvement in hardness values is noticeable as the wt% of the coconut shell ash increased in the alloy. Hence, this work has established that incorporation of coconut shell particles in aluminum matrix can lead to the production of low cost aluminum composites with improved hardness values.	Aluminum alloy; Coconut shell ash; Density; Microstructure and hardness values	Aluminum composites; Aluminum matrix; Cast composites; Coconut shells; Hardness values; Microstructural analysis; Particulate composites; X ray diffractometers; Aluminum; Density (specific gravity); Hardness; Microstructure; Shells (structures); Silicon; Aluminum alloys	None
None	None	Evaluation of the efficacy of protectants against Cowpea bruchids (Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)) on Cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)	Swella G.B., Mushobozy D.M.K.	2007	Plant Protection Science	43	2	None	Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Crop Science and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), P.O.Box 1056, Morogoro, Tanzania	Swella, G.B., Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania, Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute (TOSCI), P.O.Box 1056, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mushobozy, D.M.K., Department of Crop Science and Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	A laboratory experiment of a completely randomised design and replicated four times evaluated the effectiveness to control the bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea by the synthetic insecticide Actellic dust, and by the natural protectants ash, coconut oil, powdered cloves and black pepper. The data collected included the number of damaged and undamaged seeds, weight of damaged and undamaged seeds and the number of live and dead bruchids. Seeds treated with Actellic dust and black pepper powder had significantly low percentages of damaged seeds. Black pepper powder and coconut oil showed good potential in protecting cowpea against bruchid damage.	Actellic; Ash; Black pepper; Cloves; Coconut oil; Damage; Natural products	Bruchinae; Callosobruchus maculatus; Piper nigrum; Syzygium aromaticum; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958501549	Impact of organic material incorporation with soil in relation to their shear strength and water properties	Ohu J.O., Mamman E., Mustapha A.A.	2009	International Agrophysics	23	2	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Nigeria	Ohu, J.O., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Nigeria; Mamman, E., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Nigeria; Mustapha, A.A., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Nigeria	A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the quantitative effects of incorporating groundnut haulms, cow dung and chicken dung on hydraulic properties of compacted sandy loam, clay loam and clay soils. The consistency limits, shear strength, water retention and hydraulic conductivity of the three soil textures were measured. Groundnut haulms, cow dung and chicken dung were incorporated into the three soils at 2% and 4% levels on dry mass basis. For each soil-organic matter mixtures, the consistency limits significantly increased with increase in the levels of the organic materials. The shear strength significantly decreased with increase in organic matter content. Soils incorporated with groundnut haulms had the least strength followed by cow dung and chicken dung. For all the treatments, water retention decreased with increases in pressure. For sandy loam and clay loam soils, and all organic matter types, water retention increased with increases in organic matter level while that of clay soil decreased with increase in organic matter level. For all the three soils, chicken dung incorporation gave the highest volumetric moisture content followed by cow dung and groundnut haulms. Saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with increase in organic matter level and decreased with increases in compaction level. Model equations generated for estimating maximum shear strength and the moisture contents at which they occurred gave r 2-values of 0.72 and 0.73, respectively. Measured values of volumetric moisture content were calibrated with calculated values and this resulted in an r 2-value of 0.97. This implies that the equation used could be used to estimate the volumetric moisture contents of the soils. © 2009 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences.	Organic material; Shear strength; Soils; Water properties	clay loam; clay soil; hydraulic conductivity; hydraulic property; moisture content; sandy loam; shear strength; soil moisture; soil organic matter; soil texture; water retention	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953285960	Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis patton (Diptera: Culicidae)	Karunamoorthi K., Ilango K., Murugan K.	2010	Parasitology Research	106	5	10.1007/s00436-010-1797-y	Department of Environmental Health Science, Unit of Vector Biology and Control, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia; Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Zoological Survey of India, 130, Santhome High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India	Karunamoorthi, K., Department of Environmental Health Science, Unit of Vector Biology and Control, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma, Ethiopia, Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; Ilango, K., Zoological Survey of India, 130, Santhome High Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Murugan, K., Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India	A laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the repellent efficacy of a methanol-leaf extract of Ethiopian traditionally used insect repellent plant viz., Lomi sar [vernacular name (local native language, Amharic); Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. (Poaceae)] against Anopheles arabiensis at four different concentrations viz., 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/cm2. The percentage protection in relation to the dose method was performed. C. citratus extract has shown various degrees of repellency impact against A. arabiensis. It provided the maximum total percentage protection of 78.83% at 2.5 mg/cm2 and followed 68.06% at 2.0 mg/cm2 for 12 h. All four tested concentrations of C. citratus extract offered significant protection and Student's t test results shows statistically significant (p value=0.001) [1.0 mg/cm2 (t=22.89; df=4); 1.5 mg/cm2 (t=24.03; df=4); 2.0 mg/cm2 (t=36.92; df=4); 2.5 mg/cm2 (t=22.31; df=4)] difference between treated and control groups. The result suggests that it could serve as a potent insect repellent against vectors of disease. Globally, C. citratus is renowned for its therapeutic values. Above and beyond, due to its user- as well as environmental-friendly nature, it should be promoted among the marginalized populations in order to reduce man-vector contact. In addition, this appropriate strategy affords the opportunity to minimize chemical repellent usage and the risks associated with adverse side effects. At the end of the day, traditionally used plant-based insect repellents could be viable safer alternative sources for chemical insect repellents. © Springer-Verlag 2010.	None	insect repellent; Anopheles arabiensis; article; controlled study; Cymbopogon citratus; insect control; nonhuman; parasite vector; plant leaf; priority journal; protection; Animals; Anopheles; Cymbopogon; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Insect Repellents; Plant Extracts; Anopheles arabiensis; Culicidae; Cymbopogon citratus; Diptera; Hexapoda; Poaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649098539	Recent blooms of the dinoflagellate Ceratium in Albert Falls Dam (KZN): History, causes, spatial features and impacts on a reservoir ecosystem and its zooplankton	Hart R.C., Wragg P.D.	2009	Water SA	35	4	None	School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Hart, R.C., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Wragg, P.D., School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	A lake-wide bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratium hirundinella, discovered in Albert Falls Dam in October 2006, exposed a significant ecological change indicative of reduced water quality in this historically mesotrophic reservoir. The spatial distribution of the bloom was examined synoptically in October 2006 and January 2007; these surveys revealed generally higher dinoflagellate densities in inshore reaches of the lake, and especially in the discharge plume of the inflowing Mgeni River. Ceratium totally dominated the phytoplankton assemblage, accounting almost completely for coincident chlorophyll levels, which generally increased with depth to generate a 'deep' chlorophyll maximum. Vertical oxygen profiles during the bloom differed substantially from corresponding profiles during non-bloom conditions historically typical in this reservoir. Direct count data and ordination analysis using non-metric multidimensional scaling exposed marked changes in zooplankton community structure compared to seasonally congruent non-bloom conditions in other years. Changes included the effective replacement of Moina by Bosmina, substantial reductions in Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia, and smaller but definite increases in abundance especially of calanoid copepods, as well as cyclopoid copepods and of Chaoborus, although not all of these differences were apparent in both survey months. These compositional changes are attributable to intrinsic differences in feeding biology among taxa and their associated susceptibility to the altered food environment, which was commensurate with Ceratium's emergence. In addition, chydorid cladocerans appeared as a new (but spatially restricted) eutrophic bio-indicator component of the zooplankton, and the species diversity of cyclopoid copepods was enriched. The historical incidence of Ceratium in the lake since 1995 coincided with low NO3-N:TP values (used here as an N:P ratio proxy), particularly of inflow waters, and with broadly coincident values in the open lake. Ceratium was present but sparse in 1995, at average N:P ratios around 5.5. It disappeared in 1996 when the ratio increased radically to &gt;10, and reappeared in 2004 after an erratic decline of the ratio to &lt; 5 in the lake. The decline in N:P ratio of inflow waters since 1996 was clearly associated with a consistent rise in TP levels in inflows, most plausibly attributable to inputs of (Howick) wastewater treatment (WWT) plant origin. The appearance of Ceratium blooms is accordingly related to progressive elevations in mean annual P concentrations in inflows from ∼40 μg/l in 1995 to 120 μg/l in 2007 (broadly mirrored in annual TP loadings), suggesting that improved operational efficiency (and capacity) of the WWT plant offers a plausible prospect for mitigation and reversal.	Dinoflagellate blooms; Ecosystem consequences; Eutrophication; Mitigation prospects; Plankton community composition; Water-quality	Calanoid copepods; Compositional changes; Cyclopoid copepods; Daphnia; Dinoflagellate blooms; Discharge plume; Ecological changes; Inflow waters; Intrinsic differences; Mesotrophic; Mgeni River; Mitigation prospects; N:P ratio; Non-metric multidimensional scaling; Operational efficiencies; Plankton community composition; Plant origin; Spatial distribution; Spatial features; Species diversity; Substantial reduction; Zooplankton communities; Biology; Blooms (metal); Chlorophyll; Dams; Discharge (fluid mechanics); Ecosystems; Eutrophication; Forestry; Lakes; Ocean habitats; Oxygen; Porphyrins; Size distribution; Surveys; Wastewater; Wastewater reclamation; Wastewater treatment; Water analysis; Water pollution; Water quality; Reservoirs (water); algal bloom; community structure; dam; dinoflagellate; discharge; ecosystem response; eutrophication; history; plume; population density; reservoir; species diversity; water quality; zooplankton; Africa; Albert Falls Dam; KwaZulu-Natal; Mgeni River; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bosmina; Calanoida; Ceratium; Ceratium hirundinella; Ceriodaphnia; Chaoborus; Chydoridae; Copepoda; Cyclopoida; Daphnia; Dinophyceae; Moina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29144514675	Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design	Rankin R., Rousseau P.G.	2006	Energy Conversion and Management	47	6	10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.002	School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Rankin, R., School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Rousseau, P.G., School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	A large amount of individual sanitary hot water consumers are present in the South African residential sector. This led to several studies being done on hot water consumption patterns in this sector. Large amounts of sanitary hot water are also consumed in the commercial sector in buildings such as hotels and in large residences such as those found in the mining industry. The daily profiles of sanitary hot water consumption are not related to any technical process but rather to human behavior and varying ambient conditions. The consumption of sanitary hot water, therefore, represents a challenge to the electrical utility because it is an energy demand that remains one of the biggest contributors to the undesirable high morning and afternoon peaks imposed on the national electricity supply grid. It also represents a challenge to sanitary hot water system designers because the amount of hot water as well as the daily profile in which it is consumed impacts significantly on system design. This paper deals with hot water consumption in the commercial and industrial sectors. In the commercial sector, we look at hotels and in the industrial sector at large mining residences. Both of them are served by centralized hot water systems. Measured results from the systems are compared to data obtained from previous publications. A comparison is also made to illustrate the impact that these differences will have on sanitary hot water system design. Simulations are conducted for these systems using a simulation program developed in previous studies. The results clearly show significant differences in the required heating and storage capacity for the new profiles. A twin peak profile obtained from previous studies in the residential sector was used up to now in studies of heating demand and system design in commercial buildings. The results shown here illustrate the sanitary hot water consumption profile differs significantly from the twin peaks profile with a very high morning peak in hot water consumption. This leads to a requirement for bigger heating and storage capacities in commercial buildings like hotels. A summary of the results are provided in the form of minimum design parameters for different hot water consumption profiles. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the trends of hot water consumption in buildings, especially when demand side management projects are done on these types of systems. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Heating capacity; Hotel profile; Mine residences profile; Sanitary hot water consumption; Storage capacity; Twin peaks profile	Buildings; Sanitary engineering; Systems analysis; Heating system design; Hotel profile; Sanitary hot water consumption; Twin peaks profile; Hot water distribution systems	None
None	None	Jointly thinking the post-dam future: Exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania [Imaginer ensemble les impacts d'un barrage: Interactions entre savoirs locaux et savoirs scientifiques sur les lacs de la basse va	Duvail S., Mwakalinga A.B., Eijkelenburg A., Hamerlynck O., Kindinda K., Majule A.	2014	Hydrological Sciences Journal	59	42433	10.1080/02626667.2013.827792	Institute of Research for Development, UMR 208, National Museums of Kenya, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Agriculture Department, Rufiji District Council, Utete, Tanzania; Interuniversity programme in Water Resources Engineering, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium; Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom; Kipo Village, Tanzania; Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Duvail, S., Institute of Research for Development, UMR 208, National Museums of Kenya, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Mwakalinga, A.B., Agriculture Department, Rufiji District Council, Utete, Tanzania; Eijkelenburg, A., Interuniversity programme in Water Resources Engineering, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; Hamerlynck, O., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom; Kindinda, K., Kipo Village, Tanzania; Majule, A., Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A large dam is planned at Stiegler's Gorge in Tanzania. The change in the Rufiji River flood pattern will affect downstream ecosystems. This paper concentrates on the highly productive floodplain lakes that play a vital role in local livelihoods. A participatory monitoring system with village-based observers collected water level, rainfall, fisheries and food data from 2001 to 2011. Water balances of the lakes show dependence on the Rufiji River flood, with varying vulnerability. With the dam design flood of 2500 m3 s-1, lakes with a high threshold and small catchment will dry out quickly. Lakes with a lower threshold and substantial catchment are more robust but may still dry out during prolonged local drought. Analysis of rainfall (1923-2012) indicates a recent decrease. The data were analysed through feedback workshops with local observers, government technical staff and researchers. Through this collaborative approach, local capacity in preparing for the post-dam future was enhanced. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. AcremanCitation Duvail, S. Mwakalinga, A.B. Eijkelenburg, A. Hamerlynck, O. Kindinda, K. and Majule, A. 2014. Jointly thinking the post-dam future: exchange of local and scientific knowledge on the lakes of the Lower Rufiji, Tanzania. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3-4), 713-730. © 2014 © 2014 IAHS Press.	climate change; environmental flows; lakes; participatory science; Rufiji River; Stiegler's Gorge Dam; Tanzania	Catchments; Climate change; Dams; Design; Floods; Knowledge management; Lakes; Rain; Water levels; Collaborative approach; Environmental flow; Floodplain lakes; Participatory monitoring; participatory science; Scientific knowledge; Small catchment; Tanzania; Rivers; climate change; dam construction; design flood; floodplain; lake; monitoring system; participatory approach; water budget; Rufiji River; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745076331	Evaluation of linear mixed model case deletion diagnostic tools by monte carlo simulation	Zewotir T., Galpin J.S.	2006	Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation	35	3	10.1080/03610910600716795	School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Scottsville, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Zewotir, T., School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Scottsville, South Africa, School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Galpin, J.S., School of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa	A large number of statistics have been proposed to study the influence of individual observations in the linear mixed model. An extensive Monte Carlo simulation study is used to evaluate the appropriateness of these influence diagnostic measures. The sensitivity of the diagnostic measures to outliers and leverages is examined, and helpful results are obtained.	Case deletion; Influential observations; Leverages; Monte Carlo simulation; Outliers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70249105104	Evaluation of biochemical parameters and genetic markers for association with meat tenderness in South African feedlot cattle	Frylinck L., van Wyk G.L., Smith T.P.L., Strydom P.E., van Marle-Köster E., Webb E.C., Koohmaraie M., Smith M.F.	2009	Meat Science	83	4	10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.07.016	Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; US Meat Animal Research Centre, ARS, USDA, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18-D, NE 68933-0166, United States; IEH Laboratories, Consulting Group, 15300 Bothell Way NE, Lake Forest Pk., WA 98155, United States	Frylinck, L., Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; van Wyk, G.L., Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; Smith, T.P.L., US Meat Animal Research Centre, ARS, USDA, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18-D, NE 68933-0166, United States; Strydom, P.E., Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa; van Marle-Köster, E., Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Webb, E.C., Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Koohmaraie, M., IEH Laboratories, Consulting Group, 15300 Bothell Way NE, Lake Forest Pk., WA 98155, United States; Smith, M.F., Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa	A large proportion of South African feedlot cattle are crossbreds of Brahman (BrX, Bos indicus), and Simmental (SiX, Bos taurus). A sample of 20 grain fed bulls from each of these crossbreeds was used to compare meat quality with that of the small frame indigenous Nguni (NgX, Sanga) by evaluating a variety of biochemical and genetic parameters previously shown to be associated with meat tenderness. Shear force values were generally high (5.6 kg average at 14 days post mortem), with SiX animals higher than BrX or NgX (P = 0.051) despite higher calpastatin:calpain ratio in BrX (P < 0.05). Calpain activity and cold shortening were both correlated with tenderness for all classes. The sample size was too small to accurately estimate genotypic effects of previously published markers in the CAST and CAPN1 genes, but the allele frequencies suggest that only modest progress would be possible in these South African crossbreds using these markers. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.	Beef crossbreds; Calpain proteolytic system; Cold shortening/toughening; Genetic markers; Tenderness	Animalia; Bos; Bos indicus; Bos taurus; Sanga	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934441126	Displacement, Deprivation and Development: The Impact of Relocation on Income and Livelihood of Tribes in Similipal Tiger and Biosphere Reserve, India	Mahapatra A.K., Tewari D.D., Baboo B.	2015	Environmental Management	56	2	10.1007/s00267-015-0507-z	Forest and Environment Department, Regional Plant Resource Center, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India; University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Richards Bay, South Africa	Mahapatra, A.K., Forest and Environment Department, Regional Plant Resource Center, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India; Tewari, D.D., University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Richards Bay, South Africa; Baboo, B., Forest and Environment Department, Regional Plant Resource Center, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India	A large volume of literature describes adverse consequences of conservation-induced displacement on indigenous communities depended on natural resources of wildlife habitat. Resettlement policies in protected areas the world over are mainly designed and implemented without consideration of social and economic costs of exclusion. This study examined income and poverty profile of tribal residents in Similipal Tiger and Biosphere Reserve in India, relative to the households relocated out of the reserve. The income from different sources and livelihood diversification of displaced reserve dwellers reflected changes resulting from the loss of access to natural and household assets. The results contradicted common perception about impoverishment outcome of relocation. It showed an increase in the per capita income for poorer segments with an overall 8 % increase in absolute household income and corresponding improvement in the poverty ratio (head count ratio) and FGT index (0.241) for the relocated community. Contrary to other studies, the finding did not observe social alignment or marginalization; however, on-farm livelihood diversification reduced with increased dependence on off-farm sources. Expulsion of people from forest reserves to support conservation is inadequate in restricting habitat use of locals unless suitable alternative livelihood options are available for forest dependent was proven from the study. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Forest income; Household economy; Park dwellers; Resettlement	Biospherics; Ecosystems; Forestry; Alternative livelihoods; Biosphere reserve; Forest income; Household economy; Indigenous community; Per capita income; Resettlement; Wildlife habitats; Conservation; adult; cost; demography; economics; ecosystem; environmental protection; family size; forest; human; income; India; population group; procedures; rural population; Adult; Conservation of Natural Resources; Costs and Cost Analysis; Ecosystem; Family Characteristics; Forests; Humans; Income; India; Population Groups; Residence Characteristics; Rural Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897652168	Impact of dielectric parameters on the reflectivity of 3C-SiC wafers with a rough surface morphology in the reststrahlen region	Engelbrecht J.A.A., Janzén E., Henry A., Van Rooyen I.J.	2014	Physica B: Condensed Matter	439	None	10.1016/j.physb.2013.10.058	Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Fuel Performance and Design Department, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-6188, United States	Engelbrecht, J.A.A., Physics Department, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Janzén, E., Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Henry, A., Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Van Rooyen, I.J., Fuel Performance and Design Department, Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-6188, United States	A layer-on-substrate model is used to obtain the infrared reflectance for 3C-SiC with a rough surface morphology. The effect of varying dielectric parameters of the "damaged layer" on the observed reflectivity of the 3C-SiC in the reststrahlen region is assessed. Different simulated reflectance spectra are obtained to those if the dielectric parameters of the "substrate" were varied. Most notable changes in the shape of the simulated reststrahlen peak are observed for changes in the high frequency dielectric constant, the phonon damping constant, the phonon frequencies and "thickness" of damaged surface layer. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Infrared reflectance; Reststrahlen region; SiC	Damaged surfaces; Dielectric parameters; High-frequency dielectrics; Infrared reflectance; Phonon frequencies; Reflectance spectrum; Reststrahlen; SiC; Silicon carbide; Surface measurement; Surface morphology; Reflection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70949102148	Preparation and evaluation of colon targeted drug delivery systems for albendazole using kneading, extrusion and compaction technology	Emeje M., Nwabunike P., Isimi Y., Kunle O., Ofoefule S.	2009	Yaoxue Xuebao	44	10	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu St	Emeje, M., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Nwabunike, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Isimi, Y., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Kunle, O., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Raw Materials Development, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria; Ofoefule, S., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Albendazole is an orally administered broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against helminthiasis, hydatid cyst disease and neurocysticercosis. The objectives of this investigation are to develop a sustained release drug delivery system for albendazole, and to target its delivery to colon. Albendazole matrix tablets containing varying proportions of single and binary blends of four polymers; polyacrylic acid (carbopol 971), ethylcellulose (Etcell), eudragit L100-55 (EUD), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were prepared by a modified wet granulation technique of kneading, extrusion and compaction. In vitro release profiles of albendazole was sequentially determined in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without enzymes and in rat caecal content medium (RCCM) at 37°C. The in vitro drug release from matrix tablets containing CMC and Etcell as single polymers showed initial burst effect in the first 2 h (>20% and 50% respectively), followed by a slow release in SIF. However, matrix tablets containing polymer blends showed that no appreciable drug release occurred up to 5 h. Drug release from tablets containing polymer blends in the dissolution medium containing rat caecal material suddenly increased to ≥30% after 5 h (RCCM), and reaching up to 90% in 24 h. Albendazole matrix tablets containing carbopol 971, Etcell, EUD, and CMC as single polymers and as blends were formulated for oral use. Drug release from the tablet matrices containing carbopol alone, binary blends of carbopol/Etcell, and CMC/EUD were found to be very slow and dependent on polymer concentration. Matrix tablets containing blends of these polymers formulated using kneading, extrusion and compaction technique could provide sustained drug release and can be utilized in the colonic delivery of albendazole.	Albendazole; Colon targeting; In vitro release; Polymer	albendazole; carboxymethylcellulose; ethyl cellulose; eudragit; polyacrylic acid; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; cecum; colon; drug delivery system; drug release; drug synthesis; intestine fluid; male; nonhuman; rat; stomach juice; sustained drug release; tablet compression; tablet formulation; Acrylic Resins; Administration, Oral; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; Cellulose; Colon; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Male; Rats; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74749099619	Evaluation of Alcaligenes faecalis degradation of chrysene and diesel oil with concomitant production of biosurfactant	Igwo-Ezikpe M.N., Gbenle O.G., Ilori M.O., Okpuzor J., Osuntoki A.A.	2009	Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology	3	4	10.3923/rjet.2009.159.169	Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Nigeria; Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Cell Biology and Genetic, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Igwo-Ezikpe, M.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Nigeria; Gbenle, O.G., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Nigeria; Ilori, M.O., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Okpuzor, J., Department of Cell Biology and Genetic, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Osuntoki, A.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Nigeria	Alcaligenes faecalis was evaluated for its potential to degrade varying concentrations of chrysene and diesel oil with concomitant biosurfactant production. Biodegradation was set up for 7 days utilizing the substrates as sole carbon and energy sources. Residual chrysene obtained after degradation of 30, 50 and 100 mg L-1, respectively was 17.4±1.5, 27.2±1.2 and 28.7±1.4 mg L-1 while total petroleum hydrocarbon remaining after degradation of 3, 5, 15 and 30% (v/v) diesel oil respectively was 2.58±0.5,3.09±1.2,21.65±5.4 and 63.92±8.1%. Microbial cells of A. faecalis and sterilized cell-free extract from diesel oil media showed emulsifying activities against kerosene, diesel oil, engine oil, hexadeeane, dodeeane, xylene and hexane whereas no emulsifying activity was observed of microbial cells and sterilized cell-free extract from chrysene media, Alcaligenes faecalis cells harvested from diesel oil media also showed haemolytic activity unlike the microbial cells from chrysene media. Growth of the isolate in chrysene and diesel oil media induced secretion of protein and carbohydrate into the media which were statistically significantly (p&lt;0.05) different compared to controls. This study portrays the potential of Alculigenes faecalis to degrade and grow on chrysene and diesel oil and induce extracellular protein and carbohydrate with concomitant production of biosurfactant for industrial purposes and in hydrocarbon bioremediation. © 2009 Academic Journals Inc.	Bacteria; Bioremediation; Petroleum products; Pollution; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon	biosurfactant; carbohydrate; chrysene; diesel fuel; dodecane; emulsifying agent; hexadecane; hexane; kerosene; petroleum derivative; protein; xylene; Alcaligenes faecalis; article; bacterial growth; bioremediation; carbon source; controlled study; exhaust gas; hemolysis; microbial degradation; nonhuman; protein secretion; Alcaligenes faecalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650664477	Evaluation of the oxytocic activity of the ethanol extract of the roots of Alchornea cordifolia	Zuleikha N.A.M., Omonkhelin O.J., Buniyamin A.A., Paul I.O.	2010	International Journal of Green Pharmacy	4	4	10.4103/0973-8258.74133	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Zuleikha, N.A.M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Omonkhelin, O.J., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Buniyamin, A.A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Paul, I.O., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Alchornea cordifolia has been used traditionally for the induction of labour as an abortifacient. This study is aimed at verifying the folkloric use of the plant by investigating the effect of ethanolic extract of the root bark on the isolated stilboestrol pretreated uteri of non-pregnant female rats. The extract (1, 10, 50 g/l), oxytocin (4105 to 8103 g/l), acetylcholine (4106 to 8104 g/l), atropine (410 3 g/l), phenoxybenzamine (4103 g/l), diphenhydramine(2101 g/l), and verapamil (12102 g/l) were used. Log concentration response curves were plotted and EC 50 and Emax were obtained. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnet corrections using Graph pad Instat version 2.05a was used for statistical analysis. The extract produced dose-dependent contraction of the uterus. Its potency was less than that of oxytocin and acetylcholine (P&lt;0.05), but the Emax showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). The E max values of the extract in the presence of all antagonists were significantly reduced (P&lt;0.01). The EC 50 in the presence of atropine showed no significant increase (P&gt;0.05); however, in the presence of phenoxybenzamine, the increase was significant (P&lt;0.05). The presence of diphenhydramine and verapamil produced an inhibition such that the EC 50 was unattainable. A. cordifolia stimulates the uterus possibly by binding to alpha-adrenergic or histaminergic receptors or both. This indicates the existence of active principles in the plant, which may be responsible for some of the applications in traditional medicines as an abortifacient and in the induction of labour.	Folkloric medicine; root bark; smooth muscles; uterine contraction	acetylcholine; alchornea cordifolia extract; alcohol; atropine; diphenhydramine; oxytocic agent; oxytocin; phenoxybenzamine; plant extract; unclassified drug; verapamil; alchornea cordifolia; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; drug antagonism; drug potency; Euphorbia; female; nonhuman; plant root; rat; uterus contraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873441546	Evaluation of the antinociceptive activities of the aqueous root extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach and Thonn) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceace)	Ishola I.O., Ashorobi R.B., Adeoluwa O.	2012	International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products	5	3	None	Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria. P.M.B12003 Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Ishola, I.O., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria. P.M.B12003 Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Ashorobi, R.B., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria. P.M.B12003 Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeoluwa, O., Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos Nigeria. P.M.B12003 Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach and Thonn) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceace) is used in traditional African medicine for the treatment of painful and inflammatory disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the antinociceptive effect of aqueous root extract of Alchornea cordifolia in mice. The antinociceptive activity of the oral doses of 100 - 400 mg/kg of Alchornea cordifolia was assessed using the acetic acid-induced mouse writhing reflex, formalin-induced paw licking, hot plate and tail clip models of pain.The extract (100-400 mg/kg) produced significant (P< 0.05) dose dependent inhibition of writhing reflex as well as significant dose-dependent inhibition of the neurogenic and inflammatory pains associated with the formalin test. The formalin test result showed that the extract (100-400 mg/kg, p.o) increased pain threshold in a dose dependent manner in both phases but the effect is more prominent against the inflammatory phase (second phase).This findings showed that A.cordifolia possesses both central and peripheral analgesic activity, as shown by its ability to significantly (p<0.05) inhibit nociceptive response associated with both phases. The ability of the oral doses of the extract (100-400 mg/kg) to prolonged the reaction time of the animals to noxious heat in hot plate and tail clip models of pain, in a dose dependent manner suggests a central analgesic effect. Acute toxicity studies of oral doses of aqueous root extract of Alchornea cordifolia in mice revealed that it has a wide margin of safety as it well tolerated by the animals.The results of the study suggest an analgesic property demonstrated by the aqueous root extract of Alchornea cordifolia possibly mediated by central and peripheral mechanisms and thus confirm the folkloric uses of the plant in painful disorders. Industrial relevance. In the recent past there has been a growing interest in Traditional medicine/Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) and their relevance to public health both in developed and developing countries. Diversity, flexibility, easy accessibility, broad continuing acceptance in developing countries and increasing popularity in developed countries, relative low cost, low levels of technological input, relative low side effects and growing economic importance are some of the positive features of traditional medicine. In this context, there is a critical need to mainstream traditional medicine into public health care to achieve the objective of improved access to healthcare facilities. Medicinal plants are largely used worldwide by the population and have proved to be a rich source of new active compounds, especially to treat pain and inflammatory processes. Alchornea cordifolia could be a potential source of cheap phytotherapeutic in the management of painful disorders. © 2012. IJARNP-HS Publication.	Acute toxicity; Alchornea cordifolia; Hot plate; Mouse writhing; Tail clip	acetic acid; acetylsalicylic acid; alchornea cordifolia extract; antinociceptive agent; formaldehyde; morphine; plant extract; unclassified drug; analgesia; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antinociception; aqueous solution; article; controlled study; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug safety; drug screening; drug tolerability; female; hot plate test; inflammatory pain; licking; male; mouse; neuropathy; nociceptive pain; nonhuman; pain threshold; phytotherapy; plant root; reaction time; toxicity testing; treatment response; writhing test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953829535	Evaluation of antimicrobial potentials of methanolic extract of alchornea cordifolia leaf	Adeshina G.O., Kunle O.F., Onaolapo J.A., Ehinmidu J.O., Odama L.E.	2011	European Journal of Scientific Research	49	3	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Medicinal Plant Research, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu - Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sci	Adeshina, G.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Kunle, O.F., Department of Medicinal Plant Research, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Idu - Abuja, Nigeria; Onaolapo, J.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ehinmidu, J.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Odama, L.E., Department of Biological Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyingba, Nigeria	Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Muell. Arg. has been widely used in traditional medicine in West Africa for the treatment of microbial infections. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts of the leaf of Alchornea cordifolia and its resultant fractions when partitioned with hexane and distilled water, hexane fraction and residual aqueous fraction, was carried out using agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods against standard organisms viz: Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775 and Candida albicans ATCC 18804. Using the bioassay-guided fractionation by employing the accelerated gradient chromatography (AGC) technique, seventy-seven fractions were further elucidated from the residual aqueous fraction. The rate at which the residual aqueous fraction was able to kill the organisms was also determined using standard microbiology method. The zones of inhibition showed by the extracts and fractions ranged from 11 mm - 25 mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations were between 0.625 mg/ml - 20 mg/ml while the Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations ranged from 1.25 mg/ml - 20.0 mg/ml. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were totally killed after 2 hours while Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were killed later. Alchornea cordifolia leaf demonstrated important antimicrobial activity which may underlie their beneficial effect on microbial infection. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2011.	Alchornea cordifolia; Antimicrobial; Aqueous fraction; Hexane fraction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922368388	Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal properties of alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax. & Hoffman	Akinpelu D.A., Abioye E.O., Aiyegoro O.A., Akinpelu O.F., Okoh A.I.	2015	Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2015	None	10.1155/2015/684839	SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Department of	Akinpelu, D.A., SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife 234, Osun State, Nigeria; Abioye, E.O., Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife 234, Osun State, Nigeria; Aiyegoro, O.A., Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, GI Microbiology and Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Research Council, Animal Production Institute, Irene, Pretoria, South Africa; Akinpelu, O.F., Department of Biological Science, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, South Africa; Okoh, A.I., SA-MRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Alchornea laxiflora leaf extract was tested against a range of microorganisms using standard microbiological methods for antimicrobial activities. The extract inhibited the growth of all the bacterial and 15 fungal isolates tested. The zones of inhibition exhibited against the test bacteria ranged between 12 mm and 24 mm and between 11 mm and 24 mm for the extract and the antibiotic streptomycin, respectively. The zones of inhibition observed against the fungal isolates by the extract ranged between 12 mm and 23 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) exhibited by the extract against test bacteria ranged between 0.78 mg/mL-25 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL-25 mg/mL, respectively, while the MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) values for the test fungi ranged between 8.75 mg/mL-35.00 mg/mL and 8.75 mg/mL-35.00 mg/L, respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and reducing sugars as major phytoconstituents in the extract. A. laxiflora leaf extract is a potent source of antibacterial and antifungal compounds; further studies on the extract are ongoing in our laboratories to elucidate the probable mechanism(s) of action on bacteria and fungi found to be susceptible to the extract. © 2015 David A. Akinpelu et al.	None	Alchornea laxiflora extract; alkaloid; flavonoid; plant extract; reducing agent; saponin; tannin derivative; unclassified drug; Alchornea; Alchornea laxiflora; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; Article; drug screening; minimum bactericidal concentration; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; phytochemistry; priority journal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879129701	Evaluation of coagulation parameters and liver enzymes among alcohol drinkers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Adias T.C., Egerton E., Erhabor O.	2013	International Journal of General Medicine	6	None	10.2147/IJGM.S43472	Bayelsa College of Health Technology, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo Univers	Adias, T.C., Bayelsa College of Health Technology, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Egerton, E., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Erhabor, O., Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Alcohol is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability, and death in high, middle, and low-income countries. Harmful use of alcohol is one of the main factors contributing to premature deaths and avoidable disease burden worldwide and has a major impact on public health. The aim of this present cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of alcohol consumption on coagulation parameters and liver enzymes of subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two hundred adults consisting of 120 alcohol dependent subjects and 80 age, gender-matched nondrinkers aged 25-65 years (mean age 45.25 ± 11.50 years) were enrolled in this study. Of the 120 chronic alcohol drinkers, 37 were dependent on local dry gin, while 83 were dependent on other alcoholic beverages. The mean values of the liver enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase, were significantly higher (P = 0.002 and P = 0.02 respectively) among the chronic alcohol consumers compared with their nondrinker counterparts. Although the value of alanine aminotransferase was higher in the chronic drinkers, it did not reveal any significant difference (P = 0.11). The coagulation parameters, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were investigated among chronic drinkers and nondrinkers. The mean value of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time was significantly higher in the chronic alcohol drinkers compared to the nondrinkers (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02 respectively). We observed a positive and significant correlation between values of liver enzymes, serum gamma glutamyl transferase and aspartate aminotransferase, and values of prothrombin time among alcohol consumers (r = 0.72 and r = 0.68 respectively). The implementation of policies to target harm reduction strategies among alcoholics is urgently needed, alongside the building of a strong base of public awareness and community support required for the continuity and sustainability of alcohol policies. There is also the need for the Nigerian government to enforce tighter regulations and restrictions on the production and distribution of alcoholic beverages to reduce harmful use, and protect young people and other vulnerable groups. © 2013 Adias et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.	Chronic alcoholics; Coagulation parameters; Liver enzymes; Nigeria; Port harcourt	alanine aminotransferase; aspartate aminotransferase; gamma glutamyltransferase; adult; aged; alanine aminotransferase blood level; alcohol consumption; alcoholic beverage; alcoholism; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; blood clotting parameters; controlled study; cross-sectional study; drinking behavior; female; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; gin; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; partial thromboplastin time; prothrombin time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941801892	HIV/AIDS-related stigma in South African alcohol-serving venues and its potential impact on HIV disclosure, testing and treatment-seeking behaviours	Velloza J., Watt M.H., Choi K.W., Abler L., Kalichman S.C., Skinner D., Pieterse D., Sikkema K.J.	2015	Global Public Health	10	9	10.1080/17441692.2014.1001767	Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Unit for Research on Health and Society, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Velloza, J., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Watt, M.H., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Choi, K.W., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Abler, L., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Kalichman, S.C., Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States; Skinner, D., Unit for Research on Health and Society, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Pieterse, D., Unit for Research on Health and Society, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Sikkema, K.J., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	Alcohol-serving venues in South Africa are sites for high-risk behaviours that may lead to HIV transmission. Prevention and treatment interventions are sorely needed in these settings, but HIV-related stigma may limit their effectiveness. This study explored expressions of stigma among alcohol-serving venue patrons in Cape Town and examined the potential impact of stigma on HIV disclosure, testing and treatment-seeking behaviours. A total of 92 in-depth interviews with male and female, black and coloured patrons were conducted. Transcripts were analysed via memo-writing and diagramming techniques. Many participants mentioned knowing other patrons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), and this visibility of HIV impacted expressions of HIV-related stigma. Participants discussed four forms of HIV-related stigma in the venues: fearing PLWH, fearing HIV acquisition, blaming others for spreading HIV and isolating PLWH. HIV visibility and expressions of HIV-related stigma, particularly fear of isolation, influenced participants' willingness to disclose their status. HIV-related stigma in the venues also appeared to indirectly influence testing and treatment-seeking behaviour outside the venue. Results suggest that efforts to change norms and reduce expressions of HIV-related stigma in alcohol-serving venues are necessary to successfully deliver tailored HIV prevention interventions and increase uptake of HIV testing and care in this important social setting. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	alcohol; alcohol-serving venue; HIV-related stigma; qualitative; South Africa	adult; Article; ethnic group; female; help seeking behavior; high risk behavior; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; major clinical study; male; priority journal; social status; South Africa; South African; stigma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874974802	Impacts of a 'black tide' harmful algal bloom on rocky-shore intertidal communities on the West Coast of South Africa	Branch G.M., Bustamante R.H., Robinson T.B.	2013	Harmful Algae	24	None	10.1016/j.hal.2013.01.005	Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, PB X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, PB X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Branch, G.M., Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, PB X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Bustamante, R.H., Marine Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, PB X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Robinson, T.B., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, PB X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Algal blooms commonly occur along the South African west coast. In March 1994 a dense bloom developed within St Helena Bay. Its subsequent decay caused near-shore hypoxia and elevated hydrogen sulphide levels, leading to it being termed a 'black tide'. The bloom caused immediate massive intertidal mortalities (95% reduction of biomass), significant changes in community structure, and declines in richness and diversity. Only four taxa were not diminished: ephemeral algae, the gastropod Afrolittorina knysnaensis, the anemone Bunodactis reynaudi and the false limpet Siphonaria capensis. This limpet species subsequently increased at impacted sites relative to controls, probably reflecting reduced competition from other grazers. Ephemeral algae flourished during early recolonisation while grazers were depleted, but declined as grazers re-established. Manipulative experiments demonstrated that grazers do have this capability. Perennial algae also flourished, but lagged behind ephemerals, possibly contributing to their decline. Predators took longest to recover. Differences in the responses of species reflect differing tolerances, zonation patterns and biological interactions. Communities at control sites remained unchanged over the four-year study, and those exposed to a low intensity of the bloom were little affected, but communities exposed to its full intensity failed to recover fully within four years. Increasing frequency of harmful algal blooms along the west coast of South Africa could, therefore, significantly alter rocky-shore communities if intervals between bloom events become shorter than recovery times. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Algal bloom; Community impacts; Hydrogen sulphide; Hypoxia; Intertidal; South Africa	Afrolittorina knysnaensis; algae; Anemone; Bunodactis reynaudi; Gastropoda; Siphonaria capensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953795527	Design and evaluation of fragment-like estrogen receptor tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands from a scaffold-detection approach	Möcklinghoff S., Van Otterlo W.A.L., Rose R., Fuchs S., Zimmermann T.J., Dominguez Seoane M., Waldmann H., Ottmann C., Brunsveld L.	2011	Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	54	7	10.1021/jm1011116	Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Möcklinghoff, S., Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Van Otterlo, W.A.L., Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Rose, R., Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Fuchs, S., Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands; Zimmermann, T.J., Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Dominguez Seoane, M., Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Waldmann, H., Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Ottmann, C., Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Brunsveld, L., Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ Eindhoven, Netherlands, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany	A library of small tetrahydroisoquinoline ligands, previously identified via structure- and chemistry-based hierarchical organization of library scaffolds in tree-like arrangements, has been generated as novel estrogen receptor agonistic fragments via traditional medicinal chemistry exploration. The approach described has allowed for the rapid evaluation of a structure-activity relationship of the ligands concerning estrogen receptor affinity and estrogen receptor - subtype selectivity. The structural biological insights obtained from the fragments aid the understanding of larger analogues and constitute attractive starting points for further optimization. © 2011 American Chemical Society.	None	estrogen receptor; estrogen receptor alpha; estrogen receptor beta; tetrahydroisoquinoline; article; crystal structure; drug design; drug screening; drug synthesis; receptor affinity; structure activity relation; Drug Design; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogen Receptor beta; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Small Molecule Libraries; Substrate Specificity; Tetrahydroisoquinolines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903213712	Greater focus needed on alien plant impacts in protected areas	Hulme P.E., Pyšek P., Pergl J., Jarošík V., Schaffner U., Vilà M.	2014	Conservation Letters	7	5	10.1111/conl.12061	The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand; Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prů honice, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; CABI, Delémont, Switzerland; Estació n Bioló gica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain	Hulme, P.E., The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand; Pyšek, P., Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prů honice, Czech Republic, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Pergl, J., Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prů honice, Czech Republic; Jarošík, V., Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prů honice, Czech Republic, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Schaffner, U., CABI, Delémont, Switzerland; Vilà, M., Estació n Bioló gica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain	Alien plants pose significant threats to protected areas worldwide yet many studies only describe the degree to which these areas have become invaded. Research must move toward a better understanding of alien plant impacts sincemanagers urgently require an appropriate evidence base to prioritize control/ eradication targets. We analyze a global database of quantitative studies of alien plant impacts to evaluate existing knowledge of alien plant impacts within and outside protected areas. Although protected areas are a significant focus for quantitative impact studies, the biogeographic emphasis of most research effort does not coincide with the global distribution of protected areas nor the plant species or life-forms recognized to have greatest impacts on ecosystems. While impacts were often as significant within protected areas as outside, only a minority of studies provide any subsequent management recommendations. There is therefore considerable scope to improve the evidence base on alien plant management in protected areas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Biological invasions; Community structure; Exotic species; Fire; Macroecology; National parks; Nature reserves; Plant conservation; Soil processes; Weeds	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929655475	Comparing impacts of alien plants and animals in Europe using a standard scoring system	Kumschick S., Bacher S., Evans T., Markova´ Z., Pergl J., Pysˇek P., Vaes-Petignat S., van der Veer G., Vila` M., Nentwig W.	2015	Journal of Applied Ecology	52	3	10.1111/1365-2664.12427	Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Unit Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Muse´e 10, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czech Republic; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicˇna´ 7, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland; Estacio´n Biolo´gica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Ame´rico Vespucio, s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain	Kumschick, S., Department of Botany and Zoology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Bacher, S., Unit Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Muse´e 10, Fribourg, Switzerland; Evans, T., Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, United Kingdom; Markova´, Z., Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czech Republic, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicˇna´ 7, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Pergl, J., Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czech Republic; Pysˇek, P., Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pru˚honice, Czech Republic, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicˇna´ 7, Praha 2, Czech Republic; Vaes-Petignat, S., Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland; van der Veer, G., Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland; Vila`, M., Estacio´n Biolo´gica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda. Ame´rico Vespucio, s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Nentwig, W., Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland	Alien species can change the recipient environment in various ways, and some of them cause considerable damage. Understanding such impacts is crucial to direct management actions. This study addresses the following questions: Is it possible to quantify impact across higher taxa in a comparative manner? Do impacts differ between taxonomic groups? How are environmental and socio-economic impacts related? Can impacts be predicted based on those in other regions? To address these questions, we reviewed literature describing the impacts of 300 species from five major taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, fish, terrestrial arthropods and plants. To make very diverse impact measures comparable, we used the semi-quantitative generic impact scoring system (GISS) which describes environmental and socio-economic impacts using twelve categories. In each category, scores range from zero (no impact known or detectable) to five (the highest possible impact). Using the same scoring system for taxa as diverse as invertebrates, vertebrates and plants, we found that overall, alien mammals in Europe have the highest impact, while fish have the lowest. Terrestrial arthropods were found to have the lowest environmental impact, while fish had relatively low socio-economic impact. Overall, the magnitude of environmental and socio-economic impacts of individual alien species is highly correlated. However, at the species level, major deviations are found. For mammals and birds, the impacts in invaded ranges outside of Europe are broadly similar to those recorded for alien species within Europe, indicating that a consideration of the known impacts of a species in other regions can be generally useful when predicting the impacts of an alien species. However, it should be noted that this pattern is not consistent across all mammal and bird orders, and thus, such information should be considered with caution. Synthesis and applications. Comparing the impacts of alien species across taxa is necessary for prioritizing management efforts and effective allocation of resources. By applying the generic impact scoring system (GISS) to five major taxonomic groups, we provide the basis for a semi-quantitative cross-taxa listing process (e.g. 'black lists' or 100-worst-lists). If more data are collated from different geographical regions and habitats using standard GISS protocols, risk assessments for alien species based on rigorous measures of impact could be improved by taking into account local variation, and context dependence of impacts. This would also allow studies at lower taxonomic levels, and within-taxon analyses of functional groups and guilds. Comparing the impacts of alien species across taxa is necessary for prioritizing management efforts and effective allocation of resources. By applying the generic impact scoring system (GISS) to five major taxonomic groups, we provide the basis for a semi-quantitative cross-taxa listing process (e.g. 'black lists' or 100-worst-lists). If more data are collated from different geographical regions and habitats using standard GISS protocols, risk assessments for alien species based on rigorous measures of impact could be improved by taking into account local variation, and context dependence of impacts. This would also allow studies at lower taxonomic levels, and within-taxon analyses of functional groups and guilds. © 2015 British Ecological Society.	Arthropod; Biological invasions; Environmental impact; Generic impact scoring system; Management prioritization; Non-native species; Policy; Risk assessment; Socio-economic impact; Vertebrate	biological invasion; bird; comparative study; environmental impact; habitat fragmentation; introduced species; mammal; risk assessment; socioeconomic impact; Europe; Animalia; Arthropoda; Aves; Invertebrata; Mammalia; Vertebrata	None
WoS	WOS:000270529100011	Household impacts of AIDS: using a life course approach to identify effective, poverty-reducing interventions for prevention, treatment and care	Hadingham, Jacqui,Loewenson, Rene,Whiteside, Alan	2009	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	21	8	10.1080/09540120802626170	University of Kwazulu Natal, TARSC	"Hadingham, Jacqui: University of Kwazulu Natal","Whiteside, Alan: University of Kwazulu Natal",	A life course approach was used to assess household level impacts and inform interventions around HIV risk and AIDS vulnerability across seven major age-related stages of life. Our focus was sub-Saharan Africa. We provided a qualitative review of evidence from published literature, particularly multicountry reviews on impacts of AIDS, on determinants of risk and vulnerability, and reports of large surveys. Areas of potential stress from birth to old age in households affected by AIDS, and interventions for dealing with these specific stresses were identified. While specific interventions for HIV are important at different stages, achieving survival and development outcomes demands a wider set of health, social security and development interventions. One way to determine the priorities amongst these actions is to give weighting to interventions that address factors that have latent impacts later in life, which interrupt accumulating risk, or that change pathways to reduce the risk of both immediate and later stress. This qualitative review suggested that interventions, important for life cycle transitions in generalised epidemics where HIV risk and AIDS vulnerability is high, lie within and outside the health sector, and suggested examples of such interventions.	"AIDS impacts","intersectoral action","Life course approach",AFRICA,CHILD,EDUCATION,EQUITY,HIV/AIDS,INCLUSION,INDIA,RESPONSES,SUPPORT,WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883134477	Fuel cell-battery hybrid powered light electric vehicle (golf cart): Influence of fuel cell on the driving performance	Tolj I., Lototskyy M.V., Davids M.W., Pasupathi S., Swart G., Pollet B.G.	2013	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	38	25	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.072	Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Tolj, I., Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Lototskyy, M.V., Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Davids, M.W., Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Pasupathi, S., Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Swart, G., Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Pollet, B.G., Faculty of Natural Sciences, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	A light electric vehicle (golf cart, 5 kW nominal motor power) was integrated with a commercial 1.2 kW PEM fuel cell system, and fuelled by compressed hydrogen (two composite cylinders, 6.8 L/300 bar each). Comparative driving tests in the battery and hybrid (battery + fuel cell) powering modes were performed. The introduction of the fuel cell was shown to result in extending the driving range by 63-110%, when the amount of the stored H 2 fuel varied within 55-100% of the maximum capacity. The operation in the hybrid mode resulted in more stable driving performances, as well as in the increase of the total energy both withdrawn by the vehicle and returned to the vehicle battery during the driving. Statistical analysis of the power patterns taken during the driving in the battery and hybrid-powering modes showed that the latter provided stable operation in a wider power range, including higher frequency and higher average values of the peak power. Copyright © 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Driving performance; Hybrid electric vehicle; Light electric vehicle; Proton exchange membrane fuel cell	Composite cylinders; Compressed hydrogens; Driving performance; Higher frequencies; Light electric vehicles; PEM fuel cell system; Stable operation; Vehicle battery; Automobile drivers; Hybrid vehicles; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC); SportS; Electric vehicles	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899447485	Comparative capacity performance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of commercial AA alkaline primary cells	Ferg E.E., Van Vuuren F.	2014	Electrochimica Acta	128	None	10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.110	Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Ferg, E.E., Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Van Vuuren, F., Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Alkaline primary cells are a relatively inexpensive source of portable power and there is still a significant demand for them due to their lower retail costs, good shelf life and good energy densities. There is a range of imported and local brands available in South Africa that can differ in terms of their cost to the consumer and their performance. The study being reported here compared a range of seven different AA alkaline brands in terms of price and performance by discharging them using three different standard tests, namely at constant 250 mA current, motor/toy and photo-flash respectively. The study also used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to observe differences between the different cell brands at different stages of discharge during the different discharge test sequences. The results showed that all cell brands achieved similar discharge capacities for the low-power discharge test of around 1.7 Ah at a constant current of 250 mA with significant differences in their respective purchase prices. However, significantly better discharge capacities of around 1.4 Ah were achieved for the more expensive brands for the photo-flash test when compared to the cheaper brand, where only 0.4 Ah was achieved. Hence, one can get value for money by using cheaper brand cells for typical low-power applications such as digital clocks, while the more expensive brands are recommended for high-power applications. The results of the EIS analysis showed that the internal cell resistance of the cheaper branded cells was relatively higher when compared to the more expensive branded cells. The change in the cheaper cells' internal resistance was also comparatively higher when measured during the various stages of the discharge tests, especially during the photo-flash test. The EIS analysis also showed that certain new cells displayed an unusually high electrode capacitance and resistance when compared to the other cell types. This phenomenon then disappeared once the cells were slightly discharged to 1% of their respective capacities. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	AA alkaline cells, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Capacity performance	Costs; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Spectroscopy; Capacity performance; Constant current; Discharge capacities; Electrode capacitance; High power applications; Internal cell resistance; Internal resistance; Low power application; Testing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75149164777	Current impact of mining alkaline rocks on Save River water quality in Zimbabwe	Meck M., Atlhopheng J., Masamba W.R.L.	2009	Journal of African Earth Sciences	55	42371	10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2008.12.006	Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe; Environmental Science Department, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB0704, Gaborone, Botswana; Harry Oppeinheimer Okavango Research Centre (HOORC), University of Botswana, Box 285, Maun, Botswana	Meck, M., Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP167, Mt . Pleasant Harare,, Zimbabwe, Environmental Science Department, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB0704, Gaborone, Botswana; Atlhopheng, J., Environmental Science Department, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB0704, Gaborone, Botswana; Masamba, W.R.L., Harry Oppeinheimer Okavango Research Centre (HOORC), University of Botswana, Box 285, Maun, Botswana	Alkaline rocks (phosphate deposits in particular) of igneous origin are currently being mined in Zimbabwe. Exploitation of these deposits, which are associated with metals and non-metals, provides a potential for changing the river water quality in the surrounding areas by increasing metal and phosphates levels in the water, thereby endangering the beneficial use of the river. The aim and objectives of this paper are to enumerate the current impacts associated with mining alkaline rocks on Save River water quality in Zimbabwe using the Dorowa mine as a case study. Though there are several impacts associated with the mining of alkaline rocks, this paper deals only with impacts on water quality. A preliminary assessment of the water quality in the Save River downstream of the Dorowa phosphate mine showed an increase in conductivity, iron content, manganese content, nitrates and hardness when compared to those taken before mining activity began. However, there was no notable increase in phosphate and metals except for Fe and Mn. A plausible explanation for the low phosphate values in the water is that the phosphates are precipitating and settling as sediments. Phosphate is known to effectively remove metals from the surface water through the formation of metal-phosphate minerals. Thus, various pollutants may be adsorbed into sediments accumulated on the bottom of the river. These sediments may accumulate pollutants over long periods and act as new pollutant sources to the overlying water when phosphate desorbs from sediments due to changes in water conditions. Therefore, the sediments can act as a source of water pollution in the future. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Alkaline rocks; Phosphate mining; River water quality	alkaline rock; mining; phosphate; pollutant source; river pollution; water quality; Save River [Southern Africa]; Southern Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20044361824	Caudal fin allometry in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias: Implications for locomotory performance and ecology	Lingham-Soliar T.	2005	Naturwissenschaften	92	5	10.1007/s00114-005-0614-4	Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Lingham-Soliar, T., Department of Zoology, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Allometric scaling analysis was employed to investigate the consequences of size evolution on hydrodynamic performance and ecology in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Discriminant analysis using the power equation y=ax b was negative for caudal fin span (S) versus fork length (FL) in C. carcharias. In contrast in two delphinid species, Delphinus capensis and Tursiops aduncus, the span of the flukes versus fork length rises in positive allometric fashion, and strong positive allometry of S versus √A (area) was also recorded. The latter reflects a high lift/drag ratio. S versus √A in C. carcharias displays negative allometry and consequently a lower lift/drag ratio. A lower aspect ratio (AR) caudal fin in C. carcharias compared to that of the delphinids (mean 3.33 and 4.1, respectively) and other thunniform swimmers provides the potential for better maneuverability and acceleration. The liver in sharks is frequently associated with a buoyancy function and was found to be positively allometric in C. carcharias. The overall findings suggest that the negatively allometric caudal fin morphometrics in C. carcharias are unlikely to have deleterious evolutionary fitness consequences for predation. On the contrary, when considered in the context of positive liver allometry in C. carcharias it is hereby suggested that buoyancy may play a dominant role in larger white sharks in permitting slow swimming while minimizing energy demands needed to prevent sinking. In contrast hydrodynamic lift is considered more important in smaller white sharks. Larger caudal fin spans and higher lift/drag ratio in smaller C. carcharias indicate greater potential for prolonged, intermediate swimming speeds and for feeding predominantly on fast-moving fish, in contrast to slow-swimming search patterns of larger individuals for predominantly large mammalian prey. Such data may provide some answers to the lifestyle and widespread habitat capabilities of this still largely mysterious animal. © Springer-Verlag 2005.	None	allometry; locomotion; morphology; shark; allometry; article; controlled study; discriminant analysis; ecology; energy metabolism; evolution; hydrodynamics; lifestyle; liver; locomotion; mammal; morphometrics; motor performance; nonhuman; predation; prey; shark; species difference; swimming; Animal Structures; Animals; Body Size; Ecosystem; Motor Activity; Sharks; Animalia; Carcharodon carcharias; Chondrichthyes; Delphinidae; Delphinus capensis; Lamnidae; Mammalia; Tursiops aduncus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945270040	Towards Breaking the Conspiracy of Silence in Reproductive Health Information Access Among In-School Adolescent Girls: Impact on Policy and Practice	Anasi S.N.	2015	Journal of Hospital Librarianship	15	4	10.1080/15323269.2015.1079691	Technical Processing Division, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Anasi, S.N., Technical Processing Division, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	All young people have the right to access comprehensive sexual and reproductive health information. However, most adolescent girls in developing countries face sexuality without adequate information. This is due to the unwritten but active traditional norm against the discussion of sex and sexuality issues with young people. This article reports a descriptive study that investigated the adolescent girls’ degree of access to reproductive health information and the barriers to accessing reproductive health information. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 18 schools, three from each of the six Local Education Districts (LEDs) in Lagos State. The study sample consisted of 1800 girls in the selected schools. Data were collected with a questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The result of the study revealed that in-school adolescent girls had limited access to reproductive health information. The findings also showed that lack of time to seek relevant information and unwillingness of parents to discuss reproductive health issues with the adolescents were major obstacles to reproductive health information access. The test of significance of relationship between access to reproductive health information and attitude towards reproductive health issues indicated significant positive relationship between access to reproductive health information and attitude towards reproductive health issues. The study concluded that access to reproductive health information exerts great influence on attitude towards reproductive health issues. The article recommends the adoption of multimedia approach for the dissemination of reproductive health information in public schools in Lagos State. © , Published with license by Taylor & Francis.	adolescent girls; Lagos State; reproductive health information; reproductive health issues	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872174349	Environmental impact of an industrial compressed air system with a solar powered compressor in South Africa	Gouws R.	2012	Energy and Environment	23	8	10.1260/0958-305X.23.8.1327	Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2522, South Africa	Gouws, R., Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2522, South Africa	Almost 14% of the electricity generated by the national energy supplier (Eskom) in South Africa is sold directly to the mining sector and almost 20% is utilized directly by the compressed air systems of the mining sector. The industrial compressed air systems in South Africa therefore have a substantial impact on the environment in terms of emissions output. In this paper a solar powered compressor is installed parallel to an existing industrial compressed air system. The environmental (emissions) impact and energy consumption of the industrial compressed air system with the solar powered compressor is calculated and the results are provided. It is shown from the results that the solar powered air compressor improved the overall system efficiency and lowered the carbon footprint of the industrial compressed air system. The impact of the energy improvement on the amount of trees required to offset the calculated amount of CO2 is also provided.	emissions impact; energy efficiency; Industrial compressed air; solar power	Compressed air system; Energy suppliers; Impact on the environment; Mining sector; Solar-powered; South Africa; System efficiency; Carbon dioxide; Carbon footprint; Compressed air; Compressed air motors; Compressors; Energy efficiency; Energy utilization; Environmental impact; Industry; Solar energy; Industrial emissions; carbon dioxide; carbon emission; compressed air; energy efficiency; environmental impact; mining industry; solar power; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000281556300005	Impact of Partnership in Coping in mental health recovery: An experimental study at the Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna	Gandi, Joshua C.,Wai, Paul S.	2010	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING	19	5	10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00682.x	University of Jos	"Gandi, Joshua C.: University of Jos","Wai, Paul S.: University of Jos"	Almost everyone, at some point in life, experiences emotional and behavioural problems or psychiatric symptoms, but mental health services reflect only an orthodox medical model which emphasizes cure to the detriment of humanistic focus. Partnership in Coping is an emerging concept, based on recovery alliance theory, which emphasizes partnership to overcome such problems and symptoms. It is a collaboratively-integrated system that provides opportunity for own problem solving, while one's coping strategies are being empowered. This study was designed to ascertain how Partnership in Coping impacts mental health recovery. It paves the way for remedying problems inherent in the orthodox medical model approach which provide pathological perspective to the detriment of humanistic focus. The participants were 56 service users at the Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Kaduna. The Professional Quality of Life Scale helped in selecting research assistants, while the Mental Health Recovery Measure was used in assessing the post-treatment behaviour of participants. The experimental group had Partnership in Coping during a 3-month clinical intervention period, while the control group only had medical treatment. The finding revealed that F (1, 56) = 2268.750, P &lt; 001. Thus, partnership enhances complete recovery from mental illness. This reality changes perception and frees people from stigmatization and hopelessness, thereby influencing service systems.	"COPING STRATEGIES","EXPERIMENTAL STUDY","MENTAL HEALTH","partnership in coping",RECOVERY,HEART	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955690695	Toxicological evaluation of aqueous extract of Aloe ferox Mill. in loperamide-induced constipated rats	Wintola O.A., Sunmonu T.O., Afolayan A.J.	2011	Human and Experimental Toxicology	30	5	10.1177/0960327110372647	Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Wintola, O.A., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Sunmonu, T.O., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Aloe ferox Mill. is a widely used medicinal plant in South Africa for the treatment of many ailments including constipation. The present study evaluated the toxicological effect of aqueous leaf extract of the herb at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 7 days on the haematological parameters as well as liver and kidney function indices in loperamide-induced constipated rats. The extract did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) effect on the kidney and liver-body weight ratio as well as the kidney function indices including serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, urea, calcium and potassium ions at all the dosages investigated. Whereas the serum levels of total protein, albumin, bilirubin and gamma glutamyl trasferase (GGT) were not affected, the elevated activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the untreated constipated animals were normalized following treatment with extract. The data obtained with respect to the haematological analysis indicated that the extracts had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the haematological parameters with the exception of lymphocyte count which was increased in the untreated constipated rats. This was however attenuated after administering the herb. The available evidence in this study suggests that A. ferox may be safe as an oral remedy for constipation. Generally, the effect of the extract compared favourably well with senokot, a recommended drug for the treatment of constipation. © The Author(s) 2010.	Aloe ferox; function indices; haematological parameters; marker enzymes	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; Aloe ferox extract; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; calcium ion; creatinine; gamma glutamyltransferase; loperamide; plant extract; potassium ion; senokot; unclassified drug; urea; uric acid; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; Aloe; Aloe ferox; animal experiment; animal model; aqueous solution; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; body weight; calcium blood level; constipation; controlled study; creatinine blood level; drug safety; enzyme activity; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; hematological parameters; kidney function; kidney mass; liver function; liver weight; lymphocyte count; male; nonhuman; plant leaf; potassium blood level; priority journal; protein blood level; rat; toxicity testing; urea blood level; uric acid blood level; Aloe; Animals; Body Weight; Constipation; Disease Models, Animal; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Loperamide; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Organ Size; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Toxicity Tests; Aloe ferox; Animalia; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896692504	In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties of aloe whole leaf and gel materials	Du Plessis L.H., Hamman J.H.	2014	Drug and Chemical Toxicology	37	2	10.3109/01480545.2013.834356	Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2530, South Africa	Du Plessis, L.H., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2530, South Africa; Hamman, J.H., Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom 2530, South Africa	Aloe gel and whole-leaf materials have shown biological effects with potential therapeutic applications, and recently, their drug-Absorption enhancement properties have been discovered. It is important to establish a safety profile for these materials before they can be used in pharmaceutical products. The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of Aloe vera, Aloe marlothii, Aloe speciosa and Aloe ferox against human hepatocellular (HepG2), human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and human adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (HeLa). Flow cytometry was used to measure cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aloe gel materials investigated only decreased cell viability at concentrations of >10mg/mL and exhibited half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values above 1000mg/mL, except for A. vera gel in HepG2 cells (CC50=269.3mg/mL). A. speciosa whole-leaf material showed a significant decrease in viability of Hela cells, whereas the other whole-leaf materials did not show a similar effect. The aloe gel materials in general showed low levels of apoptosis, whereas A. vera and A. speciosa whole-leaf materials caused a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in HeLa cells. None of the aloe materials investigated exhibited a significant increase in ROS. It can be concluded that the selected aloe materials caused only limited reduction in cell viability with limited in vitro cytotoxicity effects. Further, neither significant apoptosis effects were observed nor induction of ROS. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.	A. ferox; A. marlothii; A. speciosa; A. vera; Apoptosis; Cytotoxicity; Reactive oxygen species	Aloe ferox extract; Aloe marlothii extract; Aloe speciosa extract; Aloe vera extract; antineoplastic agent; daltonmax 700; emodin; reactive oxygen metabolite; unclassified drug; Aloe; Aloe ferox; Aloe marlothii; Aloe speciosa; Aloe vera; antineoplastic activity; apoptosis; article; cell strain HepG2; cell viability; controlled study; cytotoxicity; dose response; drug screening; female; flow cytometry; gel; HeLa cell; human; human cell; in vitro study; neuroblastoma cell; phytochemistry; plant leaf; Aloe; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flow Cytometry; HeLa Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Neuroblastoma; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reactive Oxygen Species; Species Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349126596	Economic impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on cattle production systems around Lake Mburo National Park in South Western Uganda	Ocaido M., Muwazi R.T., Opuda J.A.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	5	10.1007/s11250-008-9245-z	Department of Wildlife and Animal Resource Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Ocaido, M., Department of Wildlife and Animal Resource Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Muwazi, R.T., Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Opuda, J.A., Department of Epidemiology, Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	A longitudinal economic impact study of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases (TTBDs) in cattle around Lake Mburo National Park (LMNP) was done. Impact was valued using Uganda Shilling (Ug. Shs) (exchange rate of 1USD to Ug. Shs 1,420). The costs for controlling TTBDs was constituting 85.6∈±∈3.2% (pastoral) and 73.8∈±∈4.2% (ranches) to total disease control costs. The main costs were on tick control, constituting 83.1% (ranches) and 87.9% (pastoral). In pastoral herds, the costs were negatively correlated to herd size (r∈=∈-0.99). The mean annual cost per cattle for controlling TTBDs for ranch and pastoral herds was similar Ug. Shs 5, 900∈±∈545. The mean annual Economic Cost (EC) of TTBDs per cattle was not significantly different (p∈>∈0.05) between pastoral (Ug. Shs 6,700∈±∈580) and ranch herds (Ug. Shs 7,600∈±∈970). The mean annual EC per cattle was negatively correlated (r∈=∈-0.99) with herd size in pastoral systems contrary to positive correlation (r∈=∈0.99) observed among the ranches. The major component of EC of TTBDs of 88.2% (pastoral) and 78.6% (ranches) was due to their control. The other component was owed to mortality, which was positively correlated (p∈<∈0.01) to the ranch herd size. The total annual EC of TTBDs around LMNP was Ug. Shs 437,754,600 (USD 308,144). © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Economic cost; Lake Mburo Area; Pastoral and ranch cattle herds; Ticks and tick borne diseases	animal; animal disease; article; cattle; cattle disease; cost benefit analysis; economics; female; growth, development and aging; insect control; longitudinal study; male; parasitology; questionnaire; rural population; tick; tick borne disease; Uganda; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Tick Control; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Uganda; Bos; Hexapoda; Ixodida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57749091332	Evaluation of the effects of malaria infection on serum lipid profile of patients attending two district hospitais in Enugu, Nigeria	Nwobodo N., Okonkwo P.O., Nwobodo E., Igwe S.A.	2008	Oriental Journal of Chemistry	24	2	None	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Phys	Nwobodo, N., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Okonkwo, P.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwobodo, E., Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria; Igwe, S.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	A longstanding myth exists among the Igbos in the South-East of Nigeria, which associates malaria symptoms with intake of fatty meals. The rapidly growing malaria parasite requires large amounts of lipids for increase in surface area and volume of its internal membranes. We hypothesized that certain serum lipid fractions may favour the onset and/ or severity of malaria infection. Patients with clinically characterized frank malaria (n=30) attending two district hospitals were selected for this study. A corresponding number without any clinical or laboratory evidence of malaria infection was used as control. Serum lipid profile was determined in both malaria patients and control using standardized laboratory procedures. Presence of malaria parasite was confirmed by the thick blood film. Result showed a statistically significant difference between malaria patients and control in the HDL fraction only (P<0.05). This contrasted sharply with findings for the other serum lipid fractions. The HDL fraction may be implicated in the pathogenesis of malaria infection. Consequently, dietary habits may be playing a role in malaria onset and/or severity. We conclude that serum lipid lowering agents may be considered as part of the management protocol for treatment of malaria infection in the disease endemic zones.	Lipid lowering agents; Lipid metabolism; Lipid profile; Lipid transport; Malaria infection	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849114280	Legume-maize rotation and nitrogen effects on weed performance in the humid and subhumid tropics of West Africa	Chikoye D., Ekeleme F., Lum A.F., Schulz S.	2008	Crop Protection	27	05-Mar	10.1016/j.cropro.2007.09.007	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; German Agro Action, 18th Street Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia	Chikoye, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ekeleme, F., Department of Crop Protection, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Lum, A.F., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Schulz, S., German Agro Action, 18th Street Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia	A long-term trial was established in 1998. The objectives among others were to assess the impact of nitrogen, natural bush fallow, and legume-maize rotations on weed growth and species composition in the forest/savanna transition zone (Ibadan) and northern Guinea savanna (Zaria) in Nigeria. At both locations, the experiment was arranged as a split-plot design. The main plots were green manure legumes (Pueraria phaseoloides [Roxb.] Benth in Ibadan and Aeschynomene histrix Poir. in Zaria), a forage legume (Stylosanthes guianensis [Aubl.] Sw.), grain legumes (cowpea [Vigna unguiculata {L.} Walp 'IT-90K-284-2' or soybean [Glycine max {L.} Merr 'TGx 1864 and TGx 1485-1 D'), natural bush fallow, and continuous cropping with maize [Zea mays L.]/cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz] '82/00058' at Ibadan and maize at Zaria. Grain legumes were either double-cropped in one season by growing short-duration soybean with cowpea varieties sequentially, or by growing long-duration cultivars within one growing season. Nitrogen levels (0 and 30 kg N ha-1) were the subplot treatments. Weed data were collected in 2000 and 2003 after 2 years of continuous cropping or rotation with natural fallow or legumes. Weed density was significantly higher at Zaria (177 plants m-2) than at Ibadan (149 plants m-2). Weed dry matter was higher at Ibadan than at Zaria. Weed density and dry matter were lower in the green manure and forage legume treatments in both years at Ibadan. At Zaria, the forage legume treatment had the lowest weed density and dry matter in 2003 only. In 2003 at Ibadan, per capita weed population growth rate (WPGR) decreased in the green manure and forage legume treatments. There was an increase in WPGR in continuous cropping, double-cropping with cowpea and soybean, and natural bush fallow treatments. At Zaria, WPGR was not affected by fallow type or nitrogen (P&gt;0.05). Redundancy analysis showed significant differences in species composition among the various treatments. Nitrogen level did not affect density, dry matter, or the composition of weeds. © 2007.	Bush fallow; Continuous cropping; Species composition; Weed density	community composition; continuous cropping; crop rotation; dry matter; experimental study; growing season; growth rate; humid environment; legume; maize; nitrogen; population density; transition zone; tropical environment; weed; Africa; Ibadan; Kaduna [Nigeria]; Nigeria; Oyo; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Zaria; Aeschynomene histrix; Glycine max; Manihot esculenta; Pueraria; Pueraria phaseoloides; Stylosanthes guianensis; Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870486834	Design and performance assessment of a low cost evaporative cooler for storage of camel milk in arid pastoral areas of kenya	Wayua F.O., Okoth M.W., Wangoh J.	2012	International Journal of Food Engineering	8	1	10.1515/1556-3758.2323	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Kenya	Wayua, F.O., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kenya; Okoth, M.W., University of Nairobi, Kenya; Wangoh, J., University of Nairobi, Kenya	A low-cost charcoal evaporative cooler was designed and tested for the storage of camel milk in an arid pastoral area of northern Kenya. The cooler, 0.75 m3 in capacity, was made of galvanised iron frame reinforced with wire mesh inside and out, leaving a 10 cm-wide cavity which was filled with charcoal. A water reservoir linked to the cooler at the top through a perforated pipe kept the charcoal continuously wet through drip system. A wind driven fan on the roof enhanced air movement through the charcoal walls by sucking out the air in the cooler. The cooler was evaluated for temperature and product response. The inside temperature was 1-11°C lower than outside temperature and inside humidity was 0-49% higher than outside. During the hottest time of the day (14.00 hrs) when cooling was most needed, the cooler consistently maintained an average temperature drop of 10.5±0.4°C below ambient temperature, which varied from 29-32°C. This reduction in temperature was 35.6% and statistically significant (p=0.05). During this time, cooling efficiency varied between 74.2 to 86.7%. Temperature of camel milk inside the cooler did not significantly increase (p>0.05) between morning time and evening time. However, temperature of control milk at ambient conditions significantly (p=0.05) changed over the same period, from 22.6±0.08°C to 28.1±0.08°C. Milk inside the cooler was also significantly cooler (p=0.05) than control milk in the evening, with a net temperature reduction of 27.0%. Total bacterial count changed from 31.4±2.1 x 104 cfu/ml to 43.1±1.9 x 104 and 1638±81 x 104 cfu/ml for test and control milk, respectively, after storage for 10 hours. As an inexpensive alternative to mechanical refrigeration, evaporative cooling technology is promising and suitable for rural application in arid pastoral areas without grid electricity, to minimise risk of milk spoilage at collection points and retail level, and thereby encourage organised women groups to get involved in milk marketing as a source of income. © 2012 De Gruyter.	Arid areas; Camel milk storage; Design; Evaporative cooler; Kenya; Performance	Air movement; Ambient conditions; Arid area; Cooling efficiency; Drip system; Evaporative coolers; Evaporative cooling; Grid electricity; Inside temperature; Kenya; Low costs; Mechanical refrigeration; Performance; Performance assessment; Rural application; Temperature drops; Temperature reduction; Total bacterial count; Wire meshes; Arid regions; Cooling; Design; Evaporative cooling systems; Charcoal; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84911449292	Evaluation of a low-tech method, pepper–grease, for combatting elephant crop-raiding activities in Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana	Wiafe E.D., Sam M.K.	2014	Pachyderm	55	None	None	Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, Presbyterian University College, PO Box 393, Akropong, Akuapem, Ghana; Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission, Western Regional Office, Takoradi, Ghana	Wiafe, E.D., Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, Presbyterian University College, PO Box 393, Akropong, Akuapem, Ghana; Sam, M.K., Wildlife Division of Forestry Commission, Western Regional Office, Takoradi, Ghana	Alow-tech method for preventing elephants from destroying farms around Kakum Conservation Area in Ghana was assessed to evaluate its efficacy in warding off marauding elephants. Sixty fenced and 60 unfenced farms located at the peripheries of the protected area were selected and each inspected regularly for 12 months. One hundred twenty farmers were interviewed on the use of the pepper–grease fence to determine their level of knowledge of the efficacy of the method. In 75% of the fenced farms, elephants came close to the fence but never crossed it; they never visited 20% of these farms and only 5% attempted to break through or enter. Of the farms that were not fenced at all, elephants raided 75% completely. Most of the respondents (76.7%) had good knowledge of the pepper fence. Their major sources of information were the staff of the Wildlife Division and agricultural extension agents (54.5%); 31.1% had heard about it from other farmers. Only 14.4% got their knowledge from observing other farmers. In practice, 26.7% said they used it effectively, 22.2% partially, and 51.1% did not practise the method at all. Cost and difficulty of acquiring materials were the main issues affecting lack of adoption. The results support the recommendation that government and non-governmental agencies supply inputs to farmers consistently. © 2014, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861554230	CAPRISA 004 tenofovir microbicide trial: No impact of tenofovir gel on the HIV transmission bottleneck	Valley-Omar Z., Sibeko S., Anderson J., Goodier S., Werner L., Arney L., Naranbhai V., Treurnicht F., Abrahams M.-R., Bandawe G., Swanstrom R., Karim Q.A., Karim S.S.A., Williamson C.	2012	Journal of Infectious Diseases	206	1	10.1093/infdis/jis305	Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States	Valley-Omar, Z., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Sibeko, S., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Anderson, J., Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Goodier, S., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Werner, L., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Arney, L., Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Naranbhai, V., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Treurnicht, F., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Abrahams, M.-R., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Bandawe, G., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; Swanstrom, R., Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, United States; Karim, Q.A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Karim, S.S.A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Williamson, C., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, South Africa	Alterations of the genital mucosal barrier may influence the number of viruses transmitted from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected source host to the newly infected individual. We used heteroduplex tracking assay and single-genome sequencing to investigate the effect of a tenofovir-based microbicide gel on the transmission bottleneck in women who seroconverted during the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial. Seventy-seven percent (17 of 22; 95 confidence interval [CI], 56-90) of women in the tenofovir gel arm were infected with a single virus compared with 92 (13 of 14; 95 CI, 67->99) in the placebo arm (P =. 37). Tenofovir gel had no discernable impact on the transmission bottleneck. © 2012 The Author.	None	placebo; tenofovir; amplicon; article; bottleneck population; controlled study; disease classification; gel; gene sequence; genetic distance; genetic variability; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; phylogeny; priority journal; seroconversion; virus transmission; Adenine; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cervix Uteri; Cohort Studies; Female; Gels; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Phosphonic Acids	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84914149658	Comparative evaluation of animal manures on soil properties, growth and yield of sweet maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut.)	Uwah D.F., Undie U.L., John N.M.	2014	Tropical Agriculture	91	4	None	Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, Cross River University of Technology, Obubra Campus, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Uwah, D.F., Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Undie, U.L., Department of Agronomy, Cross River University of Technology, Obubra Campus, Nigeria; John, N.M., Department of Soil Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	Alternative sources of plant nutrients have now become imperative especially for vegetable crop production in Nigeria because of the escalating costs of inorganic fertilizers with the attendant environmental and health problems associated with excessive use of these inputs on continuously cropped fields. A two-year field experiment was conducted during the early planting seasons from March to June of 2011 and 2012 on the acidic coastal plain soils at Calabar, to evaluate the combined effects of four rates each (0,5,10 and 15 t/ha) of poultry manure (PM) and goat manure (GM) on soil chemical properties and agronomic performance of sweet maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Strut.). Factorial combinations of the treatments were fitted into a randomized complete block design with three replications. The application of the manures significantly (P ≤ 0.05) raised the soil pH, organic matter content, total N, available P and exchangeable K, Ca and Mg status of the soil. Except for pH, total N, and available P contents, GM had superior responses for all other chemical properties than PM. The 15 t/ha rate of both manures maximized sweet maize growth attributes, total dry matter (TDM) and grain yields and also hastened days to 50% tasselling. On average, the application of 5, 10 and 15 t/ha PM rates, increased TDM by 8.5, 35.1 and 53.9%, whereas the corresponding values for GM were 15.6, 27.8 and 33.2% respectively compared with the unamended control plots. The grain yield increases at 15 t/ha PM and GM were 11.2, 59.8 and 126.9%; and 4.2, 20.0 and 45.8% respectively, above the 10, 5 and 0 t/ha rates of both manures. The growth and yield attributes showed greater responses to PM than GM in terms of the values obtained. The co-application of PM at 15 t/ha and GM at 10 t/ha had the best effects on TDM and grain yield and is thus recommended for sweet maize production in this agro-ecology. © 2014 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Goat manure; Poultry manure; Soil properties; Sweet maize; Yield	Animalia; Capra hircus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147158367	Rangeland evaluation in the middle Awash valley of Ethiopia: II. Woody vegetation	Abule E., Snyman H.A., Smit G.N.	2007	Journal of Arid Environments	70	2	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.01.007	Adami Tulu Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Abule, E., Adami Tulu Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Snyman, H.A., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Smit, G.N., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Although a few studies have reported an increase of woody plants in the rangelands of Ethiopia during the last few decades, most studies related to the importance of tree canopies have been conducted in lightly grazed areas that have suffered little disturbance. The woody vegetation composition, density, evapotranspiration tree equivalent (ETTE), browse production, browsing capacity and bush encroachment were therefore studied in a part of the Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia with the objective of determining the condition and contribution of woody vegetation as a source of feed to animals. Accordingly, 7 and 8 rangeland sites in Kereyu-Fantale and Awash-Fantale districts, respectively, were identified. The data collected was analyzed using the Biomass Estimates from Canopy Volume model. The dominant sources of browse and the encroacher woody plants in the study districts were species of Acacia (A. senegal and A. nubica). In both districts, the browse production ranged from as low as 194-3 311 kg ha-1, with most of the leaf dry mass found above the height of 1.5 m. Some of the possible factors contributing to bush encroachment in the study area are heavy grazing pressure, expansion of cultivation and reduced mobility of animals due to many factors. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Browse production; Bush encroachment; Density; Evapotranspiration tree equivalent; Woody species composition	browsing; community composition; population density; rangeland; shrub; valley; woody plant; Africa; Awash Valley; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia nubica; Acacia senegal; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750579636	Synthesis and pesticidal evaluation of novel quin-8- oxytetramethyldiphenyldioxaphosphonine analogue	Zubair M.F., Oladosu I.A.	2006	South African Journal of Chemistry	59	None	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria	Zubair, M.F., Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oladosu, I.A., Department of Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria	Although a great deal of success has been achieved in the synthesis of dibenzodioxaphosphepin derivatives during the last few decades with the introduction of hundreds of its six-, and seven-membered ring systems, the search for more practical agronomic pesticides that is readily available and of good activity, remains attractive and important to an agronomic chemist. During the course of the development of synthetic routes to a promising pesticide, a facile preparation for a nine-membered heterocyclic dibenzodioxaphosphonine compound was discovered. Previously reported compounds consist of six- and seven-membered ring systems. The pure product was fully characterized by spectroscopic [IR, NMR (1H, 13C, 31P) and Mass] analyses. The pure compound possesses a LC50 value of 19.3 μg cm-3 in a brine shrimp lethality assay (BST). The preliminary field study on the cowpea weevil bioassay shows 51% success. Details of the synthetic route as well as bioassay results are reported herein.	BST; Candidate; Dibenzodioxaphosphonine; LC50	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857048528	Evaluation of smell and taste in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis	Fasunla J.A., Hundt W., Lutz J., Förger F., Thürmel K., Steinbach S.	2012	European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology	269	1	10.1007/s00405-011-1691-y	Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrae, Marburg 35033, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, G	Fasunla, J.A., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrae, Marburg 35033, Germany, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Ibadan, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Hundt, W., Department of Radiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany; Lutz, J., Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Förger, F., Department of Rheumatology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Thürmel, K., Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany; Steinbach, S., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Philipps-University, Baldingerstrae, Marburg 35033, Germany	Although a reduced olfactory/gustatory function affects patients in all parts of life, this problem has not received much attention in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). The aim of this study was to assess the smell/taste function of WG patients. Demographic data of 16 WG patients (9 males, 7 females) were obtained. They all subjectively assessed their taste/smell function on visual analogue scale. Olfactory/gustatory functions of the patients were tested with 'Sniffin' Sticks and 'Taste' strips, respectively. The results were then compared with those from sex and age-matched control group (n = 16) and normative data. WG patients subjectively assessed their olfactory (p = 0.03) and gustatory (p = 0.02) function to be lower than control group. All the olfactory scores (odour identification, odour discrimination and threshold) in both genders were significantly below the scores in the control group. WG patients were hyposmic. For taste (total taste score, as well as scores for the qualities sweet, sour, salty and bitter), WG patients did not significantly differ from controls and were normogeusic. However, the gustatory scores showed the tendency of reduction as compared to the control group. In conclusion, WG patients truly suffer from olfactory/taste dysfunction, but this is worse with olfaction. It is, therefore, imperative that physicians should make their patients to be aware of these sensory dysfunctions and educate them on methods to cope with it for better quality of life. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.	Smell; Taste; Wegener's granulomatosis	acetylsalicylic acid; azathioprine; cortisone; cotrimoxazole; cyclophosphamide; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; methotrexate; mycophenolic acid; adult; aged; article; bitter taste; clinical article; controlled study; demography; female; human; human tissue; hyposmia; low drug dose; male; nose septum reconstruction; olfactory discrimination; priority journal; scoring system; sensory evaluation; smelling; sweetness; taste; visual analog scale; Wegener granulomatosis; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Olfaction Disorders; Smell; Taste; Taste Disorders; Wegener Granulomatosis	None
WoS	WOS:000333785400022	Assessing the population-level impact of vouchers on access to health facility delivery for women in Kenya	Abuya, Timothy,Askew, Ian,Bellows, Ben,Obare, Francis,Warren, Charlotte	2014	SOCIAL SCIENCE &amp; MEDICINE	102	None	10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.12.007	None	None	Although available evidence indicates that vouchers improve service utilization among the target populations, we do not know whether increased utilization results from improved access (new clients who would not have used services without the voucher) or from shifting clients from non-accredited to contracted service providers. This paper examines whether the safe motherhood voucher program in Kenya is associated with improved access to health facility delivery using information on births within two years preceding the survey in voucher and comparison sites. Data were collected in 2010-2011 and in 2012 among 2933 and 3094 women aged 15-49 years reporting 962 and 1494 births within two years before the respective surveys. Analysis entails cross-tabulations and estimation of multilevel random-intercept logit models. The results show that the proportion of births occurring at home declined by more than 10 percentage points while the proportion of births delivered in health facilities increased by a similar margin over time in voucher sites. The increase in facility-based births occurred in both public and private health facilities. There was also a significant increase in the likelihood of facility-based delivery (odds ratios [OR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40-2.98 in the 2006 voucher arm; OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.22-2.43 in the 2010-2011 voucher arm) in voucher sites over time. In contrast, there were no significant changes in the likelihood of facility-based delivery in the comparison arm over time. These findings suggest that the voucher program contributed to improved access to institutional delivery by shifting births from home to health facilities. However, available evidence from qualitative data shows that some women who purchased the vouchers did not use them because of high transportation costs to accredited facilities. The implication is that substantial improvements in service uptake could be achieved if the program subsidized transportation costs as well. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"Health facility delivery","improving access",KENYA,"REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH","Voucher program",CARE,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,INCREASE,PROGRAM,SERVICES,SYSTEM	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884155957	Monolayered multipolymeric buccal films with drug and polymers of opposing solubilities for ARV therapy: Physico-mechanical evaluation and molecular mechanics modelling	Jones E., Ojewole E., Pillay V., Kumar P., Rambharose S., Govender T.	2013	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	455	42371	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.037	Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Jones, E., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Ojewole, E., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Pillay, V., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kumar, P., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Rambharose, S., Discipline of Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Govender, T., Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Although buccal permeation investigations with antiretroviral drug solutions have confirmed their transbuccal delivery potential, studies on their formulation into delivery systems are lacking. Multipolymeric monolayered films (MMFs) with drugs and polymers of opposing solubilities will offer several advantages for the controlled release delivery of didanosine (DDI) via the buccal route. The aim of this study was to employ a co-blending-co- plasticization technique for preparation of MMFs containing Eudragit® RS 100 (EUD) and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and to undertake molecular modelling and in vitro characterizations. Uniform drug content (91-105%) with low variability was obtained for all films. Co-blending of DDI:HPMC:EUD (1:1:10) was required to achieve controlled drug release. The buccal permeability potential of DDI from the MMFs was successfully demonstrated with a permeability coefficient of 0.72 ± 0.14 × 10-2 cm/h and a steady state flux of 71.63 ± 13.54 μg/cm2 h. Films had acceptable mucoadhesivity (2184 mN), mechanical strength (0.698 N/mm2) and surface pH (6.63). The mechanism inherent to the mucoadhesive and drug release profile performance of the MMFs was elucidated via static lattice molecular mechanics simulations wherein a close corroboration among the in vitro-in silico (IVIS) data was observed. These extensive physico-mechanical and molecular atomistic studies have confirmed the use of MMFs containing DDI, HPMC and EUD as a buccal delivery system. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Buccal; Co-blended polymers; Didanosine; Films; Physico-mechanical properties; Static lattice atomistic simulations	didanosine; eudragit; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; plasticizer; polymer; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; buccal drug administration; computer model; controlled study; drug penetration; drug release; film coating; highly active antiretroviral therapy; in vitro study; model; molecular mechanics; nonhuman; permeability; pH; priority journal; solubility; steady state; surface property; Buccal; Co-blended polymers; Didanosine; Films; Physico-mechanical properties; Static lattice atomistic simulations; Administration, Buccal; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Didanosine; Drug Delivery Systems; Models, Molecular; Polymers; Solubility	South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-29244438989	Farm-worker housing in South Africa: An evaluation of an off-farm housing project	Hartwig R., Marais L.	2005	Housing Studies	20	6	10.1080/02673030500291165	Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Hartwig, R., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Marais, L., Centre for Development Support, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Although farm-worker housing has been neglected in South Africa historically, new policy, tabled in 2004, specifically targets the constraints that have been hampering delivery in rural areas. While either on- or off-farm farm-worker housing is envisioned, constraints with regard to on-farm housing and service provision, such as the prerequisite of security of tenure, prevent generalised delivery to the rural population, despite the fact that ESTA provides for security of tenure under certain conditions. There is a need to upgrade the living conditions of people on farms where they are currently residing, in order to ensure the right to adequate shelter as envisioned by the Constitution. However, under current legislation tenure rights must first be secured before such action can be taken. Research on an off-farm housing project in Bothaville was conducted in order to determine the sustainability of this approach, while simultaneously assessing the broader housing policy context, with a view to making policy recommendations. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Farm worker; Housing; South Africa	farm; housing policy; housing reform; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870665521	The use of hybrid algorithms to improve the performance of yarn parameters prediction models	Mwasiagi J.I., Huang X.B., Wang X.H.	2012	Fibers and Polymers	13	9	10.1007/s12221-012-1201-x	College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; School of Engineering, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya	Mwasiagi, J.I., College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China, School of Engineering, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya; Huang, X.B., College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; Wang, X.H., College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, China	Although gradient based Backpropagation (BP) training algorithms have been widely used in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models for the prediction of yarn quality properties, they still suffer from some drawbacks which include tendency to converge to local minima. One strategy of improving ANN models trained using gradient based BP algorithms is the use of hybrid training algorithms made of global based algorithms and local based BP algorithms. The aim of this paper was to improve the performance of Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation (LMBP) training algorithm, which is a local based BP algorithm by using a hybrid algorithm. The hybrid algorithms combined Differential Evolution (DE) and LMBP algorithms. The yarn quality prediction models trained using the hybrid algorithms performed better and exhibited better generalization when compared to the models trained using the LM algorithms. © 2012 The Korean Fiber Society and Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	artificial neural network (ANN); Cotton fiber; Differential Evolution (DE); Levenberg-Marquardt (LM); Ring spinning; Yarn quality properties	Backpropagation training algorithm; BP algorithm; Differential Evolution; Gradient based; Hybrid algorithms; Hybrid training; Levenberg-Marquardt; LM algorithm; LMBP algorithm; Local minimums; Prediction model; Ring spinning; Training algorithms; Yarn quality; Yarn quality prediction; Cotton fibers; Evolutionary algorithms; Mathematical models; Neural networks; Spinning (fibers); Wool; Yarn; Backpropagation algorithms	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902537145	Evaluation of cryoanalysis as a tool for analyzing elemental distribution in "live" tardigrades using micro-PIXE	Nilsson E.J.C., Pallon J., Przybylowicz W.J., Wang Y.D., Jönsson K.I.	2014	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms	332	None	10.1016/j.nimb.2014.02.057	Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden	Nilsson, E.J.C., Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Pallon, J., Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Przybylowicz, W.J., Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa, AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; Wang, Y.D., Materials Research Department, IThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa; Jönsson, K.I., School of Education and Environment, Kristianstad University, SE-291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden	Although heavy on labor and equipment, thus not often applied, cryoanalysis of frozen hydrated biological specimens can provide information that better reflects the living state of the organism, compared with analysis in the freeze-dried state. In this paper we report a study where the cryoanalysis facility with cryosectioning capabilities at Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS, South Africa was employed to evaluate the usefulness of combining three ion beam analytical methods (μPIXE, RBS and STIM) to analyze a biological target where a better elemental compositional description is needed - the tardigrade. Imaging as well as quantification results are of interest. In a previous study, the element composition and redistribution of elements in the desiccated and active states of two tardigrade species was investigated. This study included analysis of both whole and sectioned tardigrades, and the aim was to analyze each specimen twice; first frozen hydrated and later freeze-dried. The combination of the three analytical techniques proved useful: elements from C to Rb in the tardigrades could be determined and certain differences in distribution of elements between the frozen hydrated and the freeze-dried states were observed. RBS on frozen hydrated specimens provided knowledge of matrix elements. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cryoanalysis; Cryosectioning; Elemental distribution; Micro-PIXE; PIXE; Tardigrades	Nuclear instrumentation; Nuclear physics; Cryoanalysis; Cryosectioning; Elemental distribution; Micro-PIXE; PIXE; Tardigrades; Hydration	SNSB, Swedish National Space Board
Scopus	2-s2.0-13844280917	Evaluation of two commercially available, inexpensive alternative assays used for assessing viral load in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected patients from South Africa	Stevens G., Rekhviashvili N., Scott L.E., Gonin R., Stevens W.	2005	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	43	2	10.1128/JCM.43.2.857-861.2005	Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Stevens, G., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa, Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Rekhviashvili, N., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Scott, L.E., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa; Gonin, R., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Stevens, W., Dept. of Molec. Med. and Haematology, School of Pathology, Univ. of the Witwatersrand Med. Sch., Johannesburg, South Africa	Although human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA is the acknowledged "gold standard" marker for monitoring disease activity in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), it remains unaffordable in resource-constrained settings. The present study investigated two commercially available kits for the detection of HIV-1 viral load markers as more affordable alternatives to HIV-1 RNA quantitation. The greatly improved heat-denatured, signal-boosted HiSens HW-1 p24 Ag Ultra kit (Perkin-Elmer) and the ExaVir Load Quantitative HIV-RT kit (Cavidi Tech AB) were compared with the Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (version 1.5) assay (Roche Molecular Systems Inc.). A total of 117 samples containing HIV-1 subtype C were analyzed by all three methodologies. Eighty-nine of these samples represented serial measurements from 20 patients receiving HAART. The remaining samples analyzed were from a group of treatment-naïve patients. The association between the p24 antigen assay and the RNA assay was fairly strong (R2 = 0.686). The association between the reverse transcriptase (RT) quantitation assay and the RNA assay was strong (R2 = 0.810). Both alternative assays seemed most useful for the serial monitoring of patients receiving HAART (n = 89 plasma samples from 20 patients), as all assays showed a statistically significant downward trend over time, with the trend being either linear or curvilinear. In addition, all three assays showed negative correlations with the CD4 count (CD4 count versus RNA load, r = -0.336 and P = 0.001; CD4 count versus p24 antigen level, r = -0.541 and P &lt; 0.0001; CD4 count versus RT level, r = -0.358 and P = 0.0006). Still of major concern are both the lack of sensitivity and the wide degrees of variability of both assays. However, both assays provide a less expensive alternative to the Roche viral load assay and demonstrate the same trends during treatment.	None	antigen p24; antivirus agent; RNA directed DNA polymerase; virus RNA; article; assay; cell count; controlled study; correlation analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; disease activity; disease marker; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; priority journal; RNA analysis; sensitivity and specificity; statistical significance; virus load; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; RNA, Viral; South Africa; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; RNA viruses	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901029242	Evaluation of Trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®) as a New Chemical Ripener for the South African Sugarcane Industry	van Heerden P.D.R.	2014	Sugar Tech	16	3	10.1007/s12355-013-0278-x	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa	van Heerden, P.D.R., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, 4300, South Africa	Although information from Brazil and Australia indicate that trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus®) is an excellent new sugarcane ripener, there is no information on the response of South African varieties to this chemical. The objective of this investigation was to establish the ripening potential of this chemical in a local variety and to compare responses with current industry standards, 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (Ethephon®) and fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade Forte®). Evaluation was conducted in an irrigated plant and first ratoon crop of variety N32 at Pongola, South Africa. The field trial was laid out as a complete randomised design with five replicates per treatment. The nine treatments comprised: (a) untreated control, (b) Ethephon® (1.5 L/ha) applied 84 days before harvest (DBH), (c) Fusilade Forte® (0.2 L/ha) applied 43 DBH, (d) Moddus® at three rates (0.8, 1 and 2 L/ha) applied 70 DBH, (e) Ethephon® (1.5 L/ha) and Fusilade Forte® (0.2 L/ha) applied in combination 84 and 43 DBH, and (f) Moddus® (0.8 and 1 L/ha) and Fusilade Forte® (0.2 L/ha) applied in combination 70 and 43 DBH. The various ripener treatments improved estimated recoverable crystal (ERC) yields in the 12-month old crops by between 1.6 and 4.9 t/ha when compared with the control. Moddus® applied at 0.8 and 1 L/ha achieved similar improvements as Fusilade Forte® and Ethephon®, but at 2 L/ha outperformed the latter two ripeners by up to 1.9 t ERC/ha. Best ERC yield responses were achieved in the three combination treatments. However, the Moddus®-Fusilade Forte® combination treatments outperformed the standard Ethephon®-Fusilade Forte® combination treatment by up to 1 t ERC/ha. These results indicate that Moddus® is an effective sugarcane ripener under South African high-potential irrigated conditions and that improved in ERC yields exceeding those obtained with current industry standards might be possible. © 2013 Society for Sugar Research & Promotion.	Cane quality; Chemical ripening; Moddus®; Sugar yield; Sugarcane	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955980931	Impact of aldosterone receptor blockade on the deleterious cardiac effects of adrenergic activation in hypertensive rats	Veliotes D.G.A., Norton G.R., Correia R.J., Strijdom H., Badenhorst D., Brooksbank R., Woodiwiss A.J.	2010	Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology	56	2	10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181e92a01	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Veliotes, D.G.A., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Correia, R.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Strijdom, H., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Badenhorst, D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brooksbank, R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Although in hypertension β-adrenoreceptor activation promotes the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to pump dysfunction, the use of β-blockers is controversial. As adrenergic activation may mediate adverse effects on the heart through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, we evaluated the effects of the aldosterone receptor blocker, spironolactone (SPIRO), on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced changes in left ventricular cavity size and pump function and the determinants thereof in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). ISO administered for 4.5 months resulted in increases in left ventricular dimensions and a decrease in pump function in SHR but not in normotensive rats, changes that, without affecting blood pressure, were abolished by SPIRO. In SHR, 4-5 days of ISO increased myocardial matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity, which was associated with matrix metalloproteinase-2 but not tissue inhibitor of MMP expression; persisted at 4.5 months; and was prevented by SPIRO. Moreover, after 4.5 months, ISO increased non-cross-linked myocardial collagen concentrations in SHR, which was abolished by SPIRO. Although after 4.5 months, ISO was not associated with increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, an early (4-5 days) ISO-induced apoptotic effect was noted, which was prevented by SPIRO. Hence, aldosterone receptor blockade may be sufficient to prevent those adverse effects of β-adrenoreceptor activation responsible for the transition from concentric cardiac hypertrophy to pump dysfunction in hypertension. © 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	None	collagen; gelatinase A; isoprenaline; spironolactone; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2; adrenergic activity; adrenergic receptor blocking; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; apoptosis; article; cell structure; controlled study; cross linking; diastolic blood pressure; echocardiography; enzyme activity; heart left ventricle contraction; heart left ventricle filling pressure; heart left ventricle hypertrophy; heart left ventricle size; heart muscle cell; heart weight; hypertension; nonhuman; priority journal; protein expression; rat; systolic blood pressure; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Aldosterone Antagonists; Animals; Apoptosis; Blood Pressure; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Hypertension; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Isoproterenol; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardium; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Receptors, Aldosterone; Renin-Angiotensin System; Spironolactone	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872296918	Sensitivity of narrow- and wideband LNA performance to individual transistor model parameters	Weststrate M., Mukherjee A., Sinha S., Schroter M.	2013	International Journal of Electronics	100	1	10.1080/00207217.2012.680789	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany	Weststrate, M., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mukherjee, A., Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany; Sinha, S., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Schroter, M., Electron Devices and Integrated Circuits, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany	Although it is desirable for a transistor model to be as accurate as possible, the extraction of model parameters from fabricated transistors is a time-consuming and often costly process. An investigation of the sensitivity of low-noise amplifier (LNA) performance characteristics to individual parameters of the physics-based standard HBT model HICUM/L2 was, therefore, done to gain a preliminary insight into the most important parameters for transistors used in actual circuits. This can potentially allow less strenuous accuracy requirements on some parameters which would ease the extraction process. Both a narrow- and wideband LNA configuration were investigated. It was found that the series resistance parameters have a large impact on LNA gain, S11 and noise figure performance in both cases. Since the narrow-band LNA relied heavily on the transistor characteristics to provide a proper matching, it was also very sensitive to changes in the parameters used in modelling the high-frequency current gain and depletion capacitances of the transistor. © 2013 Taylor and Francis.	HICUM; Inductive emitter degeneration; LC-ladder and capacitive feedback; Low-noise amplifier; Parameter variations; Sensitivity; Solid-state electronics devices	Capacitive feedback; Emitter degeneration; HICUM; Parameter variations; Sensitivity; Solid state electronics; Electric resistance; Sensitivity analysis; Transistors; Low noise amplifiers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549130055	Knowledge transfer and performance in Danish-Ghanaian strategic alliances	Narteh B.	2010	International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies	4	2	10.1504/IJKMS.2010.030792	Department of Marketing, University of Ghana, Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Narteh, B., Department of Marketing, University of Ghana, Business School, P.O. Box LG 78, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Although knowledge transfer within international strategic alliances has attracted plenty of scholarly attention, there is a paucity of research about the knowledge transfer process, the type of knowledge transferred, and the impact of the transferred knowledge on alliance performance, especially within developed-developing country-based strategic alliances. Using a knowledge transfer and performance model, this paper investigates how Danish companies transfer knowledge to their Ghanaian counterparts, the type of knowledge transferred, and the impact of the transferred knowledge on the performance of the alliances. The study adopted a multiple case study approach and collected data through personal interviews. The study found that Danish partners transferred mostly technical or coded knowledge through on-the-job training, a method unsuitable for transferring tacit or management knowledge. Moreover, the transferred knowledge did not positively impact the performance of most of the alliances. The paper highlights the implications of the findings for managing knowledge transfer in alliances. Copyright © 2010 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Alliance performance; Developed developing countries; International strategic alliances; Knowledge transfer	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944736707	Play as an Aesthetic Discourse in African Cultural Performances	C. Chinyowa K.	2015	Contemporary Theatre Review	25	4	10.1080/10486801.2015.1078320	Faculty of Arts, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	C. Chinyowa, K., Faculty of Arts, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Although much has been written about African cultural performances either as anthropological material or as oral literature, not much has been done to interrogate the artistic form that frames these cultural texts. Admittedly, African oral literature has made significant strides towards the understanding of the cultural performance texts but the major shortcoming has been the tendency to view these performances from a utilitarian rather than an aesthetic point of view. For instance, most of the scholarship on African oral literature is more concerned about what Joel Yinka Adedeji termed the 'functional quality' of the cultural performances than the means by which they come to be realised. This paper argues that play is the means by which African cultural performances express themselves. The paper explores how play manifests itself in selected Shona cultural performances such as children's games, storytelling, ritual ceremony, song, and dance. The paper argues that play is the structuring or patterning element in African cultural performances. In other words, African cultural performances are carried out within an aesthetic frame that is circumscribed by play. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949255191	Impact of Four Weeks of a Multi-Ingredient Performance Supplement on Muscular Strength, Body Composition, and Anabolic Hormones in Resistance-Trained Young Men	Kreipke V.C., Allman B.R., Kinsey A.W., Moffatt R.J., Hickner R.C., Ormsbee M.J.	2015	Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research	29	12	10.1519/JSC.0000000000000995	Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States	Kreipke, V.C., Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Allman, B.R., Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Kinsey, A.W., Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Moffatt, R.J., Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States; Hickner, R.C., Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States; Ormsbee, M.J., Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Although multi-ingredient performance supplements (MIPS) have increased in popularity because of their array of ergogenic ingredients, their efficacy and safety remain in question. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of supplementation with T+ (SUP; Onnit Labs, Austin, TX, USA), an MIPS containing long jack root, beta-alanine, and branched-chain amino acids, and other proprietary blends, on strength, body composition, and hormones in young resistance-trained men. Subjects were randomized to consume either T+ (SUP; n 14; age, 21 ± 3 years; body fat, 18.3 ± 4.7%) or an isocaloric placebo (PL; n 13; age, 21 ± 3 years; body fat, 21.5 ± 6.2%) for 4 weeks. Both groups underwent a progressive, 4-week high-intensity resistance training protocol. Before and after the training protocol, mood state, body composition, blood hormones (also collected at midpoint), and maximal strength were measured. SUP had significantly greater increases in bench press (SUP, 102 ± 16 kg to 108 ± 16 kg vs. PL, 96 ± 22 kg to 101 ± 22 kg; p < 0.001) and total weight lifted (SUP, 379 ± 59 kg to 413 ± 60 kg vs. PL, 376 ± 70 kg to 400 ± 75 kg; p < 0.001) compared with PL. Additionally, deadlift strength relative to total body mass (calculated as weight lifted/body mass; kg:kg) (2.08 ± 0.18 to 2.23 ± 0.16; p 0.036) and lean mass (2.55 ± 0.19 to 2.72 ± 0.16; p 0.021) increased significantly in SUP but not PL (2.02 ± 0.30 to 2.15 ± 0.36 and 2.56 ± 0.31 to 2.70 ± 0.36, respectively). No other significant differences were detected between groups for the remaining variables. Supplementing with SUP enhanced resistance training adaptations independent of hormonal status, and thus SUP use may warrant inclusion into peri-workout nutrition regimens. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01971723). © 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association.	long jack root; powerlifting; resistance training; testosterone	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054055510	No-till impact on soil and soil organic carbon erosion under crop residue scarcity in Africa	McHunu C.N., Lorentz S., Jewitt G., Manson A., Chaplot V.	2011	Soil Science Society of America Journal	75	4	10.2136/sssaj2010.0359	School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Rabie Saunders Bldg., Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Soil Fertility and Analytical Services, KwaZulu-Natal Dep. of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa; IRD- BIOEMCO, C/o School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Univ. of KwaZuluNatal, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	McHunu, C.N., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Rabie Saunders Bldg., Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Lorentz, S., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Rabie Saunders Bldg., Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Jewitt, G., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Rabie Saunders Bldg., Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Manson, A., Soil Fertility and Analytical Services, KwaZulu-Natal Dep. of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South Africa; Chaplot, V., IRD- BIOEMCO, C/o School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, Univ. of KwaZuluNatal, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa	Although no-till (NT) is now practiced in many countries of the world, for most smallholders, the crop residues are of such a value that they cannot be left on the soil surfaces to promote soil protection, thus potentially limiting NT benefits and adoption. In this study our main objective was to evaluate runoff, soil, and soil organic carbon (SOC) losses from traditional small-scale maize (Zea mays) field under conventional tillage (T) and NT, with crop residues cover of less than 10% during the rainy season, in South Africa. Six runoff plots of 22.5 m 2 (2.25. 10 m) under NT and T since 2002 were considered. At each plot, soil bulk density ( ρb) and SOC content of the 0-0.02 m layer were estimated at nine pits. Top-soil SOC stocks were 26% higher under NT than under T (P = 0.001). The NT reduced soil losses by 68% (96.8 vs. 301.5 g m -2 yr -1, P = 0.001) and SOC losses by 52% (7.7 vs. 16.2 g C m -2 yr -1, P = 0.001), and diff erences in runoff were not significant. Dissolved organic carbon accounted for about 10% of total SOC losses and showed significantly higher concentrations under T than NT (1.49 versus 0.86 mg C m -2 yr -1). The less erosion in NT compared to T was explained by a greater occurrence under NT of indurated crusts, less prone to soil losses. These results showed the potential of NT even with low crop residue cover (&lt;10%) to significantly reduce soil and SOC losses by water under small-scale agriculture. © Soil Science Society of America.	None	Conventional tillage; Crop residue; Dissolved organic carbon; No-till; Rainy seasons; Reduced soils; Soil bulk density; Soil loss; Soil organic carbon; Soil Protection; Soil surfaces; South Africa; Zea mays; Agricultural wastes; Carbon; Crops; Erosion; Grain (agricultural product); Organic carbon; Runoff; Soils; crop residue; maize; runoff; smallholder; soil carbon; soil erosion; soil organic matter; traditional agriculture; zero tillage; South Africa	None
WoS	WOS:000208517400003	Monitoring and Evaluation of Substance Abuse Services in South Africa: Implications for Policy and Practice	Burnhams, Nadine Harker,Fakier, Nuraan,Myers, Bronwyn	2010	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION	8	4	10.1007/s11469-009-9232-2	South African Medical Research Council	"Burnhams, Nadine Harker: South African Medical Research Council","Fakier, Nuraan: South African Medical Research Council","Myers, Bronwyn: South African Medical Research Council"	Although outcomes monitoring and the collection of other performance data holds benefits for service managers and policy makers, the extent to which these data are collected by South African substance abuse service providers is unknown. To describe (i) the extent to which substance abuse service providers in South Africa monitor and evaluate their programmes and (ii) the availability of structures to support monitoring and evaluation activities within these services. Cross-sectional surveys of substance abuse treatment services were conducted in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces (2006-2007) and the Central and Northern region of the country (2007-2008). A survey of prevention services was conducted in the Cape Town metropole (2008). Across all sites approximately half of the services reported never having evaluated their programmes. In addition, less than two thirds of treatment facilities routinely monitor client outcomes. Even where monitoring and evaluation did occur, less than a third of facilities used standardised questionnaires and less than two-thirds used urinalyses to collect outcomes data. Based on the above findings, a number of recommendations are made to expand monitoring and evaluation within South African substance abuse services.	"outcomes monitoring","programme evaluation","SERVICE QUALITY","SOUTH AFRICA","SUBSTANCE ABUSE"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84911404974	The importance of attributes in entrepreneurial Opportunity evaluations: An emerging market study	Urban B.	2014	Managerial and Decision Economics	35	8	10.1002/mde.2639	Graduate School of Business Administration, Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Urban, B., Graduate School of Business Administration, Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Although prior research has established that entrepreneurs have idiosyncratic perceptions about opportunity attributes, we do not yet understand the level of importances attached to attributes when evaluating opportunities. This article uses conjoint analysis to assess how trade-offs are decided when evaluating opportunities considering both individual and business criteria. We hypothesize differences in the perceived importances of opportunities and the unique constellations therein. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in the degree of importance attached to the business sector, capital intensity, technology maturity, market potential and return on investment potential, when individuals evaluate an entrepreneurial opportunity. The business sector was identified as the principal determinant of opportunity attractiveness, followed closely by the market growth rate, which reflects emerging market conditions. By contextualizing the findings, it is suggested that emerging economies impose higher bureaucratic burdens on entrepreneurs, increasing uncertainty as well as operational and transactions costs of firms; therefore, reducing the incentive to invest in capital or technology. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244439182	Determining milling performance of sorghum cultivars by means of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques	van der Merwe M., Osthoff G., Pretorius A.J.	2005	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	22	4	None	Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	van der Merwe, M., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Osthoff, G., Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Technology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Pretorius, A.J., Department of Physiology Nutrition and Consumer Science, University of North West, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Although roller milling has been successfully applied to produce sorghum meal, the South African sorghum milling industry mostly uses abrasive decortication milling. The first objective of this study was to develop a laboratory-scale roller milling technique for a scaled-down roller mill and determine the milling performance of sorghum cultivars, using canonical variate analysis. The second objective was to compare the suitability of abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques to determine milling performance of sorghum. Thirdly, cultivars better suited for roller milling and those, which milled more successfully with abrasive decortication milling, were identified. Grain samples of 24 sorghum cultivars produced during two seasons at three localities were milled with a Tangential Abrasive Dehulling Device and a roller mill consisting of two break rollers with different flute sizes. Canonical variate analysis was found to be a suitable procedure to analyse and predict the roller milling performance. Little variation in milling losses of different cultivars was found with roller milling, while more variation in losses was experienced between cultivars with abrasive decortication. Mean colour was highly acceptable and did not depend on the milling time in the case of roller milling samples. Cultivars PAN 8564, NS 5655, SNK 3337 and SNK 3863 displayed good milling quality when milled using both roller and abrasive decortication milling. Both abrasive decortication and roller milling techniques were found to be suitable for sorghum milling and the determination of milling performance.	Abrasive decortication; Milling performance; Roller milling; Sorghum cultivars	milling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886414457	Strengthening Evaluation for Development	Ofir Z.	2013	American Journal of Evaluation	34	4	10.1177/1098214013497531	Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Ofir, Z., Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Although some argue that distinctions between "evaluation" and "development evaluation" are increasingly superfluous, it is important to recognize that some distinctions still matter. The severe vulnerabilities and power asymmetries inherent in most developing country systems and societies make the task of evaluation specialists in these contexts both highly challenging and highly responsible. It calls for specialists from diverse fields, in particular those in developing countries, to be equipped and active, and visible where evaluation is done and shaped. These specialists need to work in a concerted fashion on evaluation priorities that enable a critical scrutiny of current and emerging development frameworks and models (from global to local level), and their implications for evaluation-and vice versa. The agenda would include studying the paradigms and values underlying development interventions; working with complex adaptive systems; interrogating new private sector linked development financing modalities; and opening up to other scientific disciplines' notions of what constitutes "rigor" and "credible evidence." It would also promote a shift focus from a feverish enthrallment with "measuring impact" to how to better manage for sustained impact. The explosion in the development profession over the last decade also opens up the potential for non-Western wisdom and traditions, including indigenous knowledge systems, to help shape novel development as well as evaluation frameworks in support of local contexts. For all these efforts, intellectual and financial resources have to be mobilized across disciplinary, paradigm, sector and geographic boundaries. This demands powerful thought leadership in evaluation-a challenge in particular for the global South and East. © The Author(s) 2013.	developing countries; development evaluation; evaluation priorities; thought leadership	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953086717	Experiences in monitoring and assessment of sustainable land management	Schwilch G., Bestelmeyer B., Bunning S., Critchley W., Herrick J., Kellner K., Liniger H.P., Nachtergaele F., Ritsema C.J., Schuster B., Tabo R., van Lynden G., Winslow M.	2011	Land Degradation and Development	22	2	10.1002/ldr.1040	Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88002, United States; FAO Land and Water Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy; Centre for International Cooperation, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, South Africa; Alterra, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Institute for Water, Environment and Health, United Nations University, Germany; Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), PMB CT 173 Cantonments, Accra, Ghana; ISRIC World Soil Information, WUR, P.O. Box 353, Wageningen 6700 AJ, Netherlands; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India	Schwilch, G., Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Bestelmeyer, B., USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88002, United States; Bunning, S., FAO Land and Water Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy; Critchley, W., Centre for International Cooperation, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Herrick, J., USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM 88002, United States; Kellner, K., School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, South Africa; Liniger, H.P., Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 10, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Nachtergaele, F., FAO Land and Water Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy; Ritsema, C.J., Alterra, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands, Land Degradation and Development Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, Netherlands; Schuster, B., Institute for Water, Environment and Health, United Nations University, Germany; Tabo, R., Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), PMB CT 173 Cantonments, Accra, Ghana; van Lynden, G., ISRIC World Soil Information, WUR, P.O. Box 353, Wageningen 6700 AJ, Netherlands; Winslow, M., International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India	Although sustainable land management (SLM) is widely promoted to prevent and mitigate land degradation and desertification, its monitoring and assessment (M&A) has received much less attention. This paper compiles methodological approaches which to date have been little reported in the literature. It draws lessons from these experiences and identifies common elements and future pathways as a basis for a global approach. The paper starts with local level methods where the World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) framework catalogues SLM case studies. This tool has been included in the local level assessment of Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands (LADA) and in the EU-DESIRE project. Complementary site-based approaches can enhance an ecological process-based understanding of SLM variation. At national and sub-national levels, a joint WOCAT/LADA/DESIRE spatial assessment based on land use systems identifies the status and trends of degradation and SLM, including causes, drivers and impacts on ecosystem services. Expert consultation is combined with scientific evidence and enhanced where necessary with secondary data and indicator databases. At the global level, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) knowledge from the land (KM:Land) initiative uses indicators to demonstrate impacts of SLM investments. Key lessons learnt include the need for a multi-scale approach, making use of common indicators and a variety of information sources, including scientific data and local knowledge through participatory methods. Methodological consistencies allow cross-scale analyses, and findings are analysed and documented for use by decision-makers at various levels. Effective M&A of SLM [e.g. for United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)] requires a comprehensive methodological framework agreed by the major players. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Desertification; Impact assessment; Methodological framework; Monitoring; Multiple scales; Participatory approaches; Sustainable land management	Desertification; Impact assessment; Methodological frameworks; Multiple scales; Participatory approach; Sustainable land management; Climatology; Degradation; Economics; Ecosystems; Land use; Rating; desertification; environmental assessment; environmental management; environmental monitoring; land degradation; land management; participatory approach	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901381005	Association of Nodule Performance Traits with Shoot Performance Traits of Common Bean Under Drought Stress	Fenta B.A., Beebe S.E., Rao I.M., Kunert K.J.	2014	Journal of Crop Improvement	28	3	10.1080/15427528.2014.910287	Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, Adama, Ethiopia	Fenta, B.A., Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre, Adama, Ethiopia; Beebe, S.E., Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia; Rao, I.M., Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia; Kunert, K.J., Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa	Although symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and nodule characteristics have been evaluated before, their use as phenotypic markers for drought tolerance in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their association with aboveground traits under water deficiency have not been quantified widely. Therefore, the effect of drought stress on the association of nodule performance traits with shoot performance traits was investigated using six common bean lines with contrasting differences in their adaptation to drought and low phosphorus (P) availability in soil. Drought stress reduced leaf water potential and gas-exchange characteristics (CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance) in all lines tested, but two drought-tolerant lines, BAT 477 and BT_34-1,-1, were superior in their ability to adjust their leaf water status under drought. These two lines were also superior in root growth, rate of CO2 assimilation, vegetative biomass production, and nitrogen-fixing ability under drought stress. A direct relation of SNF and nodule fresh weight with gas-exchange traits and biomass production existed, suggesting that relative growth of shoot vs. root depends on the provision of nitrogen by SNF and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Overall, differences found in nodule, root, and shoot performance traits indicated that the P-efficient bean line (BT_34-1-1) was superior to the other lines in adaptation to drought. Marked association of nodule performance traits with shoot performance traits under drought stress was detected. We suggest that nodule characteristics and SNF ability should be included with above- and below-ground traits as phenotypic markers in germplasm evaluation and breeding programs aimed at improving drought tolerance in common bean. © Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.	Biomass; drought tolerance; nodule performance; phenotypic marker; symbiotic nitrogen fixation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874375010	Improving maize (Zea Mays L.) performance in semi-arid zimbabwe through micro-dosing with ammonium nitrate tablets	Mashingaidze N., Belder P., Twomlow S., Hove L., Moyo M.	2013	Experimental Agriculture	49	2	10.1017/S0014479712001020	International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT-Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Mashingaidze, N., International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT-Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Belder, P., International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT-Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Twomlow, S., International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT-Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Hove, L., International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT-Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Moyo, M., International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, ICRISAT-Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, P.O. Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Although the application of small quantities of nitrogen (N) fertiliser has improved cereal yields on low-input farms in semi-arid Zimbabwe, the practice is reported to be laborious and time-consuming by farmers. In an effort to make micro-dosing less labour-intensive and more precise, an ammonium nitrate (AN) tablet, the equivalent of a micro-dose of prill AN (28 kg N ha-1) applied per maize plant, was developed by International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in collaboration with Agri-Seeds, Zimbabwe. This study characterized the physical stability, chemical (N% and solubility) and agronomic performance of AN tablets compared with prill AN. Only 10% of tablets broke when dropped from 2 m, showing that they are physically stable and can handle rough treatment. The N content in the tablets (33.3%) was comparable to that in prill AN (34.6%). However, the tablet formulation took twice as long to dissolve than prill AN when placed on a wet soil. Despite this difference in solubility, simple leaching column experiments suggest that less than 2% of the total AN applied was lost due to leaching. Agronomic trials were superimposed on the paired-plot demonstrations used to promote micro-dosing and the conservation agriculture tillage technique of planting basins from 2005 to 2008. Each tillage (plough and basins) plot was subdivided into three sub-plots on which no AN, prill AN and tableted AN treatments were superimposed. Maize was planted and management of plots was left to farmers. Micro-dosing with either prill or tableted AN significantly (p &lt; 0.001) increased maize grain yield by over 40% in all seasons for planting basins. However, on the ploughed plot there was no yield benefit to using either AN formulation in the season with the lowest rainfall (2006-2007). There was no significant difference in grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency between prill and tableted AN formulations except for the 2005-2006 season in planting basins. During this season, in planting basins, tableted AN had significantly (p &lt; 0.001) higher rainwater productivity than prill AN, which translated into greater grain yield. In addition, the maximum benefit to micro-dosing was observed to accrue when combined with water harvesting techniques such as planting basins. An observation supported by the host farmers, who in the second and third seasons chose to apply available basal soil fertility amendments to the basin plots over the flat plots. Thus, AN tablets if available at an affordable price can be used by smallholder farmers to more precisely apply N fertiliser. Future work should focus on the labour issues of micro-dosing, and making cost-effective tablets available to resource-poor farmers and also addressing other limiting soil nutrients. Copyright © 2012 Cambridge University Press.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897393508	Creating sustainable learning environments through frequent monitoring of students' progress	Kgothule R.J., Letsie L.E.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	4	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n4p332	University of the Free State, QwaQwa Campus, South Africa	Kgothule, R.J., University of the Free State, QwaQwa Campus, South Africa; Letsie, L.E., University of the Free State, QwaQwa Campus, South Africa	Although the grade 12 pass rate of the past few years has shown an improvement in South African schools in general, the performance of students in crucial subjects such as accounting, mathematics and the sciences has not been satisfactory. In an attempt to contribute towards the creation of sustainable learning environments in selected schools in the Free State Province, the researchers engaged in a research project aimed at promoting in these schools, one of the correlates of effective schools, as identified by research namely, frequent monitoring of students' progress. Data were collected from secondary school administrators using focus group interviews. Participants included seven (7) principals, nine (9) deputy principals and two (2) heads of department. The data collected related to the concept 'frequent monitoring of students' progress', its implementation in their respective schools, as well as threats to its successful implementation. An analysis of the data revealed that the concept of 'frequent monitoring of students' learning was not well understood and consequently, was not effectively implemented in the schools concerned. It also became clear that there were many factors threatening its successful implementation. Based on these findings, the researchers and participants jointly engaged in an implementation framework.	Assessment; Correlates of effective schools; Effective schools; School improvement; Student progress monitoring	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878360910	Total building performance approach in building evaluation: Case study of an office building in Singapore	Oyedele L.O., Tham K.W., Fadeyi M.O., Jaiyeoba B.E.	2012	Journal of Energy Engineering	138	1	10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000056	School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen's Univ. Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom; Dept. of Building, School of Design and Environment, National Univ. of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive,	Oyedele, L.O., School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen's Univ. Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom; Tham, K.W., Dept. of Building, School of Design and Environment, National Univ. of Singapore, 4 Architecture Drive, Singapore 117566, Singapore; Fadeyi, M.O., Faculty of Engineering, British Univ. in Dubai, P.O. Box 345015, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Jaiyeoba, B.E., Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Design and Management, Obafemi Awolowo Univ., Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Although the individual building system has been designed to meet the specific performance criteria, the way people will perceive and react to a total office environment is only known after it is in use and subjected to diagnostic. Evaluation of office space has gone beyond looking at a single building requirement. There exists the need to look at the interrelationship of performance mandates to provide healthy buildings for building occupants and most importantly, to reduce energy consumption during the construction and operation of buildings. This study aims to demonstrate the use of total building performance (TBP) evaluation and diagnostic to assess the performance of an existing office building in Singapore. Two floors of the evaluated high-rise commercial building have been evaluated by using the TBP paradigm. Objective measurements and observations (walkthrough) coupled with occupant survey (subjective measurement) has been conducted. The analysis demonstrates that there is concurrence between the objective and subjective measures, and that the holistic approach of TBP elicited the interrelationships between the performance's mandates and constitutes a sound basis for diagnostics and sustainability improvement. This study is significant because it provides an evaluation tool for ensuring sustainable buildings. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.	Building diagnostics; Carbon emission reduction; Office building; Performance mandates; Singapore; Sustainability; Total building performance	Building performance; Carbon emission reductions; Existing office buildings; Objective and subjective measures; Performance mandates; Reduce energy consumption; Singapore; Subjective measurements; Energy utilization; Intelligent buildings; Sustainable development; Office buildings	None
None	None	The impact of scaling-up prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV infection on the human resource requirement: The need to go beyond numbers	Simba D., Kamwela J., Mpembeni R., Msamanga G.	2010	International Journal of Health Planning and Management	25	1	10.1002/hpm.950	Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Alliance of Mayors and Municipal Leaders in Africa for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania Program (AMICAALL Tanzania), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Simba, D., Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kamwela, J., Alliance of Mayors and Municipal Leaders in Africa for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania Program (AMICAALL Tanzania), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mpembeni, R., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Msamanga, G., Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Although the mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) contributes only 5% of transmission of HIV infection, its impact has reversed the decline in infant and child mortality rates. With antenatal service coverage of over 90%, the integration of prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) of HIV infection into the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) services in Tanzania, this is likely to overstretch the staff capacity and undermine the already compromised quality of health care services. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the impact of integrating and scaling-up PMTCTof HIV infection into routine RCH services, on the magnitude of staff workload in RCH clinics. The study was conducted in 60 health facilities identified from five regions that had participated in the pilot phase of PMTCT implementation in the Mainland Tanzania. The average staff workload was calculated from staff-load obtained from attendance records and activity-time obtained by direct observation; and staff-time from records that were kept at the clinic. The average staff workload was found to be 50.5% (8-147%) for facilities providing PMTCT of HIV infection and 37.8% (11-82%) for facilities without PMTCT services. The average staff workload was computed on the assumption that all clients attending various antenatal clinics received PMTCT services from trained staff only and the result revealed staff workload of 87.2%. This study concludes that services for PMTCT of HIV infection can easily be scaled-up and integrated into RCH services using the already existing staff. In the wake of the human resource crisis in the health sector in developing countries, strategies to address the problem will need to go beyond numbers to address issues of staff productivity and their distribution.	Human resource; PMTCT; Tanzania; Workload	child health; developing world; disease transmission; human immunodeficiency virus; human resource; infant mortality; infectivity; mothers education; reproductive health; article; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; female; health care manpower; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; organization and management; pregnancy; retrospective study; Tanzania; vertical transmission; workload; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Manpower; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Tanzania; Workload; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68549097921	The impact of internal marketing on the perception of service quality in retail banking: A Ghanaian case	Opoku R.A., Atuobi-Yiadom N., Chong C.S., Abratt R.	2009	Journal of Financial Services Marketing	13	4	10.1057/fsm.2008.26	Department of Marketing, College of Industrial Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; GIMPA Business School, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Accra, Ghana; Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States	Opoku, R.A., Department of Marketing, College of Industrial Management, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Atuobi-Yiadom, N., University of East Anglia, United Kingdom, GIMPA Business School, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Accra, Ghana; Chong, C.S., GIMPA Business School, Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Accra, Ghana; Abratt, R., Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States	Although there is a large volume of literature on internal marketing, there is limited empirical evidence on its impact on the perception of service quality in developing nations. A literature review of internal marketing and service quality has been completed. A survey of 32 top managers, 100 employees and 200 external customers of a major bank in Ghana was undertaken to assess the impact of internal marketing on the perception of service quality. The results suggest that internal marketing can have an influence on service quality. Implications of the study are highlighted, limitations noted and directions for future research are outlined. © 2009 Palgrave Macmillan 1363-0539.	Banks; Developing economies; Ghana; Internal marketing; Service quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925881632	Modeling high-impact weather and climate: lessons from a tropical cyclone perspective	Done J.M., Holland G.J., Bruyère C.L., Leung L.R., Suzuki-Parker A.	2015	Climatic Change	129	42433	10.1007/s10584-013-0954-6	NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States; Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, United States; University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	Done, J.M., NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States; Holland, G.J., NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States; Bruyère, C.L., NCAR Earth System Laboratory, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, United States, Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Leung, L.R., Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, United States; Suzuki-Parker, A., University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan	Although the societal impact of a weather event increases with the rarity of the event, our current ability to assess extreme events and their impacts is limited by not only rarity but also by current model fidelity and a lack of understanding and capacity to model the underlying physical processes. This challenge is driving fresh approaches to assess high-impact weather and climate. Recent lessons learned in modeling high-impact weather and climate are presented using the case of tropical cyclones as an illustrative example. Through examples using the Nested Regional Climate Model to dynamically downscale large-scale climate data the need to treat bias in the driving data is illustrated. Domain size, location, and resolution are also shown to be critical and should be adequate to: include relevant regional climate physical processes; resolve key impact parameters; and accurately simulate the response to changes in external forcing. The notion of sufficient model resolution is introduced together with the added value in combining dynamical and statistical assessments to fill out the parent distribution of high-impact parameters. © 2013, The Author(s).	None	Hurricanes; Meteorology; Storms; Current modeling; Impact-parameter; Physical process; Regional climate; Regional climate modeling; Societal impacts; Statistical assessment; Tropical cyclone; Climate models; accuracy assessment; climate effect; climate forcing; climate modeling; downscaling; parameterization; regional climate; simulation; tropical cyclone	DE-AC02-06CH11357, DOE, U.S. Department of Energy
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901197113	THe review of sub-sahara africa gravel roads maintenance management system's monitoring and need assessment: Tanzania experience	Mwaipungu R.R., Allopi D.	2014	International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning	9	1	10.2495/SDP-V9-N1-74-89	Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, South Africa	Mwaipungu, R.R., Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, South Africa; Allopi, D., Department of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology, South Africa	Although the urge to construct new gravel roads to reach areas, which are potential economically is still there, it is now becoming clear to the road agencies in sub-Saharan Africa that a large proportion of the gravel roads constructed or rehabilitated between 2005 and 2008 years are no longer economical. These roads have reached their terminal stage due to various reasons, ranging from improper monitoring and maintenance needs assessment to challenges of getting the required funds for gravel roads conservation. Based on the above challenges, the sub-Sahara African countries, including Tanzania, are unceasingly searching for ways to strengthen the management of existing gravel roads network as part of roads transport infrastructure. To accomplish the above demand, Tanzania has two organisations concerned with managing its gravel road networks, namely Tanzania Road Agency (TANROADS) and Local Government Authority (LGA)'s District Engineer's offi ce. Each one of these two organisations uses its own road management system. TANROADS uses Road Maintenance Management Systems, and LGA uses District Roads Management Systems. These two systems have been developed through foreign aid in terms of experts and fi nancial assistance with minimal participation of local experts. This paper focuses on factors affecting the effi ciency and effectiveness of these management systems in gravel roads monitoring and maintenance needs assessment in comparison with those in developed countries. The authors expect that by highlighting those elements affecting the provision of accurate gravel roads inventory and road condition data will improve further the diagnosis of distresses infl uencing the performance of gravel roads, and come up with proper remedy to suit the local condition.©2014 WIT Press.	Conservation; Effective; Gravel roads; Infrastructure; Inventory; Monitoring; Needs assessment; Performance; Road condition survey; Road mentor	Conservation; Gravel roads; Highway bridges; Maintenance; Monitoring; Planning; Surveys; Transportation; Conservation; Gravel; Gravel roads; Highway bridges; Highway engineering; Highway planning; Maintenance; Monitoring; Planning; Roads and streets; Surveys; Transportation; Effective; Infrastructure; Inventory; Needs Assessment; Performance; Road condition surveys; Road mentors; effective; infrastructure; inventory; performance; Highway planning; Highway administration; financial provision; gravel; inventory; maintenance; monitoring system; performance assessment; road construction; road transport; transportation infrastructure; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867574878	The impact of traditional coffee processing on river water quality in Ethiopia and the urgency of adopting sound environmental practices	Beyene A., Kassahun Y., Addis T., Assefa F., Amsalu A., Legesse W., Kloos H., Triest L.	2012	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	184	11	10.1007/s10661-011-2479-7	School of Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Jimma Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 192, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box, 150223 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; University of California, 185 Berry Street, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143-0560, United States	Beyene, A., School of Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Kassahun, Y., Jimma Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 192, Jimma, Ethiopia; Addis, T., School of Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Assefa, F., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Amsalu, A., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box, 150223 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, W., School of Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Kloos, H., University of California, 185 Berry Street, Box 0560, San Francisco, CA 94143-0560, United States; Triest, L., Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium	Although waste from coffee processing is a valuable resource to make biogas, compost, and nutrient-rich animal food, it is usually dumped into nearby water courses. We carried out water quality assessment at 44 sampling sites along 18 rivers that receive untreated waste from 23 coffee pulping and processing plants in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Twenty upstream sampling sites free from coffee waste impact served as control, and 24 downstream sampling sites affected by coffee waste were selected for comparison. Physicochemical and biological results revealed a significant river water quality deterioration as a result of disposing untreated coffee waste into running water courses. During coffee-processing (wet) season, the highest organic load (1,900 mg/l), measured as biochemical oxygen demand, depleted dissolved oxygen (DO) to a level less than 0.01 mg/l, and thus curtailed nitrification. During off season, oxygen started to recuperate and augmented nitrification. The shift from significantly elevated organic load and reduced DO in the wet season to increased nitrate in the off season was found to be the determining factor for the difference in macroinvertebrate community structure as verified by ordination analysis. Macroinvertebrate diversity was significantly reduced in impacted sites during the wet season contrary to the off season. However, there was a significant difference in the ratio of sensitive to pollution-tolerant taxa in the off season, which remained depreciated in the longer term. This study highlights the urgency of research exploring on the feasibility of adopting appropriate pollution abatement technologies to implement ecologically sound coffee-processing systems in coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Coffee processing; Ethiopia; Macroinvertebrates; River pollution; Waste	Animal foods; Environmental practices; Ethiopia; Macroinvertebrate community; Macroinvertebrates; Organic load; Pollution abatement; Processing plants; River water quality; Running waters; Sampling site; Water course; Water quality assessments; Wet season; Biochemical oxygen demand; Biogas; Composting; Denitrification; Factor analysis; Nitrification; Oxidation; Pollution; Rivers; Wastes; Water quality; River pollution; dissolved oxygen; oxygen; rain; river water; biochemical oxygen demand; community structure; dissolved oxygen; macroinvertebrate; nitrification; physicochemical property; river pollution; river water; water quality; wet season; article; biochemical oxygen demand; coffee; community structure; controlled study; dumping; environmental impact assessment; environmental management; Ethiopia; food processing; macroinvertebrate; nitrification; physical chemistry; pulping; seasonal variation; species diversity; waste disposal; water analysis; water quality; water sampling; Agriculture; Coffee; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ethiopia; Refuse Disposal; Rivers; Seasons; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical; Water Quality; Ethiopia; Jimma; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84950137912	Evaluation of the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of coconut shell ash reinforced aluminium (6063) alloy composites	Daramola O.O., Adediran A.A., Fadumiye A.T.	2015	Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies	14	27	None	Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Mechanical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria	Daramola, O.O., Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adediran, A.A., Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Fadumiye, A.T., Mechanical Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria	Aluminium 6063/Coconut shell ash (CSAp) composites having 3-12 weight percent (wt%) coconut shell ash were fabricated by double stir-casting method. The microstructure, ultimate tensile strength, hardness values, density and corrosion behaviour in 0.3M H2SO4 and 3.5wt% NaCl solution of the composites were evaluated. The density of the composites exhibit a linear and proportional decreased as the percentage of coconut shell ash increases in the aluminium alloy. It implies that composites with lower weight component can be produced by adding CSAp. The microstructural analysis showed uniform distribution of coconut shell ash particles in the aluminium alloy matrix. Significant improvement in hardness and ultimate tensile strength values was noticeable as the wt% of the coconut shell ash increased in the alloy, although this occur at the expense of ductility of the composites as the modulus of elasticity of the composites decreases as the percentage of CSAp increases. Hence, this work has established that incorporation of coconut shell particles in aluminum matrix can lead to the production of low cost aluminum composites with improved hardness and tensile strength values. © 2015, AcademicDirect. All rights reserved.	Aluminium 6063; Coconut shell; Composite; Corrosion; Matrix; Mechanical properties; Stir casting	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745311081	Evaluation of differences in tolerance to aluminium toxicity among some tropical cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes	Akinrinde E.A., Neumann G.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	9	5	10.3923/pjbs.2006.954.960	Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institut fur Pflanzenernahrung (330), Universitaat Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Akinrinde, E.A., Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Neumann, G., Institut fur Pflanzenernahrung (330), Universitaat Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany	Aluminium (Al) toxicity is widespread in tropical and temperate acid soils. Eight cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes, G (Ife brown, IT87D-941-1, IT99K-1060, IT84S-2246-4, IT96D-610, IT93K-452-1, IT86D-719 and IT98D-810) were grown for 5 and 17 weeks (1st and 2nd experiments) and evaluated for their differential tolerance to 0, 20 and 50 μM AlCl3 levels applied prior sowing in an Alfisol (Typic Paleudalf). Plant height at weekly intervals (from 2 weeks after planting, WAP), yield and post-cropping soil chemical parameters (pH, extractable-Al, extractable-Mn and available P) were estimated. Except at 2WAP, Al effect was insignificant (p&lt;0.05) on plant height, though extractable-Al differed greatly (p&lt;0.01) among soils sampled after cropping, suggesting need to test higher rates and/or continuous application through irrigation water. On the contrary, G and GxAl interaction significantly affected plant height, yield, soil pH, P-availability and Al tolerance potential. Plants of IT93K-452-1 variety were taller (71.6±3.38 cm) than individual plants of the other varieties at all Al application levels. Aluminium extracted from treated and untreated soils correlated linearly with Al addition levels, but not with the plant performance or other soil chemical parameters. Complexity in the soil environment increased with Al addition to the extent that crop performance became unpredictable and increasingly variable among the genotypes as tolerance to Al became more crucial. Biomass production (followed by pod weight) was the most sensitive parameter to Al addition while extractable Al changed maximally among the soil chemical parameters. The genotypes were categorized into efficient or non-efficient and tolerant or non-tolerant/susceptible types. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	AlCl3 application levels; Aluminium tolerance potential; Genotypic differences; Vigna unguiculata	Vigna juruana; Vigna unguiculata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925970724	Recycled aluminium cans/eggshell composites: Evaluation of mechanical and wear resistance properties	Agunsoye J.O., Bello S.A., Talabi I.S., Yekinni A.A., Raheem I.A., Oderinde A.D., Idegbekwu T.E.	2015	Tribology in Industry	37	1	None	Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kwara State, University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engine	Agunsoye, J.O., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Bello, S.A., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kwara State, University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria; Talabi, I.S., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Yekinni, A.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lagos State Polytechnic, Surulere Lagos, Nigeria; Raheem, I.A., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Oderinde, A.D., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Idegbekwu, T.E., Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria	Aluminium based metal matrix composites have been produced from recycled aluminium cans and 150μm sized eggshell particles using a stir cast process. The mechanical properties of the control and aluminium can/eggshell composites produced have been investigated. The microstructures of the aluminium can/eggshell composites were examined with the aids of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) after the sample surfaces have been carefully prepared and etched with aqueous solution of 0.5 cm3 nitric acid. Micrographs revealed that there was a homogenous distribution of eggshell particles within the aluminium can matrix. An indication of effective stirring action during the melting process. The wear resistance was also investigated under different applied loads (6 to 14 N) on an abrasive surface emery paper of grade 220. The results revealed an increase in Young’s modulus of elasticity and yield stress from 1,206.45 and 50.23 Mpa respectively of the cast aluminium can with 0% eggshell particle to the maximum of 3,258.87and 73.2 MPa of aluminium can/12% eggshell composites. The hardness values increased from 66.23 to 75.13 VN. There was a gradual increase in wear rate of the tested samples as the applied load increased. However, the wear resistance of the aluminium can/6% eggshell and aluminium can/12% eggshell composites increased significantly. Hence, recycling of aluminium cans and eggshells can be harnessed into development of useful engineering metal matrix composite materials. © 2015 Published by Faculty of Engineering.	Aluminium can; Mechanical properties; Recycling; Rugged; Waste	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38749131266	Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in the lower Offin basin, Ghana	Kortatsi B.K., Tay C.K., Anornu G., Hayford E., Dartey G.A.	2008	Environmental Geology	53	8	10.1007/s00254-007-0772-0	CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana; Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Geology Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Kortatsi, B.K., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana; Tay, C.K., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana; Anornu, G., Civil Engineering Department, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Hayford, E., Geology Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Dartey, G.A., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M32, Accra, Ghana	Alumino-silicate mineral dissolution, cation exchange, reductive dissolution of hematite and goethite, oxidation of pyrite and arsenopyrite are processes that influence groundwater quality in the Offin Basin. The main aim of this study was to characterise groundwater and delineate relevant water-rock interactions that control the evolution of water quality in Offin Basin, a major gold mining area in Ghana. Boreholes, dug wells, springs and mine drainage samples were analysed for major ions, minor and trace elements. Major ion study results show that the groundwater is, principally, Ca-Mg-HCO 3 or Na-Mg-Ca-HCO 3 in character, mildly acidic and low in conductivity. Groundwater acidification is principally due to natural biogeochemical processes. Though acidic, the groundwater has positive acid neutralising potential provided by the dissolution of alumino-silicates and mafic rocks. Trace elements' loading (except arsenic and iron) of groundwater is generally low. Reductive dissolution of iron minerals in the presence of organic matter is responsible for high-iron concentration in areas underlain by granitoids. Elsewhere pyrite and arsenopyrite oxidation is the plausible process for iron and arsenic mobilisation. Approximately 19 and 46% of the boreholes have arsenic and iron concentrations exceeding the WHO's (Guidelines for drinking water quality. Final task group meeting. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004) maximum acceptable limits of 10 μg l -1 and 0.3 mg l -1, for drinking water. © 2007 Springer-Verlag.	Cation exchange; Ghana; Offin basin; Oxidation; Pyrite and arsenopyrite; Silicate weathering	Biogeochemistry; Catchments; Hydraulic conductivity; Oxidation; Silicate minerals; Arsenopyrite; Cation exchange; Ghana; Groundwater acidification; Hydrogeochemical evaluation; Offin basin; Groundwater; acidification; aluminosilicate; concentration (composition); dissolution; gold mine; groundwater; hydrogeochemistry; ion exchange; iron; oxidation; water quality; Africa; Ghana; Offin Basin; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907777751	The interactive effects of chemical and process parameters on the flotation performance of a UG2 ore	McFadzean B., Pani S., Wiese J., O'Connor C.T.	2015	Minerals Engineering	70	None	10.1016/j.mineng.2014.08.016	Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa	McFadzean, B., Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Pani, S., Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; Wiese, J., Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; O'Connor, C.T., Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa	A major challenge in the processing of PGM-bearing UG2 ore is the fact that it is comprised largely of chromite (60-90% by volume). Chromite is generally not naturally floatable but significant quantities report to the concentrate by entrainment. This is a serious problem for the downstream smelting process, which is generally constrained to a grade of about 3% chromite. Four of the most accessible levers for the control of flotation performance which are available to a plant metallurgist are frother and depressant dosage, air flow rate and froth height. The effects of each of these factors on the flotation performance have been extensively studied, but interactive effects are not well understood. This study presents the results of an investigation into the interactive effects of these parameters using a factorial experimental design approach. The flotation tests were carried out using a 2 m high continuous column flotation cell which facilitated the generation of a deep froth, since this was the phase of most interest. The results were analysed using statistical analysis software that fitted a regression model to the data for each of the outputs. These results highlight the interactive effects of these variables on the flotation performance and illustrate the complexity that is required in process control. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Factorial design; Flotation performance; Interactive effects	Chromite; Chromite deposits; Froth flotation; Regression analysis; Smelting; Factorial design; Factorial experimental design; Flotation performance; In-process control; Interactive effect; Process parameters; Regression model; Smelting process; Process control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947556170	Performance of small reservoir irrigated schemes in the Upper Volta basin: Case studies in Burkina Faso and Ghana	Poussin J.-C., Renaudin L., Adogoba D., Sanon A., Tazen F., Dogbe W., Fusillier J.-L., Barbier B., Cecchi P.	2015	Water Resources and Rural Development	6	None	10.1016/j.wrr.2015.05.001	IRD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CSIR-SARI, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana; INERA, 01 B.P. 910, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; 2iE, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; IRD MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CC 093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France	Poussin, J.-C., IRD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Renaudin, L., CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Adogoba, D., CSIR-SARI, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana; Sanon, A., INERA, 01 B.P. 910, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Tazen, F., 2iE, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Dogbe, W., CSIR-SARI, P.O. Box TL 52, Tamale, Ghana; Fusillier, J.-L., CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Barbier, B., CIRAD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, 2iE, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Cecchi, P., IRD, UMR G-EAU, 361, rue J.F. Breton, B.P. 5095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France, IRD MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CC 093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France	A major direct use of water from West African small reservoirs is irrigation. Analyzing the performances of irrigated agriculture is therefore a useful way to measure the impact of small reservoirs on food security and livelihoods of local communities. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two such irrigated schemes in the Upper Volta basin (one in Burkina Faso and the other in Ghana) through participatory methods, to jointly identify major constraints, and to discuss possible solutions with local communities. The agronomic and economic performance of irrigated agriculture at both sites were far from satisfactory, due to the lack of maintenance of the small reservoirs and irrigation schemes, sub-optimal crop management, and poor product marketing. These issues were analyzed with the farmers across differing sub-schemes and cropping systems and some solutions were envisaged. Our assessment showed that farmers often had difficulty obtaining quality agricultural inputs and marketing their products. The poor performance of irrigated crops, due to poor condition of hydraulic infrastructures, poor agronomic management, and organizational failure provided only limited incomes for local households. Nevertheless, the existence and the many uses of small reservoirs improved food security and created indirect activities that also enhanced livelihoods. The local authorities generally considered preserving water to be a priority in small reservoir management, but the degradation of irrigation schemes could happen quickly and result in scheme failures, thus reducing indirect economic activities and causing under utilization or even abandonment of the small reservoir, unless appropriate measures are taken. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Irrigated crops; IWRM; Participatory approach; Sub Saharan Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62249098547	Coefficient shifts in geographical ecology: An empirical evaluation of spatial and non-spatial regression	Bini L.M., Diniz-Filho J.A.F., Rangel T.F.L.V.B., Akre T.S.B., Albaladejo R.G., Albuquerque F.S., Aparicio A., Araújo M.B., Baselga A., Beck J., Bellocq M.I., Böhning-Gaese K., Borges P.A.V., Castro-Parga I., Chey V.K., Chown S.L., De Marco Jr. P., Dobkin	2009	Ecography	32	2	10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05717.x	Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood Univ., Farmville, VA 23909, United States; Depto de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. de Sevilla, c/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez no 2, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Dept of Environmental Sciences, Inst. of Biogeography, Univ. of Basel, St.Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Inst. fur Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Becherweg 13, DE-55099 Mainz, Germany; Depto de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. dos Acores, CITA A (Azorean Biodiversity Group), Terra Cha, PT- 9700-851 Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Acores, Portugal; Depto de Ecologia C/Darwin 2, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; Entomology Section, Forest Research Centre of Sabah, Sepilok, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Malaysia; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch Univ., Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; High Desert Ecological Research Inst., 15 S.W. Colorado Ave., Bend, OR 97702, United States; Area de Ecologia, Facultad de Biologia, Univ. de Salamanca, ES-37007 Salamanca, Spain; School of Geography, Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, United States; NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Dept of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, United States; Dept of Biology, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada; Dept of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Depto de Ecologia y Sistematica Terrestre, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carr. Panamericana y Av. Periferico Sur s/n, San Cristobal de Chiapas 29290, Mexico; Depto de Biologia, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; IRD, DMPA, Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, FR-75005 Paris, France; Centro de Investigacion sobre Desertificacion (CIDE, CSIC), Apartado Oficial, ES-46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain; Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, United States; Center for Macroecology, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; UNIFOB Global, Univ. of Bergen, NO-5015 Bergen, Norway; Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Bini, L.M., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Rangel, T.F.L.V.B., Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood Univ., Farmville, VA 23909, United States; Akre, T.S.B., Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Albaladejo, R.G., Depto de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. de Sevilla, c/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez no 2, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Albuquerque, F.S., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Aparicio, A., Depto de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Univ. de Sevilla, c/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez no 2, ES-41012 Sevilla, Spain; Araújo, M.B., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Baselga, A., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Beck, J., Dept of Environmental Sciences, Inst. of Biogeography, Univ. of Basel, St.Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Bellocq, M.I., Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Böhning-Gaese, K., Inst. fur Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Becherweg 13, DE-55099 Mainz, Germany; Borges, P.A.V., Depto de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. dos Acores, CITA A (Azorean Biodiversity Group), Terra Cha, PT- 9700-851 Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Acores, Portugal; Castro-Parga, I., Depto de Ecologia C/Darwin 2, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; Chey, V.K., Entomology Section, Forest Research Centre of Sabah, Sepilok, P.O. Box 1407, 90715 Sandakan, Malaysia; Chown, S.L., DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch Univ., Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; De Marco Jr., P., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Dobkin, D.S., High Desert Ecological Research Inst., 15 S.W. Colorado Ave., Bend, OR 97702, United States; Ferrer-Castán, D., Area de Ecologia, Facultad de Biologia, Univ. de Salamanca, ES-37007 Salamanca, Spain; Field, R., School of Geography, Univ. of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom; Filloy, J., Depto de Ecologia, Genetica y Evolucio, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Fleishman, E., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State St, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, United States; Gómez, J.F., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Hortal, J., NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; Iverson, J.B., Dept of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, United States; Kerr, J.T., Dept of Biology, Univ. of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON KIN 6N5, Canada; Kissling, W.D., Inst. fur Zoologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz, Becherweg 13, DE-55099 Mainz, Germany; Kitching, I.J., Dept of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; León-Cortés, J.L., Depto de Ecologia y Sistematica Terrestre, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carr. Panamericana y Av. Periferico Sur s/n, San Cristobal de Chiapas 29290, Mexico; Lobo, J.M., Depto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), ES-28006 Madrid, Spain; Montoya, D., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Morales-Castilla, I., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Moreno, J.C., Depto de Biologia, Univ. Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain; Oberdorff, T., IRD, DMPA, Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, FR-75005 Paris, France; Olalla-Tárraga, M.A., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Pausas, J.G., Centro de Investigacion sobre Desertificacion (CIDE, CSIC), Apartado Oficial, ES-46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain; Qian, H., Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, United States; Rahbek, C., Center for Macroecology, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Rodríguez, M.A., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Rueda, M., Depto de Ecologia, Univ. de Alcala, ES-28871 Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Ruggiero, A., Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Sackmann, P., Laboratorio Ecotono, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina; Sanders, N.J., Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Terribile, L.C., Depto de Biologia Geral, ICB, Univ. Federal de Goias, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiania, GO, Brazil; Vetaas, O.R., UNIFOB Global, Univ. of Bergen, NO-5015 Bergen, Norway; Hawkins, B.A., Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	A major focus of geographical ecology and macroecology is to understand the causes of spatially structured ecological patterns. However, achieving this understanding can be complicated when using multiple regression, because the relative importance of explanatory variables, as measured by regression coefficients, can shift depending on whether spatially explicit or non-spatial modeling is used. However, the extent to which coefficients may shift and why shifts occur are unclear. Here, we analyze the relationship between environmental predictors and the geographical distribution of species richness, body size, range size and abundance in 97 multi-factorial data sets. Our goal was to compare standardized partial regression coefficients of non-spatial ordinary least squares regressions (i.e. models fitted using ordinary least squares without taking autocorrelation into account; "OLS models" hereafter) and eight spatial methods to evaluate the frequency of coefficient shifts and identify characteristics of data that might predict when shifts are likely. We generated three metrics of coefficient shifts and eight characteristics of the data sets as predictors of shifts. Typical of ecological data, spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of OLS models was found in most data sets. The spatial models varied in the extent to which they minimized residual spatial autocorrelation. Patterns of coefficient shifts also varied among methods and datasets, although the magnitudes of shifts tended to be small in all cases. We were unable to identify strong predictors of shifts, including the levels of autocorrelation in either explanatory variables or model residuals. Thus, changes in coefficients between spatial and non-spatial methods depend on the method used and are largely idiosyncratic, making it difficult to predict when or why shifts occur. We conclude that the ecological importance of regression coefficients cannot be evaluated with confidence irrespective of whether spatially explicit modelling is used or not. Researchers may have little choice but to be more explicit about the uncertainty of models and more cautious in their interpretation. © 2009 Ecography.	None	abundance; body size; data set; least squares method; macroecology; range size; regression analysis; species richness	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926147254	Evaluation of major causes of road accidents along north–east highway, nigeria	Yero A.S., Ahmed T.Y., Hainin M.R.	2015	Jurnal Teknologi	73	4	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Geotechnics and Transportation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia	Yero, A.S., Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ahmed, T.Y., Department of Civil Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, P.M.B 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Hainin, M.R., Department of Geotechnics and Transportation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia	A major road link in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria is the Bauchi – Maiduguri highway that is a 425 km road that links a section of the north east region to other regions of Nigeria. The goods and services to the region are basically transported by road. This has increased vehicular traffic that resulted in increased road accident rates over the years. It is paramount to investigate the major causes of vehicle accidents on this highway as much has not been done to investigate accident cases on the route. The five year accident record on that route was obtained from the Federal Road Safety Corp of Nigeria, the Nigeria Police traffic unit, and the Nigeria union of road traffic workers. The study indicated that speed violation by drivers and bad road conditions contributes greatly in the rate of accidents along the route. Hence the study recommends better road maintenance culture and more sensitization of the road users and enforcement of speed limits. © 2015 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.	Accident; Highway; Traffic; Vehicles and road safety	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349092809	Tropical vegetable (Amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal as alternative protein supplement in broiler starter diets: Bionutritional evaluation	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Adeniji A.O.	2008	Journal of Central European Agriculture	9	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adeniji, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Amaranthus cruentus is a tropical leaf vegetable grown in most tropical regions of the world for its vegetable protein. The fresh matured leaves of the plant were harvested and sun dried until a moisture content of between 12-13% was obtained. The sun dried leaves (Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal, ACLM) were milled and analysed for their proximate composition. Crude protein was 23.0%±0.55; crude fat, 5.4%±0.01; crude fibre, 8.8%±0.02; ash, 19.3%±0.01 and gross energy, 3.3±0.01kcal/g all on dry matter basis. Methionine and to a lesser extent, lysine, arginine, leucine and aspartate were high. The ACLM was incorporated into five formulated broiler starter diets at varying inclusion levels. The control diet 1 had no ACLM inclusion. All the six diets including control diet 1 were formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous and fed to the experimental chicks (n = 540). Birds kept on diet 2 (5% ACLM inclusion level) had the best average weight gain (WG) of 372.9±29.94g/chick. The feed efficiency (FE) value and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) for birds on diet 2 were similar (P > 0.05) to values obtained for the reference diet. The nitrogen retention (NR) and apparent nitrogen digestibility (AND) values obtained for diet 2 were highest at 1.48±0.24gN/chick/day and 63.12%±10.28, respectively. Except for dressed weight and the back of chicken all the organs weights taken were similar (P > 0.05). Haematological examinations were similar (P > 0.05). Results generally indicated that ACLM could be a useful dietary protein source for broiler starter chicks at 5% inclusion level.	Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal; Antinutrients; Broiler chicken; Nitrogen utilization	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943399504	The impact of self-protective measures in the optimal interventions for controlling infectious diseases of human population	Kassa S.M., Ouhinou A.	2015	Journal of Mathematical Biology	70	42371	10.1007/s00285-014-0761-3	Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and technology, University of Sultane Moulay Slimane, B.P. 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco	Kassa, S.M., Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ouhinou, A., Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and technology, University of Sultane Moulay Slimane, B.P. 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco	A mathematical model for infectious disease epidemics with behaviour change and treatment is formulated and analysed. It is indicated that behaviour modification by the population has a significant impact on the dynamics of the disease. Moreover, an optimal control theory is applied to propose the best possible combination of efforts in controlling a disease. It is shown that it may not be necessary to continuously apply treatment at a full rate to eradicate the disease, if the effort is supported by effective behaviour modification strategies. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Behaviour change; Dynamical systems; Epidemiological models; Infectious diseases; Optimal control	behavior therapy; biological model; Botswana; Communicable Diseases; computer simulation; Epidemics; health behavior; HIV Infections; human; infection control; mathematical phenomena; procedures; psychology; public health service; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; transmission; Behavior Therapy; Botswana; Communicable Diseases; Computer Simulation; Epidemics; Health Behavior; HIV Infections; Humans; Infection Control; Mathematical Concepts; Models, Biological; Models, Statistical; Public Health Practice	AIMS, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875837306	Influence of Cultivar on the Predictive Performance of a Moisture Transport Model Developed for Parboiled Paddy Drying	Onuoha L.N., Aviara N.A., Abdulrahim T.A., Suleiman A.T.	2013	Drying Technology	31	5	10.1080/07373937.2012.709206	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Ka	Onuoha, L.N., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Aviara, N.A., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, T.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Suleiman, A.T., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria	A mathematical model for predicting moisture profile in parboiled paddy during drying was developed using the prolate spheroidal coordinate system. The model was solved using the Crank Nicolson central difference scheme and the variation of its predictive potential with paddy cultivar was investigated. Parboiled paddy drying was carried out at 60°C using a cabinet tray dryer. The variation of the moisture ratio of different paddy cultivars (Banki, De-gold, and Liberia) with time and drying rate and with time and moisture content was determined. Model validation was carried out using residual plots, root mean square deviation, and coefficient of determination. The parboiled Banki, De-Gold, and Liberia paddy cultivars had equivalent diameters of 3.73, 4.75, and 3.68 mm, prolate spheroidal geometric dimensions (equatorial and polar radii) of 1.16 and 4.78 mm, 1.22 and 5.45 mm, and 3.10 and 3.92 mm, and effective moisture diffusion coefficient of 2.81934 × 10-10, 5.71515 × 10-10, and 3.77336 × 10-10 m2/s, respectively. Drying of parboiled paddy occurred in the falling rate phase with initial period of induction and critical moisture content that varied with cultivar. The residual plots showed that the model was acceptable for predicting moisture transport in all the cultivars during drying. Comparison of the observed and predicted moisture ratios showed low root mean square deviation and high coefficient of determination, which varied with cultivar indicating that the predictive potential of the model was cultivar dependent. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Finite difference method; Mathematical model; Moisture diffusion; Parboiled paddy drying; Prolate spheroid	Central difference scheme; Coefficient of determination; Critical moisture content; Moisture diffusion; Moisture diffusion coefficient; Prolate spheroid; Prolate spheroidal coordinates; Root mean square deviations; Diffusion; Dryers (equipment); Drying; Finite difference method; Gold; Mathematical models; Moisture; Plants (botany); Moisture determination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049063040	Monitoring effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in lower-income countries	Stringer E.M., Chi B.H., Chintu N., Creek T.L., Ekouevi D.K., Coetzee D., Tih P., Boulle A., Dabis F., Shaffer N., Wilfert C.M., Stringer J.S.A.	2008	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	86	1	10.2471/BLT.07.043117	Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; PAC-CI Programme, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board, Nso, Northwest Province, Cameroon; Institut de Sante Publique d'Epidemiologie et de Developpment (ISPED), Universite Victor Segalen, Boudeaux, France; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Stringer, E.M., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Chi, B.H., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Chintu, N., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia; Creek, T.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ekouevi, D.K., PAC-CI Programme, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Coetzee, D., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Tih, P., Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board, Nso, Northwest Province, Cameroon; Boulle, A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Dabis, F., Institut de Sante Publique d'Epidemiologie et de Developpment (ISPED), Universite Victor Segalen, Boudeaux, France; Shaffer, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, Atlanta, GA, United States; Wilfert, C.M., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Stringer, J.S.A., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot 5977, Benakale Road, Northmead, Lusaka, Zambia	Ambitious goals for paediatric AIDS control have been set by various international bodies, including a 50% reduction in new paediatric infections by 2010. While these goals are clearly appropriate in their scope, the lack of clarity and consensus around how to monitor the effectiveness of programmes to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) makes it difficult for policy-makers to mount a coordinated response. In this paper, we develop the case for using population HIV-free child survival as a gold standard metric to measure the effectiveness of PMTCT programmes, and go on to consider multiple study designs and source populations. Finally, we propose a novel community survey-based approach that could be implemented widely throughout the developing world with minor modifications to ongoing Demographic and Health Surveys.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nevirapine; zidovudine; demography; developing world; disease control; disease transmission; health survey; human immunodeficiency virus; low income population; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; developing country; female; gold standard; health program; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection prevention; lowest income group; single drug dose; survival; vertical transmission; Developing Countries; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Surveys; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Organizational Objectives; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Program Evaluation; Survival Rate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930002990	Performance evaluation of a membraneless divergent electrode-flow-through (DEFT) alkaline electrolyser based on optimisation of electrolytic flow and electrode gap	Gillespie M.I., Van Der Merwe F., Kriek R.J.	2015	Journal of Power Sources	293	None	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.05.077	Demcotech Engineering, P.O. Box 9624, Edenglen, South Africa; Electrochemistry for Energy and Environment Group, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Gillespie, M.I., Demcotech Engineering, P.O. Box 9624, Edenglen, South Africa; Van Der Merwe, F., Electrochemistry for Energy and Environment Group, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kriek, R.J., Electrochemistry for Energy and Environment Group, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa	A membraneless divergent electrode-flow-through (DEFT) alkaline electrolysis design and operating principle is investigated, which allows for the ohmic drop contribution and performance threshold limitations of a conventional membrane barrier to be overcome. Employing mesh electrodes of 30 mm diameter, operation of the electrolyser at an electrolytic flow velocity of 0.075-0.1 m s-1, resulted in an optimal electrode gap of ∼2.5 mm, while operating at greater velocities (>0.1-0.2 m s-1) allows for the employment of a smaller optimal gap of ∼0.8 mm. At an electrode gap of 2.5 mm and current densities of 3500 mA cm-2, hydrogen purity of 99.83% has been recorded. With pure nickel electrodes current densities of 101.19 mA cm-2 (at 1.80 VDC) and 326.33 mA cm-2 (at 2 VDC) have been achieved, while the use of superior catalysts, namely, RuO<inf>2</inf>/IrO<inf>2</inf>/TiO<inf>2</inf> and Pt for the anode and cathode respectively, resulted in the current densities to increase to 219.99 mA cm-2 (at 1.8 VDC) and 474.40 mA cm-2 (at 2 VDC) at an electrode gap of 2.5 mm and a minimum flow velocity of 0.075 m s-1. The test rig is capable of generating hydrogen at a rate of 63.6 L/hr at normal temperature and pressure (NTP). The production rate follows current density linearly at high overpotentials. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Alkaline water electrolysis; Hydrogen production; Membraneless	Current density; Electrolysis; Flow velocity; Hydrogen; Hydrogen production; Alkaline electrolysis; Alkaline water electrolysis; Membraneless; Normal temperature and pressures; Operating principles; Optimal electrodes; Superior catalysts; Threshold limitation; Electrodes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880162469	Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs: Impact on multidrug-resistant TB outcomes	Falzon D., Gandhi N., Migliori G.B., Sotgiu G., Cox H.S., Holtz T.H., Hollm-Delgado M.-G., Keshavjee S., DeRiemer K., Centis R., D'Ambrosio L., Lange C.G., Bauer M., Menzies D., Ahuja S.D., Ashkin D., Avendaño M., Banerjee R., Bauer M., Becerra M.C., Bene	2013	European Respiratory Journal	42	1	10.1183/09031936.00134712	Stop TB Dept., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY; Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate; Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/STD Research Program, Bangkok, Thailand; Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany; Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC; Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Long Island City, NY, United States; Lantana, FL, United States; Toronto, ON, Canada; Rochester, MN, United States; Montreal, QC, Canada; Boston, MA, United States; Albuquerque, NM, United States; Tradate, Italy; Denver, CO, United States; Taipei City, Taiwan; Cape Town, South Africa; Haren, Netherlands; Davis, CA, United States; Paris, France; Geneva, Switzerland; Fajara, Gambia; Richmond, CA, United States; Bronx, NY, United States; Cuernavaca, Mexico; Atlanta, GA, United States; San Francisco, CA, United States; Seoul, South Korea; Pretoria, South Africa; Borstel, Germany; Upeslejas, Latvia; Hong Kong, Hong Kong; New York, NY, United States; Seattle, WA, United States; London, United Kingdom; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Masan City, South Korea; Madrid, Spain; Aguascalientes, Mexico; Mexico City, Mexico; Makati, Philippines; Tygerberg, South Africa; Tokyo, Japan; Sassari, Italy; Tehran, Iran; Groningen, Netherlands; Tallinn, Estonia	Falzon, D., Stop TB Dept., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Gandhi, N., Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY; Migliori, G.B., Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Sotgiu, G., School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Cox, H.S., World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate; Holtz, T.H., Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Hollm-Delgado, M.-G., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Keshavjee, S., US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV/STD Research Program, Bangkok, Thailand; DeRiemer, K., Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tuberculosis Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany, Davis, CA, United States; Centis, R., Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; D'Ambrosio, L., Dept. of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Lange, C.G., Dept. of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC; Bauer, M., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Menzies, D., Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Ahuja, S.D., Long Island City, NY, United States; Ashkin, D., Lantana, FL, United States; Avendaño, M., Toronto, ON, Canada; Banerjee, R., Rochester, MN, United States; Bauer, M., Montreal, QC, Canada; Becerra, M.C., Boston, MA, United States; Benedetti, A., Montreal, QC, Canada; Burgos, M., Albuquerque, NM, United States; Centis, R., Tradate, Italy; Chan, E.D., Denver, CO, United States; Chiang, C.Y., Taipei City, Taiwan; Cobelens, F., Cape Town, South Africa; Cox, H., Cape Town, South Africa; D'Ambrosio, L., Tradate, Italy; De Lange, W.C.M., Haren, Netherlands; Enarson, D., Paris, France; Falzon, D., Geneva, Switzerland; Flanagan, K.L., Fajara, Gambia; Flood, J., Richmond, CA, United States; Gandhi, N., Bronx, NY, United States; Garcia-Garcia, M.L., Cuernavaca, Mexico; Granich, R.M., Geneva, Switzerland; Hollm-Delgado, M.G., Montreal, QC, Canada; Holtz, T.H., Atlanta, GA, United States; Hopewell, P., Denver, CO, United States; Iseman, M.D., Denver, CO, United States; Jarlsberg, L.G., San Francisco, CA, United States; Keshavjee, S., Boston, MA, United States; Kim, H.R., Seoul, South Korea; Koh, W.J., Seoul, South Korea; Lancaster, J.L., Pretoria, South Africa; Lange, C., Borstel, Germany; Leimane, V., Upeslejas, Latvia; Leung, C.C., Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Li, J., New York, NY, United States; Menzies, D., Montreal, QC, Canada; Migliori, G.B., Tradate, Italy; Mitnick, C.D., Boston, MA, United States; Narita, M., Seattle, WA, United States; Nathanson, E., London, United Kingdom; Odendaal, R., London, United Kingdom; O'Riordan, P., London, United Kingdom; Pai, M., Montreal, QC, Canada; Palmero, D., Buenos Aires, Argentina; Park, S.K., Masan City, South Korea; Pasvol, G., London, United Kingdom; Pena, J.M., Madrid, Spain; Pérez-Guzmán, C., Aguascalientes, Mexico; Ponce-De-Leon, A., Mexico City, Mexico; Quelapio, M.I.D., Makati, Philippines; Quy, H.T., Upeslejas, Latvia; Riekstina, V., Upeslejas, Latvia; Robert, J., Paris, France; Royce, S., San Francisco, CA, United States; Salim, M., Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Tygerberg, South Africa; Seung, K.J., Boston, MA, United States; Shah, L., Montreal, QC, Canada; Shean, K., Seoul, South Korea; Shim, T.S., Seoul, South Korea; Shin, S.S., Boston, MA, United States; Shiraishi, Y., Tokyo, Japan; Sifuentes-Osornio, J., Mexico City, Mexico; Sotgiu, G., Sassari, Italy; Strand, M.J., Denver, CO, United States; Sung, S.W., Tehran, Iran; Tabarsi, P., Tehran, Iran; Tupasi, T.E., Makati, Philippines; Vargas, M.H., Mexico City, Mexico; Van Altena, R., Groningen, Netherlands; Van Der Walt, M.L., Pretoria, South Africa; Van Der Werf, T.S., Groningen, Netherlands; Viiklepp, P., Tallinn, Estonia; Westenhouse, J., Richmond, CA, United States; Yew, W.W., Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Yim, J.J., Seoul, South Korea	A meta-analysis for response to treatment was undertaken using individual data of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin) patients from 26 centres. The analysis assessed the impact of additional resistance to fluoroquinolones and/or second-line injectable drugs on treatment outcome. Compared with treatment failure, relapse and death, treatment success was higher in MDR-TB patients infected with strains without additional resistance (n=4763; 64%, 95%CI 57-72%) or with resistance to second-line injectable drugs only (n=1130; 56%, 95%CI 45-66%), than in those having resistance to fluoroquinolones alone (n=426; 48%, 95%CI 36-60%) or to fluoroquinolones plus second-line injectable drugs (extensively drug resistant (XDR)-TB) (n=405; 40%, 95%CI 27-53%). In XDR-TB patients, treatment success was highest if at least six drugs were used in the intensive phase (adjusted OR 4.9, 95%CI 1.4-16.6; reference fewer than three drugs) and four in the continuation phase (OR 6.1, 95%CI 1.4-26.3). The odds of success in XDR-TB patients was maximised when the intensive phase reached 6.6-9.0 months duration and the total duration of treatment 20.1-25.0 months. In XDR-TB patients, regimens containing more drugs than those recommended in MDR-TB but given for a similar duration were associated with the highest odds of success. All data were from observational studies and methodologies varied between centres, therefore, the bias may be substantial. Better quality evidence is needed to optimise regimens. Copyright © ERS 2013.	None	amikacin; aminosalicylic acid; capreomycin; ciprofloxacin; cycloserine; ethambutol; ethionamide; gatifloxacin; isoniazid; kanamycin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; pyrazinamide; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; rifampicin; sparfloxacin; streptomycin; terizidone; amikacin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; azithromycin; capreomycin; clarithromycin; clofazimine; imipenem; kanamycin; levofloxacin; linezolid; macrolide; protionamide; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; rifampicin; roxithromycin; streptomycin; thioacetazone; unindexed drug; adult; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial strain; cause of death; disease association; dose response; drug effect; drug treatment failure; extensively drug resistant tuberculosis; female; human; low drug dose; major clinical study; male; meta analysis; multicenter study (topic); multidrug resistant tuberculosis; priority journal; relapse; secondary health care; treatment duration; treatment outcome; Article; death; drug megadose; drug response; extensively drug resistant tuberculosis; methodology; multidrug resistance; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; observational study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650361088	Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Melanthera scandens	Adesegun S.A., Alabi S.O., Olabanji P.T., Coker H.A.B.	2010	JAMS Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies	3	4	10.1016/S2005-2901(10)60047-7	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Adesegun, S.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Alabi, S.O., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Olabanji, P.T., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Coker, H.A.B., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	A methanol extract of dried leaves of Melanthera scandens was examined for antioxidant activities using a variety of assays, including 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power, ferrous chelating, and ferric thiocyanate methods with ascorbic acid and EDTA as positive controls. The extract showed noticeable activities in most of these in vitro tests. The amount of phenolic compounds in the extract expressed in gallic acid equivalent was found to be 52.8 mg/g. The extract demonstrated inhibition of linoleic acid lipid peroxidation, active reducing power, and DPPH radical scavenging activities which were less than that of the positive controls. The extract also showed weaker iron chelating effect when compared with the EDTA positive control. The present results showed that M. scandens leaf extract possessed antioxidant properties and this plant is a potential useful source of natural antioxidants. © 2010 Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute.	Antioxidant activities; Lipid peroxidation; Melanthera scandens; Radical scavengindg; Reducing power	1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; ascorbic acid; edetic acid; gallic acid; herbaceous agent; linoleic acid; melanthera scandens extract; scavenger; unclassified drug; antioxidant activity; article; controlled study; drug determination; herb; in vitro study; iron chelation; lipid peroxidation; melanthera scandens; nonhuman; plant leaf; priority journal; Asteraceae; Free Radical Scavengers; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644769053	Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of Chlorophora excelsa stem bark extract	Olajide O.A., Kolawole O.T., Fagbohun T.R., Ajayi F.F.	2005	Pharmaceutical Biology	43	9	10.1080/13880200500406388	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi O	Olajide, O.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kolawole, O.T., Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria; Fagbohun, T.R., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne Campus, Nigeria; Ajayi, F.F., Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria	A methanol extract of the stem bark of Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth and Hook was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in different models. Acute inflammatory effects were studied in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, and the effect of the extract in chronic inflammation was evaluated using the cotton pellet granuloma test. The effect of the extract on topical inflammation induced with croton oil was also tested in mice. The extract produced a significant (p. < 0.05) and dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced pedal edema, as well as granuloma tissue formation in rats. Topical anti-inflammatory effect was only evident with 400 mg/kg of the extract. This study demonstrated acute, chronic, and topical anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of C. excelsa. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.	Acute inflammation; Anti-inflammatory; Chlorophora excelsa; Chronic inflammation; Extract; Topical inflammation	antiinflammatory agent; carrageenan; Chlorophora excelsa extract; croton oil; hydrocortisone; indometacin; methanol; plant extract; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; article; Chlorophora excelsa; chronic inflammation; controlled study; dose response; drug isolation; drug screening; granuloma; inflammation; male; medicinal plant; mouse; nonhuman; paw edema; tree; tree trunk; Animalia; Chlorophora excelsa; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857256302	Comparative performance of OM-OFDM in broadband systems	Dhuness K., Maharaj B.T.	2012	Electronics Letters	48	2	10.1049/el.2011.2005	University of Pretoria, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Dhuness, K., University of Pretoria, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Maharaj, B.T., University of Pretoria, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A method called offset modulation (OM-OFDM) is proposed to control the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of an OFDM signal. This reported work demonstrates the significant modulation, structural and performance differences between an OM-OFDM and CE-OFDM method. The OM-OFDM method in addition is able to accurately control the PAPR of a transmission for a targeted BER, which is currently not possible with CE-OFDM. By using a power performance decision metric (D), the OM-OFDM method is shown to offer a 34 and 3.44dB net power performance gain (at a BER of 10 -4) when compared to a CE-OFDM and traditional OFDM transmission for frequency selective fading channel conditions, respectively. © 2012 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.	None	Broadband systems; Frequency-selective fading channels; OFDM signal; OFDM transmission; Offset modulation; Peak to average power ratio; Power performance; Electronics engineering; Technology; Frequency selective fading	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749988863	Evaluation of kinetic parameters of traps in thermoluminescence phosphors	Ogundare F.O., Balogun F.A., Hussain L.A.	2006	Radiation Measurements	41	42559	10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.06.014	Department of Physics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Ogundare, F.O., Department of Physics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Balogun, F.A., Centre for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Hussain, L.A., Physics Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A method for evaluating trap depth E, order of kinetics b and frequency factor s from a thermoluminescence (TL) glow peak has been developed. The method is based on using intensities and temperatures at any three points on the glow peak. Unlike similar techniques that provide no expression for frequency factor, the present formulation provides such an expression. The expression does not require knowledge of the temperature at which maximum intensity occurs, a parameter not usually known accurately from experimental glow peak data. For the method, it is found that use of points in the ascending part of the glow peak where the intensities are less than 10% maximum intensity gives parameter values closest to the true ones. Possible reasons for getting less accurate results when points are taken beyond this region are discussed. Values of the activation energy calculated using the present technique were always close to the true value. However, the frequency factor only approaches the true value as the dose given to the sample approaches saturation. When the three data points are selected in the initial-rise region, the equation for evaluating E in the method described in this paper becomes a two-point version of the initial-rise method. The advantage of the present technique over the initial-rise method is that it also gives b and hence s. The method is used to analyse the TL glow curve of a gamma-irradiated sample from Ijero-Ekiti, Nigeria. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Kinetic parameters; Thermoluminescence phosphor; Traps	Frequency factor; Initial-rise method; Kinetic parameters; Thermoluminescence phosphors; Traps; Two-point version; Activation energy; Dosimetry; Gamma rays; Saturation (materials composition); Thermal effects; Thermoluminescence; Phosphors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35348871884	Evaluation of weigh-in-motion accuracy by simulation	Slavik M.	2007	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	49	3	None	BKS, South Africa; BKS (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 3173, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Slavik, M., BKS, South Africa, BKS (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 3173, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	A method for the evaluation of accuracy of weigh-in-motion (WIM) scales based on Monte Carlo simulation Is proposed. The objective of the method is to assist with decision on acceptance of the tested WIM scale as sufficiently accurate, or its rejection. Conceptually, the method considers a 'nebula' of possible populations that could supply the observed sample of n weighing errors. Excessive WIM weighing error is defined as an error falling outside a specified acceptance region. The percentage of excessive errors, Q, is then determined in each of the above populations. The distribution of Q Is constructed and the probability of Q exceeding a tolerable limit Qcrit is determined from this distribution. Verdict on acceptance or rejection is formulated in terms of the above probability and displayed graphically. Also graphically displayed are risks of wrong acceptance and wrong rejection. This allows the user to make decisions with a full view of consequences. The method is simple to use and its applications Indicate that, when using conventional WIM-accuracy testing procedures, one may under-estimate the risk of wrong decision. The objective of the paper is to Introduce and explain the principle of a method for correct evaluation of accuracy of weigh-in-motion scales. The purpose of the method is to assist with decisions on acceptance of the tested scale as sufficiently accurate, or its rejection.	Risk of wrong acceptance or rejection; Simulation; Weighing error; WIM accuracy	Weighing error; WIM accuracy; Computer simulation; Decision making; Monte Carlo methods; Probability; Risk analysis; Building codes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871165053	Performance of block codes using the eigenstructure of the code correlation matrix and soft-decision decoding of BPSK	Oduol V.K., Ardil C.	2009	World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology	33	None	None	Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; National Academy of Aviation, Baku, Azerbaijan	Oduol, V.K., Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ardil, C., National Academy of Aviation, Baku, Azerbaijan	A method is presented for obtaining the error probability for block codes. The method is based on the eigenvalueeigenvector properties of the code correlation matrix. It is found that under a unary transformation and for an additive white Gaussian noise environment, the performance evaluation of a block code becomes a one-dimensional problem in which only one eigenvalue and its corresponding eigenvector are needed in the computation. The obtained error rate results show remarkable agreement between simulations and analysis.	Bit error rate; Block codes; Code correlation matrix; Eigenstructure; Soft-decision decoding; Weight vector	Additive White Gaussian noise; Correlation matrix; Eigen-structure; Eigen-value; Error probabilities; Error rate; One-dimensional problem; Performance evaluation; Soft decision decoding; Weight vector; Bit error rate; Block codes; Decoding; Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903146983	EM programmer's notebook: On alternative evaluations of the integrals Cin(z) and Si(z)	Davidson D.B., Mahony J.D.	2014	IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine	56	2	10.1109/MAP.2014.6837079	Dept. e and e Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; 5 Bluewater View, Mount Pleasant, Christchurch 8081, New Zealand	Davidson, D.B., Dept. e and e Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Mahony, J.D., 5 Bluewater View, Mount Pleasant, Christchurch 8081, New Zealand	A method is proposed for the evaluation of the integrals Cin(z) and Si(z), using integer-order Bessel functions. The results add to the repertoire, and are well suited for use in Excel spreadsheet applications, where functions of the Bessel type are part of an easily accessible library. © 1990-2011 IEEE.	None	Antennas; Condensed matter physics; Excel spreadsheets; Silicon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929335341	Considering the impact of amicus curiae participation on feminist litigation strategy	Spies A.	2015	South African Journal on Human Rights	31	1	None	Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law, College of Law, University of South Africa, South Africa	Spies, A., Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law, College of Law, University of South Africa, South Africa	Amici curiae participation plays an important role in litigation and judicial decision-making. The public interest nature of these participations has become particularly important in representing the point of view of those who might be affected by a judgment which could influence the outcome of a decision. Employing amicus curiae participation as specific litigation strategy is of importance in promoting litigation from a feminist and gendered viewpoint allowing feminist method to be employed in constructing effective legal arguments. © 2015, Juta and Co ltd. All rights reserved.	Amicus curiae participation; Feminist method; Litigation strategy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896914550	The first-year augmented programme in Physics: A trend towards improved student performance	Chetty N.	2014	South African Journal of Science	110	42371	10.1590/sajs.2014/20120096	School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box X01 Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Chetty, N., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, PO Box X01 Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Amidst a critical national shortage of qualified Black graduates in the pure and applied sciences, the University of KwaZulu-Natal has responded to a call from government for redress by launching the BSc4 Augmented Physics programme. In this paper, the methods employed to foster learning and to encourage student success in the Mechanics module of the Augmented Physics programme are described and discussed. The use of problem-based learning and a holistic learning policy that focuses on the emotional, physical and knowledge development of the student seems to have yielded higher throughput in the first semester of an undergraduate programme in Physics. Furthermore, the results point to an increase in the conceptual understanding of the student with respect to Mechanics. When appraising this success, the results of the 2007-2009 cohorts, with and without teaching interventions in place, were analysed. These initial analyses pave the way for a course designed to benefit the student and improve throughput. These methods are not unique to Physics and can be adapted for any module in any country. © 2014. The Authers.	Access; Extended curriculum; Language; Problem-based learning; Study techniques	curriculum; government; learning; mechanics; physics; student; teaching; KwaZulu-Natal; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879274960	Comparative evaluation of amino acid composition and volatile organic compounds of selected Nigerian cucurbit seeds	Karaye I.U., Aliero A.A., Muhammad S., Bilbis L.S.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	12	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Karaye, I.U., Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Aliero, A.A., Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Muhammad, S., Department of Biological Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Bilbis, L.S., Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria	Amino acid composition and volatile organic compounds (VOCS) of five Nigerian cucurbits namely: Luffa aegyptiaca (Mill.), Citrullus lanatus (Thunb. Matsum), Cucurbita maxima (Duchesne, ex Lam), Cucumis metuliferus (E.Mey. ex Naudin) and Momordica balsamina (L.) were investigated using Amino acid Analyzer and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The proportion of essential amino acids ranged from 22.75- 30.23 g/100 g protein with the highest content in M. balsamina with 30.23 g/100 g protein and the least in C. lanatus with 22.75 g/100 g protein. High content of leucine was found in C. maxima and M. balsamina with 7.04 and 6.11 g /100 g protein respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirty-one compounds, the most abundant classes of organic compounds in L. aegyptiaca comprised of esters with 65.17% and Fatty Acids (FA) had 32.62% while hydrocarbons amounted to 29%. In C. lanatus, seven compounds were identified dominated by FA and hydrocarbons with 91.5 and 7.25% respectively. In C. maxima, ten compounds were identified dominated by FA (52.24%) and hydrocarbons (43.46%). In C. metuliferus, FA had 30.74% while aromatic compounds and alcohol had 9.18 and 0.68%, respectively. Among the five seeds studied, the most abundant compounds identified were linoleic acid methyl ester in L. aegyptiaca with 63.72%. Cis-cis linoleic acid is most abundant in M. balsamina (62.03%) totaling the fatty acid portion to 86.41%. These results suggest the potential of the seeds as a source of amino acids and fatty acids that could be useful in food and feed fortification strategies. The unique VOCS could be useful as biomarkers for delimitation of the studied species. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Amino acid; Biomarkers; Cucurbits; Fatty acids; Volatile compounds	alcohol; aromatic compound; essential amino acid; ester derivative; fatty acid; hydrocarbon; leucine; linoleic acid; linoleic acid methyl ester; protein; unclassified drug; volatile organic compound; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; analyzer; article; comparative study; controlled study; Cucumis metuliferus; Cucurbita maxima; Cucurbitaceae; Luffa aegyptiaca; mass fragmentography; Momordica balsamina; nonhuman; plant seed; protein content; watermelon; Citrullus lanatus; Cucumis metuliferus; Cucurbita maxima; Luffa aegyptiaca; Momordica balsamina	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910049227	Energy consumption and QoS performances to compare combined routing protocol and mobility model for cbr traffic in manet	El-Kafhali S., Hanini M., Haqiq A.	2014	Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology	69	1	None	Department of Computer Engineering and Telecommunications, National School of Applied Sciences, Khouribga, Taiwan; Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan; Department of Mathematics and Computer, Settat, Taiwan; Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa	El-Kafhali, S., Department of Computer Engineering and Telecommunications, National School of Applied Sciences, Khouribga, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa; Hanini, M., Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan, Department of Mathematics and Computer, Settat, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa; Haqiq, A., Hassan 1st University, Computer, Networks, Mobility and Modeling laboratory, Taiwan, Department of Mathematics and Computer, Settat, Taiwan, Hassan 1st University, e-NGN Research group, South Africa	A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) has the property to be formed dynamically by a system of mobile nodes which are connected via wireless links with no centralized administration. All nodes can be mobile resulting in a possibly dynamic network topology. Two of the major problems in this network are energy consumption and Quality of Service (QoS) related to traffic requirements. This paper aims to explore the performances of the combination of routing protocol and mobility model in terms of QoS relating to CBR traffic and to network lifetime. Hence, simulations have been performed to evaluate the performance of AODV, DSR and DSDV routing protocols under various mobility models. The mobility models used in this work are Random Waypoint, Reference Point Group and Manhattan Grid. Obtained results show that the best combination protocol/mobility depends on the average speed of nodes. © 2005-2014 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved.	CBR Traffic; Energy Consumption; MANET; Mobility Models; NS-2; QoS Parameters; Routing Protocols	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953947526	Modeling the influence of existing feeding strategies on performance of grade dairy cattle in Vihiga, Kenya	Ongadi P.M., Wahome R.G., Wakhungu J.W., Okitoi L.O.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	3	None	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute - Kakamega, P.O Box 169-50100, Kakamega, Kenya; Animal Production Department, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	Ongadi, P.M., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute - Kakamega, P.O Box 169-50100, Kakamega, Kenya; Wahome, R.G., Animal Production Department, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Wakhungu, J.W., Animal Production Department, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Okitoi, L.O., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute - Kakamega, P.O Box 169-50100, Kakamega, Kenya	A modeling study was carried out on grade dairy cattle in four production systems in Vihiga District. The objective was to evaluate the effects of existing feeding strategies on performance of grade dairy cattle. Data for the model was extracted from results of a survey of 236 grade dairy cattle owning households in Vihiga District. Results showed that feeding strategies for grade dairy cattle in Vihiga District were sub-optimal reflected in low actual and potential milk yields per cow per day. Protein was a major limiting nutrient and the situation was serious during the dry season when low quality forages were available. Further, the costs milk production was higher in intensive production systems as opposed to the extensive production systems, The most optimum existing feeding strategies for Vihiga in terms of economic returns by grade dairy cattle production systems were: a) The basal feed comprising napier grass cut and carry supplemented with dairy meal and other fodder (a mixture of fodder trees and legumes and sweet potato vines) in Stall feeding only and Grazing only production systems, and b) The basal feed comprising natural pastures and napier grass cut and carry supplemented with dairy meal, other fodder and crop residue in Mainly stall feeding with some grazing and Mainly grazing with some stall feeding production systems, In conclusion, supplementation of the basal diets with dairy meal and fodder as single supplements or components in compound feeding strategies was necessary in Vihiga for enhanced performance of grade dairy cattle in terms of milk yields, live weight gains, manure production and economic returns.	Basal and optimal feeding strategies; Forages; Manure; Stall feeding; Supplementation; Survey	Animalia; Bos; Ipomoea batatas; Pennisetum purpureum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84959258429	Prognostication of water flooding performance in communicating layered reservoir	Owusu P.A., De Hua L., Nagre R.D.	2015	International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering	8	5	None	College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China; Department of Civil Engineering, Kumasi Polytechnic, P.O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana	Owusu, P.A., College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China, Department of Civil Engineering, Kumasi Polytechnic, P.O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana; De Hua, L., College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China; Nagre, R.D., College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, China, Department of Civil Engineering, Kumasi Polytechnic, P.O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana	A model which approaches the recovery performance of waterflooding in communicating stratified reservoirs with log-normal permeability distribution is presented. The reservoir permeability is characterized by the Dykstra-Parsons variation coefficient (V) and standard deviation of the distribution (σ_k). The hydrocarbon pore volume is also characterized by normal distribution. The model allows for effect of variation of hydrocarbon pore volume. Comparison of the results obtained is made with the Dykstra-Parsons model. The performance of the reservoir is expressed in term of vertical sweep as a function of the producing water-oil ratio. Expressions for pseudo-relative permeability function and fractional flow curves are derived. The recovery performance is found to be dependent on mobility ratio and permeability variation. For a given water-oil ratio the vertical coverage increases as mobility ratio increases but decreases as permeability variation increases. Oil recovery therefore is enhanced for system with mobility ratio less than unity and retards for system with above unit mobility ratio. Below unit mobility ratio, Dykstra-Parson model gives reduced vertical coverage but higher at above unit mobility ratio compared to the model presented. The variation of porosity is found to increase oil recovery over the case of constant porosity and it is dependent on the rise of permeability variation and mobility ratio. Truncating the permeability significantly increases the vertical coverage and telling effect on the behavior on the performance prediction. © 2015 CAFET-INNOVA Technical Society All rights reserved.	Mobility ratio; Permeability cut; Permeability variation; Vertical coverage; Water flooding; Water-oil ratio	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938291098	Modified QuEChERS Method for the Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruit Samples Utilizing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography	Bedassa T., Gure A., Megersa N.	2015	Food Analytical Methods	8	8	10.1007/s12161-014-0081-7	Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Chemistry, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia	Bedassa, T., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gure, A., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Department of Chemistry, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method (QuEChERS) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with variable wavelength detector (VWD) has been developed for the quantitative determination of six multiclass pesticide residues including atrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn among herbicides; methidathion and carbaryl among insecticides; and chlorothalonil which is a fungicide. The QuEChERS extraction method developed was aimed to extract and preconcentrate the target analytes from selected fruits such as tomato, watermelon, and papaya samples. Various experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the method including the use of dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) cleanup, types and amount of salts, sample size, and composition as well as volume of the extraction solvent, acetonitrile, were optimized. Under the optimum experimental conditions, matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed using the tomato sample as the representative matrix and good linearity, over wide concentration ranges, was obtained with a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.990 or better. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the proposed method were in the ranges of 1.7–3.3 and 5.8–11.1 μg kg−1, lower than the maximum residue limits set by the European Union for the raw fruits, such as tomato, watermelon, and papaya. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the intra- and inter-day precision studies were varied over the range of 0.2–11.7 %. The proposed method was successfully applied to different fruit samples, and satisfactory recoveries, ranging from 78 to 118 %, were obtained. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Fruit samples; High-performance liquid chromatography; Multiclass pesticide residues; QuEChERS	Chromatography; Fruits; Herbicides; High performance liquid chromatography; Insecticides; Liquid chromatography; Liquids; Organic solvents; Pesticides; Phase separation; Dispersive solid phase extraction; Experimental parameters; Fruit samples; Pesticide residue; Quantitative determinations; Quechers; Quick , Easy , Cheap , Effective , Rugged , and Safe; Relative standard deviations; Extraction; Carica papaya; Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus; Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879271313	Evolutionary relationships in Gorteria: A re-evaluation	Stångberg F., Ellis A.G., Anderberg A.A.	2013	Taxon	62	3	None	Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden	Stångberg, F., Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Ellis, A.G., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Anderberg, A.A., Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden	A molecular phylogeny of the mainly South African genus Gorteria is presented for the first time, based on Bayesian inference and parsimony analyses using DNA sequences from plastid trnL-F and from nuclear ETS and ITS regions. It is shown that the genus is strongly paraphyletic in relation to one subgroup of Hirpicium, a finding that changes the prevailing generic concept and circumscription of Gorteria and Hirpicium. Furthermore, Gorteria diffusa and G. personata both seem to be polyphyletic assemblages, comprised of some more or less well diagnosed monophyletic groups with different distributions.	Asteraceae; Gorteria; Hirpicium; Molecular phylogenetics; South Africa	herb; molecular analysis; new genus; phylogenetics; phylogeny; plastid; taxonomy; South Africa; Asteraceae; Gorteria; Gorteria diffusa; Gorteria personata; Hirpicium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865504586	Impact of six-week viral load on mortality in HIV-infected zimbabwean infants	Mutasa K., Ntozini R., Prendergast A., Iliff P., Rukobo S., Moulton L.H., Ward B.J., Humphrey J.H.	2012	Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal	31	9	10.1097/INF.0b013e318266aac2	Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe; Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada	Mutasa, K., Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ntozini, R., Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe; Prendergast, A., Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe, Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Iliff, P., Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rukobo, S., Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe; Moulton, L.H., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ward, B.J., Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Humphrey, J.H., Zvitambo Project, 1 Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe, Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom	Among 453 untreated HIV-infected Zimbabwean infants, 6-week viral load was the only infant factor that independently predicted mortality. Infants with viral load ≥ 1.59 million copies/mL (cohort median) had 3-fold increased mortality through 6 months (hazard ratio 3.07 [95% confidence interval: 2.16, 4.38]; P < 0.001) and 2-fold increased mortality through 12 months (hazard ratio 2.03 [95% confidence interval: 1.41, 2.91]; P < 0.001], compared with infants with viral load below the median. © 2012 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.	disease progression; HIV; infants; mortality; viral load	article; CD4 lymphocyte count; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant disease; infant mortality; major clinical study; male; newborn; priority journal; prognosis; virus load; Zimbabwe; Chi-Square Distribution; Cohort Studies; Disease Progression; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Viral Load; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862867593	Variation in thermal performance among insect populations	Sinclair B.J., Williams C.M., Terblanche J.S.	2012	Physiological and Biochemical Zoology	85	6	10.1086/665388	Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Sinclair, B.J., Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Williams, C.M., Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Terblanche, J.S., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Among-population variation in insect thermal performance is important for understanding patterns and mechanisms of evolution and predicting insect responses to altered climate regimes in future or novel environments. Here we review and discuss several key examples of among-population variation in insect thermal performance, including latitudinal gradients in chill coma recovery time, variation in energy consumption and metabolic biochemistry, rapid changes in thermal biology with range expansion in invasive and introduced species, and potential constraints on variation in thermal performance traits. This review highlights that while there is substantial evidence for among-population variation that is generally correlated with local climate regimes, neither the underlying mechanisms nor the implications for whole-animal fitness in the field are well understood. We also discuss the potential limitations of interpreting evolved variation among populations and argue for a genes-to-environment approach to population-level variation in thermal biology of insects. © 2012 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.	None	climate change; evolutionary biology; fitness; genotype-environment interaction; insect; invasive species; latitudinal gradient; life history trait; performance assessment; animal; article; climate change; energy metabolism; evolution; genetic variability; genetics; genotype environment interaction; insect; physiology; temperature; Animals; Biological Evolution; Climate Change; Energy Metabolism; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Variation; Insects; Temperature; Animalia; Hexapoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887212781	Utility and diagnostic performance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by two immunochromatographic assays as compared with the molecular Genotype assay in Nigeria	Pokam B.T., Asuquo A.E., Goh K.S., Abia-Bassey L.N., Rastogi N.	2013	International Journal of Mycobacteriology	2	1	10.1016/j.ijmyco.2012.12.002	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria; WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and My	Pokam, B.T., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon; Asuquo, A.E., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Goh, K.S., WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183 Abymes, Guadeloupe; Abia-Bassey, L.N., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Rastogi, N., WHO Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, TB and Mycobacteria Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183 Abymes, Guadeloupe	Among the disadvantages of smear microscopy for detection of tuberculosis cases is its inability to differentiate between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This study evaluated two, new immunochromatographic assays - Capilia TB-Neo and SD Bioline - on unheated and heated cultures at 80. °C for 30. min respectively for their ability to discriminate between MTB complex and NTM as compared with the molecular Genotype assay. Mycobacteria used in the study were obtained from smear-positive specimens collected from patients at four major hospitals in Cross River State, Nigeria. Capilia TB-Neo and SD Bioline showed sensitivities of 98.8% and 93.8% respectively and 100% specificity for both assays. Heating the isolates did not significantly impact the test performance. Both tests are recommended for use in rapid differentiation of strains isolated in Nigeria. © 2013 Asian-African Society for Mycobacteriology.	Capilia TB-Neo; Heated strains; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Non-tuberculous mycobacteria; SD Bioline	article; bacterium culture; bacterium identification; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; genotype; genotyping technique; heating; human; immunoaffinity chromatography; intermethod comparison; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nigeria; nonhuman; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; sputum smear; strain difference; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855669396	The impact of personality and culture on the job demands-controlmodel of job stress	Györkös C., Becker J., Massoudi K., de Bruin G.P., Rossier J.	2012	Swiss Journal of Psychology	71	1	10.1024/1421-0185/a000065	Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Györkös, C., Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Becker, J., Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Massoudi, K., Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; de Bruin, G.P., Faculty of Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rossier, J., Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland	Among the various work stress models, one of the most popular has been the job demands-control (JDC) model developed by Karasek (1979), which postulates that work-related strain is highest under work conditions characterized by high demands and low autonomy. The absence of social support at work further increases negative outcomes. This model, however, does not apply equally to all individuals and to all cultures. This review demonstrates how various individual characteristics, especially some personality dimensions, influence the JDC model and could thus be considered buffering or moderator factors. Moreover, we review how the cultural context impacts this model as suggested by results obtained in European, American, and Asian contexts. Yet there are almost no data from Africa or South America. More crosscultural studies including populations from these continents would be valuable for a better understanding of the impact of the cultural context on the JDC model. © 2012 Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG, Bern.	Crosscultural comparison; JDC model; Job stress; Personality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855185437	Development and perfonnance evaluation of a dehulling machine for African breadfruit (Treculia africana)	Etoamaihe U.J., Ndubueze K.C.	2010	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	5	4	10.3923/jeasci.2010.312.315	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria	Etoamaihe, U.J., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria; Ndubueze, K.C., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria	A motorized African breadfruit seed dehuller was designed, fabricated and tested. Results showed that the machine had a maximum dehulling efficiency of 86% at 225 rpm speed and a maximum dehulling capacity of 176.2 kg h -1 at 425 rpm speed. There were significant effects of speeds on both the dehulling capacity and dehulling efficiency of the machine at 5% level of significance. The dehulling capacity increased with speed while the dehulling efficiency decreased with increased speed. The estimated cost of the machine was N35000 (USD250). © Medwell Journals, 2010.	African breadfruit; Dehuller; Dehulling capacity; Dehulling efficiency; Seed; Vegetable oil	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64649091129	Mulch tower treatment system Part I: Overall performance in greywater treatment	Zuma B.M., Tandlich R., Whittington-Jones K.J., Burgess J.E.	2009	Desalination	242	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.030	Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	Zuma, B.M., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Tandlich, R., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Whittington-Jones, K.J., Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Burgess, J.E., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa	A mulch tower (MT) system for greywater treatment is introduced in this paper. Materials used to assemble the MT system included mulch, coarse sand, fine and coarse gravel. Limited removal efficiency of the MT system was demonstrated for alkalinity, total hardness, pH, Cl-, PO43-, NH4+, and SO42-, with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 7 to 12%. Intermediate removal efficiency was observed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), NO3-, and S2- with the estimated cumulative removals ranging from 24 to 28%. The highest removal efficiency was observed for the total suspended solids (TSS) with the estimated cumulative removal equal to 52%. Given the minute residence time in the MT system, the results obtained were promising and justify scale-up studies for potential on-site applications. The MT effluent did not meet hygienic norms with respect to the faecal coliform concentration (FC) and the total coliform concentration (TC), and further effluent treatment is required before any discharge or reuse of the treated greywater. Further research should focus on characterisation of the microbial community of the MT, and the fate of Cl-, PO43-, NH4+, and SO42-. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Greywater; Mulch tower; On-site treatment	Characterisation; Chemical-oxygen demands; Coarse gravels; Coliform concentrations; Greywater; Greywater treatments; Microbial communities; Mulch tower; On-site treatment; Removal efficiencies; Residence time; Scale-Up; Site applications; Total suspended solids; Treatment systems; Alkalinity; Buildings; Chemical oxygen demand; Effluent treatment; Effluents; Oxygen; Range finding; Removal; Telluric prospecting; Towers; Wastewater treatment; Water recycling; chemical oxygen demand; estimation method; fecal coliform; microbial community; mulch; removal experiment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751509951	Design optimization of containers for sloshing and impact	Craig K.J., Kingsley T.C.	2007	Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization	33	1	10.1007/s00158-006-0038-6	Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Craig, K.J., Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kingsley, T.C., Multi-Disciplinary Optimization Group (MDOG), Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A multidisciplinary design and optimization (MDO) method is presented to support the design process of partially filled liquid containers subject to the disciplines of sloshing and impact analyses. Experimental techniques are used to understand sloshing as a phenomenon and to evaluate the computational fluid dynamics code. Validation includes qualitative comparison of visual free-surface behavior and quantitative comparisons of pressure measurements in the time and frequency domain. The liquid motion exhibits good comparisons in time. Deviations are caused by both the experimental signal filtration process and deficiencies in the low-frequency measurement capability of the accelerometer. The first two odd oscillatory modes are accurately captured. An objective function for the quantitative evaluation of the sloshing phenomenon is proposed. For impact the von Mises baffle stress is used. Single and multidisciplinary optimization formulations using LS-OPT are presented and examined. The multidisciplinary optimum proved to be a compromise between the optima obtained when considering the two single disciplines independently. © Springer-Verlag 2006.	Free-surface modeling; Impact; Mathematical optimization; MDO; Sloshing	Computational fluid dynamics; Design; Optimization; Signal filtering and prediction; Free surface; Frequency measurement; Liquid containers; Containers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952624587	The impact of biofuel production on food security: A briefing paper with a particular emphasis on maize-to-ethanol production	Makenete A., Lemmer W., Kupka J.	2008	International Food and Agribusiness Management Review	11	2	None	Large Business, ABSA Bank Ltd and President, Southern African Biofuels Association, PO Box 7735, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa; Agricultural Economist, Industry Services, Grain South Africa, PO Box 88, Bothaville, 9660, South Africa; Agribusiness Division, ABSA Bank Ltd, PO Box 7735, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa	Makenete, A., Large Business, ABSA Bank Ltd and President, Southern African Biofuels Association, PO Box 7735, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa; Lemmer, W., Agricultural Economist, Industry Services, Grain South Africa, PO Box 88, Bothaville, 9660, South Africa; Kupka, J., Agribusiness Division, ABSA Bank Ltd, PO Box 7735, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa	A multi-feedstock approach is crucial for sustainable biofuel production in South Africa. In respect of ethanol production, biofuel producers should be allowed to draw on a range of starch-based crops including maize. A multi-feedstock approach will enable producers to select crops best suited to the agro-climate of the regions where their plants are situated and to minimize logistic costs by sourcing crops grown closest to their plants. In recent months, plans to use maize to produce ethanol have raised concerns that this could jeopardize food security in South Africa. © 2008 International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IAMA).	Biofuel production; Food security; Maize	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82555169581	Evaluation of ten wild Nigerian mushrooms for amylase and cellulase activities	Jonathan S.G., Adeoyo O.R.	2011	Mycobiology	39	2	10.4489/MYCO.2011.39.2.103	Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, UI P.O. Box 21422, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Jonathan, S.G., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, UI P.O. Box 21422, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adeoyo, O.R., Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, UI P.O. Box 21422, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Amylases and cellulases are important enzymes that can be utilized for various biological activities. Ten different wild Nigerian mushrooms (Agaricus blazei, Agaricus sp., Corilopsis occidentalis, Coriolus versicolor, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces globulus, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Podoscypha bolleana, Pogonomyces hydnoides, and Nothopanus hygrophanus) were assayed for production of these secondary metabolites. The results revealed that most of the tested wild fungi demonstrated very good amylase and cellulase activities. With the incorporation of carboxymethyl-cellulose (a carbon source) into the culture medium, Agaricus blazei had the highest amylolytic activity of 0.60 unit/mL (at 25oC, pH 6.8). This was followed in order by P. tuber-regium and Agaricus sp. with 0.42 and 0.39 unit/mL, respectively (p. 0.05). Maltose and sucrose supplementation into the submerged liquid medium made N. hygrophanus and P. hydnoides to exhibit very low amylase activities of 0.09 and 0.11 unit/mL, respectively. Introducing peptone (an organic nitrogen source) into the basal medium enhanced the ability of C. versicolor to produce a cellulase value of 0.74 unit/mL. Other organic nitrogen sources that supported good cellulase activities were yeast extract and urea. Sodium nitrate (inorganic nitrogen source) generally inhibited cellulase production in all mushrooms. The best carbon source was carboxymethyl-cellulose, which promoted very high cellulase activity of 0.67 unit/ mL in C. versicolor, which was followed in order by P. tuber-regium, T. chypeatus, and C. occidentalis (p. 0.05). Sucrose was the poorest carbon compound, supporting the lowest values of 0.01, 0.01, and 0.14 unit/mL in P. hydnoides, A. blazei, and Agaricus sp., respectively. © The Korean Society of Mycology.	Enzyme activities; Nigeria; Ph; Temperature; Wild mushrooms	Agaricus; Agaricus blazei; Basidiomycota; Fungi; Nothopanus hygrophanus; Pleurotus; Pleurotus tuberregium; Podoscypha; Termitomyces; Termitomyces clypeatus; Termitomyces globulus; Trametes versicolor; Tuber (truffle)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15744373001	The simultaneous determination of selected flavonol glycosides and aglycones in Ginkgo biloba oral dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry	Dubber M.-J., Sewram V., Mshicileli N., Shephard G.S., Kanfer I.	2005	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	37	4	10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.052	Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa	Dubber, M.-J., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Sewram, V., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Mshicileli, N., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Division of Pharmaceutics, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	An accurate, precise and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the determination of two flavonol glycosides, rutin and quercitrin, together with the algycone markers, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin in several Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms. In addition, a novel quercetin glycoside, not yet reported in Ginkgo extracts, was identified. Liquid chromatography was performed using a minibore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column (150 mm × 2.0 mm i.d.) and a one step gradient of acetonitrile-formic acid (0.3%) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Baseline separation of the five selected flavonol marker compounds was achieved within 20 min at 45°C. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed using electrospray ionisation (ESI) in the negative ion mode. The marker compounds exhibited linearity over the range of 3-26 μg/ml and intra- and inter-day standard deviations were better than 7% and 16%, respectively. All Ginkgo products investigated were found to contain varying amounts of target analytes. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; LC-MS-MS; Validation	acetonitrile; anion; flavonoid glycoside; flavonol derivative; formic acid; Ginkgo biloba extract; isorhamnetin; kaempferol; quercetin; quercitrin; rutoside; accuracy; article; drug administration route; drug determination; drug dose regimen; electrospray mass spectrometry; flow rate; high performance liquid chromatography; priority journal; separation technique; tandem mass spectrometry; temperature; time; Calibration; Capsules; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonols; Ginkgo biloba; Glycosides; Indicators and Reagents; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tablets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44749089181	High DMFC performance output using modified acid-base polymer blend	Pasupathi S., Ji S., Jan Bladergroen B., Linkov V.	2008	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	33	12	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.033	University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Pasupathi, S., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Jan Bladergroen, B., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, V., University of the Western Cape, SAIAMC, Modderdam Road, Bellville 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	An acid-base polymer blend membrane based on sulphonated poly(etheretherketone) (SPEEK) and poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) was developed for direct methanol fuel cells. Thermal stability, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, conductivity and fuel cell performance of the membrane were studied and compared to that of nafion. The conductivity of nafion was found to be superior to SPEEK/PBI membrane; however, the thickness of SPEEK/PBI membranes can be reduced considerably. SPEEK/PBI membrane with a thickness of 55 μ m showed a significant improvement in the DMFC performance as compared to Nafion 117. The maximum power densities obtained with SPEEK/PBI membranes are twice better than Nafion 117 at 60 °C. SPEEK/PBI membranes showed excellent stability under DMFC operating conditions up to 60 °C and therefore are seen as ideal candidates for portable DMFC applications. © 2008 International Association for Hydrogen Energy.	DMFC; PBI; Polymer blend; Power densities; Proton conducting membranes; SPEEK	Ion exchange membranes; Polyether ether ketones; Polymer blends; Polymeric membranes; Thermodynamic stability; Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI); Power densities; Proton conducting membranes; Sulphonated poly(etheretherketone) (SPEEK); Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449361964	Who will guard the guardians? Amartya Sen's contribution to development evaluation	Porter S., de Wet J.	2009	Development in Practice	19	3	10.1080/09614520902807987	Development Research Unit (SALDRU), Department of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Porter, S., Development Research Unit (SALDRU), Department of Economics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; de Wet, J., Department of Sociology, University of Cape Town, South Africa	An Action Learning process integrated with Sen's Capability Approach can support development agencies to formulate interventions that enhance freedom. The authors show that putting this approach into practice has important implications for the manner in which 'development' is undertaken as an ideological project. It may help to examine and challenge those who hold power in development: the guardians. This finding is the result of an emergent Action Learning process that was initiated by applying Sen's principles to focus-group interviews with women who care for people affected by HIV and AIDS. One of the findings of these focus groups was that the participants valued the process because it opened a space for them to influence the work of the implementing NGO. Essentially, they could hold the implementing agency to account. Reflection on this outcome by the agency led to important shifts in processes that are more supportive of freedom. © 2009 Oxfam GB.	Civil society; Methods; Sub-Saharan Africa	Economic Development; Economics; Freedom; Nongovernmental Organizations; Sen, Amartya; autonomy; civil society; development project; learning; project assessment; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
None	None	Low-power and high-performance 1-Bit Set Full-Adder	Paulthurai A., Dharmaraj B.	2013	International Journal of Nanoelectronics and Materials	6	2	None	School of Electronics and Telecommunication, St. Joseph University in Tanzania, P.O Box 11007, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania	Paulthurai, A., School of Electronics and Telecommunication, St. Joseph University in Tanzania, P.O Box 11007, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; Dharmaraj, B., School of Electronics and Telecommunication, St. Joseph University in Tanzania, P.O Box 11007, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania	An adder is an important element of all the arithmetic and logic units. The recent trend in Nanotechnology is moving towards the need of the devices, which consume low power. The Single Electron Transistor (SET), distinguished by a very small device size low power dissipation, high speed and high performance, is one of the most promising nano electronics devices to replace conventional CMOS. The SET technology offers the ability to control the motion of individual electrons in the designed circuits. In this Full Adder Circuit we were used 24 SET and 14 resistors. The circuit is functioning as required for all the combination of input voltage. This work evaluates the performance of the proposed designs in terms of delay, area, power, and their products by hand with logical effort and through custom design and layout in SET process technology. Also shown is the considerable impact of the supply-voltage scaling on reducing the power expended by leakage and short-circuit. The Low-Power and High-Performance 1-Bit Set Full-Adder digital circuits have been simulated by PSPICE 9.1.	Full adder; High-speed; SET	None	None
None	None	Minimal impact of an iron-fortified lipid-based nutrient supplement on Hb and iron status: A randomised controlled trial in malnourished HIV-positive African adults starting antiretroviral therapy	James P., Friis H., Woodd S., Rehman A.M., PrayGod G., Kelly P., Koethe J.R., Filteau S.	2015	British Journal of Nutrition	114	3	10.1017/S0007114515001920	Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States	James, P., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Friis, H., Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Woodd, S., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Rehman, A.M., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; PrayGod, G., Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kelly, P., University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; Koethe, J.R., Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Filteau, S., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Anaemia, redistribution of Fe, malnutrition and heightened systemic inflammation during HIV infection confer an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in HIV patients. We analysed information on Fe status and inflammation from a randomised, double blind, controlled phase-III clinical trial in Lusaka, Zambia and Mwanza, Tanzania. Malnourished patients (n 1815) were recruited at referral to antiretroviral therapy (ART) into a two-stage nutritional rehabilitation programme, randomised to receive a lipid-based nutrient supplement with or without added micronutrients. Fe was included in the intervention arm during the second stage, given from 2 to 6 weeks post-ART. Hb, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) were measured at recruitment and 6 weeks post-ART. Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the impact of the intervention, and the effect of reducing inflammation from recruitment to week 6 on Hb and Fe status. There was no effect of the intervention on Hb, serum ferritin, sTfR or serum CRP. A one-log decrease of serum CRP from recruitment to week 6 was associated with a 1·81 g/l increase in Hb (95 % CI 0·85, 2·76; P< 0·001), and a 0·11 log decrease in serum ferritin (95 % CI - 0·22, 0·03; P= 0·012) from recruitment to week 6. There was no association between the change in serum CRP and the change in sTfR over the same time period (P= 0·78). In malnourished, HIV-infected adults receiving dietary Fe, a reduction in inflammation in the early ART treatment period appears to be a precondition for recovery from anaemia. © The Authors 2015.	Antiretroviral therapy; Ferritin; Hb; HIV; Inflammation; Lipid-based nutrient supplement; Transferrin receptor	antiretrovirus agent; C reactive protein; efavirenz; emtricitabine; ferritin; hemoglobin; lamivudine; lipid; nevirapine; tenofovir; transferrin receptor; zidovudine; antiretrovirus agent; C reactive protein; ferritin; hemoglobin; iron; iron intake; lipid; adult; anemia; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; disease association; disease severity; double blind procedure; female; hemoglobin blood level; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; inflammation; iron blood level; iron metabolism; iron therapy; male; malnutrition; phase 3 clinical trial; protein blood level; randomized controlled trial; Tanzania; treatment duration; treatment response; administration and dosage; anemia; blood; complication; deficiency; diet supplementation; diet therapy; HIV Infections; iron intake; malnutrition; metabolism; mortality; Zambia; Adult; Anemia; Anti-Retroviral Agents; C-Reactive Protein; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ferritins; Food, Fortified; Hemoglobins; HIV Infections; Humans; Inflammation; Iron; Iron, Dietary; Lipids; Male; Malnutrition; Tanzania; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649122419	The description and evaluation of an african breath psychotherapeutic workshop	Edwards S.D.	2009	Journal of Psychology in Africa	19	2	None	University of Zululand, South Africa; 3 Antigua, 32 Chartwell Drive, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320, South Africa	Edwards, S.D., University of Zululand, South Africa, 3 Antigua, 32 Chartwell Drive, Umhlanga Rocks, 4320, South Africa	An African breath psychotherapeutic workshop is described and evaluated with a small group of participants (students =9, males = 3, females =6, age range =24 to 59 years, mean age 40.3 years) all of whom were professionally registered psychologists. There were 3 Xhosa, 2 Zulu, 1 Tswana, 2 English and 1 Afrikaans home language speakers. The workshop, which was based on accessing original Spirit through ancestral and personal breath-based spirituality, was called Shiso, an acronym for Spirit, Heart, Image, Soul and Oneness. Findings indicated significant improvement in self-perceived ratings of spirituality on a standardized scale by all participants. Individual student descriptions and focus group discussion indicated some awareness of original Spirit as revealed through subtle breathing experiences invoking the universal and personal ancestral presence of the participants. The experience was meaningfully described in such terms as relaxation, connection, openness, harmony, integration, awareness, amazement, healing and transcendence. Copyright ©2009.	African; Breath; Psychotherapy; Spiritual healing; Spirituality; Workshop	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349108989	On-farm evaluation and consumer acceptability study of selected tetraploid Musa hybrid in Ghana	Dzomeku B.M., Armo-Annor F., Adjei-Gyan K., Ansah J., Nkakwa A., Darkey S.K.	2008	Journal of Plant Sciences	3	2	None	Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Bioversity International, Douala, Cameroon	Dzomeku, B.M., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana; Armo-Annor, F., World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Adjei-Gyan, K., World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Ansah, J., World Vision Ghana, Assin- Foso, Ghana; Nkakwa, A., Bioversity International, Douala, Cameroon; Darkey, S.K., Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana	An agronomic study was conducted to evaluate three Musa hybrids (BITA-3 - cooking banana, FHIA-21 and CRBP-39- both hybrid plantains) with five hundred farmers in the two Assin districts in the Central region of Ghana. At harvest sensory evaluation was carried out on the three hybrids for use as fufu, ampesi and ripe fried plantain to access their acceptability at four locations in the two districts. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the numbers of leaves at flowering among the hybrids across the locations. The hybrids showed superiority over the local check in terms of number of functional leaves from flowering to harvest. All the hybrids (FHIA-21, CRBP 39, BITA-3 and FHIA-25) exhibited stable performance in yield and growth characteristics across the locations. FHIA-25 was however late maturing (18-20 months) whereas BITA-3 was early maturing (10-12 months). Nevertheless, the bunch weight (40-50 kg) of FHIA-25 could be said to have compensated for the long crop cycle. Daughter sucker production by FHIA-25 was also low (two daughter suckers at flowering). BITA-3 was roboust and sturdy with pseudostem girth of 60 cm carrying an average bunch weight of 25 kg. All the hybrids were resistant to the black Sigatoka disease. These results suggested that the performance of the hybrids was not influenced by the seasons or locations. It implies that under good management practices, farmers would be assured of good yields irrespective of time or season of planting so long as there is adequate supply of moisture. The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that there were no significant differences (p<0.01) between FHIA-21 and CRBP-39 and the local Apantu across the location, across the parameters and the recipes assessed. FHIA-21 and CRBP-39 were the most prefened and compared favourably with the local triploids (Apantu and Apem) with BITA-3 the least preferred. The hybrids were accepted for ripe fried plantain at stages 3 and 4 of ripening. Beyond these stages of ripening, the hybrids could only be used for other processed food recipes. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Agronomy; Musa hybrids; Sensory evaluation	Musa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649349356	Evaluation of an animal protein mixture as a replacement for fishmeal in practical diets for fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)	Adewolu M.A., Ikenweiwe N.B., Mulero S.M.	2010	Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh	62	4	None	Department of Fisheries, Lagos State University, P.M.B. 001, LASU Post Office, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Adewolu, M.A., Department of Fisheries, Lagos State University, P.M.B. 001, LASU Post Office, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria; Ikenweiwe, N.B., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Mulero, S.M., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	An alternative animal protein mixture was evaluated as a replacement for fishmeal in diets for fingerlings of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus. The mixture comprised hydrolyzed feather meal, chicken offal meal, and maggot meal at a ratio of 4:3:2. Five diets (36% crude protein), containing the mixture at repacement levels of 0% (control), 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%, were fed to triplicate groups of ten C. gariepinus fingerlings (3.0±0.05 g) at 3% body weight per day for 56 days in 50-l plastic tanks. The weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 25-50% diets did not significantly differ (p>0.05) from those fed the control diet. However, in fish fed the 75-100% diets, these indicators were significantly lower. Carcass protein decreased as the level of the mixture increased. Carcass lipid of fish fed the 75-100% diets was lower than in fish fed the 0-50% diets. Results indicate that our animal protein mixture can replace up to 50% of the fishmeal component in diets for C. gariepinus fingerlings without causing adverse effects on growth.	Chicken offal meal; Clarias gariepinus; Feather meal; Maggot meal	diet; feeding; fish culture; growth rate; protein; weight; Animalia; Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939496139	Evaluation of Trace Metals and Physical Properties of Nigerian Crude Oil Saturate Fraction	Adebiyi F.M., Adebiyi A.Y.	2015	Petroleum Science and Technology	33	12	10.1080/10916466.2015.1065277	Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adebiyi, F.M., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adebiyi, A.Y., Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Analyses of trace elements and physical properties of the saturate fraction of Nigerian crude oil were done in order to establish the characteristics that may aid the developmental processes of the natural resources. Crude oil samples were collected from three different oil fields in Niger-Delta area of Nigeria. The saturate fractions were eluted by column chromatography using n-hexane. The saturate fractions were investigated for functional groups using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR); the elemental concentrations were determined using Atomic absorption spectrometry, while the physical properties (flash point, ash content, refractive index, and color) were determined using standard analytical methods. The results revealed that the infrared spectra of the saturate fraction of the Nigerian crude oil showed mainly the presence of C-H(CH<inf>3</inf>) and C-H(CH<inf>2</inf>) functional groups, indicating high purity of the samples. The concentrations of the analyzed elements (Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, Fe, V, Cr, and Ni) in the saturate fraction were generally low compared to other fractions of Nigerian crude oil. This study revealed that Co has the highest mean concentration of 1.81 ± 0.36 mg/L, while Mn has the lowest mean concentration of 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/L. The t test values for the comparison of the elemental concentrations of Nigerian crude oil /saturate fraction and crude oil asphaltene/saturate fraction showed significant difference (except Mn) with respect to Nigerian crude oil /saturate fraction. The cluster analysis for the elements showed two groups, which are fairly well correlated indicating similar source and similar chemical affinity. The cross-plot analysis of the Nigerian crude oil and its saturate using elemental concentrations as the variables showed a strong positive inter element correlation since (R2 = 0.71), establishing a relationship between the Nigerian crude oil and the saturate fraction. The color of the saturate fraction ranged from off-white to colorless. The results of analysis provide useful information on its conversion mechanism and environmental implications of the development of the fossil fuel deposit. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 2015.	crude oil; functional group; physical properties; saturate; trace metal	Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Chemical analysis; Chromatography; Cluster analysis; Column chromatography; Crude oil; Fossil fuel deposits; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Functional groups; Hexane; Infrared spectroscopy; Manganese; Metal analysis; Oil fields; Physical properties; Refractive index; Spectrometry; Trace elements; Chemical affinities; Conversion mechanism; Element correlations; Elemental concentrations; Environmental implications; Fourier transform infrared spectrometry; saturate; Trace metal; Petroleum analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651226915	Impact of fertilizers on heavy metal loads in surface soils in Nzoia Nucleus estate sugarcane farms in Western Kenya	Omwoma S., Lalah J.O., Ongeri D.M.K., Wanyonyi M.B.	2010	Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology	85	6	10.1007/s00128-010-0133-7	Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya	Omwoma, S., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya; Lalah, J.O.; Ongeri, D.M.K., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya; Wanyonyi, M.B., Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno 40105, Kenya	Analysis of heavy metals in top soil samples from Nzoia sugarcane farms in Western Kenya found elevated levels of heavy metals in the soils with mean concentrations (mg kg -1 dry weight) of 142.38, 59.12, 73.35, 116.27, 409.84 (dry season) and 144.22, 50.29, 72.14, 158.81, 368.83 (wet season) for Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe, respectively, compared with a control soil sample from an adjacent field where fertilizers are not applied having mean concentrations of 117.27, 61.87, 63.68, 123.49, 282.93 (dry season) 108.00, 50.68, 66.10, 114.23, 167.01 (wet season), respectively. The heavy metal loads in the sugarcane farms were above international standards. The levels of the same metals in the fertilizers used in the sugarcane farms were within acceptable international standards. A risk assessment of the continued use of phosphate fertilizer (DAP) in the farms based on a 50-year period, did not exceed international threshold. The soil pH values (6.18 dry season and 5.66 wet season) were low compared to the control (7.46 dry season and 7.10 wet season) a situation that could accelerate heavy metal solubility and mobility in the farm soil. Lowering of soil pH was attributed mainly to fertilizer application and partly to increased organic matter content as shown by the high mean total organic carbon content values of 8.63% (dry season) and 8.43 (wet season) in comparison with a control soil meant total organic carbon content value of 4.76% (dry season) and 5.02 (wet season). © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.	Fertilizer impact; Heavy metals; Kenya; Nzoia; Sugarcane farms	Continued use; Dry seasons; Dry weight; Elevated level; Farm soils; Fertilizer applications; International standards; Kenya; Mean concentrations; Metal solubility; Nzoia; Organic matter content; Soil pH; Soil sample; Surface soil; Top soils; Total organic carbon content; Wet season; Agricultural chemicals; Chromium; Curing; Drought; Farms; Lead; Metals; Organic carbon; Phosphate fertilizers; Risk assessment; Soil surveys; Soils; Soil pollution; fertilizer; heavy metal; agriculture; article; environmental monitoring; industrial waste; Kenya; pH; risk assessment; season; soil pollutant; sugarcane; Agriculture; Environmental Monitoring; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial Waste; Kenya; Metals, Heavy; Risk Assessment; Saccharum; Seasons; Soil Pollutants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547961289	Evaluation of early to medium maturing open pollinated maize varieties in SADC region using GGE biplot based on the SREG model	Setimela P.S., Vivek B., Bänziger M., Crossa J., Maideni F.	2007	Field Crops Research	103	3	10.1016/j.fcr.2007.05.010	International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; CIMMYT, Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; Chitedze Research Station, P.O. Box 15, Lilongwe, Malawi	Setimela, P.S., International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; Vivek, B., International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; Bänziger, M., International Maize Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), P.O. Box MP 163 Harare, Zimbabwe; Crossa, J., CIMMYT, Apdo Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico; Maideni, F., Chitedze Research Station, P.O. Box 15, Lilongwe, Malawi	Analysis of multi-environment trials (METs) of genotypes (G) and genotype × environment (GE) interactions for yield performance across environments, and selection of the best genotypes is an important routine in maize breeding programs. Analysis and interpretation of METs data have been limited to analysis of variance and mean comparison among genotypes. This type of analysis has not been effective in exploiting GE interactions encountered in METs data sets. The objectives of this study were to exploit METs data sets from maize regional trails using G plus GE interaction (GGE) biplot based on the site regression (SREG) model. The GGE biplots displays graphically the relationship among test environments, genotypes and GE interactions. Grain yield data of 35 early to medium maturing open pollinated maize varieties (OPVs) from five seasons (1999-2003) across 59 locations in Southern African Development Community (SADC) were analyzed. The GGE biplots based on the SREG model indicated that yield performance of maize OPVs were under major environments and of GE interactions. The construction of GGE biplots based on SREG model analysis showed the ideal test environments that discriminate well performing maize OPVs from poor ones, the performance of each OPV in specific year, the discrimativiness versus representativeness view of the GGE biplot of the test locations across the years, the relation among OPVs relative to grain yield, the stability of OPVs across environments and which OPVs is best for what. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Genotype × environment; GGE biplots; Multi-environment trials; Site regression; Zea mays L.	Data reduction; Environmental impact; Genes; Grain (agricultural product); Regression analysis; Open pollinated maize varieties (OPV); Site regression; Crops; crop yield; data set; genotype; maize; pollination; Southern African Development Community; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881303266	The impact and effectiveness of transparency and accountability initiatives: Freedom of information	Calland R., Bentley K.	2013	Development Policy Review	31	S1	10.1111/dpr.12020	Democratic Governance and Rights Unit (DGRU), University of Cape Town, South Africa; DGRU, South Africa	Calland, R., Democratic Governance and Rights Unit (DGRU), University of Cape Town, South Africa, DGRU, South Africa; Bentley, K., Democratic Governance and Rights Unit (DGRU), University of Cape Town, South Africa, DGRU, South Africa	Analysis of the impact and effectiveness of Freedom of Information (FOI) legislation has been hampered by lack of systematic evidence and conceptual confusion about what kind of right it represents. This article discusses some of the main conceptual parameters of FOI theory, before reviewing the available evidence from a range of studies. It presents case studies of civil-society activism on FOI in India and South Africa to illustrate the extent to which access to information is having an impact, in particular on socio-economic conditions. After reviewing the range of approaches used, it concludes that the academic community and the FOI community of practice need to come together to devise robust and rigorous methodologies. © 2013 Overseas Development Institute.	Access to information; Effectiveness; Freedom of information; Impact	accountability; civil society; conceptual framework; socioeconomic conditions; India; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923932960	Modelling and performance of a hybrid synchronous reluctance machine with adjustable Xd/Xq ratio	Anih L.U., Obe E.S., Abonyi S.E.	2014	IET Electric Power Applications	9	2	10.1049/iet-epa.2014.0149	Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria	Anih, L.U., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Obe, E.S., Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Abonyi, S.E., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria	Analytical and experimental studies of a hybridised synchronous reluctance machine with a variable Xd/Xq ratio characteristic is the subject of this study. The machine comprises a round rotor and a salient pole machine element that is mechanically coupled together and integrally wound. There are two sets of poly-phase windings in each stator. The windings of one of the sets are transposed between the two sections of the machine. Either set of the windings may be connected to the supply while the other feeds a balanced capacitance load. It is shown that by tuning of the capacitance load that the Xd/Xq ratio varies theoretically from zero to infinity at very good power factors. The machine characteristics were verified using the generalised two-axis theory and validated by experimentation. The experimental and analytical results obtained show good agreement. Saturation was investigated by using the variation of the d-axis inductance with machine loading. A set of rotor windings may be introduced for the purpose that the machine be self-starting and self-synchronising as a motor. The rotor field windings when fed with dc, will make the machine also capable of operation as a stand-alone salient-pole generator. For this purpose, it was shown that for a very high saliency ratio, reluctance power can be considerably higher than the excitation power. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015.	None	Capacitance; Electric machine theory; Electric power factor; Loading; Machine windings; Poles; Synchronous machinery; Winding; Analytical results; Capacitance load; D-axis inductance; Excitation power; Machine element; Machine loading; Salient pole generator; Synchronous reluctance machine; Rotors (windings)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896400985	Performance of novel hyperbranched poly(aryl-ether-urea)s doped with N3-dye in nanocrystalline DSSC	Sathiyaraj S., Vanjinathan M., Shanavas A., Amudha S., Suthanthiraraj S.A., Nasar A.S.	2014	Journal of Applied Polymer Science	131	12	10.1002/app.40408	Department of Polymer Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai 25, India; PG and Research Department of Chemistry, D. G. Vaishnav College Tamil Nadu, Chennai 106, India; Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Polymer Technology Division, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Energy, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai 25, India	Sathiyaraj, S., Department of Polymer Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai 25, India; Vanjinathan, M., PG and Research Department of Chemistry, D. G. Vaishnav College Tamil Nadu, Chennai 106, India; Shanavas, A., Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Polymer Technology Division, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Amudha, S., Department of Energy, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai 25, India; Suthanthiraraj, S.A., Department of Energy, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai 25, India; Nasar, A.S., Department of Polymer Science, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Tamil Nadu, Chennai 25, India	An amine-terminated hyperbranched poly(aryl-ether-urea) (HBPEU) was prepared from an AB2-type blocked isocyanate monomer and then its end groups were modified into urea (M-HBPEU) by reaction with phenyl isocyanate. Both of the polymers were doped with N3-dye along with KI/I2 to work as efficient polymer electrolytes in nanocrystalline dye sensitized solar cell. The increment in the conductivity of doped HBPEU and doped M-HBPEU was very significant and reached its value at 8.2 × 10-3 and 4.1 × 10-2 S/cm, respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of these two doped polymers measured under simulated sunlight with AM 1.5 at 60 mW/cm2 generate photocurrent of 2.5 and 3.6 mA/cm2, together with a photo voltage of 690 and 750 mV, and fill factor of 0.55 and 0.61 yielding a overall energy conversion efficiency of 2.4% and 4.1%, respectively. These results suggest that M-HBPEU show better cell performance and conductance properties than the HBPEU. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	blocked isocyanate monomer; dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC); hyperbranched poly (aryl-ether-urea); ion conducting polymer; photovoltaic applications; polymer electrolyte	Conducting polymers; Energy conversion; Ethers; Monomers; Polyelectrolytes; Solar cells; Urea; Blocked isocyanates; Dye-sensitized solar cells; Hyperbranched; Ion-conducting polymers; Photovoltaic applications; Polymer electrolyte; Metabolism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17144423262	Impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma, Northern KwaZulu-Natal from January to August 2003	Vaughan Williams C.H.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	1	None	Mosvold Hospital, South Africa; Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	Vaughan Williams, C.H., Mosvold Hospital, South Africa, Private Bag X2211, Ingwavuma 3968, South Africa	An analysis of the causes of death certified at Mosvold Hospital, Ingwavuma demonstrates the impact of HIV/AIDS in the region. HIV/AIDS appears to be responsible for about 45% of registered deaths in both males and females after the age of nine years. There is a significant difference in the mean age at death between males and females succumbing to the disease after the age of nine years: the average age at death of females from HIV/AIDS is 35 years, and the average age for males is 40 years. The younger average age of death from HIV/AIDS in females, together with a higher expected age of death from non-HIV causes, means that females lose considerably more years of life due to HIV/AIDS than males. The figures for this part of northern KwaZulu-Natal indicate a higher impact of HIV/AIDS on deaths than in previous assessments for South Africa as a whole.	Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Mortality; South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adult; aged; article; cause of death; child; death certificate; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; male; mortality; sex difference; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049441052	Organic geochemical evaluation of the oil/gas-generative potential of organic matter in Cretaceous strata from the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria	Odigi M.I., Amajor L.C.	2010	Chinese Journal of Geochemistry	29	3	10.1007/s11631-010-0451-9	Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Odigi, M.I., Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Amajor, L.C., Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	An analytical procedure involving Rock-Eval pyrolysis of whole-rocks was adopted on fresh outcrop samples covering the three lithostratigraphic units in the Afikpo Basin of the Lower Benue Trough. Three petroleum systems are present in the Cretaceous delta frame: the Asu-River Group, the Eze-Aku Group and proto-Niger Delta sequences. The Afikpo Basin has been correlated to three petroleum systems in the Lower Congo Basin, Niger Delta and the Anambra Basin. The organic geochemistry of the shales, carbonaceous mudstones and coal beds show relatively moderate to high total organic carbon contents. The best potential hydrocarbon source rocks are the Eze-Aku Group and proto-Niger Delta shales, carbonaceous mudstones and coal beds where maturation was attained. The high total organic contents, thermal maturity and terrigenous characters of the Asu-River Group, Eze-Aku Group and proto-Niger Delta sediments, suggest the presence of a large amount of natural gas with a small quantity of oil accumulation. Variations in source rock facies were observed from one lithostratigraphic unit to another, and initial HI values as a function of TOC were proposed for each lithostratigraphic unit. The results also show that TOC, HI, OI, S2 and Tmax vary from older to younger rocks. The Tmax values discriminate the rocks into immature and mature source rocks. Source rocks with high Tmax suggest high geothermal gradient/or recycled organic matter. Also high Tmax and S2 yield indicate late and post maturity. Recycled organic matter is characterized by low Tmax. The principal source rocks for gas in the Afikpo Basin are the Eze-Aku Group and proto-Niger Delta beds deltaic systems, consisting mainly of III to IV kerogens with a subordinate amount of type II organic matter. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the Cretaceous shales, carbonaceous mudstones and coals in the Afikpo Basin of the Lower Benue Trough are capable of generating and expelling hydrocarbons in the case of sufficient maturity. © 2010 Science Press, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer Berlin Heidelberg.	Cretaceous strata; Lower Benue Trough; Nigeria; oil/gas-generative potential; organic geochemical evaluation; organic matter	Benue trough; Cretaceous strata; Nigeria; oil/gas-generative potential; organic geochemical evaluation; Organic matter; Analytical geochemistry; Biogeochemistry; Biological materials; Coal; Coal deposits; Coal industry; Exploratory geochemistry; Hydrocarbons; Petroleum deposits; Pyrolysis; Recycling; Rocks; Shale; Organic carbon; coal seam; Cretaceous; crude oil; hydrocarbon generation; hydrocarbon reservoir; mudstone; natural gas; organic geochemistry; organic matter; shale; source rock; Benue Valley; Nigeria; Cyanea angustifolia; Katsuwonus pelamis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879891419	Palygorskite hybridized carbon nanocomposite as a high-performance electrocatalyst support for formic acid oxidation	Wang K., Wang H., Wang R., Key J., Linkov V., Ji S.	2013	South African Journal of Chemistry	66	None	None	Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa	Wang, K., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Wang, H., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Wang, R., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key, J., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa; Linkov, V., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa; Ji, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa	A nanocomposite, in which acid-treated palygorskite was hybridized with carbon, was prepared and designed as an efficient support for electrocatatlysts. Pd nanoparticles were deposited on the hybrid support as an electrocatalyst for formic acid oxidation. The hybrid supports and electrocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).TEMandXRDresults showed that acid treatment had an effective impact on the morphology of palygorskite, but did not destroy its architecture. XPS results indicated that the introduction of palygorskite resulted in a negative shift of binding energy of Pd deposited on it. The electrochemical results showed that the addition of palygorskite into the carbon facilitated the formation ofOHads orOads on the surface of Pd/C-PLS, and further improved the formic acid electrooxidation activity. Therefore, considerable improvements in electrocatalytic activity toward formic acid oxidation was achieved by using this hybrid support when compared with conventional carbon support, suggesting that the introduction of SiO2-based porous palygoriskite was an excellent and cost-efficient way to improve the electrocatalytic performance of carbon support.	Composite support; Electrocatalyst; Formic acid electrooxidation; Palygorskite	None	21163018, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China; 20110490847, NSF, National Science Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929992405	Oxygen reduction reaction at MWCNT-modified nanoscale iron(ii) tetrasulfophthalocyanine: Remarkable performance over platinum and tolerance toward methanol in alkaline medium	Fashedemi O.O., Ozoemena K.I.	2015	RSC Advances	5	29	10.1039/c5ra03133h	Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa	Fashedemi, O.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa	A nanoscale iron(ii) tetrasulfophthalocyanine (nanoFeTSPc) catalyst obtained by co-ordinating with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and subsequently anchored onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has been reported. Two types of MWCNTs, hydroxyl/carboxyl-functionalized (o-MWCNTs) and sulfonate-functionalized (s-MWCNTs) were used as the supporting platforms for the catalysts (nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT and nanoFeTSPc-s-MWCNT, only 9 wt% loading of the nanoFeTSPc). The nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT gave the best performance towards ORR in terms of high catalytic current density, more positive onset potential (E<inf>onset</inf> = -0.02 V vs. Ag/AgCl), half-wave potential (E<inf>1/2</inf> = -0.32 V vs. Ag/AgCl), and high catalytic rate constant (k ∼ 1.6 × 10-2 cm s-1) compared to the nanoFeTSPc-s-MWCNT counterpart or the Pt/XC-72 (80% Pt loading). The ORR performance generally follows this trend: nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT > Pt/XC-72 > nanoFeTSPc-s-MWCNT. The MWCNT-modified nanoFeTSPc complexes are much better than observed for the individual components, nanoFeTSPc, o-MWCNT and s-MWCNT. In addition, the nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT essentially followed a 4-electron pathway, while the nanoFeTSPc-s-MWCNT followed a 2-electron pathway. The excellent performance of the nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT correlates very well with the more homogenous dispersion and higher degree of attachment of the nanoFeTSPc on the surface of the o-MWCNT than on the s-MWCNTs. Unlike Pt/XC-72, the nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT exhibited excellent tolerance toward methanol contamination. The excellent ORR activity of the nanoFeTSPc-o-MWCNT at a very low catalyst loading, coupled with its excellent methanol tolerance compared to the commercial platinum, promises to serve as a viable non-noble alternative to the expensive noble metal catalysts (such as Pt and Pd) for alkaline fuel cells. © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Alkaline fuel cells; Catalysts; Electrolytic reduction; Fuel cells; Iron compounds; Methanol; Nanotechnology; Oxygen; Palladium; Platinum; Platinum metals; Precious metals; Rate constants; Silver; Yarn; Half-wave potential; Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide; Homogenous dispersions; Individual components; Methanol tolerance; Noble metal catalysts; Oxygen reduction reaction; Supporting platform; Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCN)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449528631	Preparation of low temperature nano-structured ZnO and RhO2 on titanium substrates, and evaluation for phenol electro-catalytic oxidation	Klink M.J., Crouch A.M.	2009	Microchimica Acta	166	42371	10.1007/s00604-009-0157-z	Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Klink, M.J., Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Crouch, A.M., Faculty of Science, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	An approach based on a thermodynamical growth control concept of ZnO and RhO2 nano-structured metal oxides on a titanium substrate for electro-catalytic oxidation of phenol is demonstrated. These nano-structured metal oxide materials prepared via a low temperature thin film growth technique were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of the method employed, i.e. three-dimensional arrays, could be clearly seen in the estimated values of surface roughness. The scanning electron technique confirmed the sizes of the metal titanium oxide materials in the nano range: The diameter of the ZnO rods ranges from 50-150 nanometers and the lengths from 1-2 μm. The diameters of RhO2 showed oval structures from 10-100 nanometers. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that at 450 °C and 800 °C (the calcination temperature) no further structural changes occurred due to mass loss for ZnO and RhO2 respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed that both the Ti/ZnO and Ti/RhO2 nano-structured electrodes can be used for phenol electro-catalytic oxidation and that the Ti/RhO2 electrode can also be used as a sensor for the detection of phenol. © Springer-Verlag 2009.	Cyclic voltammetry (CV); Metal oxide nano-structures; Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942817362	Performance Analysis of Cross QAM with MRC Over Dual Correlated Nakagami-m, -n, and -q Channels	Kamdar M.W., Xu H.	2015	Wireless Personal Communications	84	4	10.1007/s11277-015-2780-9	School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Kamdar, M.W., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Xu, H., School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	An approximation of the symbol error probability (SEP) of the cross QAM (XQAM) signal in a single-input multiple-output system over dual correlated Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, Nakagami-n (Rice) and Nakagami-q (Hoyt) fading channels is derived. The maximal-ratio combining is considered as the diversity technique, and the average SEP is obtained by using the moment generating function (MGF). Arbitrarily tight approximations for the Gaussian Q-function and the generalized Gaussian Q-function are obtained from the numerical analysis technique; the trapezoidal rule. The resulting expressions consist of a finite sum of MGF’s which are easily evaluated and accurate enough. In addition, a transformation technique is used to derive independent channels from the correlated channels which are then used in the analysis. The simulation results show excellent agreement with the derived approximation expressions. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Correlated; Cross QAM; Nakagami; Performance analysis	Blind equalization; Fading channels; Probability; Correlated; Maximal ratio combining (MRC); Moment generating function; Nakagami; Performance analysis; Single input multiple output systems; Symbol error probabilities (SEP); Transformation techniques; Channel capacity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929402738	The impact of triggers on forensic acquisition and analysis of databases	Hauger W.K., Olivier M.S.	2015	SAIEE Africa Research Journal	106	2	None	Department of Computer Science, Corner of University Road and Lynnwood Road, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Corner of University Road and Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa	Hauger, W.K., Department of Computer Science, Corner of University Road and Lynnwood Road, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Olivier, M.S., Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria, Corner of University Road and Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, South Africa	An aspect of database forensics that has not received much attention in the academic research community yet is the presence of database triggers. Database triggers and their implementations have not yet been thoroughly analysed to establish what possible impact they could have on digital forensic analysis methods and processes. This paper firstly attempts to establish if triggers could be used as an anti-forensic mechanism in databases to potentially disrupt or even thwart forensic investigations. Secondly, it explores if triggers could be used to manipulate ordinary database actions for nefarious purposes and at the same time implicate innocent parties. The database triggers as defined in the SQL standard were studied together with a number of database trigger implementations. This was done in order to establish what aspects of a trigger might have an impact on digital forensic analysis. It is demonstrated in this paper that certain database forensic acquisition and analysis methods are impacted by the possible presence of non-data triggers. This is specific to databases that provide non-data trigger implementations. Furthermore, it finds that the forensic interpretation and attribution processes should be extended to include the handling and analysis of all database triggers. This is necessary to enable a more accurate attribution of actions in all databases that provide any form of trigger implementations. © 2014 IEEE.	Database forensics; Database triggers; Digital forensic analysis; Methods; Processes	Computer crime; Electronic crime countermeasures; Processing; Academic research; Analysis method; Anti-Forensics; Database triggers; Digital forensic analysis; Forensic acquisition; Forensic investigation; Methods; Database systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958730136	Modern mill technology and centralised processing system, an alternative for improving performance of palm oil mills in Abia State, Nigeria	Owolarafe O.K., Oni O.A.	2011	Technology in Society	33	02-Jan	10.1016/j.techsoc.2011.03.002	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; New Nigerian Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria	Owolarafe, O.K., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oni, O.A., New Nigerian Foundation, Lagos, Nigeria	An assessment of palm fruit processing technologies in Abia State palm oil industry was carried out in this study. About 95% of the mills were in the small scale category with capacities in the range 0.2-3.0 t/hr. Majority (80-90%) of the mills still utilized local drums for sterilisation of fruit and clarification of oil. Palm fruit digestion and oil extraction operations have been mechanised to some extent with about 90% of the mills having one device or the other to handle the operations. Hand-operated screw press was predominant (80%) in most of the mill as a device for palm oil extraction. Fruit stripping was manually carried out. Nut/fibre separation by mechanical method is adopted by small group (40%) of the mills and 90% of the mills utilize nut cracker to crack their nuts. Most of the machines being utilized are sourced locally. Maintenance of the machines was being carried out mainly when they develop faults. More than 50% of the mills have abandoned one machine or the other with breakdown of machines being the predominant reason. Most of the mills sourced fruit by purchase or served as processing centre. The extraction rate of the mills was very low and was in the range of 7-13%. Cost of production was very high when compared with other West African palm oil producing countries. Introduction of a large scale mill utilising modern technology (and centralised processing system) in form of Public Private Partnership is being proposed. Such system will have to be backed up a palm oil act as well as adequate mobilization of the farmers in order to facilitate the adoption of the system by farmers. A modern mill of 5 t/hr capacity is being planned to serve a group of farmers in a catchment area as a model. This system will make available prompt returns to the farmers to strengthen their palm fruit production capacity and guarantee high quality oil that can be exported. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Extraction efficiency; Maintenance; Mill technology; Oil palm; Oil yield; Quality	Catchment area; Cost of productions; Extraction efficiencies; Extraction rate; Fruit processing; Fruit production; High quality; Improving performance; Mechanical methods; Mill technology; Modern technologies; Nigeria; Oil extraction; Oil palm; Oil yield; One-machine; Palm oil; Processing systems; Public private partnerships; Screw press; Small groups; Small scale; Agriculture; Catchments; Extraction; Fruits; Maintainability; Technology; Vegetable oils; industrial performance; industrial production; industrial technology; maintenance; milling; oil industry; public-private partnership; Abia; Nigeria; Elaeis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77049112778	Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of root and leaf extracts of Terminalia Glaucescens	Ayepola O.O.	2009	Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences	3	2	None	Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Ayepola, O.O., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	An assessment of the antimicrobial activity of the leaf and root extracts of Terminalia glaucescens against certain bacterial isolates were carried out. The organisms tested included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Proteus spp, using the agar dilution method. The root and leaf extracts showed appreciable activity against all the tested organisms. However the root extract was found to have a higher activity at 100mg mL-than the 1 leaf extract at the same concentration especially on the two Gram positive bacteria tested. The mean diameter of the zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts was between 15mm and 33mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts against the bacterial isolates were also determined. The lowest MIC observed for both the root and leaf extracts was 6.25 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was compared with ampicillin used as a positive control. © 2009, American Eurasian Network for Scientific Information.	Agar dilution method; Antibacterial activity; Phytochemical screening; Terminalia glaucescens	Bacillus anthracis; Bacteria (microorganisms); Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Posibacteria; Proteus (enterobacteria); Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi; Staphylococcus aureus; Terminalia; Terminalia glaucescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847666890	Recovery assessment of a refined-oil impacted and fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem	Otitoloju A.A., Are T., Junaid K.A.	2007	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	127	03-Jan	10.1007/s10661-006-9285-7	Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Environment, National Reference Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria	Otitoloju, A.A., Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Are, T., Department of Zoology, Ecotoxicology Laboratory, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Junaid, K.A., Federal Ministry of Environment, National Reference Laboratory, Lagos, Nigeria	An assessment of the diversity and abundance of macrobenthic community in a refined-oil (petrol) impacted and fire-ravaged mangrove ecosystem within the vicinity of a marine receipt terminal facility (Atlas Cove) serving as a distribution and pump station for refined products was carried out. The mangrove ecosystem was subjected to massive petrol spillage from a leaking pipeline and eventual fire outbreak. Following rehabilitation activities, a recovery assessment of the impacted ecosystem was carried out. The field surveys revealed that the petrol leakage and fire outbreak resulted in a near complete destruction of the mangrove ecosystem around the Atlas Cove depot, with macrobenthic species diversity index ranging between 00.4, compared to 0.780.87 in the control stations. The dominant early arrivals or colonizers of the impacted stations areas were Clibanarius africanus and Callinectes amnicola. Early signs of recovery of the impacted area were observed within about two and a half (2 1/2) to three (3) months, based on diversity and abundance indices respectively. The period of early signs of recovery also coincide with an observed reduction in the total hydrocarbon content (THC) levels in the sediment collected from the impacted stations by about nine folds from 3.67 mg/kg to 0.42 mg/kg within 3 months. Despite the apparent signs of recovery, the need for long-term monitoring of the impacted stations was discussed. © Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. 2006.	Atlas cove; Fire; Macrobenthos; Mangrove; Petroleum products; Recovery assessment	Environmental impact; Environmental impact assessments; Environmental protection; Fire hazards; Fires; Leakage (fluid); Petroleum pipelines; Petroleum products; Petroleum refining; Fire outbreak; Fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem; Macrobenthic community; Petrol spillage; Ecosystems; gasoline; hydrocarbon; abundance; assessment method; diversity index; macrobenthos; mangrove; oil spill; petroleum hydrocarbon; pollution effect; pollution monitoring; species diversity; article; biodiversity; controlled study; ecosystem fire history; ecosystem regeneration; ecosystem restoration; environmental impact assessment; environmental monitoring; macrobenthos; mangrove; Nigeria; petrochemical industry; population abundance; species diversity; spillage; vegetation; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Remediation; Fires; Geologic Sediments; Nigeria; Petroleum; Rhizophoraceae; Callinectes amnicola; Clibanarius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934290452	Modeling impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture demand in the Volta Basin and other basin systems in Ghana	Amisigo B.A., McCluskey A., Swanson R.	2015	Sustainability (Switzerland)	7	6	10.3390/su7066957	CSIR-Water Research Institute, P.O. Box AH38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana; Engineering Management, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; Civil Engineering, University of Colorado, 352 Summer Ave., Reading, MA, United States	Amisigo, B.A., CSIR-Water Research Institute, P.O. Box AH38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana; McCluskey, A., Engineering Management, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; Swanson, R., Civil Engineering, University of Colorado, 352 Summer Ave., Reading, MA, United States	An assessment of the impacts of projected climate change on water availability and crop production in the Volta Basin and the southwestern and coastal basin systems of Ghana has been undertaken as a component of the impacts and adaptation study for Ghana by UNU-WIDER and the University of Ghana. Four climate change scenarios were considered in addition to a reference (no change) scenario-two dry and two wet scenarios. To conduct the analysis, a portion of a special framework using three water models was used; the framework is called the Strategic Analysis of Climate resilient Development (SACReD). First, the CliRun water balance model was used to simulate catchment runoffs using projected rainfall and temperature under the scenarios. Second, climate impacts on yields of the economically important Ghana crops were modeled using the AquaCrop software. Third, the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software was used for the water allocation modeling. The results show that all water demands (municipal, hydropower, and agriculture) cannot be simultaneously met currently, or under any of the scenarios used, including the wet scenarios. This calls for an evaluation of groundwater as an additional source of water supply and an integrated water resources management plan in the catchments to balance demand with supply and ensure sustainable socio-economic development. In addition, the AquaCrop model forecasts negative impacts for the crop yields studied, with some crops and regions seeing larger impacts than others. © 2015 by the authors.	Agriculture; Climate change; Ghana; Water resources	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873039519	Impact of Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus 1758 (Crustacea: Copepoda) almost a decade after an initial parasitic outbreak in fish of Malilangwe Reservoir, Zimbabwe	Dalu T., Nhiwatiwa T., Clegg B., Barson M.	2012	Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems	None	406	10.1051/kmae/2012020	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant Harare, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, P. Bag 7085, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe	Dalu, T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant Harare, South Africa, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Nhiwatiwa, T., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant Harare, South Africa; Clegg, B., Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, P. Bag 7085, Chiredzi, Zimbabwe; Barson, M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant Harare, South Africa	An assessment was carried out on the impact of Lernaea cyprinacea on fish populations ten years after its first outbreak in the Malilangwe reservoir, and Lernaea cyprinacea is currently showing no sign of declining in the reservoir. Eight fish species were examined for ectoparasite prevalence and intensity. The possible relationship between L. cyprinacea infestation and environmental factors were investigated. Two parasite species, L. cyprinacea in Oreochromis mossambiccus, Oreochromis placidus, Oreochromis macrochir, Labeo altivelis and Tilapia rendalli and trematode cysts (Clinostomoides brieni) in Clarias gariepinus were found. Lernaea cyprinacea prevalence was 100% amongst all cichlids but varied for L. altivelis. Parasite intensity increased during the cool, dry season (May to July), with the greatest mean intensity being observed amongst the cichlids. There was a significant relationship between parasite intensity and environmental factors; dissolved oxygen (p < 0.05), temperature (p < 0.001) and pH (p < 0.001). © ONEMA, 2012.	Cichlids; Clinostomoides brieni; Intensity; Lernaea cyprinacea; Malilangwe; Parasite	Cichlidae; Clarias gariepinus; Copepoda; Crustacea; Labeo; Lernaea cyprinacea; Oreochromis; Oreochromis macrochir; Oreochromis placidus; Tilapia; Tilapia rendalli; Trematoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946823310	Evaluation of the global solar irradiance in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa, using different theoretical models	Mulaudzi T.S., Maluta N.E., Sankaran V.	2015	Turkish Journal of Physics	39	3	10.3906/fiz-1505-9	Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Mulaudzi, T.S., Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Maluta, N.E., Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Sankaran, V., Department of Physics, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa	An attempt has been made to employ three different theoretical models for the determination of global solar radiation for the climate conditions of the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province in South Africa. The models are: 1) the Angstrom linear-based model, 2) the Hargreaves and Samani (temperature-based) model, and 3) the Garcia model. These models require the following meteorological data inputs: temperature, sunshine hours, and global solar irradiance on the horizontal surface. The regression coefficients from our previous study were also employed in the calculations. A 4-year (2007{2010) global solar irradiance and temperature data set from the Agricultural Research Council and the actual sunshine data set from the South African Weather Services were used. The monthly average global solar irradiance for the four selected areas of study were computed and compared with the in situ data. The results obtained show that the Angstrom linear and temperature-based models are suitable methods for predicting the global solar irradiance in this study area. The difference between the observed and the predicted data is less than 6.5 MJ/(m2 day). Their root mean square error varies between 0.0112 and 0.0368. Graphical representations of the irradiances versus the days of the year showed high values during summer for all the models used. © TÜBITAK.	Global solar irradiance; Regression coefficients; Root mean square error; Sunshine hours	Data flow analysis; Mean square error; Meteorology; Solar radiation; Agricultural research; Global solar irradiances; Global solar radiation; Graphical representations; Meteorological data; Regression coefficient; Root mean square errors; Sunshine Hour; Climate models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250666645	Search for a meteoritic component in drill cores from the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Platinum group element contents and osmium isotopic characteristics	McDonald I., Peucker-Ehrenbrink B., Coney L., Ferrière L., Reimold W.U., Koeberl C.	2007	Meteoritics and Planetary Science	42	42465	None	School of Earth Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541, United States; Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Mineralogy, Museum for Natural History, Humboldt University in Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany	McDonald, I., School of Earth Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 360 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1541, United States; Coney, L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Ferrière, L., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Reimold, W.U., Department of Mineralogy, Museum for Natural History, Humboldt University in Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Koeberl, C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria	An attempt was made to detect a meteoritic component in both crater-fill (fallback) impact breccias and fallout suevites (outside the crater rim) at the Bosumtwi impact structure in Ghana. Thus far, the only clear indication for an extraterrestrial component related to this structure has been the discovery of a meteoritic signature in Ivory Coast tektites, which formed during the Bosumtwi impact event. Earlier work at Bosumtwi indicated unusually high levels of elements that are commonly used for the identification of meteoritic contamination (i.e., siderophile elements, including the platinum group elements [PGE]) in both target rocks and impact breccias from surface exposures around the crater structure, which does not allow unambiguous verification of an extraterrestrial signature. The present work, involving PGE abundance determinations and Os isotope measurements on drill core samples from inside and outside the crater rim, arrives at the same conclusion. Despite the potential of the Os isotope system to detect even small amounts of extraterrestrial contribution, the wide range in PGE concentrations and Os isotope composition observed in the target rocks makes the interpretation of unradiogenic, high-concentration samples as an impact signature ambiguous. © The Meteoritical Society, 2007. Printed in USA.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052277610	Cultivation performance of Pleurotus pulmonarius in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria, using wood chippings and rice straw waste	Akinmusire O.O., Omomowo I.O., Oguntoye S.I.K.	2011	Advances in Environmental Biology	5	8	None	Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	Akinmusire, O.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Omomowo, I.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Oguntoye, S.I.K., Department of Microbiology, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria	An attempt was made to investigate the potential of growing Pleurotus pulmonarius in the hot climatic weather environment of Maiduguri, Nigeria by using cheap and easily available waste materials. The steps involved in the cultivation were composting the substrates, bagging the substrates, sterilizing the bagged compost, spawning, incubation and cropping. A completely randomized design was used with two treatments and five replications. An un-inoculated bag served as the control. On the average, spawn run duration, pinhead formation and fructification was faster for the rice straw substrate when compared to the sawdust substrate. It took an average of 22days for the spawn run in rice straw substrate, compare to 35days for the sawdust substrate. Also, pinhead formation was faster in rice straw substrate when compare with sawdust substrate. The result showed the potential of cheap and easily available substrate for oyster mushroom production.	Fructification; Pin head; Spawning; Waste materials	Pleurotus; Pleurotus ostreatus; Pleurotus pulmonarius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36849093892	Evaluation of maize yield in an on-farm maize-soybean and maize-Lablab crop rotation systems in the Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Okogun J.A., Sanginga N., Abaidoo R.C.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	10	21	None	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; IITA, c/o	Okogun, J.A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA, c/o L.W. Lamboum and Co., 26 Dingwall Rd., Croydon CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Sanginga, N., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Abaidoo, R.C., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria	An attempt was made to solving the problem of shortfall of fertilizer to maize production in the Northern Guinea Savanna (NGS) of Nigeria by harnessing the potentials of legume/cereal crop rotation in on-farm trials. The yield of maize that succeeded two soybean varieties and Lablab in a two-cycle of soybean/maize and Lablab/maize crop rotation in NGS Nigeria was assessed in researcher-managed and farmer-managed plots. Though maize that followed the soybean received between 5 kg N ha-1 from improved soybean variety (TGx 1448-2E) and 17 kg N ha-1 from farmer soybean variety (Samsoy-2) as N balance, this did not significantly (p = 0.05) affect the maize yields. The soybean shed 90-100% of its leaves at physiological maturity which resulted in about 110 kg N ha-1 N uptake. This source of N might be one of the factors responsible for the increase in maize yield that followed soybean (20 to 24%) compared with continuous maize yield plot. Maize yield in previous Lablab plot was significantly (p = 0.05) higher than in all other treatments. Maize yield in farmer-managed plot ranged between 0.13 and 4.53 t ha -1, maize yield in researcher-managed plot was over 200% higher than maize yield in farmer-managed plot because of poor crop management on the part of the farmer. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Fertilizer; Maize; Northern Guinea savanna; Rotation; Soybean	nitrogen; agriculture; article; biological model; chemistry; crop; growth, development and aging; maize; metabolism; methodology; Nigeria; nitrogen fixation; soil; soybean; Agriculture; Crops, Agricultural; Models, Biological; Nigeria; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; Soil; Soybeans; Zea mays; Glycine max; Lablab; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889656263	The impact of physical exercise on convergent and divergent thinking	Colzato L.S., Szapora A., Pannekoek J.N., Hommel B.	2013	Frontiers in Human Neuroscience	7	DEC	10.3389/fnhum.2013.00824	Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Leiden University Medical Centre and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands	Colzato, L.S., Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Szapora, A., Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Pannekoek, J.N., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Leiden University Medical Centre and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; Hommel, B., Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands	Anecdotal literature suggests that creative people sometimes use bodily movement to help overcome mental blocks and lack of inspiration. Several studies have shown that physical exercise may sometimes enhance creative thinking, but the evidence is still inconclusive. In this study we investigated whether creativity in convergent-and divergent-thinking tasks is affected by acute moderate and intense physical exercise in athletes (n = 48) and non-athletes (n = 48). Exercise interfered with divergent thinking in both groups. The impact on convergent thinking, the task that presumably required more cognitive control, depended on the training level: while in non-athletes performance was significantly impaired by exercise, athletes showed a benefit that approached significance. The findings suggest that acute exercise may affect both, divergent and convergent thinking. In particular, it seems to affect control-hungry tasks through exercise-induced ego-depletion, which however is less pronounced in individuals with higher levels of physical fitness, presumably because of the automatization of movement control, fitness-related neuroenergetic benefits, or both. © 2013 Colzato, Szapora, Pannekoek and Hommel.	Convergent thinking; Creativity; Divergent thinking; Fitness; Physical exercise	adult; article; athlete; controlled study; convergent thinking; creativity; divergent thinking; executive function; exercise; female; human; human experiment; male; normal human; task performance; thinking; training; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20744437324	The effectiveness of media use in health education: Evaluation of an HIV/AIDS television campaign in Ethiopia	Farr A.C., Witte K., Jarato K., Menard T.	2005	Journal of Health Communication	10	3	10.1080/10810730590934244	Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States	Farr, A.C., Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, 201K Winston Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States; Witte, K., Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jarato, K., Development Studies Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Menard, T., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States	An effective vehicle to change behaviors is entertainment education. To demonstrate entertainment education effects, researchers must first indicate that participants have been exposed to their program. Exposure to effective programs has been associated with increases in knowledge about program topics, attitude change, and self-efficacious perceptions. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new exposure technique that accurately and precisely determines direct exposure levels to Ethiopia's Journey of Life. Overall, the study found very high listenership, storyline recall, liking of the program, and strong desire to change behavior while maintaining low error rates in terms of verbatim recall of storylines and reported listener ship to a fictitious program. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc.	None	accuracy; adult; article; controlled study; error; Ethiopia; female; health education; human; male; mass medium; recall; television; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Radio; Television	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951679939	Evaluation of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation for estimating the glomerular filtration rate in multiple ethnicities	Stevens L.A., Claybon M.A., Schmid C.H., Chen J., Horio M., Imai E., Nelson R.G., Van Deventer M., Wang H.-Y., Zuo L., Zhang Y., Levey A.S.	2011	Kidney International	79	5	10.1038/ki.2010.462	Tufts Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Box 391, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Chemical Pathology, NHLS, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China	Stevens, L.A., Tufts Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Box 391, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Claybon, M.A., Tufts Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Box 391, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Schmid, C.H., Tufts Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Box 391, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Chen, J., Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Horio, M., Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Imai, E., Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Nelson, R.G., National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Phoenix, AZ, United States; Van Deventer, M., Department of Chemical Pathology, NHLS, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wang, H.-Y., Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Zuo, L., Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Zhang, Y., Tufts Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Box 391, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States; Levey, A.S., Tufts Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, Box 391, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, United States	An equation from the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) provides more accurate estimates of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) than that from the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) Study, although both include a two-level variable for race (Black and White and other). Since creatinine generation differs among ethnic groups, it is possible that a multilevel ethnic variable would allow more accurate estimates across all groups. To evaluate this, we developed an equation to calculate eGFR that includes a four-level race variable (Black, Asian, Native American and Hispanic, and White and other) using a database of 8254 patients pooled from 10 studies. This equation was then validated in 4014 patients using 17 additional studies from the United States and Europe (validation database), and in 1022 patients from China (675), Japan (248), and South Africa (99). Coefficients for the Black, Asian, and Native American and Hispanic groups resulted in 15, 5, and 1% higher levels of eGFR, respectively, compared with the White and other group. In the validation database, the two-level race equation had minimal bias in Black, Native American and Hispanic, and White and other cohorts. The four-level ethnicity equation significantly improved bias in Asians of the validation data set and in Chinese. Both equations had a large bias in Japanese and South African patients. Thus, heterogeneity in performance among the ethnic and geographic groups precludes use of the four-level race equation. The CKD-EPI two-level race equation can be used in the United States and Europe across a wide range of ethnicity. © 2011 International Society of Nephrology.	creatinine; ethnicity; glomerular filtration rate	adult; aged; article; China; chronic kidney disease; diet; ethnic group; ethnicity; Europe; female; glomerulus filtration rate; human; kidney disease; male; priority journal; race difference; South Africa; United States; validation process; Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874652403	Neuro-Fuzzy Expert System for evaluating the performance of Distributed Software System Architecture	Akinnuwesi B.A., Uzoka F.-M.E., Osamiluyi A.O.	2013	Expert Systems with Applications	40	9	10.1016/j.eswa.2012.12.039	Department of Information Technology, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada; Department of Computer Science and Technology, Bells Universit	Akinnuwesi, B.A., Department of Information Technology, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Uzoka, F.-M.E., Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada; Osamiluyi, A.O., Department of Computer Science and Technology, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	A Neuro-Fuzzy Performance Evaluation Model (NFPEM) proposed in Akinnuwesi, Uzoka, Olabiyisi, and Omidiora (2012) was reviewed in this work with the view of modifying it and thus making it flexible and scalable. The neuro-fuzzy expert system (NFES) reported in this paper is an enhancement to NFPEM with expert system components. NFES can be used to evaluate the performance of Distributed Software System Architecture (DSSA) with user-centric variables as parameters for performance measurement. The algorithm developed for NFES was implemented using Coldfusion programming language and MySQL relational database management system. The prototype of NFES was simulated using some life data and the performance results obtained point to the DSSA responsiveness to the users' requirements that are defined at the requirements definition phase of the software development process. Thus the performance value is a qualitative value representing DSSA (i.e. system) responsiveness. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Distributed Software System Architecture; Evaluation; Expert system; Organizational variable; Performance; Responsiveness	Distributed software system; Evaluation; Organizational variable; Performance; Responsiveness; Computer software; Database systems; Expert systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943383524	Evaluation of Curie-point depths, geothermal gradients and near-surface heat flow from high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data of the entire Sokoto Basin, Nigeria	Nwankwo L.I., Shehu A.T.	2015	Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research	305	None	10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.017	Department of Geophysics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Physics Unit, Centre for Preliminary and Extra-Mural Studies, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria	Nwankwo, L.I., Department of Geophysics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Shehu, A.T., Physics Unit, Centre for Preliminary and Extra-Mural Studies, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria	An evaluation of Curie-point depths, geothermal gradients and near-surface heat flow has been carried out from the spectral analysis of the recently acquired high resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data of the entire Sokoto Basin in northwestern Nigeria. The HRAM data was divided into twenty two (22) overlapping blocks and each block analyzed using the spectral centroid method to obtain depth to the top, centroid and bottom of magnetic sources. The depth values were subsequently used to evaluate the Curie-point depth (CPD), geothermal gradient and near-surface heat flow in the study area. The result shows that the CPD varies between 11.13 and 27.83km with an average of 18.57km, the geothermal gradient varies between 20.84 and 52.11°C/km with an average of 33.99°C/km, and the resulting heat flow varies between 52.11 and 130.28mWm-2 with an average of 84.97mWm-2. Such heat flow values are suggestive of anomalous geothermal conditions and are recommended for detailed geothermal exploration in the basin. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Aeromagnetic data; Curie-point depth; Geothermal exploration; Heat flow; Nigeria; Sokoto basin	Curie temperature; Geothermal energy; Geothermal prospecting; Heat transfer; Spectrum analysis; Aeromagnetic data; Curie point depths; Geothermal exploration; Nigeria; Sokoto basin; Magnetic prospecting; aeromagnetic survey; Curie point; geothermal system; heat flow; spectral analysis; temperature gradient; Nigeria; Sokoto Basin; Calluna vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70049096250	Study on reproductive activity and evaluation of breeding soundness of jacks (Equus asinus) in and around Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Lemma A., Deressa B.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	8	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Lemma, A., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Deressa, B., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	An evaluation of the reproductive performance and breeding soundness of jacks was carried out through a study on phenotypic traits (n=107), castrated jacks (n=22) and semen evaluation (n=3). Measurements including age, body condition score (BCS), body weight and testicular parameters were taken. Semen was collected using artificial vagina and was subjected to both gross and microscopic evaluation. The overall mean (±SD) BCS, age, and body weight for the jacks in the phenotypic study were 3.32±0.8, 11.1±4.7years, and 126 ±14.6kg, respectively. There was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in the mean scrotal circumference between the different BCS categories. A highly significant (p&lt;0.001) difference was observed in scrotal circumference among the different age groups with adult animals having the largest scrotal circumference. The mean (±SD) testis weight of the castrates was 276±33g while the ratio of testis weight to body weight was 1:2.1. A significant correlation was found between testis weight and scrotal circumference (r=0.43, p&lt;0.05), testis weight and BCS (r=0.47, p&lt; 0.05), and testis weight and body weight (r=0.81, p&lt;0.001). The mean (±SD) semen volume was 39.9±14.5ml. The mean (±SD) jell-free volume, motility and sperm concentration were 28.8±10.7ml, 85.4±8.6%, and 533 ± 33.1 x 106/ml, respectively. BCS, scrotal circumference and testis weight were significantly correlated to sperm concentration (p&lt;0.05; r=0.69; r=0.85 and 0.80, respectively). The mean time to erection was 3.3 minutes while length to semen collection was 5.4 minutes. The present study shows critical evaluation of the phenotypic traits to be important for stud selection and breeding soundness evaluation of jacks such as in artificial insemination.	Ethiopia; Jacks; Reproductive performance; Semen analysis; Testicular parameters	Animalia; Carangidae; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947323153	Evaluation of fungicides on growth and conidial germination of Verticillium theobromae isolated from plantain	Igeleke C.L., Ayanru D.K.G.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	4	None	Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Igeleke, C.L., Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ayanru, D.K.G., Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria, Department of Microbiology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	An evaluation of three fungicides, namely, benomyl [methyl 1-(butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate], calixin (tridomorph) and dithane M45 (mancozeb), was carried out for their inhibitory effects on Verticillium theobromae, the causal organism of cigar-end rot disease of plantain (Musa paradisiaca). The LD50 of calixin, benomyl and dithane M-45 in inhibiting mycelial growth, were 0.14, 0.98 and 535.17 μg mL-1, respectively. Calixin was also the most effective in conidial germination inhibition with an LD50 of 21.78 μg mL-1, as compared with dithane M-45 86.39 μg mL-1 and benomyl 275.50 μg mL-1. Germ tubes of the test organism were distorted by the fungicides at varying concentrations. Calixin had greater distortion effect at a lower concentration of 10 μg mL-1, dithane M-45 (100 μg mL-1) and benomyl (1000 μg mL-1). The relevance of these results in relation to the control and management of cigar-end rot disease of plantain is discussed. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Fungicide; Growth inhibition; Plantain; Verticillium theobromae	Conidial germination; Control and management; Distortion effects; Growth inhibition; Inhibitory effect; Mycelial growth; Plantain; Verticillium theobromae; Cultivation; Disease control; Fungicides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953647492	Evaluation of schistosoma mansoni morbidity one year after praziquantel treatment in rhino camp and obongi in West Nile, Uganda	Odongo-Aginya E.I., Lakwo T.L., Doehring E.	2010	African Journal of Infectious Diseases	4	2	None	Gulu University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Vector Control Division, P.O.Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; University of the Mountain of the Moon, P.O.Box 834, Fort Portal, Uganda	Odongo-Aginya, E.I., Gulu University, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Lakwo, T.L., Vector Control Division, P.O.Box 1661, Kampala, Uganda; Doehring, E., University of the Mountain of the Moon, P.O.Box 834, Fort Portal, Uganda	An evaluation study on reversibility of Schistosoma mansoni induced periportal fibrosis (PF) morbidity following treatment with praziquantel, 40mg/kg body weight after one year, was carried out in Rhino Camp and Obongi all are West Nile districts in northern Uganda. To assess the reversibility of Schistosoma (S) mansoni induced PFs morbidity following treatment with praziquantel, 40mg/kg body weight after one year. The design was a Prospective cohorts study; and the setting was a busy canoe landing sites along Albert Nile in Schistosoma (S) mansoni hyperendemic areas of Rhino Camp and Obongi fishing village were selected for the study. Previously in 2005, 1562 people including fishermen and women, school pupils, teachers, and civil servants were studied in both fishing villages for S. mansoni using Kato/Katz stool smear method. Abdominal ultrasonography and sonomorphological abnormalities of periportal fibrosis were performed with Aloka portable ultrasound machine (Hellige, Freiburg, Germany) fitted with a convex probe of 3.5 mega Hertz was also performed in the field clinic on all patients who had S. mansoni eggs in their faeces. The sonomorphological abnormalities of periportal fibrosis were categorised and organomorphometry of liver and spleen was done. One thousand two hundred and seventy three 1273 (81.5%) patients in Rhino Camp and Obongi fishing villages were found to be excreting from 100 to ≥ 500 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces of S. mansoni eggs. Two hundred and eighty nine (18.5%) did not have eggs of S.mansoni in their faeces. All the 1273 patients secreting eggs of S.mansoni in their stool in Rhino Camp and Obongi fishing villages had abdominal ultrasonography and sonomorphological abnormalities of periportal fibrosis. Eight hundred and forty 840 (66%) although excreted S. mansoni eggs in their stool had Pf (0); Pf grade (I), n=259 (20.3%); Pf grade (II) n =147 (11.5%); and Pf grade (III) n=27 (2.1%) were observed.	None	praziquantel; article; deterioration; drug efficacy; echography; feces analysis; female; human; liver fibrosis; major clinical study; male; morbidity; occupation; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; single drug dose; spleen size; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903306367	The HIV basic care package: Where is it available and who receives it? Findings from a mixed methods evaluation in Kenya and Uganda	Penfold S., Simms V., Downing J., Powell R.A., Mwangi-Powell F., Namisango E., Moreland S., Atieno M., Gikaara N., Kataike J., Kwebiha C., Munene G., Banga G., Higginson I.J., Harding R.	2014	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	26	9	10.1080/09540121.2014.882489	Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Futures Group, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Penfold, S., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Simms, V., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Downing, J., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Powell, R.A., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Mwangi-Powell, F., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Namisango, E., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Moreland, S., Futures Group, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Atieno, M., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Gikaara, N., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Kataike, J., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Kwebiha, C., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Munene, G., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Banga, G., African Palliative Care Association, Kampala, Uganda; Higginson, I.J., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Harding, R., Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom	An evidence-based basic care package (BCP) of seven interventions (Family testing, Cotrimoxazole, Condoms, Multivitamins, Access to safe water treatment, Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and Insecticide-treated bednet) has been advocated to prevent infections among people with HIV in low-income settings. We examined the availability and receipt of the BCP in HIV outpatient clinics in Kenya and Uganda. A survey of 120 PEPFAR-funded facilities determined the services offered. At each of the 12 largest facilities, a longitudinal cohort of 100 patients was recruited to examine care received and health status over three months. The full BCP was offered in 14% (n = 17/120) of facilities; interventions most commonly offered were Support for family testing (87%) and Condoms (87%), and least commonly IPT (38%). Patients (n = 1335) most commonly reported receiving Cotrimoxazole (57%) and Multivitamins (36%), and least commonly IPT (4%), directly from the facility attended. The BCP (excluding Isoniazid) was received by 3% of patients directly from the facility and 24% from any location. BCP receipt was associated with using antiretroviral therapy (ART; OR 1.1 (95% CI 1.0-1.1), receipt from any location) but not with patient gender, wealth, education level or health. The BCP should be offered at more HIV care facilities, especially Isoniazid, and to more people irrespective of ART use. Coordinating local BCP suppliers could help improve availability through addressing logistical challenges or reducing costs. © 2014 © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	delivery of healthcare; East Africa; HIV; opportunistic infections	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; cotrimoxazole; isoniazid; multivitamin; adult; article; bed net; condom; family testing; female; health; health care delivery; health care facility; health care survey; health status; HIV test; hospital; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; Kenya; major clinical study; male; mental health; palliative therapy; priority journal; Uganda; water supply; water treatment; delivery of healthcare; East Africa; HIV; opportunistic infections; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Condoms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Intervention Studies; Interviews as Topic; Isoniazid; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination; Uganda; Vitamins; Water Supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884332013	Fluorine substitution enhanced photovoltaic performance of a D-A 1-D-A2 copolymer	Dang D., Chen W., Yang R., Zhu W., Mammo W., Wang E.	2013	Chemical Communications	49	81	10.1039/c3cc44931a	Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Dang, D., Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden; Chen, W., Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Yang, R., Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; Zhu, W., Key Lab of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China; Mammo, W., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wang, E., Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering/Polymer Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden	A new alternating donor-acceptor (D-A1-D-A2) copolymer containing two electron-deficient moieties, isoindigo and quinoxaline, was synthesized. The photovoltaic performance of this polymer could be improved by incorporating fluorine atoms into the quinoxaline units, resulting in an efficiency of 6.32%. This result highlights the attractive promise of D-A 1-D-A2 copolymers for high-performance bulk heterojunction solar cells. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	copolymer; fluorine; quinoxaline; absorption; article; atom; atomic force microscopy; density functional theory; electric potential; electrical equipment; solar cell; substitution reaction; synthesis; Fluorine; Indoles; Polymers; Quantum Theory; Quinoxalines; Solar Energy	51173199, NSFC, National Natural Science Foundation of China
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949575717	Ex vivo evaluation of a microneedle array device for transdermal application	Indermun S., Choonara Y.E., Kumar P., Du Toit L.C., Modi G., Van Vuuren S., Luttge R., Pillay V.	2015	International Journal of Pharmaceutics	496	2	10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.070	Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Neurology, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; MyLife Technologies BV, Enschede, Netherlands; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands	Indermun, S., Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Choonara, Y.E., Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kumar, P., Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Du Toit, L.C., Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Modi, G., Department of Neurology, Division of Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Vuuren, S., Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Luttge, R., MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands, MyLife Technologies BV, Enschede, Netherlands, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Group and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Pillay, V., Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa	A new approach of transdermal drug delivery is the use of microneedles. This promising technique offers the potential to be broadly used for drug administration as it enables the dramatic increase in permeation of medicaments across the stratum corneum. The potential of microneedles has evolved to spawn a plethora of potential transdermal applications. In order to advance the microneedle capabilities and possibly revolutionize advanced drug delivery, this study introduces a novel transdermal electro-modulated hydrogel-microneedle array (EMH-MNA) device composed of a nano-porous, embeddable ceramic microneedle array as well as an optimized EMH for the electro-responsive delivery of indomethacin through the skin. The ex vivo permeation as well as drug release experiments were performed on porcine skin tissue to ascertain the electro-responsive capabilities of the device. In addition, the microbial permeation ability of the microneedles across the viable epidermis in both microneedle-punctured skin as well as hypodermic needle-punctured skin was determined. Ex vivo evaluation of the EMH-MNA device across porcine skin demonstrated that without electro-stimulation, significantly less drug release was obtained (±0.4540 mg) as compared to electro-stimulation (±2.93 mg). © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electro-modulated hydrogel; Indomethacin; Micro-organisms; Microneedles; Transdermal drug delivery	indometacin; animal tissue; Article; ceramics; controlled study; drug delivery system; drug penetration; drug release; electrostimulation; epidermis; ex vivo study; hydrogel; hypodermic needle; nonhuman; pathogen load; pig; porosity; priority journal; puncture; safety; skin; skin permeability; stratum corneum; tissues	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870154596	Evaluation of charge density and the theory for calculating membrane potential for a nano-composite nylon-6,6 nickel phosphate membrane	Arfin T., Falch A., Kriek R.J.	2012	Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics	14	48	10.1039/c2cp42683h	PGM Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Research Focus Area, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Arfin, T., PGM Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Research Focus Area, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Falch, A., PGM Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Research Focus Area, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Kriek, R.J., PGM Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation (CRB), North-West University, Research Focus Area, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	A new crystalline organic-inorganic nano-composite nylon-6,6 nickel phosphate membrane was synthesised subsequent to which (a) the physico-chemical characteristics of the membrane were evaluated employing FTIR, SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD and porosity measurements, and (b) membrane potential measurements were conducted employing different concentrations (0.0001 ≤ c (M) ≤ 1) of KCl, NaCl and LiCl 1:1 electrolyte solutions. The Teorell, Meyer and Sievers (TMS) theoretical method was employed for evaluating the charge density of the synthesised membranes, and the observed data were utilised to calculate membrane potentials using the extended TMS theory. Charge density for 1:1 electrolyte solutions was found to decrease in the order KCl > NaCl > LiCl, which is in accordance with a decrease in the size of the cation. The synthesised membrane was found to be cation-selective with the measured membrane potentials found to be positive in all instances, decreasing in the order LiCl > NaCl > KCl, which is in accordance with an increase in the size of the cation for the chosen electrolytes. Observed potential data were used to calculate the transference numbers, mobilities, distribution coefficients, and charge effectiveness of ions and the theoretically calculated potential values were found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed values. © 2012 the Owner Societies.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857511070	Multidimensional analysis of the complex composition of impact polypropylene copolymers: Combination of TREF, SEC-FTIR-HPer DSC, and high temperature 2D-LC	Cheruthazhekatt S., Pijpers T.F.J., Harding G.W., Mathot V.B.F., Pasch H.	2012	Macromolecules	45	4	10.1021/ma2026989	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; SciTe, Ridder Vosstraat 6, 6162 AX Geleen, Netherlands; Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Cheruthazhekatt, S., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Pijpers, T.F.J., SciTe, Ridder Vosstraat 6, 6162 AX Geleen, Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Harding, G.W., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa; Mathot, V.B.F., SciTe, Ridder Vosstraat 6, 6162 AX Geleen, Netherlands, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Pasch, H., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Matieland, South Africa	A new multidimensional fractionation technique, temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) combined with high temperature size exclusion chromatography FTIR (HT-SEC-FTIR), HT-SEC-DSC and high temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT-2D-LC) is used for the comprehensive analysis of a commercial impact polypropylene copolymer. HT-SEC-FTIR provides information regarding the chemical composition and crystallinity as a function of molar mass. Thermal analysis of selected SEC fractions yields the melting and crystallization behavior of these fractions which is related to the chemical heterogeneity of this complex copolymer. The thermal analysis of the fractions is conducted using a novel DSC method - high speed or high performance differential scanning calorimetry (HPer DSC) - that allows measuring of minute amounts of material down to micrograms. The most interesting and complex "midelution temperature" TREF fraction (80 °C) of this copolymer is a complex mixture of ethylene-propylene copolymers (EPC's) with varying ethylene and propylene contents and sequence length distributions, as well as iPP. High temperature solvent gradient HPLC has been used to show that there is a significant amount of PE homopolymer and EPC's containing long ethylene sequences in this TREF fraction. High temperature 2D-LC analysis reveals the complete separation of this TREF fraction according to the chemical composition of each component along with their molar mass distributions. © 2012 American Chemical Society.	None	Chemical compositions; Chemical heterogeneities; Complex compositions; Complex mixture; Comprehensive analysis; Crystallinities; Ethylene propylene copolymers; FTIR; High temperature; Impact polypropylene copolymer; Melting and crystallization; Molar mass distribution; Multidimensional analysis; Sequence length distributions; Solvent gradients; Temperature-rising elution; Two-dimensional liquid chromatography; Copolymers; Differential scanning calorimetry; Ethylene; Liquid chromatography; Propylene; Thermoanalysis; Thermoplastics; Polypropylenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906959586	Vortex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in wine samples by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography	Gure A., Lara F.J., García-Campaña A.M., Megersa N., Del Olmo-Iruela M.	2014	Food Chemistry	170	None	10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.065	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Gure, A., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lara, F.J., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain; García-Campaña, A.M., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Del Olmo-Iruela, M., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain	A new sample treatment, namely vortex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-IL-DLLME), followed by capillary liquid chromatography has been developed for the determination of four sulfonylurea herbicides (SUHs): flazasulfuron (FS), prosulfuron (PS), primisulfuron-methyl (PSM) and triflusulfuron-methyl (TSM) in wine samples. The ionic liquid (IL) 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C6MIM][PF6]) was used as extraction solvent and was dispersed using methanol into the sample solution, assisted by a vortex mixer. Various parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, such as type and amount of IL, type and volume of disperser solvent, sample pH, salting-out effect, vortex and centrifugation time were studied. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection and quantification of the proposed method were in the ranges of 3.2-6.6 and 10.8-22.0 μg kg-1, respectively; lower than the maximum residue limits set by the EU for these matrices. The proposed method was successfully applied to different wine samples and satisfactory recoveries were obtained. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Capillary liquid chromatography; Ionic liquid; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Wine samples	Capillary high-performance liquid chromatography; Capillary liquid chromatography; Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Wine sample; Ionic liquids; flazasulfuron; herbicide; imidazole derivative; ionic liquid; methanol; primisulfuron methyl; prosulfuron; sulfonylurea derivative; triflusulfuron methyl; unclassified drug; herbicide; ionic liquid; solvent; sulfonylurea derivative; Article; capillary high performance liquid chromatography; centrifugation; high performance liquid chromatography; limit of detection; limit of quantitation; liquid phase microextraction; pH; solvent extraction; vortex assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid liquid microextraction; wine; analysis; chemistry; high performance liquid chromatography; procedures; wine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Herbicides; Ionic Liquids; Solvents; Sulfonylurea Compounds; Wine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924292420	Design, synthesis and evaluation of small molecule imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles as inhibitors of transforming growth factor-β type-I receptor kinase (ALK5)	Patel H.M., Sing B., Bhardwaj V., Palkar M., Shaikh M.S., Rane R., Alwan W.S., Gadad A.K., Noolvi M.N., Karpoormath R.	2015	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	93	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.002	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India; Faculty of Medical Sciences, EWMS Complex, Mt. Hope, University of the West Indies, West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim (Surat), Gujarat, India	Patel, H.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Sing, B., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela (Ropar), Punjab, India; Bhardwaj, V., Department of Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India; Palkar, M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Shaikh, M.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Rane, R., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Alwan, W.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Gadad, A.K., Faculty of Medical Sciences, EWMS Complex, Mt. Hope, University of the West Indies, West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago; Noolvi, M.N., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim (Surat), Gujarat, India; Karpoormath, R., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa	A new series of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 5(a-g), 6(a-g), 9(a-i) and 12(a-h) were synthesized as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) type I receptor (also known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 or ALK5) inhibitors. These compounds were evaluated for their ALK5 inhibitory activity in an enzyme assay and their TGF-β -induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation inhibitory activity in a cell-based assay. Compound 6d, 2-(5-((2-cyclopropyl-6-(4-fluorophenyl) imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)methylene)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl) acetic acid, shows prominent ALK5 inhibition (IC50 Combining double low line 0.0012 μM) and elective inhibition (91%) against the P38αkinase at10 μM. The binding mode of compound 6d by XP docking studies shows that it fits well into the active site cavity of ALK5 by forming broad and tight interactions. Lipinski's rule and in silico ADME pharmacokinetic parameters are within the acceptable range defined for human use thereby indicating their potential as a drug-like molecules. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	ALK5; Lipinski's rule; Synthesis imidazo [2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; XP docking	2 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)phenol; 2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl) 6 phenylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 2 (5 ((2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dihydroxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((2 cyclopropyl 6 phenylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (3 aminophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazoldin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 (5 ((6 (4 chlorophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 5 yl)methylene) 4 oxo 2 thioxothiazolidin 3 yl)acetic acid; 2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4] thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 2 cyclopropyl 6 (2,4 dihydroxyphenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4] thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 2 cyclopropyl 6 (4 fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldeyde; 2 cyclopropyl 6 phenylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 3 (2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)aniline; 3 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)aniline; 4 (2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)benzene 1,3 diol; 4 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)aniline; 4 (2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazol 6 yl)benzene 1,3 diol; 6 (2,4 dichlorophenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (3 aminophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 (2,4 dichlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldeyde; 6 (4 bromophenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (4 chlorophenyl) 2 cyclopropylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole 5 carbaldehyde; 6 (4 chlorophenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 (4 methoxyphenyl) 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; 6 phenyl 2 m tolylimidazo[2,1 b][1,3,4]thiadiazole; thiadiazole derivative; transforming growth factor beta receptor 1; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; protein kinase inhibitor; protein serine threonine kinase; TGF-beta type I receptor; thiadiazole derivative; transforming growth factor beta receptor; Article; cell assay; computer model; drug design; drug inhibition; drug synthesis; IC50; protein phosphorylation; antagonists and inhibitors; CACO 2 cell line; chemical structure; chemistry; drug design; human; protein conformation; synthesis; Caco-2 Cells; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Drug Design; Humans; Models, Molecular; Protein Conformation; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; Thiadiazoles	National Research Foundation; National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907153133	Synthesis and anti-cancer evaluation of steroidal diglycoside-pyrazoline hybrids	Kankala S., Kankala R.K., Kommidi D.R., Mudithanapelli C., Balaboina R., Vadde R., Jonnalagadda S.B., Vasam C.S.	2014	RSC Advances	4	76	10.1039/c4ra05599c	Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India; Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Shou-Feng, Hualien Taiwan, Taiwan; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, India	Kankala, S., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Kankala, R.K., Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Shou-Feng, Hualien Taiwan, Taiwan; Kommidi, D.R., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Mudithanapelli, C., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India; Balaboina, R., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India; Vadde, R., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India; Jonnalagadda, S.B., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Vasam, C.S., Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University, Karimnagar, India	A new series of steroidal glycoside pyrazoline functional hybrid constructs (SG-pyrazolines 3a-k) synthesized were evaluated for in vitro anti-cancer cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines of lung, breast, CNS, colon and ovarian cancer. These hybrid constructs were also measured at their respective IC50values on normal cell lines of HMEC and CHO for evaluating the biocompatibility. Several of these new hybrid constructs were found to possess higher growth inhibition activity than the standard cisplatin and support the concept to modulate drug receptor interaction. Regarding the synthesis, firstly a new SG molecule, an extract of Caralluma gracillis, was converted to the chalcones (2a-k) via the condensation of sp3C-H bonds on methyl keto of the D-ring of SG with appropriate substituted benzaldehydes. The cyclocondensation of SG-chalcones (2a-k) with hydrazine specifically catalyzed by Ag(i) N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag(i)-NHC) in ethanol has produced selectively the SG-pyrazoline hybrids (3a-k). This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2014.	None	Biocompatibility; Cell culture; Cytotoxicity; Diseases; Organic compounds; Platinum compounds; Silver; Cyclocondensation; Cytotoxic activities; Drug-receptor interactions; Growth-inhibition activities; Human tumor cell lines; Hybrid constructs; N-heterocyclic carbenes; Substituted benzaldehydes; Synthesis (chemical)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56449085002	Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel tetrasubstituted thiophene analogues as anti-inflammatory agents	Molvi K.I., Sudarsanam V., Patel M.M., Haque N.	2008	Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry	23	6	10.1080/14756360701608692	School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India; Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat Vidayanagar, Mehsana Gujarat, India; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Molvi, K.I., School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Sudarsanam, V., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India; Patel, M.M., Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat Vidayanagar, Mehsana Gujarat, India; Haque, N., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	A new series of tetrasubstituted thiophene analogues (4a-4f, 5a-5f and 8a-8i) were designed incorporating the pharmacophoric features of COX-1 (as in fenamates), 5-LOX and the p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. The designed series was synthesized by nucleophilic addition of aryl/ aroylisothiocyanate and enamine (2) yielding the addition product l-(α-Carbomethoxy-β-aminothiocrotonoyl)-aryl/aroyl amines (3/7); which on reaction with substituted phenacyl bromides gave the targeted tetrasubstituted thiophene esters (4a-4f/8a-8i). The tetrasubstituted thiophenes esters (4a-4f) on hydrolysis with one equivalent of potassium hydroxide solution in methanol at room temperature gave corresponding acids (5a-5f). All the targeted compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenin-induced rat hind paw oedema model at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight using standard drugs mefanamic acid and ibuprofen. The compounds (4c, 4e, 4f, 5f, 8a- 8i) which gave reasonable protection to the inflamed paw, eliciting good or moderate comparable anti-inflammatory activity were selected for investigating their analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhing response test in albino mice at 10 mg/kg dose using standard drug ibuprofen and in order to arrive at possible mechanism of their anti-inflammatory activity, in vitro antioxidant nitric oxide radical scavenging assay at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 μg/mL were performed using standard drug ascorbic acid.	Analgesic activity; Anti-inflammatory activity; Antioxidant activity; COX-inhibitors; Tetrasubstituted thiophenes	2 (4 methoxyanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methoxylanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 chlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; 2 anilino 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; antiinflammatory agent; ascorbic acid; ibuprofen; mefenamic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (2,4 dichlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (4 methoxybenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (2 furoylamino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methoxyanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methoxycanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 chlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 (4 methylanilino) 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 anilino 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (2,4 dichlorobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (3 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (4 methoxybenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (4 methylbenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; methyl 2 benzoylanilino 5 (4 nitrobenzoyl) 4 methylthiophene 3 carboxylic acid; thiophene derivative; unclassified drug; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; antioxidant activity; article; concentration response; controlled study; drug design; drug dose comparison; drug screening; drug synthesis; female; in vitro study; male; nonhuman; paw edema; priority journal; rat; writhing test; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Drug Design; Edema; Female; Male; Molecular Structure; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiophenes; Mus; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873508667	High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development and validation indicating assay for ciprofloxacin hydrochloride	Ali S.A., Mmuo C.C., Abdulraheem R.O., Abdulkareem S.S., Alemika E.T., Sani M.A., Ilyas M.	2011	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	1	8	None	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutica	Ali, S.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Mmuo, C.C., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abdulraheem, R.O., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abdulkareem, S.S., Department of Chemistry, Federal Polytechnic, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria; Alemika, E.T., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; Sani, M.A., Department of Heamatology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ilyas, M., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A new simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography assay has been developed for the estimation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride in tablet formulation. The separation was achieved by using C-18 column (LichroCART® 125x4mm, 5μm) coupled with a guard column of silica in mobile phase methanol: buffer (0.025M Orthophosphoric acid with the pH adjusted to 3.0±0.1 with triethylamine) (40:60v/v). The flow rate was 2.0ml/min and the drug was detected using UV detector at the wavelength of 278nm. The retention time was within 1.753 - 1.757 minutes. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, repeatability and consistent. It was successfully applied for the analysis of the drug in marketed formulation and could be effectively used for the routine analysis of formulation containing the drug without any alteration in the chromatography conditions.	Ciprofloxacin; HPLC; Liquid chromatography	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881508780	Biomass-derived activated carbon as high-performance non-precious electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction	Wang K., Wang H., Ji S., Feng H., Linkov V., Wang R.	2013	RSC Advances	3	30	10.1039/c3ra41978a	Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China	Wang, K., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Wang, H., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Ji, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Feng, H., College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Linkov, V., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; Wang, R., Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China	A new type of Fe and N doped carbon material is synthesized by pyrolyzing ferric chloride doped egg white (EW) and the proposed synthetic route is easy, green, and low-cost. In addition, the as-prepared sample exhibits a feasible magnetism and comparable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity to commercial Pt/C. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013.	None	Activated carbon; Chlorination; Chlorine compounds; Electrocatalysts; Egg white; Ferric chloride; N-doped; Oxygen Reduction; Oxygen reduction reaction; Pyrolyzing; Synthetic routes; Electrolytic reduction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895775109	Satellite-based hybrid drought monitoring tool for prediction of vegetation condition in Eastern Africa: A case study for Ethiopia	Tadesse T., Demisse G.B., Zaitchik B., Dinku T.	2014	Water Resources Research	50	3	10.1002/2013WR014281	National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Nebraska, Lincoln, United States; Earth Science Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Piazza, Ethiopia; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States	Tadesse, T., National Drought Mitigation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Nebraska, Lincoln, United States; Demisse, G.B., Earth Science Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Piazza, Ethiopia; Zaitchik, B., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Dinku, T., International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States	An experimental drought monitoring tool has been developed that predicts the vegetation condition (Vegetation Outlook) using a regression-tree technique at a monthly time step during the growing season in Eastern Africa. This prediction tool (VegOut-Ethiopia) is demonstrated for Ethiopia as a case study. VegOut-Ethiopia predicts the standardized values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at multiple time steps (weeks to months into the future) based on analysis of "historical patterns" of satellite, climate, and oceanic data over historical records. The model underlying VegOut-Ethiopia capitalizes on historical climate-vegetation interactions and ocean-climate teleconnections (such as El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) expressed over the 24 year data record and also considers several environmental characteristics (e.g., land cover and elevation) that influence vegetation's response to weather conditions to produce 8 km maps that depict future general vegetation conditions. VegOut-Ethiopia could provide vegetation monitoring capabilities at local, national, and regional levels that can complement more traditional remote sensing-based approaches that monitor "current" vegetation conditions. The preliminary results of this case study showed that the models were able to predict the vegetation stress (both spatial extent and severity) in drought years 1-3 months ahead during the growing season in Ethiopia. The correlation coefficients between the predicted and satellite-observed vegetation condition range from 0.50 to 0.90. Based on the lessons learned from past research activities and emerging experimental forecast models, future studies are recommended that could help Eastern Africa in advancing knowledge of climate, remote sensing, hydrology, and water resources. Key Points Developed new satellite-based prediction model called VegOut-Ethiopia Demonstrated application of VegOut-Ethiopia model to a recent drought year Highlighted future research opportunities under evolving climate conditions © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.	Drought Monitoring; Remote Sensing; Satellite-observed vegetation; Vegetation Monitoring; Vegetation Prediction	Atmospheric pressure; Climatology; Drought; Forecasting; Remote sensing; Research; Satellites; Vegetation; Water resources; Correlation coefficient; Drought monitoring; Environmental characteristic; Normalized difference vegetation index; Research opportunities; Southern oscillation; Vegetation condition; Vegetation monitoring; Climate models	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746664193	Heat transfer performance during condensation inside horizontal smooth, micro-fin and herringbone tubes	Lambrechts A., Liebenberg L., Bergles A.E., Meyer J.P.	2006	Journal of Heat Transfer	128	7	10.1115/1.2194038	University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3035, United States	Lambrechts, A., University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Liebenberg, L., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Bergles, A.E., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-3035, United States; Meyer, J.P., Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	An experimental investigation was conducted into the heat transfer characteristics during in-tube condensation of horizontal smooth, micro-fin, and herringbone tubes. The study focused on the heat transfer coefficients of refrigerants R-22, R-134a, and R-407C inside a series of typical horizontal smooth, micro-fin, and herringbone tubes at a representative average saturation temperature of 40°C. Mass fluxes ranged from 300 to 800 kg/m2 s, and vapor qualities ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 at condenser inlet, to 0.05 to 0. 15 at condenser outlet. The herringbone tube results were compared with the smooth and micro-fin tube results. The average increase in the heat transfer coefficient of the herringbone tube, when compared with the smooth tube at comparable conditions, was found to be 322%, with maximum values reaching 336%. When compared with the micro-fin tube, the average increase in heat transfer coefficient was found to be 196%, with maximum values reaching 215%. Moreover, a new correlation was developed to predict the heat transfer coefficients in a herringbone and micro-fin tube. Semi-local heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the modified Wilson plot technique, using measurements of condenser subsection inlets and outlets, and from knowledge of the temperature gradient on the annulus side. The correlation predicted the semi-local heat transfer coefficients accurately, with 96% and 89% of the data points falling in the ±20% region for the herringbone tube and the micro-fin tube, respectively. The average heat transfer coefficients were accurately predicted, too, with all the data points for the herringbone tube and 83% of the data points for the micro-fin tube falling in the ±20% region. The derived heat transfer correlations can be used for design, especially for reversible heat pumps. This research proves that predicting the flow pattern during intermittent and annular flow is not a prerequisite for predicting the heat transfer accurately to within 20% of the measurements. Copyright © 2006 by ASME.	Condensation; Heat pumps; Heat transfer coefficient correlation; Herringbone tube; Micro-fin tube	Condensation; Fins (heat exchange); Heat flux; Heat pump systems; Optical correlation; Temperature; Tubes (components); Herringbone tube; Mass fluxes; Micro-fin tube; Saturation temperature; Heat transfer coefficients; Condensation; Fins (heat exchange); Heat flux; Heat pump systems; Heat transfer coefficients; Optical correlation; Temperature; Tubes (components)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896710185	Experimental energy and exergy performance of a solar receiver for a domestic parabolic dish concentrator for teaching purposes	Mawire A., Taole S.H.	2014	Energy for Sustainable Development	19	1	10.1016/j.esd.2014.01.004	Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	Mawire, A., Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Taole, S.H., Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	An experimental setup to investigate the thermal performance of a cylindrical cavity receiver for an SK-14 parabolic dish concentrator is presented in this technical note. The thermal performance is evaluated using energy and exergy analyses. The receiver exergy rates and efficiencies are found to be appreciably smaller than the receiver energy rates and efficiencies. The exergy factor parameter is also proposed for quantifying the thermal performance. The exergy factor is found to be high under conditions of high solar radiation and under high operating temperatures. The heat loss factor of the receiver is determined to be around 4.6. W/K. An optical efficiency of around 52% for parabolic dish system is determined under high solar radiation conditions. This experimental setup can be used as teaching tool for people with little or no knowledge about solar dish concentrators due its simplicity and the basic mathematical formulations applied. Different types of receivers and different types of deep focal region parabolic dishes can also be tested with the experimental setup. © 2014 International Energy Initiative.	Domestic; Energy and exergy; Experimental; Parabolic dish concentrator; Solar receiver; Teaching	alternative energy; energy; exergy; numerical model; renewable resource; solar power; solar radiation; teaching	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949087023	Performance evaluation of absorbent materials in evaporative cooling system for the storage of fruits and vegetables	Olosunde W.A., Igbeka J.C., Olurin T.O.	2009	International Journal of Food Engineering	5	3	10.2202/1556-3758.1376	University of Uyo, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Bells University of Technology, Nigeria	Olosunde, W.A., University of Uyo, Nigeria; Igbeka, J.C., University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Olurin, T.O., Bells University of Technology, Nigeria	An experimental storage based on the principle of evaporative cooling was designed to evaluate the performance of three natural absorbent fiber materials to be used as cooling pads. The absorbent materials were jute, hessian and cotton waste. The performance criteria included cooling efficiency, material performance and total amount of heat load removed from the evaporative cooler. The results showed that under the no-load condition, the average cooling efficiency was highest for jute at 86.2%, compared to 76.3% for cotton waste and 61.7% for hessian fiber. Materials performance tests results showed that the highest resistance to mold formation was exhibited by hessian followed by cotton waste, while the jute fiber had very poor performance. The heat load determination also showed that products stored in the cooler with jute as water absorbent produced the least heat of respiration, followed by cotton waste and hessian in that order. The total results indicated that jute had the overall advantage over the other materials. However, if the cotton waste surface could be modified to offer larger surface required for evaporation, it would be the best alternative because the jute surface is prone to mold formation. © 2009 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.	Absorbent material; Cotton waste; Evaporative cooling; Hessian; Jute; Respiration; Storage	Absorbent material; Evaporative cooling; Hessian; Jute; Respiration; Storage; Absorption; Cooling; Cotton; Evaporation; Evaporative cooling systems; Jute fibers; Materials; Molds; Thermal load; Surfaces; Absorbents; Absorption; Burlap; Cooling; Cooling Systems; Cotton; Evaporation; Jute; Molds; Respiration; Storage; Surfaces; Wastes; Corchorus capsularis; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70450173335	The performance response of scavenging chickens to nutrient intake from scavengeable resources and from supplementation with energy and protein	Okitoi L.O., Kabuage L.W., Muinga R.W., Badamana M.S.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	10	None	KARI-Kakamega, P.O. Box 169, Kakamega, Kenya; Department of Animal production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; KARI-Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16, Mtwapa, via Mombasa, Kenya	Okitoi, L.O., KARI-Kakamega, P.O. Box 169, Kakamega, Kenya, Department of Animal production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Kabuage, L.W., Department of Animal production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Muinga, R.W., KARI-Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16, Mtwapa, via Mombasa, Kenya; Badamana, M.S., Department of Animal production, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya	An experiment conducted under farm conditions and management determined the daily supplemental intake, performance and nutrient specifications of scavenging chickens supplemented with energy and protein either alone separately or in cafeteria. Supplementing scavenging chickens with protein and energy (soyabean meal together with maize meal) in cafeteria (ScSM) resulted in 64.86 g/bird /day intake of supplemental feed which was 105.6 and 64.24% higher than protein alone (ScS) and energy alone (ScM) supplemented separately respectively. Gain, feed conversion ratio, and mean egg weights, egg mass and percent production was significantly higher for ScSM compared with other treatments. The calculated dry matter, crude protein, lysine, tryptophan, methionine + cystine, crude fibre, crude fat starch, sugar and energy of supplements consumed daily in ScSM were 56.7, 21.2, 0.91, 0.34, 0.57, 2.91, 2.71, 35.78, 1.73% and 196.4 Kcal respectively and for all nutrients were significantly higher compared to corresponding maize meal alone and soyabean meal alone treatments. The proportion of soyabean meal intake to that of maize meal intake from ScSM was 1.33:1. It is concluded that supplementing scavenging chickens with protein (soyabean meal) and energy (maize meal) in a cafeteria had the highest level of intake, egg production, body weight, rather than offering these supplements separately despite the two supplements offered separately increasing productivity compared to the corresponding scavenging only groups of birds. Scavenging indigenous chickens need to be supplied with 64.6 grams of scavenging balancer with nutrient specification of 21.2% CP, 0.91% Try, 0.34% M+C, and 3044 Kcal/kg or maize meal and soyabean meal to reach a level of 21.2% protein in the overall diet.	Egg production; Indigenous chicken; Scavenging; Supplementation; Weight gain	Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68749112615	Performance of some tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties under heat period in Northern Nigeria	Kabura B.H., Odo P.E., Abubakar A.	2009	Journal of Agronomy	8	1	10.3923/ja.2009.45.48	Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	Kabura, B.H., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Odo, P.E., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abubakar, A., Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria	An experiment to evaluate the performance of five different varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under heat period was carried out at Maiduguri, Nigeria. The 5 varieties used were, Dan-Syria, Roma VFN, UTC, Dan-Baga and Tandino which were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications. The varieties varied in their yield characteristics. The varieties Roma VFN and Tandino started flowering 40 Days After Transplanting (DAT) earlier than the other varieties used. The Roma VFN, generally, produced significantly (p≤0.05) greater number of fruits/plant and fresh weight of fruits/plant than the other varieties used. Consequently, the Roma VFN, produced the highest fresh fruit yield of 6.1 mt ha-1. The variety Dan-Baga produced the lowest fruit yield ha-1, which was 2.6 mt ha-1. The results of the study suggest that among the varieties used in the experiment, Roma VFN was more tolerant to heat followed by Tandino which surpassed the rest. © 2009 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Dry season tomato; Heat tolerance; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; Tomato varieties; Tomato yield	Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30144437818	Experimental study of oblique impacts with initial spin	Dong H., Moys M.H.	2006	Powder Technology	161	1	10.1016/j.powtec.2005.05.046	School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	Dong, H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa; Moys, M.H., School of Process and Materials Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa	An experiment to measure the properties of the impacts between of a 44.5 mm steel ball and a steel flat surface is reported. The apparatus can release the ball with and without initial spin. The steel target can be inclined 0-60°. The impact event is recorded with a digital video camera. The video analysis is computer based and all the distortions of image are calibrated. The impact properties measured are expressed as coefficient of normal restitution e n, coefficient of tangential restitution e t, impulse ratio or dynamic coefficient of friction f, angular velocity, and rebound angle of the contact point. It is found that the measurement of oblique impact without initial spin shows close agreement with recent published results and complies with rigid body theory. However, the experimental results of oblique impact with pre-impact spin do not agree to the collision models in rolling or micro-slip regime in particular. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Image analysis; Impact; Video processing	Calibration; Computer simulation; Contact angle; Friction; Image analysis; Mathematical models; Rolling; Video cameras; Angular velocity; Coefficient of restitution; Collision; Impact; Video processing; Steel; steel; powder; acceleration; article; calibration; computer analysis; friction; image analysis; velocity; videorecording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880611242	Evaluation of a chick brooding technology based on cotton-plate material for small scale poultry farming	Ayalew M., Simeneh M.	2013	Middle East Journal of Scientific Research	14	7	10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.7.2197	Department of Animal Production and Extension, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia	Ayalew, M., Department of Animal Production and Extension, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia; Simeneh, M., Department of Animal Production and Extension, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box, 196, Gondar, Ethiopia	An experiment trial was conducted to examine the effect of cotton plate chicks brooder technology to retain day old chicks natural body heat at the University of Gondar teaching and research poultry farm, Ethiopia, on two hundred four day-old (commercial B102) chicks with the aim of producing an alternative chicks brooder which is applicable in small scale poultry farming areas on the basis of survival of chicks. The two hundred four day-old chicks were randomly divided into six groups: first four groups with four different levels of cotton plate each with equal number of (n=34) chicks placed under cotton plate candidate brooder, fifth group (n=34) was brooded under electrical brooder CE Complies with C.EE-EU ID06-2010/388 RAEE ITALY: (positive control) and the sixth group (n=34) was kept in brooder guard as negative control. Chicks were supervised constantly for 24 hours for 15 days and mortality of chicks was recorded. The candidate cotton plate brooder showed higher level of chicks survival. Mortality rate was 100 percent in negative control brooder. Cotton plate chicks brooder technology was not only environmentally friendly but does not require energy source. The study revealed that higher level of chicks' survival in case of cotton plate chicks brooder as compared to conventional electrical brooder. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Brooder; Chicks; Cotton; Ethiopia; Gondar; Plate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960421455	Comparative evaluation of different organic fertilizers on the soil fertility, leaf minerals composition and growth performance of dikanut seedlings (Irvingia gabonnesis L.)	Moyin-Jesu E.I.	2008	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	20	2	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out at Akure in the rainforest zone of Nigeria to determine the effectiveness, of ten organic fertilizers on plant growth, soil fertility, and leaf nutrients composition of dikanut seedlings in the nursery. The organic fertilizer treatments were applied at 8t/ha (40g/10kg soil) to each polybag, a reference treatment NPK 15-15-15 compound fertilizer applied at 2g NPK/10kg soil (400kg/ha) and a control treatment (no chemical fertilizer nor manure), arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated four times. The results showed that the organic fertilizers increased the seedlings' growth significantly (P<0.05), leaf and soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH and O.M of dikanut compared to the control treatment. The oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure increased the plant height, leaf area, stem girth, leaf numbers and root length of dikanut seedlings by 22%, 50%, 33%, 21% and 49% respectively, when compared to the NPK chemical fertilizer treatment. It also increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg of dikanut seedlings by 35%, 37%, 39%, 36% and 65.3% respectively compared to the sole application of poultry manure. Oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased the soil pH, O.M, N. P, K, Ca, Mg by 6%, 13%, 19%, 28%, 32%, 33% and 21% respectively compared to the cocoa husk + spent grain treatment. Therefore the, oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure applied at 8t/ha was the most effective treatment in increasing growth, soil and leaf parameters of dikanut seedlings.	Dikanut seedlings; Growth performance; Leaf mineral composition; Organic fertilizers; Soil fertility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250852240	Evaluation of pearl millet accessions for yield and nutrient composition	Amodu J.T., Adeyinka I.A., Kallah M.S., Alawa J.P.	2007	Journal of Biological Sciences	7	2	None	National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria	Amodu, J.T., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Kallah, M.S., National Animal Production Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika-Zaria, Nigeria; Alawa, J.P., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru-Zaria, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out in 2001 and 2002 at the Forage and Crop Residue Research Programme of the National Animal Production Research, Institute, Shika, Nigeria, to evaluate the yield components and nutrient composition of three accessions of pearl millet (Mokwa, Bunkure and Kankara). The three accessions were planted in completely randomized block design in three replications. Sowing was carried out in both years of the trial at the rate of 4 kg seeds per hectare on 10×7.5 m plot. Parameters assessed included plant height, number of tillers/culm, percentage green, leaf stem ratio, fodder yield (fresh and dry weights). CP, CF, EE, NFE, ash, P, Ca and Mg. Results showed that at 116 post-planting, there were varietal differences in height, tillering ability, leafiness and greenness, which were found significant (p&lt;0.05). The Bunkure accession which was taller, greener and higher in number of tillers had the highest fodder yield of 9.07 and 7.32 t ha-1 of fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. In the three accessions there were no significant differences (p&gt;0.05) in the leaf:stem ratio. Differences between accessions in terms of EE, NFE and P were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05) while significant differences were noticed in ash, CP, CF and Mg content of the millet accessions. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Accessions; Evaluation; Millet; Nutrient; Yield	calcium; magnesium; phosphorus; article; ash; dry weight; Nigeria; pearl millet; plant height; plant leaf; plant nutrient; plant stem; sowing; Animalia; Pennisetum glaucum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547178879	Effect of the replacement of maize with wheat offal in broiler finisher diets on growth performance and feed cost	Christopher G.I., Offfiong S., Idiong I.C.	2007	Journal of Central European Agriculture	8	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, University of Calabar, Nigeria	Christopher, G.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Offfiong, S., Department of Animal Science, University of Uyo, Nigeria; Idiong, I.C., Department of Agricultural Economics/Extension, University of Calabar, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of replacing maize with wheat offal in broiler finisher diets on bird performance and feed cost. Six rations were formulated using 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 percent wheat offal to replace maize in the rations. The formulated rations were fed to one hundred and fifty six commercial broiler finisher birds in a completely randomized experimental design. All the rations were made isocaloric and isonitrogenous with the inclusion of varying levels of palm oil. The results indicated that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization and carcass characteristics amongst the treatment means. However, wheat offal replaced maize for up to 25 percent without any adverse effect on performance. More so, at 25 percent inclusion to replace maize, cost of feed per kilogram was reduced by about 15.91 percent. Such feed cost reduction could engender overall production cost reduction in broiler production especially at the finisher stage.	Broiler; Cost; Diet; Finisher; Performance; Wheat offal	Aves; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893673758	Genetic evaluation of nigerian indigenous crossbred pullets and broilers	Sanda A.J., Adebambo O.A., Olowofeso O., Adeleke M.A., Akinfenwa M.O., Nworgu F.C., Lawal R.A.	2012	Thai Journal of Agricultural Science	45	4	None	Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, IAR and T. Moor Plantation, P	Sanda, A.J., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adebambo, O.A., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olowofeso, O., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeleke, M.A., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinfenwa, M.O., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Nworgu, F.C., Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, IAR and T. Moor Plantation, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Lawal, R.A., Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out to determine the growth performance of different crossbred broilers and egg line, and to investigate the effect of genotype (Marshal, Anak Titan, Giriraja, Rhode Island Red cocks, indigenous pullets and exotic dihybrid and trihybrid crosses) on body weight gain. Data were collected for a period of five months. Results showed that with the effect of sire genotype on body weight, Marshal cross has the highest body weight of 1780.50±186.16 g at twenty weeks of age, while Rhode Island Red cross has the lowest mean value of 1287.25±53.55 g. With the effect of dam genotype, dihybrid has the highest body weight with a value of 1663.0±0.00 g at twenty weeks of age, followed by Normal and Anak Titan, respectively. The crossbreds of Marshal sire and Anak Titan dam showed the highest mean body weight of 1909.33±186.10 g at twenty weeks of age; also crosses of Marshal sire and Anak Titan dam produced eggs with the most significant mean weight of 60.00±0.30 g for egg line, while the crossing between Normal indigenous sire and Normal indigenous dam produced eggs with lowest mean weight of 57.08±3.55 g. The interaction between sire and dam on body weight and egg weight showed improvement in the egg line for poultry production. Results of the experiment suggest that crossing of exotic breed of sire with the normal Nigerian indigenous dam produced birds with improved growth performance for broiler chickens and improvement in the egg line.	Crossbred; Dihybrid; Genotype; Indigenous; Trihybrid	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935053604	Evaluation of growth and reproductive traits of Nigerian local chicken and exotic chicken	Ndofor-Foleng H.M., Oleforuh-Okoleh V., Musongong G.A., Ohageni J., Duru U.E.	2015	Indian Journal of Animal Research	49	2	10.5958/0976-0555.2015.00046.1	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworokwu, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Catholic University of Cameroon (Catuc), Bamenda, Cameroon	Ndofor-Foleng, H.M., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Oleforuh-Okoleh, V., Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworokwu, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Musongong, G.A., Catholic University of Cameroon (Catuc), Bamenda, Cameroon; Ohageni, J., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Duru, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out to evaluate some reproductive and growth traits of Nigerian indigenous light ecotype and exotic chicken for possible egg and meat-type chicken development. This study was undertaken to contribute to the genetic improvement of the Nigerian indigenous chicken by crossing with an exotic egg type strain Isa Brown. The birds were arranged in 3 breeding groups: BG<inf>1</inf> (Local cocks (EC) X Exotic females (EF)), BG<inf>2</inf>(exotic cocks (EC) X local females (LF)) and BG<inf>3</inf> (local cocks (LC) X local females (LF)). The hens were subjected to natural mating and eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups and hatched. The offsprings that were generated were used for growth performance studies. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance. Results indicated significant (P<0.05) effect of genotype on fertility and hatchability of eggs. Percentage fertility across the genotypes were 70.00, 72.60 and 82.00, while hatchability was 69.70, 84.00, and 60.97%, for BG<inf>1</inf>, BG<inf>2</inf>and BG<inf>3</inf>respectively. The cross bred (BG<inf>1</inf> and BG<inf>2</inf>) had higher egg weight (60.42g, 51.40g), than BG<inf>1</inf> (38.64g). There was significant effect (p<0.05) in all the weekly body weights studied. The findings showed that breeding local pullets with local cocks, improved fertility while hatchability were improved by breeding local pullets with exotic cock. Body weights of chicks hatched from eggs of the exotic pullets with local cock were better than the other groups. Exotic chickens are recommended for the improvement body weight of the light ecotype chicken in Nigeria. © 2015, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All rights reserved.	Body weight; Exotic; Fertility; Hatchability; Indigenous	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
None	None	Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on performance of laying hens in Tanzania	Kakengi A.M.V., Kaijage J.T., Sarwatt S.V., Mutayoba S.K., Shem M.N., Fujihara T.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	8	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Laboratory of Animal Science, Shimane University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Matsue-shi, Shimane, Japan	Kakengi, A.M.V., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kaijage, J.T., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Sarwatt, S.V., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mutayoba, S.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Shem, M.N., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Fujihara, T., Laboratory of Animal Science, Shimane University, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Matsue-shi, Shimane, Japan	An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of substituting Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) for sunflower seed meal (SSM) as a protein source of egg strain commercial chickens. The effects of substitution on feed intake (FI), dry matter intake (DMI), egg weight (EWT), Laying percentage (LP), egg mass production (EMP), and feed conversion ratio (KG FEED/KG EGGS) were investigated. Four dietary treatments based on MOLM and SSM as plant protein sources were formulated such that MOLM reciprocally replaced SSM at levels of 20, 15, 10 and 0% giving the dietary treatments containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% MOLM levels for MOLM-0, MOLM-10, MOLM-15 and MOLM-20 respectively. A total of 96 twenty-one weeks of age pullets were allocated to the dietary treatments in a randomised design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates and eight birds per replicate. The EWT was significantly highest in MOLM-0 and lowest in MOLM-10. LP showed a significant progressive decreasing trend as MOLM proportion increased in the diet. Further, EMP showed a significant progressive decrease at 10 and 20% MOLM levels. DMI and DFI significantly increased progressively at 10 and 20% MOLM levels. Also, Kg feed/Kg eggs (g feed intake/g egg mass) were significantly highest in birds fed 20% MOLM levels. The results, therefore, suggest that MOLM could completely replace SSC up to 20% without any detrimental effect in laying chickens. However, for better efficiency 10% inclusion level is optimal and an addition of MOLM above 10% high energy based feeds are required for better utilization.	Chicken; Layer; Leaf meal; Moringa oleifera; Nutrition; Substitution; Sunflower seed meal	Aves; Gallus gallus; Helianthus; Moringa oleifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36649012395	Protein supplementary quality of vegetable leaf meal (Amaranthus cruentus) in the diets of laying hens: Egg laying performance, egg quality and heamatological implications	Fasuyi A.O., Dairo F.A.S., Olujimi O.T.	2007	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	5	04-Mar	None	Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Fasuyi, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Dairo, F.A.S., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Olujimi, O.T., Department of Animal Production and Health Sciences, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	An experiment was carried out with Hy-line Brown variety layer birds at the beginning of the hen year (first egg laying phase). Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated in which the major difference was the percentage inclusion levels of the Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal (ACLM) at 0, 10, 15 and 20% in Diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Apart from the yolk colour score and feed efficiency that varied significantly (p<0.05) among the hens on the four dietary treatments, there were no significant differences in the mean values for body weight changes, hen day production, egg weight, albumen height, shell thickness and Haugh unit. The mean egg weight values ranged between 62.67±2.31 g in eggs collected from hens on Diet 3 and 68.30±6.51 g from hens on Diet 4 while albumen height ranged between 4.77±0.15 and 5.23±0.31 mm. The shell thickness also ranged from 0.39±0.04 in eggs from hens on Diet 3 to 0.47±0.09 in eggs from hens on Diet 1. The yolk colour score was significantly different (p<0.05) among eggs collected from hens on the different diets with yolk yellowish colouration deepening from Diet 1 to Diet 4. The feed efficiency, hen day production and albumen height values recorded for hens on Diet 2 (10% ACLM inclusion) were consistently higher than other values. Livability was 100% for all experimental hens and haematological investigation was favourable. No physical health hazards or deformations were observed in all experimental hens. It is evident that ACLM if well harnessed could be a potential supplementary protein source in poultry layer diets particularly at inclusion levels not exceeding 10%.	Albumen height; Body weight; Dietary treatments; Egg weight; Feed efficiency; Haugh unit; Shell thickness; Yolk colour	Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865618859	Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, wood ash and neem leaf extracts for seed treatment and pest control in maize (Zea mays L.)	Moyin-Jesu E.I.	2010	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	22	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted at Akure, rainforest zone of Nigeria to evaluate the effectiveness of neem leaf, wood ash extracts, modified neem leaf extract, Apron star 42WS and Karate 720EC as seed treatment and pest control in maize. The organic treatment extracts namely neem leaf extract, wood ash extract applied at 1200ml per hectare and modified neem leaf extract (1:1 ratio 600ml wood ash + 600ml neem leaf extract) were compared with Apron star 42WS (seed treatment), Karate 720EC and control treatment (no neem leaf, wood ash extracts nor Karate),replicated four times and arranged in randomized complete block design. The results showed that there were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the germination counts, insect population, number of damaged leaves, growth and yield parameters of maize under different treatments compared to the control treatment. The modified neem leaf extract performed better in germination counts, reduction of damaged leaves, insect population and yield of maize than the sole application of neem leaf and wood ash. For percentage germination counts, Apron star 42WS had 65% followed by modified neem leaf extract (57%), wood ash extract (51%), neem leaf extract (47%) respectively. Modified neem leaf extract increased the leaf area, plant height and stem girth of maize by 8%, 5% and 7% respectively compared to the neem leaf (sole) extract. Generally, modified neem leaf extract had the best values of maize growth parameters followed by Karate, neem leaf and wood ash extracts respectively. Modified neem leaf extract decreased significantly the insect population, number of damaged leaves and number of holes per plant in maize by 33%, 70% and 30% respectively compared to the neem leaf extract (sole). When compared to modified neem extract, Karate decreased the number of damaged leaves per sample plot by 33%. However, there was no significant difference between karate and modified neem extract for insect population. For yield parameters, modified neem leaf extract significantly increased the maize yield gains by 15%, 14% and 2% compared to neem leaf, wood ash extracts and karate treatments respectively. However, wood ash and neem leaf extracts did not affect significantly the maize yield. Therefore, the modified neem leaf extract applied at 1200L/ha (3L/25m2) was most effective for pest control and seed treatment in maize crop.	Modified neem leaf; Neem leaf; Pest control and maize; Wood ash extract	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83655183603	Evaluation of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas spp. effect on soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)) in Assossa area	Argaw A.	2012	Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology	14	1	None	School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Argaw, A., School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted at Assossa Agricultural Research Center (AARC) station during 2008 cropping season in order to study the effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (TAL-378 and TAL-379) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Pseudomonas spp.), and conventional farmers' fertilizer level (combined and individual application of 46N kg ha-1 and 46 P2O5 kg ha-1) on nodulation, seed yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)). Analyses of variance indicated that most of the parameters measured were significantly (P≥0.05) affected by the treatments. Accordingly, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB significantly increased plant height at harvest, number of nodules per plant, nodule volume per plant, nodule fresh weight per plant, and shoot height at late flowering and early pod setting compared to the other treatments. Similarly, co-inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB, and dual fertilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers significantly increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod per plant and seed yield ha-1 compared to the other treatments. Analysis of plant tissue also indicated that dual inoculation of TAL-379 and PSB yielded the highest total N whereas the lowest was recorded for the negative control. Likewise, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB and the positive control gave the highest plant P compared to all other treatments. The data revealed that, there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) in days required for emergence, flower bearing and maturity, number of seeds per pod, 300 seeds weight and root length among the investigated treatments. Thus, the dual inoculation of TAL-378 and PSB is recommended to achieve maximum seed yield of soybean in Assossa area.	Assossa; Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB); Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947055067	Evaluation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties for seed yield and yield components under Jimma condition, South Western Ethiopia	Balcha K., Belew D., Nego J.	2015	Journal of Agronomy	14	4	10.3923/ja.2015.292.297	Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM), P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	Balcha, K., Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM), P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Belew, D., Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM), P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Nego, J., Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM), P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM) experimental field to evaluate selected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties for their seed yield under irrigated condition. The experiment was set using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications wherein nine tomato varieties: five determinate type (Bishola, Chali, Cochoro, Fetan and Melkasalsa) and four semi-determinate type (Metadel, Miya, Melkashola and Arp tomato d2) and one local variety (Roma VF) were used. Data was collected on yield, seed weight per fruit, seed weight per plant, seed yield per hectare, number of seed per fruit, thousand seed weight, fruit diameter, fruit weight per plant and fruit yield per hectare. The results revealed that Variety had highly significantly (p≤0.01) affected the yield and yield component parameters. Significantly the highest fruit diameter (6.25 cm) was recorded from variety Bishola whereas the lowest seed yield per hectare was obtained from Fetan (58.1 kg). Correlation analysis also indicated that Seed weight per plant was significantly and positively associated with seed weight per hectare (r = 0.95), fruit yield per hectare (r = 0.40) and fruit weight per plant (r = 0.40). Fruit weight per plant was highly significantly and positively correlated with seed weight per hectare (r = 0.47) and fruit yield per hectare (r = 0.99). The tomato variety Bishola was found to be high seed yielder as compared to the other varieties compared and hence it is suggested that tomato producers in Jimma area can use Bishola variety for high seed yield. © 2015 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Fruit yield; Seed yield; Tomato; Varieties; Yield components	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-22544475944	Effect of constant photoperiods on the laying performance of broiler breeders allowed conventional or accelerated growth	Lewis P.D., Backhouse D., Gous R.M.	2005	Journal of Agricultural Science	143	1	10.1017/S0021859605005010	Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom	Lewis, P.D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa, Northcot, Cowdown Lane, Andover, Hants SP11 7HG, United Kingdom; Backhouse, D., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	An experiment was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal to assess the effect of constant photoperiods on sexual maturity and egg-laying performance in broiler breeders given two levels of control-feeding during the rearing phase. Cobb broiler breeder females were grown to reach 2.1 kg body weight at 17 or 21 weeks, and maintained on 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 16-h photoperiods from 2 days to 68 weeks of age. There were no significant interactions between photoperiod and growth rate for any production parameter. The time required reaching 2.1 kg increased proportionally with photoperiod but, because of delayed sexual development, birds on longer photoperiods consumed more feed to, and were heavier at, sexual maturity than shorter daylengths. The longer-photoperiod birds also had inferior rates of lay in the first half of the cycle, but superior in the second, which, together with the photoperiodic effects on maturity, resulted in birds on 11, 13 or 14 h producing most eggs to 68 weeks, and those on 16 h fewest. It is possible that the pattern of egg production was due to some of the birds on ≥ 13-h photoperiods becoming photorefractory, having a mid-cycle pause, and then spontaneously resuming egg production in the latter half of the cycle. However, a hinge-analysis of current and other data to the more usual depletion age of 60 weeks showed that the combined effects of photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production resulted in constant 10-h birds producing the highest number of eggs, with numbers decreasing by 3.6 eggs/h of photoperiod above the hinge and 7.8 eggs/h of photoperiod below it. Mean egg weight increased by 0.4 g/h of photoperiod, but the proportion of abnormally large and floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were unaffected by daylength. For each photoperiod, accelerated growth resulted in body weights being heavier than controls at sexual maturity, despite the mean age at maturity being 10 days earlier for the faster-growing birds. Body weights for the two growth groups were not significantly different at 68 weeks. Faster-growth birds consumed 1 kg less feed to 2.1 kg body weight, but 1.3 kg more feed to sexual maturity and 2.7 kg more to 68 weeks, and produced 6 more eggs than, but had similar patterns of egg production to, the conventionally managed controls. Mean egg weight, the proportion of floor eggs and the incidence of mortality were similar for both groups. Notwithstanding that the overall production of abnormally large eggs was low (1.1 eggs per bird); the faster-growing birds produced significantly more than the controls. Egg weight was positively influenced by age at sexual maturity, body weight at sexual maturity and photoperiod, but was unaffected by rate of growth to 2.1 kg per se. These findings show that there are differences between broiler breeders and egg-type pullets in their response to constant photoperiods. It is likely that the factors responsible for these differences, particularly in terms of sexual development, are the exhibition of photorefractoriness by, and the retardational effects of controlled feeding on, broiler breeders. © 2005 Cambridge University Press.	None	photoperiod; poultry; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56149097415	Evaluation of the effectiveness of three insecticides to control Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L)	Oke O.A.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	22	3	None	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Vegetable Evaluation Research Station, Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles	Oke, O.A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, Vegetable Evaluation Research Station, Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles	An experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Seychelles from August to November 2007 to evaluate the effectiveness of three insecticides to control Diamondback Moth in Cabbage. The evaluated insecticides were Lufenuron, Baccilus thuringcinsis,and Teflubenzuron. Of the three tested insecticides Teflubenzuron was found to be most effective followed by Lufenuron while the least effective insecticide was Baccilus thuringcinsis. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc 2008.	Caterpillar; Emergence; Generation; Pesticide; Transplant; Treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548828031	Evaluation of seed quality in long-staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense)	Obasi M.O., Msaakpa T.S.	2007	Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences	77	6	None	Department of Crop Production, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Seed Science, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, P M B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Obasi, M.O., Department of Crop Production, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Msaakpa, T.S., Department of Seed Science, College of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, P M B 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted during 2000 and 2001 cropping seasons to study the variability among 30 cultivars of long-staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) for 5 seed cotton quality traits, viz oil percentage, iodine value, refractive index, protein percentage and seed index. Correlation coefficient among these 5 traits were also studied to choose the high seed quality cultivars for effective use in the breeding programme. Combined analysis over the 2 seasons showed significant differences among all traits for the studied cultivars. Only years significantly affected both oil percentage and iodine value. Year x cultivars interaction was not significant for all traits indicating that the cultivars responded the same from year to year. Significant negative correlation was noted between protein percentage and seed index (-0.36) and between protein percentage and oil percentage (-0.38). A significant positive correlation was obtained between refractive index and iodine value (+0.92). On the other hand protein and oil levels among the 30 cultivars were not significantly associated with refractive index and iodine value.	Cotton cultivars; Gossypium barbadense; Quality traits; Seed quality	Gossypium barbadense; Gossypium hirsutum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944431793	The effect of supplementing Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay with Acacia tortilis leaves and pods mixture on intake, digestibility and growth performance of goats	Abdulrazak S.A., Njuguna E.G., Karau P.K.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	Abdulrazak, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya, Egerton University, Division of Research and Extension, P. O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Njuguna, E.G., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Karau, P.K., Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, P.O Box 536, Njoro, Kenya	An experiment was conducted for 63 days to examine the effects of supplementation of Rhodes grass hay (H) with mixtures of leaves and pods of Acacia tortilis on intake, digestion and growth performance of Small East African goats (SEAG). Twenty four SEAG of 18±4 kg BW, 9months old were assigned to six diets including ad libitum Rhodes grass hay alone (H) or H supplemented with various proportions of pods, leaves and mixture of the two as follows; 19 g DM/kg W0.75 pods (P), 19 g DM/kgW0.75 leaves (L), 9.5:9.5 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PL), 14:5 g DM/kg W 0.75 pods +leaves (PPL) or 5:14 g DM/kg W0.75 pods +leaves (PLL). The diets were allocated to the goats in a completely randomised design, with 4 goats per treatment. Dry matter intake, digestibility, nitrogen retention and live weight gains were all increased by supplementation. There was an indication of a better response in intake and weight gains when the hay was supplemented with equal proportion (9.5 g DM/kg W0.75) of pods and the leaves. It is concluded that mixtures of pods and leaves give more benefits than when either is offered singly to goats fed a basal diet of grass hay.	Acacia tortilis; Goats; Intake; Leaves; Live weight; Pods; Tree mixture	Acacia; Acacia tortilis; Capra hircus; Chloris gayana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960806064	Performance and physiological responses of naked-neck chickens and their F 1 crosses with commercial layer breeds to long-term high ambient temperature	Melesse A.	2011	Global Veterinaria	6	3	None	Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Melesse, A., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted on forty-eight female chickens from each of the following genotypes: Naked-neck (Na, from Ethiopia), New Hampshire (NH), Lohmann White (LW) and F 1 crosses of NaxNH and NaxLW. Twenty four chickens from each genotype were randomly divided and assigned either to high (30-32 °C) or normal ambient temperature (18-20 °C). Body weights were measured during 20 and 68 weeks of age. Eggs were collected once daily while egg weight and feed intake were determined at 28-d intervals. Blood samples were taken from 12 randomly selected birds per genotype and ambient temperature at 38, 51 and 65 weeks age. Total protein levels were measured in plasma whereas differential leukocyte counts were determined from whole blood. Compared with controls, the egg production and feed consumption in commercial layers significantly reduced by 24.2 and 15%, respectively. Surprisingly, heat stress favourably increased body weight in NaxLW genotype by 1.7 and 2.8 % at 20 and 65 weeks, respectively and appeared to be the best F 1 cross combinations. 1 The effect of heat stress was significant for all differential leukocyte counts. Compared with controls, the respective increase in heterophil, basophil and monocyte counts was 19.2, 43.6 and 41% whereas the lymphocyte and eosinophil numbers reduced by 9 and 11.6%, respectively. The hetrophil:lymphocyte (H/L) ratio increased by 45, 18 and 19% at 38, 51 and 65 weeks age, respectively. At high temperature, the highest lymphocyte counts were noted in LW and the lowest in NaxNH whereas heterophil counts were highest in NH and NaxNH resulting in increased H/L ratio. The total plasma protein reduced in all heat stressed chickens although it was only significant at 38 weeks age. It was inferred that the total plasma protein mean values in heat stressed hens declined from 4.12 g/dl at 38 weeks to 2.22 g/dl at 65 weeks. In conclusion, the Na and its F crosses demonstrated better heat stress tolerant than commercial layer chickens as evidenced by measured 1 performance and physiological parameters. These results suggested that differential leukocyte counts, H/L ratio and total plasma protein could be used as a reliable indicator of long-term heat stress in layer chickens. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Commercial layer chickens; F 1 crosses; Heat stress; Leukocyte counts; Naked-neck chicken; total plasma protein	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878474369	Effects of dietary supplementation with urea molasses multi-nutrient block on performance of mid lactating local Ethiopian and crossbred dairy cows	Tekeba E., Wurzinger M., Baldinger L., Zollitsch W.J.	2013	Livestock Research for Rural Development	25	6	None	Andassa Livestock Research Centre, P.O.box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria	Tekeba, E., Andassa Livestock Research Centre, P.O.box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Wurzinger, M., BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria; Baldinger, L., BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria; Zollitsch, W.J., BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180, Vienna, Austria	An experiment was conducted on station, using a nested design in order to evaluate the effects of a Urea Molasses Multi-Nutrient Block (UMMB) supplementation of typical dry season, roughage based diets on the performance of mid lactating local Fogera and their F1 Holstein Friesian crosses in Ethiopia. Eight cows each from both breeds were assigned to a forage-based control diet and an experimental diet with UMMB supplementation. Highly significant differences were observed between treatments for most production traits. However, Fogera and crossbred dairy cows showed a different response pattern for some traits. Crossbred dairy cows were superior over Fogera for milk production, reproductive performance and benefit-cost ratio regardless of UMMB supplementation. Conversely, Fogera cows had higher milk solid contents and supplementing them with UMMB had a greater effect on milk fat than in crossbred cows. It is concluded that supplementing dairy cows with UMMB during the dry season is basically a helpful measure to maintain production. Depending on the availability of UMMB, priority in supplementation however, should be given to cows with a high genetic potential for milk production.	Fogera; Mid-lactating; On-station; Roughage-based; Supplement	Bos; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860694292	Effect of concentrate supplementation during early lactation on plasma IGF-I concentrations and reproductive performance of dairy cows	Obese F.Y., Stirling T.E., Stockdale R.C., Macmillan K.L., Egan A.R., Humphrys S.	2011	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	41	4	10.4314/sajas.v41i4.6	Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 226, Legon, Ghana; School of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, VIC 3031, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Department of Primary Industries, 120 Cooma Road, Kyabram, VIC 3620, Australia; Primegro (Pty) Ltd., Thebarton, SA 5001, Australia	Obese, F.Y., Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 226, Legon, Ghana; Stirling, T.E., School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Stockdale, R.C., Department of Primary Industries, 120 Cooma Road, Kyabram, VIC 3620, Australia; Macmillan, K.L., School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Egan, A.R., School of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, VIC 3031, Australia; Humphrys, S., Primegro (Pty) Ltd., Thebarton, SA 5001, Australia	An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of body condition score (BCS) at calving and level of feed supplementation during early lactation on the Insulin-like growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and reproductive performance in 72 Holstein cows in a pasture-based system following seasonally-synchronized calving. At the start of the seasonal breeding, plasma IGF-I concentrations in cows that had recommenced ovarian activity with detected oestrus were compared with those in anoestrus. The cows (n = 72) were managed over a period of five months to calve in a BCS of 4, 5 or 6 - using a scale from 1 (thin) to 8 (obese). The cows were maintained on pastures and supplemented during early lactation with either 1 or 6 kg grain per day. The BCS at calving did not affect plasma IGF-I concentrations. The plasma IGF-I concentration at week 10 was elevated at the higher level of grain supplementation (87.8 vs. 72.1 ng/mL). Higher conception rate following the first insemination of cows calving with a BCS of 6 (71% vs. 46% and 37% for a BCS of 4 and 5, respectively) was associated with more cows in that group conceiving during the first three weeks of the artificial insemination (AI) programme (75% vs. 46% and 46% for a BCS of 4 and 5, respectively). At weeks 0 and 10, cows that commenced ovarian activity by the start of the intensive AI programme, recorded higher plasma IGF-I concentrations than anoestrous cows. These findings indicate that diet can affect the plasma IGF-I levels, which in turn may be involved in affecting the resumption of cyclic ovarian activity and conception in dairy cows.	Bcs; Conception; Dairy cows; IGF-I; Postpartum period	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845619157	Effects of various durations of water deprivation on performance of weaner rabbits in a sub-humid environment	Bawa G.S., Afolayan S.B., Olumeyan D.B., Ashiru R.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	6	10.3923/pjn.2006.551.554	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; College of Agriculture, DAC, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Afolayan, S.B., College of Agriculture, DAC, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Olumeyan, D.B., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ashiru, R., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various duration of water deprivation on performance of weaner rabbits in a sub-humid environment. Forty eight (48) nine-week old weaner rabbits of mixed breed and sex with an average initial weight of 622 ± 0.12g were used for the study which lasted 56 days There were four watering treatments such that water supply was restricted for 0, 6, 12 or 18 hours corresponding to 24, 18, 12 or 6 hours of access to water per day respectively. The rabbits were randomly assigned based on initial live weight and sex to the four watering treatments in a completely randomized design. Free water intake decreased linearly and significantly (P<0.05) as the duration of water deprivation increased. There were no significant treatment effects (P>0.05) on daily feed intake. There were significant (P<0.05) decreases in live weight gains, feed efficiency and water to feed ratio with increase in duration of water deprivation respectively. Mortality rate of about 16 and 33% were recorded among rabbits groups deprived of water for 12 and 18 hours per day respectively. Results of the study showed that for optimum growth performance, weaning rabbits should have access to free drinking water for a minimum period of 12 hours in a day. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Sub-humid environment; Water deprivation; Weaner rabbits	drinking water; animal experiment; article; body growth; body weight; controlled study; female; fluid intake; food intake; humidity; male; mortality; nonhuman; rabbit; statistical significance; water deprivation; water supply; weaning; weight gain; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57449101699	On-farm performance of Arsi-Bale goats in Ethiopia receiving different concentrate supplements	Guru M., Abebe G., Goetsch A., Hundessa F., Ebro A., Shelima B.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	12	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, P. O. Box 15566, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States	Guru, M., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program, P. O. Box 15566, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Goetsch, A., American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University, P. O. Box 730, Langston, OK 73050, United States; Hundessa, F., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Ebro, A., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia; Shelima, B., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box 35, Zeway, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted to compare effects of supplements based on different byproduct feedstuffs on on-farm performance of yearling Arsi-Bale goats in the Adami Tulu district of Ethiopia. The study was conducted during the main growing season (wet season) at the time when most grazing land is cultivated. A farmer research group (FRG) was formed in each of three villages. Each FRG consisted of nine farm households, with eight contributing three animals and one providing six. A barn with three pens was constructed at one farm in each village. One or two animals from each farm were allocated to three supplementation treatments. Animals received supplements and resided at night in the barn pens. Supplements, offered at 2.5% of body weight, consisted of 50% wheat bran, 1% salt, and 49% noug cake (N), formaldehyde-treated noug cake (F-N), or linseed meal (L). Initial body weight was 14.5 (SE = 0.18 kg). Average daily gain was greater for L than for N (P < 0.05) and F-N (P < 0.08) (100, 113, and 134 g/day for N, F-N, and L, respectively; SE = 6.6). The difference between the increase in estimated animal value due to supplementation and supplement cost was 51.87, 61.1, and 79.75 Ethiopian birr per animal for N, F-N, and L, respectively. In conclusion, based on average daily gain and the greater concentration of metabolizable energy in linseed meal vs. noug cake, energy appeared relatively more limiting to performance than protein. Supplementation of goats with available byproduct feedstuffs offers a means of achieving marketable body weight and profit with suboptimal grazing conditions.	Daily gain; Formaldehyde; Linseed meal; Noug cake; Wet season	Animalia; Capra hircus; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878362088	Clinicopathological evaluation of intranasal, subcutaneous and intramuscular routes of vaccination against intratracheal challenge of Peste des petits ruminants virus in goats	Emikpe B.O., Ezeasor C.K., Sabri M.Y., Anosa V.O.	2013	Small Ruminant Research	113	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.03.007	Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia	Emikpe, B.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ezeasor, C.K., Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Sabri, M.Y., Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; Anosa, V.O., Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of intranasal vaccination against caprine Peste des petits ruminant lineage 1 variant virus infection with intramuscular and subcutaneous vaccinations. Twenty four goats were divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was vaccinated intranasally, group 2 was vaccinated subcutaneously, and group 3 intramuscularly, while group 4 was the unvaccinated control. In each group, the vaccinations were carried out once. All goats were challenged intratracheally with PPR virus at a concentration of 106.5 TCID50 two weeks after vaccination and were euthanised 21 days after the challenge. The clinical, lung consolidation, gross and histopathological scores were employed using standard techniques. All data were analysed statistically using the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Group 3 had the highest clinical score following the challenge of vaccinated group while deaths were observed only in group 4. Three goats in group 2 and 3 had pneumonic lung lesions, compared with none in group 1 and all the goats in group 4. The lung lesions in group 4 were significantly (P&lt;0.05) severe than in others. Similarly, the lesions in group 2 and 3 were less severe with the right lung more affected (P&gt;0.05) while group 1 had no consolidation. This study showed that PPR vaccination using subcutaneous, intramuscular and intranasal routes were protective but that of intranasal was found to be easy to apply hence it could be used for the prevention of the disease in small ruminants. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Goats; Intranasal vaccination; PPR	Bovidae; Capra; Capra hircus; Measles virus; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650691088	Egg production performance of first and second filial generation naked neck (NaNa, NaNa) and normal feathered (NaNa) birds of a cross between indigenous naked neck (NaNa, NaNa) males and exotic commercial females (NaNa)	Adomako K., Hagan J.K., Olympio O.S.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	12	None	Department of Animal Science, P.M.B., KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, P.M.B, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana	Adomako, K., Department of Animal Science, P.M.B., KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Hagan, J.K., Department of Animal Science, P.M.B, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana; Olympio, O.S., Department of Animal Science, P.M.B., KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	An experiment was conducted to compare the laying performance of first and second filial generation birds (naked neck, Nana and NaNa and normal feathered, nana) of a cross between indigenous naked neck males (Nana) and exotic commercial females (nana) under semi-intensive system. The crossing produced offspring in the proportion of 48.7% Nana (390 birds) to 51.3% nana (410 birds) in the F1 generation. The two genotypes (Nana, nana) were compared in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experiment, with the three villages, where the birds were raised, as blocks and the two genotypes (Nana, nana) as treatments. Each block had 240 birds, 120 each of Nana and nana layers. Nana birds were significantly (P<0.05) higher in number of eggs per clutch, hen-housed and hen-day rates of lay, egg size and survivability, than their nana counterparts. However, age at first egg and egg size to body weight ratio were significantly better in the nana birds compared to the Nana ones. In the second mating, males and females of F1 Nana birds were selected and mated inter se. This produced 16.8% NaNa (202 birds), 54.5% Nana (654 birds) and 28.7% nana (344 birds) offspring in the F2 generation and these were compared in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) experiment, with the three villages, where the birds were raised, as blocks and the three genotypes (NaNa, Nana and nana) as treatments. Each block had 270 birds, 90 each of NaNa, Nana and nana layers. It was observed that Nana and NaNa birds were significantly (P<0.05) higher in number of eggs per clutch, hen-housed and hen-day rates of lay, egg size and survivability. Using birds that show the naked neck phenotype in local chicken production will enhance egg production performance significantly.	Chicken; Clutch-size; Crossing; Hen-day; Hen-housed	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57149097075	Research note: Inclusion of lablab in maize and sorghum silages improves sheep performance	Ngongoni N.T., Mwale M., Mapiye C., Moyo M.T., Hamudikuwanda H., Titterton M.	2008	Tropical Grasslands	42	3	None	Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Ngongoni, N.T., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mwale, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mapiye, C., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Moyo, M.T., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Hamudikuwanda, H., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Titterton, M., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	An experiment was conducted to determine intake and liveweight gain of sheep fed maize, sorghum, lablab-maize and lablab-sorghum silages (20 and 40% lablab) in a completely randomised design with 6 treatments. The maize and sorghum were mixed with lablab before ensiling and the silages were fed to sheep for 21 days. Silage intake increased with increase in legume inclusion level (P<0.05). Intake of maize-based silages was higher than that of sorghum-based silages. While sheep fed the straight cereal diets lost weight, liveweight change improved as the level of lablab inclusion increased (P<0.05). The findings confirm that legume inclusion with maize and sorghum forages when ensiling improves silage intake and enhances ruminant animal performance. Long-term feeding experiments using a combination of cereals and legumes with different ruminant species are required to validate these preliminary findings.	None	Animalia; Bovidae; Lablab; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905493175	Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for antibiotics on the performance and blood parameters of broiler chickens	Makanjuola B.A., Obi O.O., Olorungbohunmi T.O., Morakinyo O.A., Oladele-Bukola M.O., Boladuro B.A.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	8	None	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria	Makanjuola, B.A., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obi, O.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olorungbohunmi, T.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, O.A., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oladele-Bukola, M.O., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Boladuro, B.A., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three different inclusion levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as substitute to antibiotics on the performance and blood parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four (144) day-old commercial Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments of 3 replicates each. Each replicate had 12 birds. The treatments CTL - Control group in which the birds were offered a basal diet and routine treatment with antibiotic (Enrofloxacin via water); MO1 - basal diet with 200g MOLM in 100kg of feed; MO2 - basal diet with 400g MOLM in 100kg of feed and MO3 - basal diet with 600g MOLM in 100kg of feed. The experiment lasted 28 days. Significant differences were observed in the feed intake of the birds while body weight gain did not differ significantly. The haematological parameters measured did not differ significantly. Alanine transaminase (ALT) differed among the dietary treatments. No differences were observed in the other serum biochemical indices measured. Cost incurred per kilogramme weight gain was lower for birds on Moringa diets than birds on the control diet.	Alanine transaminase; Enrofloxacin; Feed intake; Haemoglobin; Serum	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65549114257	Studies on growth performance and feed utilization of two Clariid catfish and their hybrid reared under different culture systems	Adewolu M.A., Ogunsanmi A.O., Yunusa A.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	23	2	None	Dept of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University P.M.B. 001, Lasu Post Office, OJO, Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria	Adewolu, M.A., Dept of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University P.M.B. 001, Lasu Post Office, OJO, Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria; Ogunsanmi, A.O., Dept of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University P.M.B. 001, Lasu Post Office, OJO, Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria; Yunusa, A., Dept of Fisheries, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University P.M.B. 001, Lasu Post Office, OJO, Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to determine the growth performance and feed utilization of two Clariid catfish and their hybrid reared under monoculture, duoculture and trioculture systems. The Clariid catfish were Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus longifilis and their hybrid (♀H. longifilis X ♂C. gariepinus). In the monoculture system, each of the species and their hybrid was cultured separately, in the duoculture system, there were combinations of C. gariepinus with H. longifilis; C. gariepinus with hybrid catfish; and H. longifilis with hybrid catfish In the trio culture system, all the two catfish species and their hybrid were cultured together. Fingerlings of mean weight 8.50±0.50g were stocked into 21 circular tanks of 40 liters in capacity at 18 fingerlings per tank. Fish were fed on twice daily at 09.00hour and 18.00hour on 35% crude protein at 3% of their total body weight. There was 50% exchange of water daily in all the culture systems. The results revealed that all the two species and their hybrid grew best under the monoculture, followed by duoculture and least in trioculture systems. Hybrid catfish had the best growth and feed utilization, followed by C. gariepinus and the least with H. longifillis, There were significant differences (p<0.05) in all the growth and feed utilization parameters of the two clariid species and their hybrid in all the culture systems expect in the duoculture of hybrid catfish which showed no significant (p>0.05) differences when cultured with either C.gariepinus or H. longifilis. C. gariepinus had better growth rate and feed utilization when cultured with hybrid catfish than when cultured with H.longifilis and vice verse. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Clarias gariepinus; Duoculture; Heterobranchus longifillis; Hybrid catfish; Monoculture; Trioculture	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858598522	Physiological effects of body condition of gilts at first mating on pre-weaning performance and survivability of piglets in the humid tropics	Machebe N.S., Ezekwe A.G., Okeke G.C.	2012	Indian Journal of Animal Research	46	1	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Machebe, N.S., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ezekwe, A.G., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okeke, G.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to determine the impact of pre-mating body condition score of gilts on performance of their litters. Eighteen (18), seven-month old Large White x Landrace crossbred gilts were selected and randomly assigned to three body condition scores; 1 (thin; <15mm backfat), 3 (normal; 15 to 18mm backfat) and 5 (fat; >18mm backfat) respectively. The gilts were mated and their pre-weaning litter performances observed and recorded after farrowing. Results showed that body condition of the gilts at mating affected litter sizes at birth and at weaning, piglet birth and weaning weights, growth rate, survival-to-weaning and piglet mortality in favour of Gilts with normal and fat body conditions at breeding. It was concluded that the body condition of gilts at first mating have significant impact on the performance of their litters after farrowing.	Body condition score; Gestation; Lactation; Mating	Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938949342	Growth performance of Brangus steers fed graded levels of sun-dried broiler litter as a substitute for cottonseed cake	Masaka L., Mhaka V., Sungirai M., Nyamukanza C.	2015	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	6	10.1007/s11250-015-0827-2	Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe	Masaka, L., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Mhaka, V., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Sungirai, M., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Nyamukanza, C., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe	An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum inclusion levels of dried broiler litter (DBL) as a substitute for cottonseed cake (CSC) in fattening diets for Brangus steers. Thirty Brangus steers were randomly allocated to five groups of six animals each. Each group was fed one of the experimental diets which had CSC substituted for DBL at levels of 0 (DBL0), 50 (DBL50), 100 (DBL100), 150 (DBL150) and 200 g/kg (DBL200). Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake and live weight gain (LWG) were measured over a period of 90 days, and the results were analysed using the MIXED procedures of SAS. Linear and quadratic effects of DBL inclusion on dry matter intake, LWG and ADG were also determined. Results showed interactions between diet and time that significantly affected ADG and LWG (p < 0.05). Both ADG and LWG decreased with increases in DBL inclusion with the depressed performance becoming more pronounced with time. Linear and non-linear decreases in LWG and ADG, respectively, were observed with increasing levels of DBL. The DBL50 diet resulted in performance that was similar to DBL50 and was 4 % cheaper. Broiler litter can be used as a supplement for conventional protein sources, but at higher inclusion levels, it needs to be augmented by increased fermentable energy. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Average daily gain; Fattening; Live weight gain; Steers	Animalia; Micropus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953775530	Growth performance of chickens fed Gongronema latifolia leaf extracts as a supplementary source of vitamins and minerals	Ndubuisi M., Christian A., Cynthia O.	2011	Livestock Research for Rural Development	23	4	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ndubuisi, M., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Christian, A., Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Cynthia, O., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to determine the performance of finisher broilers fed Gongronema latifolia leaf extract (GLLE) as supplementary source of vitamins and minerals. A total of 120 four (4) weeks old Marshall Strain commercial broilers were randomly selected and assigned to 4 experimental treatments namely: Water only (W); Water + Vitalyte® (WV); Water + 30ml GLLE (GL30); water + 60ml GLLE (GL60). Results of the final body weight, daily weight gain, total weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were higher in favour of birds on WV, GL30 and GL60. Average daily water consumption of the birds were similar (P>0.05) among birds in different treatments. The relative weights of the gizzard, liver, kidney and lungs of the birds were not hampered by the consumption of GLLE. The study showed that GLLE can conveniently substitute the use of commercially synthetic vitamins and minerals premixes in feeding poultry since it had no deleterious effect on the performance of the birds.	Broilers; Growth; Phytochemical; Plant; Strain	Aves; Gallus gallus; Gongronema	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84882829963	Comparative evaluation of growth and carcass traits of indigenous and crossbred (Dorper×Indigenous) Ethiopian Sheep	Tsegay T., Yoseph M., Mengistu U.	2013	Small Ruminant Research	114	42403	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.07.003	Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Tsegay, T., Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Yoseph, M., Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Mengistu, U., Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	An experiment was conducted to evaluate growth and carcass traits of indigenous (Blackhead Ogaden [B1] &amp; Hararghe Highland [B2]) and crossbred (Dorper×B1 [B3] &amp; Dorper×B2 [B4]) F1 lambs under different feeding regimens. The feeding regimens constituted feeding hay ad libtum supplemented with 150g/head/day concentrate mix [D1] and hay ad libtum supplemented 350g/head/day concentrate mix [D2]. The experiment was arranged as a 4×2 factorial (4 breeds and 2 levels of nutrition) and laid out completely at random. Hararghe Highland lambs had the highest (P&lt;0.01) TDMI (90.0±1.4), gDM/kgW0.75 compared with B4. Lambs fed D2 had higher TDMI (P&lt;0.0001), TDMI per metabolic body weight (P&lt;0.01) than lambs fed D1. Dorper×Hararghe Highland had greater average daily weight gain (69.4±4.1g), empty body weight, hot (12.9±0.5) and cold carcass weight (12.6±0.5kg) than did both B1 and B2. However, weight loss after chilling was higher (5.7±0.3%) in pure Blackhead Ogaden compared with rest of lamb breeds. This study leads to the conclusion that crossing B2 with Dorper improved feed utilization, growth rate and carcass parameters, but crossing B1 with Dorper provided little benefit since the B1 tend to perform similar to the crosses in some economically important traits. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Carcass characteristics; Crossbred lams; Feed intake; Indigenous; Live weight change	Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951755323	Evaluation of the dietary inclusion of Aloe Vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler production	Mmereole F.U.C.	2011	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	10	1	10.3923/pjn.2011.1.5	Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus-Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	Mmereole, F.U.C., Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus-Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of Aloe vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter on the performance and the haematological characteristics of the broiler chickens. The experiment involved one hundred and twenty day-old Abor-Acre broiler chicks which were distributed to three treatment groups. The treatment groups comprised the following: T1 = control (basal feed), T2 = basal feed + Aloe vera, T3 = basal feed + Teramycin soluble powder (antibiotic growth promoter). Fourty day-old chicks were assigned to each treatment group in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and each treatment was replicated four times with each replicate having ten birds. The experiment lasted 56 days (8 weeks) during which the following parameters were collected:- initial body weight at day old, weekly body weights and body weight gains. At the end of the experiment, 8 birds were randomly collected from each experimental group and bled to obtain blood samples to determine the blood characteristics of the birds. All the data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2002) package. Results obtained indicated that body weights and body weight gains were significantly (p>0.05) higher in the birds fed diets containing Aloe vera supplement (T2) than the birds fed control diet (T1) but there were no significant (p<0.05) differences T2 and T3. With respect to the results of the haematological analysis, it was observed that while the blood characteristics of the birds in T1 did not significantly (p>0.05) differ from those birds in T2, there were significant (p<0.05) differences between the birds in T2 and T3. Based on these results, it was concluded that while those birds in T2 compared very well with the birds placed on antibiotics growth promoter (T3) in respect of growth parameters, the birds on T2 (Aloe vera supplement) showed remarkable superiority in blood characteristics over the birds in T3 (antibiotics supplement). This is an indication that Aloe vera can be used to replace antibiotics growth promoters while avoiding the development of drug resistance associated with antibiotic growth promoters. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011.	Aloe vera; Dietary inclusion; Drug resistance; Growth promoters; Haematological parameters	Aloe vera leaf powder; antibiotic agent; growth promotor; herbaceous agent; teramycin; unclassified drug; analysis of variance; animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; bird; blood analysis; blood sampling; body weight; broiler; chick; chicken; controlled study; diet supplementation; drug resistance; hematological parameters; nonhuman; physical performance; plant leaf; randomization; weight gain; Aloe vera; Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952254683	Effects of lemmon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaf meal feed supplement on growth performance of broiler chicks	Mmereole F.U.C.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	12	10.3923/ijps.2010.1107.1111	Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	Mmereole, F.U.C., Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of Lemmon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Leaf Meal (LGLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens and its ability to be utilized as a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. The experiment involved two hundred and seventy day-old Abor-acre broiler chickens randomly separated into 3 experimental diet groups, with each being replicated 3 times. Ninety day-old birds were randomly allocated to each group and thirty birds per replicate. The diet groups were: Diet 1 (D 1 = control = basal diet), Diet 2 (D 2 = basal diet+1% LGLM) and Diet 3 (D 3 = basal diet+1% Teramycin antibiotic growth promoter). The birds were brood-reared for six weeks. At day-old the birds were weighed to obtain the initial weight and subsequently weighed weekly to determine weekly body weights and weekly body weight gains. Other parameters taken weekly included feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality rates. All the parameters were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 2006. The results obtained indicate that the performances of the birds placed on control diet (D1) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in all parameters than those placed on D2 and D3. The results further indicated that, although the final body weight of the birds on D2 (1895.56 g) was quantitatively higher than that of the birds in D3 (1875.92 g), the difference was not significant (p>0.05). With respect to feed intake and feed conversion ratio, it was observed that there were no significant differences between the birds in D2 and D3. At the end of the experiment the cumulative mortality rate in D2 (3.67%) was found to be significantly (p<0.05) lower than the mortality rate for the birds in D3 (3.98%). Based on these results, it can be concluded that, considering the risk of drug resistance which the antibiotics tend to impose on broilers, Lemmon grass leaf meal can be considered as a viable alternative to antibiotics growth promoters. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Broiler chickens; Leaf meal; Lemmon grass	Aves; Cymbopogon citratus; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906776187	Evaluation of the nutritive value of sorghum variety ICSV400 in broiler diets	Jamaa N.A., Abubakar M.M., Oyawoye E.O.	2014	International Journal of Poultry Science	13	6	None	Department of Animal Production, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria	Jamaa, N.A., Department of Animal Production, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Abubakar, M.M., Department of Animal Production, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria; Oyawoye, E.O., Department of Animal Production, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of sorghum variety ICSV400 as a replacement for maize in broiler diets. Five diets were formulated for both the starter and finisher phases, in which the sorghum variety ICSV400 was included at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement levels and the diets designated as treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Sorghum variety ICSV400 was used to replace maize as a dietary energy source. Two hundred day old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were allotted to the five treatments in a completely randomized design. Each of the five treatments was replicated four times, with ten birds per replicate. At the starter phase, birds on T1 consumed significantly (p<0.01) less feed (61.63 g) than birds on T5 (74.35 g), T2 (73.98 g) and T4 (71.85 g), similar to those on T3 (67.07 g). Daily weight gain (24.02-33.04 g) and feed conversion ratio (2.26-2.83) were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. The finisher and pooled phases no significant differences between treatments were observed for all the parameters analyzed. Carcass parameters were not affected by dietary treatments but small intestine weight tended to decrease with increasing level of sorghum. Feed cost in N/kg gain tended to be lower (N166.90) in diet 4 (75% sorghum) and higher (N 213.58) in diet 3 (50% sorghum). It was concluded therefore that sorghum variety ICSV400 can completely replace maize in broiler diets without adverse effects on the general performance of the birds. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2014.	Broiler chicks; Maize; Performance; Sorghum variety ICSV400	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749622375	Performance of broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus) fed maize offal-based diets supplemented with roxazyme G enzyme	Nnenna O.P., Emeka N.P., Okpoko C.L.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.607.610	Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Nnenna, O.P., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Emeka, N.P., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okpoko, C.L., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks fed maize offal-based diets supplemented with roxazyme G enzyme. Seven experimental diets were formulated such that diet T1 which served as the control, contained 0% maize offals and without enzyme supplementation. Diets T2 and T5 served as control for enzymes at increased levels of maize-offal supplementation. Diets T3 and T4 contained 20% maize offal supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg of enzyme respectively, while diets T6 and T contained 40 % of maize offal supplemented with 100 mg and 200 mg of enzyme respectively. One 7 hundred and forty seven (147) 4 week-old Anak broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the seven diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated thrice with seven (7) birds per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 day. Results showed that there were significant differences in the performance of the birds on the treatment groups in all the measurements recorded. Birds fed the control 1 diet had the highest weight gain and best feed conversion ratio, though this was not significantly higher than those fed diet T3. There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference between the weight gain of the birds fed diets T3 T4 and T 7. There was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in weight gain as dietary level of maize offal increased without enzyme supplementation. The feed intake of bird fed diet T5 was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those fed other treatment diets. The feed conversion ratio of birds fed T1, T3 and T4 diets did not differ significantly (P &gt; 0.05). Though there were significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences on the feed conversion ratio of birds fed diets T2, T5 and T6, there was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference on the feed conversion ratio of birds fed diets T3, T 4 and T7. The result of the experiment showed that with Roxazyme G supplementation at either 100 mg or 200 mg/kg feed, maize offal can replace maize in the diets at up to 20 % level without any deleterious effect. However, at 40 % inclusion level, 200 mg/kg feed proved more effective. Economics of production showed that Roxazyme G supplementation were profitable as regards the cost of feed per kg weight gain and thus cost savings. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broiler chicks; Enzyme supplementation; Maize offal; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749016456	Growth and reproductive performance of West African Dwarf sheep fed endophyte-infected maize stover supplemented with soybean meal	Gbore F.A., Ewuola E.O., Ogunlade J.T.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	9	None	Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Akoko, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Universi	Gbore, F.A., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Akoko, Nigeria; Ewuola, E.O., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ogunlade, J.T., Animal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding endophyte-infected maize stover on growth and reproductive parameters of West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. In a six weeks feeding trial, twenty-one individually caged growing WAD sheep were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Treatment 1 (NF = control) consisted of diet with healthy maize stover without Fusarium inoculation while treatments 2 and 3 consisted of diets with slight (SF) and high (HF) Fusarium-infected maize stover respectively. The mean daily dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in animals fed the control diet when compared with animals fed the test diets. The mean daily weight gain of the animals fed diet HF was significantly (P<0.05) lower. The feed conversion ratio revealed that it will take 3.76 kg of the highly-infected stover (HF) to produce the same unit weight of meat that was produced by 2.12 kg of healthy maize stover (NF). The mean relative kidney weight tended to decline with an increase in the level of Fusarium infection. The reproductive parameters examined were not significantly different among the treatments. The results suggest that ingestion of Fusarium-infected maize stover by sheep for a short time will depress dry matter intake and weight gain without adverse effect on the organ traits and reproductive potential.	Endophyte-infected maize stover; Growth; Reproductive performance; Sheep	Animalia; Fusarium; Glycine max; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880132414	Effects of urea-treated fibrous diets on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance and haematological parameters of Yankasa rams	Alabi J.O., Arigbede M., Ng'ambi J., Norris D., Shiawoya E., Onyekachi S.	2013	Tropical Animal Health and Production	45	6	10.1007/s11250-013-0368-5	Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa; Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Depa	Alabi, J.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa; Arigbede, M., Department of Pasture and Range Management, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ng'ambi, J., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa; Norris, D., Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, P Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa; Shiawoya, E., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Onyekachi, S., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of urea-treated fibrous diets on the intake, nutrient digestibility, performance and haematological parameters of Yankasa rams. A total of 48 Yankasa rams (BW 10.00 ± 1.50 kg; 6-8 months old) were allocated into four treatment groups in a completely randomised design (12 rams per treatment). Animals were placed on complete rations of yam peels, maize bran and rice husk treated with 0, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 % urea. The experiment lasted for 18 weeks. Yankasa rams fed with urea-treated diets had higher feed intake (949.88 and 938.04 g/day for U15 and U20, respectively), daily weight gain (227.67 and 181.00 g/day for U15 and U20, respectively) and better feed conversion ratio (4.17 and 5.18 for U15 and U20, respectively). Rams on urea-treated diets had higher haemoglobin and red blood cell contents and higher weight gains, indicating that urea treatment enhanced nutrient supply and utilisation at the tissue level. It was concluded that urea treatment of fibrous farm by-products is a promising feeding strategy especially during the dry season when there is scarcity of high-quality forages. Addition of 1.5 % urea to roughage diets and farm by-products to form a total mixed ration may preclude the search for supplements. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	By-product; Fibrous diet; Haematological analyses; Urea; Yankasa rams	urea; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; blood analysis; caloric intake; diet; diet supplementation; dietary fiber; digestion; domestic sheep; feeding behavior; male; metabolism; Nigeria; physiology; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Male; Nigeria; Sheep, Domestic; Urea; Animalia; Dioscorea alata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845797149	Performance and egg quality characteristics of pullets fed activated sheabutter charcoal based diets	Ayanwale B.A., Lanko A.G., Kudu Y.S.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	10	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Niger State Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Division, Bosso, Minna, Nigeria	Ayanwale, B.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Lanko, A.G., Niger State Ministry of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Division, Bosso, Minna, Nigeria; Kudu, Y.S., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance, nutrient utilization, egg quality characteristics and cost-benefit values of feeding different levels activated sheabutter tree charcoal to laying pullets. Five experimental diets supplemented with activated sheabutter charcoal were formulated to contain 0.0 (control), 10.0, 20.0, 30.0 and 40.0% levels of the charcoal. A total of 150 day-old pullets were used for the study and were fed the diets till they were 22 weeks of age. The results showed no beneficial effect of feeding activated sheabutter charcoal to pullets up to 15 weeks of age as there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in the performance parameters measured up to this stage. At the laying stage, activated sheabutter charcoal significantly (p<0.05) improved egg weight from (48 ± 3.01) in the control to (54.86 ± 3.01) in 40.0% charcoal level. Percent cracked eggs also reduced significantly (p<0.05) from 15.33% (control) to 0.20% in 40.0% activated sheabutter charcoal level. No significant (p>0.05) effect of activated sheabutter charcoal was observed on the internal egg quality parameters measured. The pullets fed activated charcoal had higher economic returns than the control. The results were attributed to increased mineral intake and utilization enhanced by charcoal supplementation and also improved absorption capacity of charcoal for dietary fat. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Cost-benefit; Egg quality; Sheabutter tree charcoal	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65549144310	Evaluation of dietary inclusion of Sweet Potato (Ipoma batatas) Leaf Meal (SPLM) with and without enzyme treatment in broiler diets	Mmereole F.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	6	10.3923/pjn.2009.841.844	Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria	Mmereole, F., Department of Animal Science, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted to test the effects of Sweet Potato Leaf Meal (SPLM) as a supplement in broiler diet with or without enzyme treatment. This study is a part of ongoing efforts to reduce feed costs in broiler production and thus make more animal protein available and affordable to the growing world population especially in those countries where there are dangerous deficiency gaps between the quantity of animal protein required and the quantity consumed. Five hundred day-old broilers were brooded for four weeks after which 135 birds were selected for the experiment. Data were collected on the body weight and body weight gains, feed intake and feed conversion ratio and costs of feeds per kilogram of body weight of broilers. The data were subjected to both statistical and economic analysis. The results obtained from the analysis revealed that the birds fed with diets containing 20% enzyme treated SPLM proved superior in all parameters evaluated. Based on these observation the study recommended that farmers should be encouraged to include 20% SPLM treated with enzyme in their feed formulation for improved broiler production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Enzyme treatment; Evaluation; Sweet potato leaf meal	protein; agricultural worker; animal experiment; animal food; article; bird; body weight; controlled study; economic aspect; enzyme therapy; nonhuman; plant leaf; poultry farming; protein intake; statistical analysis; sweet potato; weight gain; chicken; cost benefit analysis; diet supplementation; dietary intake; economic evaluation; food intake; poultry; Animalia; Aves; Ipomoea batatas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80455125989	Evaluation of faba bean (Vicia faba cv. Fiord) as a protein source for broilers	Gous R.M.	2011	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	41	2	None	Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Gous, R.M., Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	An experiment was conducted, using 960 sexed broiler chicks between 7 and 21 d of age, to measure their response to increasing contents of faba bean in the feed. The experimental design consisted of two sexes, six levels of faba bean (0 to 250 g/kg feed), two feed forms (mash and pellets) and two levels of methionine supplementation (0 and 1.5 g DL methionine/kg feed). Each treatment was replicated twice, using 96 pens and 10 chicks per pen. The responses were the same between sexes and between methionine levels. Where feeds were offered in a mash form, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) declined linearly, and food intake increased linearly, with increasing faba bean content, but when the feeds were pelleted, performance was the same on all levels of faba bean, suggesting that heat generated during the pelleting process may have destroyed some heat labile anti-nutritional factor present in the faba bean. As most broiler feeds are pelleted, it would appear that faba beans could be used successfully as an alternative protein source in feeds for broilers, up to an inclusion level of 250 g/kg, when geographic, agronomic and economic conditions favour the use of these beans.	Anti-nutritional factors; Dilution trial; Feed form	Vicia faba	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-17444377595	Performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal diets	Amaefule K.U., Obioha F.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	3	None	Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Amaefule, K.U., Coll. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Michael Okpara Univ. Agric., Umudike, PMB 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Obioha, F.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	An experiment was conducted with 150 black Bovan Nera pullets to evaluate the performance of pullet chicks fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal (PSM) diets. Pullets were fed 10% PSM-based diets for 8 weeks. The seeds were either raw or processed (toasted for 30 minutes, boiled for 30 minutes, or soaked in water for 24 hours). Each treatment was replicated three times, with 10 pullets per replicate. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD). The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Parameters measured were feed intake, weight gain and feed cost. The results showed that pullets fed 10% raw or processed PSM diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all the performance parameters. PSM diets significantly (P<0.05) reduced total feed cost. It was concluded that PSM is a good protein source for pullets and that 10% raw or processed PSM could be incorporated into pullet chick diets.	Performance; Pigeon pea; Processsing; Pullets; Raw seeds	Cajan; Cajanus cajan; Columba; Gallus gallus; Pisum sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548476044	Effects of genotype and housing system on the laying performance of chickens in different seasons in the semi-humid tropics	Yakubu A., Salako A.E., Ige A.O.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	6	None	Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia Campus, P.M.B. 135, Lafia, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke, Akintola University of	Yakubu, A., Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Shabu-Lafia Campus, P.M.B. 135, Lafia, Nigeria; Salako, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ige, A.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke, Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	An experiment was designed to study the effects of genotype and housing system on the performance of two commercial layers, Bovans Brown and Lohmann Brown in the hot-dry and wet seasons in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Six hundred, 27 week-old layers were used. One hundred and fifty birds of each strain were randomly assigned to the battery cage system, while another one hundred and fifty birds of each strain were managed on deep litter. The observation for the hot-dry and wet seasons lasted 2 months each respectively in the year 2004. Body weight, hen-housed egg production, egg weight and mortality rate were significantly better in Lohmann Brown than Bovans Brown (1.75±0.01kg vs. 1.69±0.01kg, 74.50±0.84% vs. 68.72±0.86%, 53.70±0.24g vs. 52.43±0.26g, 0.58±0.09% vs. 1.20±0.15%; p<0.05). Birds in cages were superior to those on deep litter in terms of hen-housed egg production, egg weight and mortality (74.06±0.75% vs. 69.16±1.02%, 53.40±0.24g vs. 52.73±0.29g, 0.68±0.10% vs. 1.10±0.15%; p<0.05). Generally, birds performed better in the wet than hot-dry season in body weight, hen-housed egg production, feed intake, egg weight, egg cracks and mortality (1.76±0.01kg vs. 1.68±0.01kg, 74.92±0.74% vs. 68.30±0.86%, 98.51±0.50g vs. 90.90±0.23g, 53.92±0.18g vs. 52.22±0.27g, 1.99±0.23% vs.5.12±0.39%, 0.55±0.08% vs. 1.22±0.15%; p<0.05). The interactions between genotypexhousing system, genotypexseason and housing systemxseason produced significant results. Proper housing design, provision of quality and adequate feeds and proper timing of the laying period were recommended. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Exotic strains; Interaction; Management system; Performance parameters; Season	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859172052	Performance of broiler chickens fed on mature moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein supplement to soyabean meal	Gadzirayi C.T., Masamha B., Mupangwa J.F., Washaya S.	2012	International Journal of Poultry Science	11	1	None	Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; International Livestock Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698 Caixa, Maputo, Mozambique; Umutara Polytechnic, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, Rwanda	Gadzirayi, C.T., Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe; Masamha, B., International Livestock Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698 Caixa, Maputo, Mozambique; Mupangwa, J.F., Umutara Polytechnic, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Eastern Province, Rwanda; Washaya, S., Department of Agriculture, Bindura University of Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe	An exploratory study investigating the effects of supplementing soyabeans with Moringa oleifera leaf meal, as a protein source in poultry production was done at Bindura University Farm. Five different graded levels of Moringa oleifera meal were used in formulating the diets. Ration formulation using soyabean, yellow maize and Moringa oleifera meal as ingredients for broiler starter (20% Crude Protein) and broiler finisher (18% Crude Protein) diets was done using the Pearson Square Method. Twenty-five day old Habbard chicks were randomly allocated to the five treatment diets T1 (0% Moringa oleifera meal), T2 (25% Moringa oleifera meal), T3 (50% Moringa oleifera meal), T4 (75% Moringa oleifera meal) and T5 (100% Moringa oleifera meal) in a completely randomized design. Birds were managed under the dip litter system with five compartments each with five birds for a period of 6 weeks. Weekly weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded throughout the period. Evisceration of carcasses was done after 6 weeks and the different body parts were weighed and recorded. Proximate analysis of Moringa oleifera meal, broiler starter and broiler finisher diets were done and the results were tabulated. Statistical analysis was done using Genstat Software Version 12. No significant differences were noted in the amount of feed taken by broiler birds under different treatments of Moringa oleifera meal, however significant differences in feed conversion ratios were noted. It was therefore concluded that inclusion of Moringa oleifera meal as protein supplement in broiler diets at 25% inclusion level produces broilers of similar weight and growth rate compared to those fed under conventional commercial feeds (p>0.05). © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Broilers; Carcass; Moringa oleifera; Protein; Weight	Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Moringa oleifera; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897008574	Pharmacokinetic evaluation of lisinopril-tryptophan, a novel C-domain ACE inhibitor	Denti P., Sharp S.-K., Kröger W.L., Schwager S.L., Mahajan A., Njoroge M., Gibhard L., Smit I., Chibale K., Wiesner L., Sturrock E.D., Davies N.H.	2014	European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences	56	1	10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.012	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Denti, P., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Sharp, S.-K., Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Kröger, W.L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Schwager, S.L., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Mahajan, A., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Njoroge, M., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Gibhard, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Smit, I., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Sturrock, E.D., Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Davies, N.H., Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Department of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa	Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) is a metallopeptidase comprised of two homologous catalytic domains (N- and C-domains). The C-domain cleaves the vasoactive angiotensin II precursor, angiotensin I, more efficiently than the N-domain. Thus, C-domain-selective ACE inhibitors have been designed to investigate the pharmacological effects of blocking the C-terminal catalytic site of the enzyme and improve the side effect profile of current ACE inhibitors. Lisinopril-tryptophan (LisW-S), an analogue of the ACE inhibitor lisinopril, is highly selective for the C-domain. In this study, we have analysed the ex vivo domain selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile of LisW-S. The IC50 value of LisW-S was 38.5 nM in rat plasma using the fluorogenic substrate Abz-FRKP(Dnp)P-OH. For the pharmacokinetics analysis of LisW-S, a sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine the concentration of LisW-S in rat plasma. LisW-S was administered to Wistar rats at a dose of 1 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously, 5 mg/kg bodyweight orally. The Cmax obtained following oral administration of the drug was 0.082 μM and LisW-S had an apparent terminal elimination half-life of around 3.1 h. The pharmacokinetic data indicate that the oral bioavailability of LisW-S was approximately 5.4%. These data provide a basis for better understanding the absorption mechanism of LisW-S and evaluating its clinical application. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hypertension; LC-MS/MS method; Lisinopril-tryptophan; Pharmacokinetic analysis	dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; lisinopril tryptophan; tryptophan derivative; unclassified drug; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; lisinopril; tryptophan; animal experiment; article; concentration response; controlled study; drug absorption; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug elimination; drug half life; drug penetration; drug solubility; enzyme active site; ex vivo study; IC 50; liquid chromatography; male; maximum plasma concentration; nonhuman; priority journal; protein domain; rat; tandem mass spectrometry; Wistar rat; animal; CACO 2 cell line; chemistry; enzyme active site; human; metabolism; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animals; Caco-2 Cells; Catalytic Domain; Humans; Lisinopril; Male; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Rats, Wistar; Tryptophan	South African Medical Research Council; South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-22344457990	Evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes for multiple resistance to angular and floury leaf spot diseases	Lemessa F., Tesfaye A.	2005	Tropical Science	45	2	10.1002/ts.50	Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia; Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany	Lemessa, F., Department of Plant Sciences and Horticulture, Jimma University College of Agriculture, POBox 307, Jimma, Ethiopia, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Tesfaye, A., Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia	Angular leaf spot and floury leaf spot are the major bean diseases in hot and humid parts of Ethiopia. Of 70 genotypes evaluated, EMP-233, EMP-212, G-10843 and Dicta-65 were consistently resistant to both diseases and the first three were also high yielding. For angular leaf spot, disease severity was positively correlated with seed size and 100-seed weight.	Bean; Leaf spot; Multiple resistance; Phaseolus vulgaris	Phaseolus vulgaris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955005076	Hydrochemical analysis and evaluation of water quality in Angwan Jeba and its environs, Nasarawa State, northcentral Nigeria	Anudu G.K., Obrike S.E., Onuba L.N., Ikpokonte A.E.	2011	Research Journal of Applied Sciences	6	2	10.3923/rjasci.2011.128.135	Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria; Department of Geology, Anambra State University, Uli, Nigeria; Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Anudu, G.K., Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria; Obrike, S.E., Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria; Onuba, L.N., Department of Geology, Anambra State University, Uli, Nigeria; Ikpokonte, A.E., Department of Geology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Angwan Jeba and its environs lies within the Basement Complex of northcentral Nigeria and is underlain by migmatitic gneiss, biotite gneiss, biotite schist, muscovite schist and older granites with minor intrusions of pegmatite and quartz veins. The study involved the hydrochemical characterisation of waters of the area to ascertain their chemistry, quality and suitability for domestic, livestock and irrigation purposes. A total of eight hand-dug wells, four hand-pump boreholes, one stream and two rivers water samples were analysed for their cations and anions. Physical parameters such as temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured in the field. Results of the analysed chemical (cations and anions) parameters ranged as follows: Ca 2+ (9.4-36.1 mg L -1), Mg 2+ (3.8-11.7 mg L -1), Na + (17.64-41.5 mg L -1), K + (4.36-18.14mg L -1), Fe (0.08-3.0 mg L -1), Cu (&lt;0.01 -0.99 mg L -1), HCO 3 - (84.08-134 mg L -1), Cl (37.3-49.79 mg L -1), SO 4 2- (13.2-23.4 mg L -1) and NO 3 - (ND-0.96 mg L -1). The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Exchangeable Sodium Ratio (ESR) values varied between 0.73-l.59, -1.015-0.633 meq L -1, 159-450 μS cm -1 and O.333-1.187, respectively. Evaluation of the results revealed that the waters are fresh (130 &lt;TDS&lt;304mg L -1), soft to moderately hard (39.12&lt; TH&lt;128.85 mg L -1), slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (6.85&lt;pH&lt;7.20) have low to medium Salinity Hazard (SH) and belong to four water facies types namely: Na-HCO 3-Cl, Na-Ca-HCO 3-Cl, Ca-Na-HCO 3-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO 3-Cl. These waters have acquired their chemistry from the basement rocks, dissolution of silicate minerals and cation exchange reactions. All the analysed parameters were within the WHO Guidelines for drinking water and therefore are considered to be suitable for domestic, livestock and irrigation purposes. © Medwell Journals, 2011.	Angwan jeba; Chemistry; Hydrochemical; Nigeria; Purposes; Quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900439685	Development and evaluation of an ITS1 "Touchdown" PCR for assessment of drug efficacy against animal African trypanosomosis	Tran T., Napier G., Rowan T., Cordel C., Labuschagne M., Delespaux V., Van Reet N., Erasmus H., Joubert A., Büscher P.	2014	Veterinary Parasitology	202	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.005	Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Tran, T., Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Napier, G., Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Rowan, T., Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom; Cordel, C., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Labuschagne, M., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Delespaux, V., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Van Reet, N., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Erasmus, H., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, A., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitzigweg, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Büscher, P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium	Animal African trypanosomoses (AAT) are caused by flagellated protozoa of the Trypanosoma genus and contribute to considerable losses in animal production in Africa, Latin America and South East Asia. Trypanosoma congolense is considered the economically most important species. Drug resistant T. congolense strains present a threat to the control of AAT and have triggered research into discovery of novel trypanocides. In vivo assessment of trypanocidal efficacy relies on monitoring of treated animals with microscopic parasite detection methods. Since these methods have poor sensitivity, follow-up for up to 100 days after treatment is recommended to increase the chance of detecting recurrent parasitaemia waves. Molecular techniques are more amendable to high throughput processing and are generally more sensitive than microscopic detection, thus bearing the potential of shortening the 100-day follow up period. The study presents a "Touchdown" PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the ribosomal DNA (ITS1 TD PCR) that enables detection and discrimination of different Trypanosoma taxa in a single run due to variations in PCR product sizes. The assay achieves analytical sensitivity of 10 parasites per ml of blood for detection of T. congolense savannah type and T. brucei, and 100 parasites per ml of blood for detection of T. vivax in infected mouse blood. The ITS1 TD PCR was evaluated on cattle experimentally infected with T. congolense during an investigational new veterinary trypanocide drug efficacy study. ITS1 TD PCR demonstrated comparable performance to microscopy in verifying trypanocide treatment success, in which parasite DNA became undetectable in cured animals within two days post-treatment. ITS1 TD PCR detected parasite recrudescence three days earlier than microscopy and had a higher positivity rate than microscopy (84.85% versus 57.58%) in 66 specimens of relapsing animals collected after treatments. Therefore, ITS1 TD PCR provides a useful tool in assessment of drug efficacy against T. congolense infection in cattle. As the assay bears the potential for detection of mixed infections, it may be applicable for drug efficacy studies and diagnostic discrimination of T. vivax and T. congolense against other pathogenic trypanosomes, including T. brucei, T. evansi and T. equiperdum. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.	Cattle; ITS1; Touchdown PCR; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanozoon	antitrypanosomal agent; internal transcribed spacer 1; ribosome DNA; animal experiment; article; cattle; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; dog; drug efficacy; experimental infection; female; goat; hematocrit centrifugation technique; horse; human; intermethod comparison; male; microscopy; mouse; nagana; nonhuman; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; process development; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; touchdown polymerase chain reaction; Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma congolense; trypanosoma equiperdum; Trypanosoma gambiense; Trypanosoma rhodesiense; trypanosoma theileri; Trypanosoma vivax; Animalia; Bos; Mastigophora (flagellates); Trypanosoma; Trypanosoma brucei; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma equiperdum; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanozoon; Cattle; ITS1; Touchdown PCR; Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanozoon; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Drug Resistance; Mice; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Trypanocidal Agents; Trypanosomiasis, African	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960394623	The economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing countries: New roles, new demands for economics and epidemiology	Rich K.M., Perry B.D.	2011	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	101	42433	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.08.002	Norwegian Inst. of International Affairs (NUPI), International Livestock Research Inst. (ILRI), Department of International Economics, C/O NUPI, P.O. Box 8159, 0033 Oslo, Norway; University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Pretoria, South Africa; c/o P.O. Box 437, Gilgil 20116, Kenya	Rich, K.M., Norwegian Inst. of International Affairs (NUPI), International Livestock Research Inst. (ILRI), Department of International Economics, C/O NUPI, P.O. Box 8159, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Perry, B.D., University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, University of Pretoria, South Africa, c/o P.O. Box 437, Gilgil 20116, Kenya	Animal disease outbreaks pose significant threats to livestock sectors throughout the world, both from the standpoint of the economic impacts of the disease itself and the measures taken to mitigate the risk of disease introduction. These impacts are multidimensional and not always well understood, complicating effective policy response. In the developing world, livestock diseases have broader, more nuanced effects on markets, poverty, and livelihoods, given the diversity of uses of livestock and complexity of livestock value chains. In both settings, disease control strategies, particularly those informed by ex ante modeling platforms, often fail to recognize the constraints inherent among farmers, veterinary services, and other value chain actors. In short, context matters. Correspondingly, an important gap in the animal health economics literature is the explicit incorporation of behavior and incentives in impact analyses that highlight the interactions of disease with its socio-economic and institutional setting. In this paper, we examine new approaches and frameworks for the analysis of economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases. We propose greater utilization of " bottom-up" analyses, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of value chain and information economics approaches in impact analyses and stressing the importance of improved integration between the epidemiology of disease and its relationships with economic behavior. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Decision-making; Developing countries; Poverty impacts; Value chain; Veterinary epidemiology and economics	animal; animal disease; article; developing country; economics; epidemic; human; poverty; Animal Diseases; Animals; Developing Countries; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Poverty; Animalia	None
None	None	Impact of African Swine fever epidemics in smallholder pig production units in Rombo district of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Swai E.S., Lyimo C.J.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	2	None	Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, PO Box 9152, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; District Livestock Office, PO Box 287, Mkuu Rombo, Tanzania	Swai, E.S., Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development, PO Box 9152, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Lyimo, C.J., District Livestock Office, PO Box 287, Mkuu Rombo, Tanzania	Animal diseases have multiple direct and indirect effects on human livelihood, health and welfare. Animal disease outbreaks also pose significant threats to the profitability of livestock production throughout the world, both from the point of economic impacts of the disease itself and the measures taken to mitigate the risk of disease introduction and control measures applied in the event of an outbreak. A study to evaluate the impact of an African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in smallholder pig units in Rombo district of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania was conducted during the period of October 2013. The study involved 1085 smallholder farmers who owned pigs (n=5322) at different ages and stages of maturity during the period of March to September 2013. Information on the number of pigs owned pre- and post the ASF outbreak was collected through face-to-face interviews, direct farm observations and secondary data were retrieved from various district livestock office reports. This survey revealed that the pig density in Rombo district was 17/km2 and average herd size to be 5 (range, 1- 57), higher than the national average of 3 (range 2-48). The overall revenue accrued from sales of live pigs and pork between 2005-2012 amounted to Tsh 65 million to 102 million and 257 million to 566 million per annum, respectively. Mortality losses specifically arising from the ASF outbreak were 84% (range 46-97) and on average the number of pigs lost per household was 4 (range 1-50). Translation of such mortality figures into financial terms produces a loss of Tsh 160.632 million, indicating that ASF is a deadly and devastating disease that can disrupt the pig industry and the entire local economy. This study established that small-scale pig production is an important source of livelihood in many households and contributes to the value chain in rural areas of Rombo district. Given the transboundary nature of the disease (fast spreading and respecting no border), the study recommends that, in any future intervention, effort should be directed at the prevention of infection at source; early detection of the disease when it occurs; timely reporting and rapid response by involving a wide range of stakeholders at district, regional, national and international levels. At farm level, good husbandry and biosecurity practices such as confinement of pigs though construction of adequate housing, avoiding contaminated feed and water, appropriate disposal of carcasses, prohibition of slaughter, movement ban, establishment of check points and decontamination procedures using known and proven quality disinfection should be given high priority, as there is currently no vaccine available.	Disease; Economics; Impact; Mortality; Outbreak; Viral	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57049084462	Environmental impact prediction of air quality in a food processing environment	Chukwu O.	2008	International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation	1	3	10.1504/IJPTI.2008.021469	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Chukwu, O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	An impact study of food processing factory in Nigeria on air quality of its environment was studied using a factorial experiment. The effects of three primary air pollutants (by-products of the food processing): nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO2), carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) and sulphur (IV) oxide (SO2) on formation of acid rain also studied. These factors and their interactions in the predictive model showed significant impact on hydrogen ion concentration [H+], which is the key intrinsic parameter of acid rain. However, SO2 had higher detrimental influence than the other pollutants. Statistical analysis of the experimental data showed that the predictive model is adequate for obtaining optimum conditions. Validation of the model gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 between the measured and predicted values. Copyright © 2008 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Acid rain; Air quality; Environmental impact; Food processing industry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885848859	Design, fabrication and performance evaluation of an improved fish smoking kiln	Alakali J.S., Faasema J., Utongo N.	2013	Journal of Food Processing and Preservation	37	5	10.1111/j.1745-4549.2011.00665.x	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi P.M.B. 2372, Nigeria	Alakali, J.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi P.M.B. 2372, Nigeria; Faasema, J., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi P.M.B. 2372, Nigeria; Utongo, N., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi P.M.B. 2372, Nigeria	An improved fish smoking kiln was designed and fabricated. Catfish samples were smoked using three biomasses, namely iron tree, sawdust and rice husk. Variations in utilizable temperatures with time, phenol contents, smoke density, weight loss, proximate composition and sensory qualities of the smoked fish were evaluated. The utilizable temperatures due to combustion of constant weight of each biomass ranged from 60 to 120C for sawdust, 61.5 to 132C for rice husk and 60 to 120C for iron tree in 5h. The temperatures due to combustion of iron tree, rice husk and sawdust decline to a constant value. The temperature of iron tree showed steadier decline. The phenol content ranged from 0.42 to 0.48mg/mL with rice husk having the highest value while iron tree had the lowest value. Smoke density ranged from 0.021 to 0.024g/cm3 showing the same trend. Proximate analysis shows significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in moisture, protein, lipids and ash. However, carbohydrate content does not change significantly (P&gt;0.05). Organoleptically, catfish smoked with iron tree yielded the best quality and was significantly (P&lt;0.05) superior to that smoked with sawdust and rice husk. Samples smoked with sawdust were least preferred. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	None	Carbohydrate content; Constant values; Constant weight; Phenol content; Proximate analysis; Proximate compositions; Sensory qualities; Smoked fishes; Combustion; Fish; Iron; Kilns; Quality control; Forestry; Combustion; Fishes; Forestry; Iron; Kilns; Quality Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856399269	The importance of preferential flow in controlling groundwater recharge in tropical Africa and implications for modelling the impact of climate change on groundwater resources	Cuthbert M.O., Tindimugaya C.	2010	Journal of Water and Climate Change	1	4	10.2166/wcc.2010.040	School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Ministry of Water and Environment, PO Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	Cuthbert, M.O., School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Tindimugaya, C., Ministry of Water and Environment, PO Box 19, Entebbe, Uganda	An improved water table fluctuation technique for estimating recharge is applied to a sustained (10-year) groundwater level monitoring record in Uganda, a rare dataset for tropical Africa, and compared against results from soil moisture balance models (SMBMs) and unsaturated flow models. The results show that recharge is directly proportional to rainfall (long-term average rainfall is around 1200 mm/a), even during times when high soil moisture deficits are anticipated. This indicates that preferential and/or localized flow mechanisms dominate the recharge behaviour. SMBMs and unsaturated flow models, based on uniform flow governed by the Richards equation, are shown to be inappropriate for estimating recharge in this location underlain by lateritic soils. Given the large spatial coverage of lateritic soils both globally and in tropical Africa, and despite the convenience of physically based uniform flow models and, in particular, SMBMs, concern is raised over the use of such models for recharge estimation, and thus for exploring future trends due to climate or land use change, unless backed up by sufficient hydraulic data to enable the recharge processes to be confirmed. More research is needed to assess how widespread preferential flow may be within other major soil groups and climate zones. © IWA Publishing 2011.	Climate change; Groundwater recharge; Soil moisture balance model; Uganda; Water table fluctuation method	Ground water recharge; Moisture balance; Preferential flows; Recharge estimation; Soil moisture deficits; Uganda; Unsaturated flows; Water table fluctuations; Climate change; Climate models; Estimation; Geologic models; Groundwater flow; Groundwater resources; Rain; Soil moisture; Tropics; Recharging (underground waters)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649989738	Evaluation of water poverty index in Ondo State, Nigeria	Yahaya O., Akinro A.O., Mogaji Kehinde O., Ologunagba B.	2009	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	4	10	None	Right Foundation Academy, Ikare-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Enginee	Yahaya, O., Right Foundation Academy, Ikare-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Akinro, A.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Mogaji Kehinde, O., Department of Civil Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria; Ologunagba, B., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Nigeria	An increasing world population exerts a continually growing demand on usable freshwater resource and matching the demand with supply of safe drinking water has resulted to serious social-economic constraints. Time and drudgery involved to access safe drinking resulted to loss of human capital, thus affects nearly every household activity. This paper focuses on the evaluation of Water Poverty Index (WPI) as an integrated tool veritable for all the local government areas in Ondo State of Nigeria to address their water sector. Simple time analysis and composite index approaches were employed to compute WPI values in all the sampled areas. Variables such as water resource, access to safe water, use of water and environmental impacts were considered. The ranking of WPI values from the two approaches shows that Ese-Odo is the most water-stressed with least WPI values of 10.1 points (composite index) and highest value of 1.4 minsl-1 (simple time analysis), while Owo, Ondo-West and Ose local government areas are less water stressed with WPI values of 0.55 minsl-1, 17.8; 0.53 minsl-1, 16.2; and 0.5 minsl-1, 17.1 respectively. The results obtained indicate that constructive investment in water and sanitation improves Human Development Index (HDI). However, this paper concludes that to prevent the occurrence of virtual water situation and improve water supply, researches of this nature should be conducted from time to time and government at all levels should holistically address the problem. © 2006-2009 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).	Access; Dry; Ese-Odo; Freshwater; Household; Season; Water poverty index; Water stress; Wet	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750056977	Nutritional evaluation of cornflakes waste in diets for broilers	Ayanwale B.A., Aya V.E.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	5	10.3923/pjn.2006.485.489	Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Ayanwale, B.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria; Aya, V.E., Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	A nine week feeding trial was conducted to assess the nutritional value of cornflakes waste in broiler diets. Maize and cornflakes waste were used in various proportions as energy sources such that diets T1, T2, T3 T4, and T5 had maize at 100.0, 80.0, 60.0, 40.0 and 0.0 %; and cornflakes waste at 0.0, 20.0, 40.0, 60.0 and 100.0 % levels respectively. Data were collected on chemical composition of cornflakes waste and on the amino acid profile, nutrient digestibility, cooking loss and cooking yield of the meat from the broilers. Results showed that the cornflakes waste is higher in DM, CF and NFE but lower in CP, EE, ash, M.E. and methionine compared to maize. The highest nutrient digestibility was obtained in broilers fed 80.0% maize and 20.0% cornflakes waste mixture similar to the one from birds fed 100 % cornflakes waste as an energy source. This was an improvement over the digestibility of birds fed control diet at the starter phase. The results were attributed to the physicochemical changes that occurred during the processing of raw maize and other materials into cornflakes waste. Broilers fed 100 % cornflakes waste had higher (p&lt;0.05) cooking loss and lower cooking yield compared to birds fed the control diet. Diet T2 with 80% maize and 20% cornflakes waste produced broilers with better meat quality due to its rigid structure as a result of the low cooking loss. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Broiler diet; Cornflakes waste; Maize; Nutrient digestibility	amino acid; methionine; amino acid analysis; animal food; animal tissue; article; ash; cereal; chemical composition; chicken; controlled study; cooking; digestion; energy resource; food processing; food quality; information processing; maize; meat; nonhuman; nutrient; nutritional assessment; nutritional value; physical chemistry; waste; Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952889444	Evaluation of hazardous metal pollution in irrigation and drinking water systems in the vicinity of a coal mine area of northwestern Bangladesh	Bhuiyan M.A.H., Islam M.A., Dampare S.B., Parvez L., Suzuki S.	2010	Journal of Hazardous Materials	179	42372	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.114	Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Chemistry Division, Dhaka Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon-Accra, Ghana	Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Islam, M.A., Chemistry Division, Dhaka Atomic Energy Center, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; Dampare, S.B., National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Parvez, L., Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; Suzuki, S., Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan	An integrated approach of pollution evaluation indices, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) was employed to evaluate the intensity and sources of pollution in irrigation and drinking water systems of northwestern Bangladesh. Temperature, BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb levels in most of the water samples exceed the Bangladesh and international standards. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and degree of contamination (Cd) yield different results despite significant correlations between them. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) shows strong correlations with HPI and Cd, and gives a better assessment of pollution levels. Modifications to the existing HPI and Cd schemes show comparable results with HEI, and indicate that about 55% of the mine drainage/irrigation waters and 50% of the groundwaters are moderately to highly contaminated. The CA, PCA and pollution indices suggest that the mine drainage water (DW) is contaminated by anthropogenic (mining operation and agrogenic) sources, and the proximal parts are more contaminated than the distal part. The groundwater system in the vicinity of the coal mine site is also heavily polluted by anthropogenic sources. The pollution status of irrigation and drinking water systems in the study area are of great environmental and health concerns. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Cluster analysis; Degree of contaminants; Heavy metal evaluation indices; Heavy metal pollution indices; Irrigation water; Principal component	Evaluation index; Heavy metal pollution; Irrigation waters; Principal component; Principal Components; Chemical oxygen demand; Cluster analysis; Coal mines; Contamination; Groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Heavy metals; Heavy water; Irrigation; Manganese; Manganese compounds; Manganese removal (water treatment); Metal analysis; Metals; Mining; Oxygen; Pollution; Potable water; Wastewater disposal; Water resources; Water supply; Waterworks; Principal component analysis; cobalt; copper; drinking water; ground water; heavy metal; iron; lead; manganese; nickel; anthropogenic effect; anthropogenic source; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; cluster analysis; coal mine; drinking water; environmental impact assessment; groundwater; hazardous waste; health risk; heavy metal; irrigation; mine drainage; pollutant source; pollution monitoring; principal component analysis; water quality; water temperature; article; Bangladesh; biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; cluster analysis; coal mining; environmental health; irrigation (agriculture); physical chemistry; principal component analysis; temperature; water pollution; water quality; Agriculture; Algorithms; Bangladesh; Cluster Analysis; Coal Mining; Hazardous Substances; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Metals, Heavy; Principal Component Analysis; Trace Elements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical; Water Purification; Water Supply; Bangladesh	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858667240	Evaluation of the petroleum potentials and prospect of the Chad Basin Nigeria from heat flow and gravity data	Nwankwo C.N., Emujakporue G.O., Nwosu L.I.	2012	Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology	2	1	10.1007/s13202-011-0015-5	Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Nwankwo, C.N., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Emujakporue, G.O., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Nwosu, L.I., Department of Physics, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	An integrated study of the Chad Basin Nigeria has been carried out using heat flow, Bouguer gravity anomaly, depth to basement maps and interpreted seismic reflection data of the area. The seismic reflection data show two main structural elements: faults and folds whose primary structural orientation is northeast-southwest. Other features such as grabens and horst which are formed as a result of tensional stress and magnetic intrusive are also identified in the sections. The Bouger gravity anomaly ranges from -10 to -50 mgal with a northeast to southwest trend while the heat flow values ranges from 63.63 to 105.4 m Wm -2 with an average of 80.6 m Wm -2. The result shows that areas with relatively low heat flux in the southwest and northeast is associated with Bouguer gravity values ranging from -30 to -50 mgal. These parts of the basin also have a higher depth to basement and are associated with low sediment, buried hills and crest of folds. The range of heat flow values computed for this study shows that the basin sediments are thermally mature and therefore has high prospects for oil and gas generation. The graben in the basin is associated with low heat flow and very low negative Bouguer gravity anomaly. The study reveals that a decrease in heat flow is observed with an increasing sedimentary thickness. Thus, by studying the heat flow map, regions of gravity highs and lows can be identified within the Chad basin. Moreover, areas of gravity lows have greater thickness of sediments than areas of gravity highs. Low geothermal gradient causes the formation of oil to begin at fairly deep subsurface levels, but makes the oil window to be quite broad. The heat flow, Bouguer gravity values and seismically determined structural features suggest that the Chad Basin Nigeria has good prospects for hydrocarbon plays in Cretaceous rocks, with high potentials for both structural and stratigraphic traps. The southwestern and northeastern axis of the basin is therefore recommended for further drilling to deeper depth based on the results of this study. © 2011 The Author(s).	Chad Basin; Depth to basement; Gravity; Heat flow; Hydrocarbon potential	Basin sediments; Bouguer gravity; Bouguer gravity anomalies; Buried hill; Chad Basin; Cretaceous rocks; Depth to basement; Geothermal gradients; Gravity anomalies; Gravity data; Heat flow value; High potential; Hydrocarbon potential; Nigeria; Oil and gas; Petroleum potential; Seismic reflection data; Structural elements; Structural feature; Structural orientations; Subsurface levels; Anoxic sediments; Buildings; Gravitation; Heat transfer; Hydrocarbons; Sedimentology; Seismic waves; Stratigraphy; Heat flux	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957740355	Design of Intel 8751 microcontroller-based system for monitoring and control of a thermal process	Idachaba F.E.	2010	IETE Journal of Research	56	4	10.4103/0377-2063.70624	Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Idachaba, F.E., Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	An Intel 8751 microcontroller-based system was developed to monitor and control the temperature of an oven. The IN4148 signal diode was used as the temperature sensor and the on-off control algorithm was utilized with the system switching off the heating process whenever it attains the preset value. The system provides a digital readout of the system temperature and a status/blinker indicator showing whether heating is in progress or terminated. The control programs were loaded onto the memory of the microcontroller and the enable the selection of the different temperature values. The system improves accuracy by eliminating human participation and saves operator time. The system is easy to operate, maintain, and upgrade. Copyright © 2010 by the IETE.	EPROM; Intel 8751; On-Off control; Temperature sensor	A-thermal; Control program; Digital readouts; EPROM; Heating process; Intel 8751; Monitor and control; Monitoring and control; On-Off control; Signal diode; System temperature; Temperature values; Controllers; Heating; Mathematical operators; Microcontrollers; Monitoring; Temperature sensors; Process control	None
WoS	WOS:000318898900007	An evaluation of three intercultural community projects	Hendriks, H. Jurgens,Ries, Johannes	2013	HTS TEOLOGIESE STUDIES-THEOLOGICAL STUDIES	69	2	10.4102/hts.v69i2.1250	Stellenbosch University	"Hendriks, H. Jurgens: Stellenbosch University","Ries, Johannes: Stellenbosch University"	An intercultural framework for servanthood was explored in three Christian community projects. The framework consists of six basic principles, as defined by Duane Elmer, namely openness, acceptance, trust, learning, understanding and serving. This framework is brought into conversation with Miroslav Volf's metaphor of an embrace. In all of this koinonia and diaconia play a pivotal role - especially in the relationship between the two modi. With this hermeneutical framework as point of departure, an empirical study was undertaken to discern the processes and structures within intercultural Christian community projects; and to evaluate the transformation in relationships and the sustainability of the development projects.	None	None	None
None	None	Tobacco growers at the crossroads: Towards a comparison of diversification and ecosystem impacts	Geist H.J., Chang K.-t., Etges V., Abdallah J.M.	2009	Land Use Policy	26	4	10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.01.003	University of Aberdeen, Department of Geography and Environment, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom; National Taiwan University, Department of Geography, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Departamento de História e Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, Avenida Independência 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Forest Economics, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	Geist, H.J., University of Aberdeen, Department of Geography and Environment, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom; Chang, K.-t., National Taiwan University, Department of Geography, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Etges, V., Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Departamento de História e Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, Avenida Independência 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Abdallah, J.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Forest Economics, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania	An international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been in force since 2005, also aimed at regulating tobacco farming: FCTC article 17 on diversification, and FCTC article 18 on socio-ecological issues. Relating to the FCTC, information was gained and evaluated from tobacco farmers of growing areas sampled from major world regions (Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, Tabora/Tanzania, Meinung/Taiwan, and Germany/Europe). A local farming survey was carried out in 2007, using a common data protocol, which covered, among others, questions on area and production development, energy used in curing, workforce, economic livelihood situation, and diversification opportunities. In addition to the survey, secondary (national-scale) statistics, public testimonies and other published data were explored. We analyzed these data using a portfolio approach, which combined statistical analysis, meta-analytical study and descriptive narratives. The projected trend of a global shift of tobacco cultivation into the developing world is confirmed, but also refined. Wood is used in Brazil and Tanzania for curing Virginia green leaf, thus contradicting the projected continuous reduction of this energy source. Child labour remains a major component of family farm tobacco operations in Brazil and Tanzania, while the cost and availability of seasonal labour turns into a bottleneck of production in Germany. More diversification opportunities exist than generally claimed, but no efforts are seen to address poor and vulnerable growers, in particular. German and Taiwanese tobacco growers can reasonably be predicted to discontinue farming in the near future, while tobacco cultivation in Brazil and Tanzania is seen to expand, mainly due to the political economy of low-cost production. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the work of the UN Study Group on Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco Growing (ESATG), effective since 2007. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Agricultural alternatives; Crop substitution; Deforestation; Framework convention on tobacco control; Land use transition; Rural livelihood; Tobacco transition; Wood use	agrarian change; agricultural diversification; agricultural worker; alternative agriculture; comparative study; crop production; cultivation; developing world; ecological impact; family farm; land use change; meta-analysis; rural economy; tobacco; Africa; Asia; Brazil; Central Europe; East Africa; Eurasia; Europe; Far East; Germany; South America; Sub-Saharan Africa; Taiwan; Tanzania; Nicotiana tabacum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650440404	Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus on grazing land communities in north-eastern Ethiopia	Nigatu L., Hassen A., Sharma J., Adkins S.W.	2010	Weed Biology and Management	10	3	10.1111/j.1445-6664.2010.00378.x	Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia	Nigatu, L., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Hassen, A., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Sharma, J., Department of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Adkins, S.W., School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia	An investigation into the impact of Parthenium hysterophorus infestation was conducted in 2007 in the north-eastern grazing lands of Ethiopia. Data on the above-ground and seedbank species diversity were collected from five areas, each having sites with low, medium, or high levels of weed infestation. A total of 72 species was found in all areas. They were categorized into grass species (23), other species (48), or P. hysterophorus for ease of interpretation. A regression analysis showed a highly significant, but negative, relationship between the above-ground species diversity and evenness with P. hysterophorus abundance. The mean cover abundance for the three infestation levels was 33.4% for P. hysterophorus, 41.0% for the grass species, and 26.5% for the other species. The most dominant grass species under all infestation levels were Cynodon dactylon, Urochloa panicoides, and Chloris gayana, while Andropogon abyssinicus and Eragrostis spp. were dominant under the low and medium infestation levels, respectively, and Hyparrhenia hirta was dominant under the low infestation level. Among the other species, Solanum nigrum was the most dominant under the low infestation level and Datura stramonium and Xanthium spp. were the most dominant under the medium and high infestation levels, respectively. The above-ground dry biomass of P. hysterophorus increased between the low and high infestation levels, while that of the grass or other species reduced in the high, as compared to the low, infestation level. Although the grass species density decreased significantly with successive increases in the P. hysterophorus infestation level, no such trend could be seen for the other species. Within the soil seed bank, the viable seed density for the grass species, other species, and P. hysterophorus were 25.7, 5.8, and 68.5%, respectively. Similarly, the soil seed bank under the low-, medium-, and high-infestation sites was dominated by P. hysterophorus, which contributed 25.1, 65.4, and 87.4% of the viable seed bank, respectively. Although the overall similarity between the above-ground vegetation composition and the soil seed bank was low, it was similar at the low-infested site. Thus, the invasion by P. hysterophorus was found to critically endanger the biodiversity of the grazing lands, particularly for the different grass and forbs species in the area. These changes might adversely affect not only future agriculture, but also food security, unless appropriate practises are developed and implemented for P. hysterophorus management. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Weed Science Society of Japan.	Biodiversity; Cover abundance; Dry weight; Grazing lands; Parthenium hysterophorus; Species evenness	Andropogon; Chloris gayana; Cynodon dactylon; Datura stramonium; Eragrostis; Hyparrhenia hirta; Parthenium hysterophorus; Solanum nigrum; Urochloa panicoides; Xanthium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744498080	Impact of crude oil on the performance of pararubber, Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell in Delta State, Nigeria	Agbogidi M.O., Onosode A.T., Ofuoku A.U.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	2	None	Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	Agbogidi, M.O., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Onosode, A.T., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria; Ofuoku, A.U., Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria	An investigation on the impact of crude oil on the performance of paraubber, Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%) replicated thrice. Data collected were percentage germination, plant height, number of leaves, collar girth and leaf area. The results indicated a significant (P<0.05) higher percentage germination, plant height, number of leaves, collar girth and leaf area in the unpolluted (control) soil compared with those sown in crude oil treated soils. The highest values for the plant characters were obtained in soils without crude oil while the least values were recorded in soils treated with 4% crude oil. No germination occurred in pararubber seeds sown in soils treated with 8% of the oil. The study indicates that the performance of pararubber was significantly affected in the presence of crude oil. The effects being proportional to the concentration of the oil applied. The study further suggests that pararubber can serve as bio-indicator of oil pollution in oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Pararubber can therefore be recommended for a long-term bio-remediation after crude oil spillage on land because the study has important implications for restoration of crude oil degraded areas of the Niger Delta. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Crude oil; Delta State; Impact; Pararubber	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875021820	Comparative evaluation of different organic fertilizer on the soil fertility, leaf mineral composition, and growth performance of mango seedlings (Magnifera indica L.)	Moyin-Jesu E.I., Adeofun C.O.	2008	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	20	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria; College of Environmental Studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria; Adeofun, C.O., College of Environmental Studies, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	An investigation was carried out at Akure in the rainforest of Nigeria to determine the effectiveness of sole and amended oil palm bunch ash and spent grain with poultry and turkey manures as sources of fertilizers on the growth of mango seedlings (Magnifera indica L) in the nursery. Eight organic fertilizer treatments, spent grain, oil palm bunch ash, poultry manure, turkey manures (sole forms), oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure, oil palm bunch ash + turkey manure, spent grain + poultry manure, spent grain + turkey manure, were applied at 8t/ha (40g per 10kg soil filled poly bag) with an NPK fertilizer 400kg/ha (2g per bag) treatment as a reference and a control (no fertilizer; no manure), replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the organic fertilizers increased significantly (P<0.05) plant height, leaf area, stem girth, number of leaves of mango seedlings and root length, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg, soil pH and organic matter contents relative to the control treatment. Oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment increased the plant height, stem girth, leaf area, leaf number and root length of mango seedlings by 22%, 24%, 1%, 27% and 10% respectively, compared to NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment. Amended oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment also increased the soil pH (H2O), O.M., N, P, Ca and Mg by 27%, 79%, 30%, 26%, 99% and 99.2% respectively compared to NPK fertilizer treatment. In addition, it also increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg by 37%, 45%, 18%, 35%, and 15% respectively compared to the oil palm bunch ash (sole) treatment. However, NPK 15- 15-15 fertilizers increased only soil K by 10% compared to the oil palm bunch ash (sole) treatment. The highest soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in NPK fertilizer treatment led to imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to mango. Oil palm bunch ash + poultry manure treatment applied at 8t/ha was the most effective treatment in improving mango growth parameters, leaf mineral composition, and soil fertility.	Growth performance and mango seedlings.; Leaf mineral composition; Organic fertilizers; Soil fertility	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649342384	Effects of refined petroleum product (kerosene) Flame and fumes on the performance of broiler chickens	Amakiri A.O., Owen O.J., Iboh I.I.	2009	International Journal of Poultry Science	8	2	10.3923/ijps.2009.188.191	Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Amakiri, A.O., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Owen, O.J., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Iboh, I.I., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of refined petroleum product (kerosene) flame on body weight gains, feed intake, feed conversion, mortality and internal organ weights (liver, lungs, kidney and heart) of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty day old broiler birds (Aboika breed) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups of 30 birds per treatment, replicated thrice with 10 birds per replicate using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Kerosene flame in a designed burner was placed 4, 8 and 12 metres from the birds respectively, which represented treatments 1, 2 and 3 while treatment 4 was in another poultry house without flame. The birds were fed ad-libitum on a proprietary starters mash for 5 weeks and a broiler finisher mash for 3 weeks. Water was provided ad-libitum. Routine inoculations and other medications were administered when due. Burning was from 6.00 am-10.00 pm daily for 56 days. Results indicated that the distances (treatments) did not significantly (p>0.05) affect mortality and organ weights. However, the flame distance significantly (p<0.05) affected weekly feed conversion, body weight gains and feed consumption. This research was a simulation of what obtains in a gas field, where gas flaring is carried out close to poultry farms and also to determine the impact of using kerosene in lanterns and stoves for brooding day old chickens. © Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Aboika breed; Broiler chickens; Kerosene; Performance	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84914151604	Performance of broiler starter chicks fed graded levels of enzyme supplemented dried rumen digesta	Esonu B.O., Agbabiaka L.A., Osegbue A.I.	2014	Tropical Agriculture	91	4	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; School of Industrial and Applied Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Agbabiaka, L.A., School of Industrial and Applied Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria; Osegbue, A.I., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	An investigation was conducted on the growth response of broiler starter chicks fed diets of varying concentration of enzyme supplemented dried rumen digesta for 21 days. One hundred and fifty, 2-week old chicks were randomly allotted to 5 diets (CP=22%) containing enzyme fortified dried rumen digesta (EDRD) at 0,2.5,5.0,7.5,10.0% respectively. The reference (control=0%EDRD) diet contained no EDRD. Results revealed that feed intake of the chicks increased linearly with the' concentration of EDRD in diets (p<0.05). The body weight gain of chicks fed EDRD diets were superior to the control group (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio among the treatment groups (p>0.05) though control diet gave the best value of 2.32 while the least (2.46) was obtained from treatment group fed 10% EDRD. Cost benefit analysis showed that 10% EDRD diet gave the least cost per kilogram weight gain of the experimental chicks. This study suggests that dried rumen digesta when fortified with 0.2% cellulolytic enzyme "Hamacozyme®" could be tolerated up to 10% dietary level without compromising growth and will reduce cost per kilogram weight gain in broiler starter production. © 2014 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Broiler starter; Diets; Dried rumen digesta; Enzyme; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863876090	Evaluation of multi-drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum in Abuja, Nigeria	Peletiri I.C., Matur B.M., Ihongbe J.C.	2010	Nigerian Journal of Parasitology	31	2	None	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria	Peletiri, I.C., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Matur, B.M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Ihongbe, J.C., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	An in vitro susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine, quinine and monodesethylamodiaquine was investigated in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja Nigeria. The standard WHO in vitro micro test methodology was used in the study. Of the 18 isolates evaluated, 16 (88.9%) were resistant to chloroquine with median IC 50 of 0.06 μmol/l of blood; 5 (27.7%) resistant to quinine with median IC 50 of 4.7 μmol/l of blood; and 6 (33.3%) were resistant to monodesethylamodiaquine with median IC 50 of 0.14 μmol/l. The outcome of the evaluation of multi-drug resistant strains of P. falciparum was amazing. Five isolates (isolates 1, 6, 10, 14 and 16) representing 27.7% of the isolates were resistant to both chloroquine and quinine. Six isolates (isolates 2, 6, 10, 14, 16 and 18) representing 33.3% of the isolates were resistant to chloroquine and monodesethylamodiaquine. Four isolates (isolates 6, 10, 14, and 16) representing 22.2% of the isolates were resistant to quinine and monodesethylamodiaquine. While four of the isolates (isolates 6, 10, 14, and 16) representing 22.2% of the isolates were resistant to chloroquine, quinine and monodesethylamodiaquine. In conclusion, though reports on multi-drug resistance are scanty in our environment, our research has shown that there is actually P. falciparum strains that are resistant to other antimalarial drugs apart from chloroquine. © Nigerian Journal of Parasitology.	In vitro susceptibility; Multi-drug resistance; Plasmodium falciparum	chloroquine; deethylamodiaquine; quinine; antimalarial drug resistance; antimalarial drug susceptibility; article; controlled study; human; IC 50; in vitro study; multidrug resistance; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasite isolation; Plasmodium falciparum; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37549003684	Performance and fitness traits versus phenotypic appearance in the African Ankole Longhorn cattle: A novel approach to identify selection criteria for indigenous breeds	Ndumu D.B., Baumung R., Wurzinger M., Drucker A.G., Okeyo A.M., Semambo D., Sölkner J.	2008	Livestock Science	113	03-Feb	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.04.004	Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, North. Territ. 0909, Australia; International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Ndumu, D.B., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria, National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Baumung, R., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Wurzinger, M., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Drucker, A.G., School of Environmental Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, North. Territ. 0909, Australia; Okeyo, A.M., International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Semambo, D., National Animal Genetic Resources Centre and Data Bank, P. O. Box 183, Entebbe, Uganda; Sölkner, J., Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria	Ankole cattle are well known for their massive white horns and red coat colour. These characteristics are attributed to centuries of cultural breeding practices. Two experiments with traditional cattle keepers were carried out at a governmental Ankole nucleus farm in south-western Uganda to identify phenotypic characteristics as well as production and fitness traits which are important indigenous selection criteria. Forty one body measurements each were taken from 15 bulls and 35 cows and phenotypic characteristics were described in detail. In the first experiment 12 groups of 6 to 8 cattle keepers were invited to rank several groups of 4-5 animals according to their preference for a breeding bull or cow based on phenotype alone. In the second experiment the ranking was based on phenotype and a hypothetical life history that was randomly assigned to each animal on each day of experiment. The history included milk yield (on own performance for cows and that of the dam for bulls), fertility of the animal and its sire as well as events of East Coast Fever. For analysis, Generalized Multinomial Logit Models were fitted. To compare different models the likelihood-based pseudo R square measure was used. The results indicate that, in the selection of cows, performance and fitness traits are emphasized by the cattle keepers while in the selection of bulls, the phenotypic appearance of the animal plays an important role. Individual fertility followed by milk performance are the main criteria for selecting cows, resistance to East Coast Fever was of highest importance in bulls. In both sexes a dark red coat colour was highly rated. The study indicates that the methodology of preference ranking combining phenotype and a hypothetical life history may provide insight into indigenous selection criteria of stock owners elsewhere. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Ankole cattle; Indigenous selection criteria; Multinomial logistic regression; Phenotypic ranking	Animalia; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50549101705	Impact of two rounds of mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and the sensitivity of immunochromatographic test in Malindi, Kenya	Njenga S.M., Wamae C.N., Njomo D.W., Mwandawiro C.S., Molyneux D.H.	2008	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	102	10	10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.039	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Njenga, S.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Wamae, C.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Njomo, D.W., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwandawiro, C.S., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 19464, Post Code 00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Molyneux, D.H., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Annual single-dose mass treatment of endemic populations with a combination of either diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin plus albendazole is recommended as the mainstay of lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes. We evaluated the impact of two rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) of DEC and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in a pilot elimination programme in an endemic area of Kenya. Overall prevalence of microfilaraemia decreased by 65.4%, whereas community microfilarial load decreased by 84% after the two MDAs. The prevalence of parasite antigenaemia determined by immunochromatographic test (ICT) declined significantly by 43.5% after the two MDAs. We also studied the effect of mass treatment on the sensitivity of the ICT. Although the sensitivity of the test before treatment was high (89.9%; κ = 0.909) sensitivity was lower after two MDAs (59.3%; κ = 0.644). The finding raises concern about the reliability of the ICT in long-term monitoring of infection and for establishing programmatic endpoints. The results of the present study indicate a relatively high effectiveness of MDA using a DEC/albendazole combination against Wuchereria bancrofti infection and, therefore, it may be a useful strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in onchocerciasis-free areas. © 2008 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.	Albendazole; Diethylcarbamazine; Kenya; Lymphatic filariasis; Mass drug administration; Wuchereria bancrofti	albendazole; diethylcarbamazine; parasite antigen; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; chromatography; controlled study; drug efficacy; endemic disease; eradication therapy; female; health program; human; immunochromatographic test; Kenya; major clinical study; male; microfilariasis; nematodiasis; onchocerciasis; patient monitoring; pilot study; prevalence; reliability; sensitivity analysis; single drug dose; Wuchereria bancrofti; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Albendazole; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antigens, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool; Diethylcarbamazine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Kenya; Male; Microfilaria; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Wuchereria bancrofti; Wuchereria bancrofti	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950118323	The impact of Bioversity International's African Leafy Vegetables programme in Kenya	Gotor E., Irungu C.	2010	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	28	1	10.3152/146155110X488817	Bioversity International, via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, Maccarese, Rome 00057, Italy; St Paul's University, Private Bag 00217, Limuru, Kenya	Gotor, E., Bioversity International, via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, Maccarese, Rome 00057, Italy; Irungu, C., St Paul's University, Private Bag 00217, Limuru, Kenya	An objective of Bioversity International is to promote income and food security by ensuring that agricultural biodiversity is conserved, characterised and used to improve productivity. The African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs) programme was initiated and implemented to meet this objective but no impact evaluation has been carried out since its conclusion. This study aims to evaluate the role played by Bioversity and its partners in the programme, and to assess the impact of the ALVs programme on the livelihoods of farmers in four regions of Kenya. The study used both primary and secondary data. Information from the survey was complemented by focus group discussions. To assess the role of Bioversity and its partners, all the partners were identified and interviewed. Bioversity was found to have ably acted as catalyst, facilitator and coordinator of the programme. Results also showed that production, consumption and marketing of ALVs had increased since 1997, women still dominated most of the ALVs activities, and those households that marketed ALVs were relatively better off than those that did not. © IAIA 2010.	Agro-biodiversity; ALVs; Impact assessment; In-situ conservation; Kenya; Poverty alleviation	agricultural production; biodiversity; food security; leafy vegetable; poverty alleviation; productivity; Kenya	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82555167408	Development and performance evaluation of an okra drying machine	Owolarafe O.K., Obayopo S.O., Amarachi O.A., Babatunde O., Ologunro O.A.	2011	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	3	9	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Owolarafe, O.K., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Obayopo, S.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Amarachi, O.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Babatunde, O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ologunro, O.A., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	An okra dryer was designed, constructed and evaluated in this study for post-harvest processing of the fruit. The dryer consists of a heating chamber, two drying trays, a blower of 1 hp, two heating elements of 2000W each, 4 roller tyres for ease of mobility, a control box which consist of a thermostat that regulates the temperature in the dryer. The result of evaluation of the dryer in no load indicated that it was able to yield temperature very close to the preset (by the thermostat) after about 3 min. The dryer was evaluated by drying okra of different thickness (5 and 10 mm), in two trays at two heights (25cm and 50cm from the bottom) and at a preset temperatures of 50 and 70°C. Moisture losses from the slices were obtained at intervals of 30, 45, 60 and 90 min. The result showed that increase in temperature from 50 to 70°C, increases moisture loss from the slices. Slices of 5 mm thickness were observed to dry faster than 10 mm slices with those on the upper tray losing more moisture. The study further showed that slice thickness of 5 mm dried at 70°C in the upper tray level of 60 cm from the base of the dryer are suitable for drying okra slices in the dryer. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011.	Development; Drying; Evaluation; Okra dryer; Post-harvest; Slices	Development; Evaluation; Okra dryer; Postharvest; Slices; Driers (materials); Dryers (equipment); Moisture; Thermostats; Drying	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80455130974	Kinetics of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte sex ratios: Application to the evaluation of the potential of antimalarial drugs to influence malaria transmission	Gbotosho G.O., Sowunmi A., Happi C.T.	2011	Open Tropical Medicine Journal	4	1	10.2174/1874315301104010033	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Gbotosho, G.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sowunmi, A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Happi, C.T., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Research and Training, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A non-compartment pharmacokinetic model was used to evaluate the potential of antimalarial drugs to influence malaria transmission using the ratio of sex specific gametocyte half-lives male: Female- the gametocyte maleness index (GMI), and the ratio of the sex specific area inscribed by the plot of gametocyte sex density versus time curves AUCmg:AUCfg- the gametocyte maleness load index (GMLI). Data on gametocyte sexes collected in children with symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria who were treated with various antimalarial drugs in an endemic area were examined using the two indices. Both GMI and GMLI were positively correlated (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001) and with 95% limits of agreement of -9.7 to 13.8 using Altman-Bland plot. Based on the assumption that, a male-biased sex ratio, if gametocytaemia is low, may increase mosquito infectivity, both GMI and GMLI, consistently gave index ratios > 1 for 4- aminoquinolines and antifolates suggesting potential for increasing the chance of mosquito infectivity. By contrast, artesunate and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), artemether-lumefantrine, and artesunate-amodiaquine, and a non-ACT, amodiaquine plus sulfalene-pyrimethamine, had ratios < 1 suggesting potential for reducing the chance of mosquito infectivity. The advantages and drawbacks of using these indices as tools in assessing the influence of antimalarials on transmission potentials in endemic areas of malaria are discussed. © Gbotosho et al.	Antimalarials; Children; Gametocytes; Nigeria; P. falciparum; Sex ratio; Transmission	amodiaquine; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artesunate; benflumetol; chloroquine; cotrimoxazole; folic acid antagonist; metakelfin; probenecid; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; adolescent; area under the curve; article; child; child health care; controlled study; dose response; drug efficacy; drug screening; endemic disease; female; gametocyte; human; human cell; infant; infection rate; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; nonhuman; outcome assessment; parasite survival; parasite transmission; parasite virulence; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; priority journal; sex ratio; treatment duration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951678075	Comparative performance of direct seeding and transplanting green maize under farmer management in small scale irrigation: A case study of Zanyokwe, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Fanadzo M., Chiduza C., Mnkeni P.N.S.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	7	None	Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	Fanadzo, M., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Chiduza, C., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mnkeni, P.N.S., Department of Agronomy, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa	An on-farm experiment was conducted at Zanyokwe irrigation scheme (ZIS) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (SA) to evaluate comparative performance of direct seeded and transplanted green maize under farmer management. Results indicated that the mean labour requirements for establishment were 212 h ha-1 with transplanting and 1.9 h ha-1 with direct seeding. Crop stand significantly increased from 48 to 97% when maize was transplanted rather than directly seeded. Variable costs were R5 462 and R1 896 ha-1 for transplanted and directly seeded maize, respectively. The corresponding net benefits were R15 005 and R6 232 ha-1, respectively. All farmers were in favour of transplanting, citing bigger cobs, early maturity and the absence of bird damage with transplanted maize, and this was supported by results of statistical analysis. A follow-up survey conducted during the subsequent summer growing season indicated that of the six farmers, only one continued with transplanting. The results suggest that although transplanting might be a better alternative to direct seeding for the study area, the technology is unlikely to succeed unless the labour intensiveness of manual transplanting can be solved. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Adoption; Crop stand; Direct seeding; Economics; Farmer management; Green maize; Transplanting	Aves; Zea mays	None
None	None	Some factors associated with poor reproductive performance in smallholder dairy cows: The case of Hai and Meru districts, northern Tanzania	Swai E.S., Mollel P., Malima A.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	6	None	Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania; National Artificial Insemination Centre, PO Box 7141, Usa River, Arusha, Tanzania; District Livestock Office, PO Box 10 Hai, Tanzania	Swai, E.S., Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania; Mollel, P., National Artificial Insemination Centre, PO Box 7141, Usa River, Arusha, Tanzania; Malima, A., District Livestock Office, PO Box 10 Hai, Tanzania	An on-farm observation and questionnaire based study was conducted, during the period of January to March 2009, to assess the reproductive performance of dairy cows in two smallholder dairying districts of northern Tanzania. A total of 100 (50 Meru district and 50 Hai district) smallholder dairy farms owning 1-4 pure and crossbred dairy cows were visited and the reproductive performance of 191 (94 Meru and 97 Hai) dairy cows were analysed. Overall, land holdings averaged 2.26±1.99 (mean±standard deviation) acres, with an average of 0.55±0.67 acres being reserved for pasture production. Land holding and reserved land for fodder production was, on average, higher in Hai (2.62 and 0.65 versus 1.81 and 0.45 acres) compared to Meru district (P<0.05). The mean (mean ± standard deviation) number of lactating cows per farm was 1.79 ± 0.87 and ranged from 1 to 5. Survey results revealed that 40% of the smallholder dairy farms reported dairying to be their most important source of household income. Other reported sources of income were crop farming (32%) and off farm activities such as trading (12%), employment (9%) and traditional livestock keeping (6%). Perceived and reported dairy farming constraints included availability of feeds (quantity and quality) (81.8%), lack of money to buy farm inputs (77%) and insufficient land (53.0%). Others were milk marketing (31%), diseases (28%), availability of breeding bulls (27%) and high costs of inputs (18%). The birth rate was 39% and overall mean (mean ± SE) estimated calving interval (CI) was 525±18 days. Mean CI was significantly higher in Meru (530±28) than in Hai (518±22) (P<0.05). Hypothesized factors associated with long CI based on logistic regression models were body condition score (BSC) and low body weight. Cows with body condition (>3 BSC) were three fold (OR =3.8, P = 0.048) times more likely to have a reduced CI and cows with low body weight were associated with extended long CI (β for age = 0.01, P = 0.044). Despite the herdsmen having extensive dairying experience and competency in heat detection, the CI was too long and possibly associated with inadequate feeding as reflected by the low body score condition (average 2.6), low level of land holding and daily fresh matter intake per cow in most surveyed farms. The present study revealed that the reproductive performance of the dairy cows, under the smallholder management conditions in the two given districts, was sub-standard which prevented attaining a calf crop every year and expected levels of milk production. Interventions should include an effective extension service to advise on improved dairy cow and feed resources management together with applied research into the factors causing extended calving intervals.	Dairy cows; Reproduction performance; Smallholder; Tanzania	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444440776	Effects of two pheromone trap densities against banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, populations and their impact on plant damage in Uganda	Tinzaara W., Gold C.S., Kagezi G.H., Dicke M., Van Huis A., Nankinga C.M., Tushemereirwe W., Ragama P.E.	2005	Journal of Applied Entomology	129	5	10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00962.x	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda	Tinzaara, W., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, P. O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda; Gold, C.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kagezi, G.H., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Dicke, M., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Van Huis, A., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Nankinga, C.M., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Tushemereirwe, W., National Agricultural Research Organisation, Kawanda Agricultural Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Ragama, P.E., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Centre, Kampala, Uganda	An on-farm study to evaluate the effect of pheromone trap density on the population of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Col., Curculionidae) was conducted in Masaka district, Uganda. The pheromone used was Cosmolure+, a commercially available weevil aggregation pheromone. Forty-two farms were assigned to one of three treatments: 0, 4 and 8 pheromone traps/ha. Pheromone lures were changed monthly at which time the traps were moved to a different location within the stand. Adult weevil population densities were estimated by using mark and recapture methodology at 0, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months, while damage to the banana corm was assessed at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 21 months since the start of the experiment. Pheromone trap captures were generally low: about 10 weevils per trap per month. There were no significant differences in mean catches of C. sordidus per trap per month except for February 2002 when doubling the pheromone trap density decreased weevil catches. Although not significant, decreased efficiency was also the trend in higher trap densities over all the data sets. Doubling the number of traps increased the number of weevils caught per hectare per month from 0.4 to 0.6%. There was no significant difference in plant damage between the pheromone treatments in low-compared with high-trap densities. There were generally no significant differences in weevil populations and plant damage between pheromone-treated and control farms. Possible reasons for the low-trap efficacy in this study are discussed. © 2005 Blackwell Verlag.	Aggregation pheromone; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae; Pheromone-baited trap; Trap density	beetle; performance assessment; pest control; pest damage; pheromone trap; spacing; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Masaka District; South Buganda; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; World; Cosmopolites sordidus; Curculionidae	None
None	None	Performance of crossbred calves raised on different dietary treatments under smallholder dairy farm conditions	Lyimo H.L.N., Laswai G.H., Mtenga L.A., Kimambo A.E., Mgheni D.M., Hvelplund T., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	3	None	Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, P.O. Box 9152, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Denmark	Lyimo, H.L.N., Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, P.O. Box 9152, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Laswai, G.H., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mtenga, L.A., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kimambo, A.E., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mgheni, D.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P O Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Hvelplund, T., Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Weisbjerg, M.R., Aarhus University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Madsen, J., University of Copenhagen, Denmark	An on-farm study was carried out in Tanzania to assess the performance of crossbred (Frisian/Ayrshire x Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu) dairy calves fed on a concentrate, previously developed and tested on-station. The developed concentrate contained 189 g crude protein (CP) and 13 ME MJ per kg DM and was formulated using locally available feed resources. Twenty-seven (27) male calves, with birth weight 32 ± 1.5 kg were randomly allocated to three treatments, whereby Treatment 1 (DC) calves were fed the developed concentrate, Treatment 2 (FC) calves were fed a common home made dairy cow concentrate (CP 130 g and ME 13 MJ per kg DM) used by farmers in the study area. Treatment 3 (FP) was a control, where farmers followed their normal calf rearing practice with no interference. Restricted suckling, ad libitum feeding of forages and up to 1 kg concentrate were used for the calves on DC and FC. Weaning was at 12 weeks. Feed intake and growth performance were recorded for 28 weeks, Total dry matter intake was not different (P>0.05) between DC and FC. Mean growth rates (g/d) of calves under DC were higher (P<0.05) both pre (440) and post (460) weaning than those on FC (350) and FP (320 and 270), respectively, It was concluded that feeding balanced calf concentrates formulated using locally available feed resources improves performance of calves under small holder dairy production systems.	Calf concentrate; Feed intake; On-farm study; Weight gain	Bos; Bos indicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84911419935	On-farm evaluation of the effects of the principles and components of conservation agriculture on maize yield and weed biomass in malawi	Ngwira A.R., Aune J.B., Thierfelder C.	2014	Experimental Agriculture	50	4	10.1017/S001447971400009X	Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Norway; CIMMYT, Mount Pleasant, P.O. Box MP 163, Harare, Zimbabwe	Ngwira, A.R., Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Norway; Aune, J.B., Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Norway; Thierfelder, C., CIMMYT, Mount Pleasant, P.O. Box MP 163, Harare, Zimbabwe	An on-farm study was conducted from 2009 to 2012 with communities in the Manjawira, Mpingu and Zidyana Extension Planning Areas in the Ntcheu, Lilongwe and Nkhotakota districts of central Malawi. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the principles (no-tillage and mulching) and components (fertilization and weeding) of conservation agriculture (CA) on crop productivity and weeds, and the interactions between principles and components, and to suggest strategies for introducing CA to smallholder farmers. The treatments consisted of tillage, fertilizer application, residues management and weed control strategies. While combined analysis showed that mulching is as effective as tillage in controlling weeds, the interaction between site and treatment revealed that in the more humid environment of Zidyana, weed dry matter obtained under no-tillage and residues plus fertilizer (NT+F+R) was 0.6 mg ha-1 lower than under CP+F. Results suggest that about 6.0 mg ha-1 of mulch is required to have a similar effect as tillage in controlling weeds. Fertilizer had an overriding effect on maize yield, regardless of tillage and crop residue management. Mulching was beneficial over tillage in the drier environment of Manjawira, where maize yield obtained under NT+F+R was 1.2 mg ha-1 greater than under CP+F. Our results show that the introduction of no tillage has benefits only if it is accompanied by fertilizer application, retention of crop residues as surface mulch, and improved weed control. Increasing availability and accessibility of inputs (fertilizers and herbicides) to farmers is critical for adoption of CA at scale in Malawi. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69249096543	On-farm evaluation of lactating crossbred (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) dairy cows fed a basal diet of urea treated teff (Eragrostis tef) straw supplemented with escape protein source during the dry season in crop-livestock production system of north Shoa, E	Dejene M., Bediye S., Kehaliw A., Kitaw G., Nesha K.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	5	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Dejene, M., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bediye, S., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kehaliw, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kitaw, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Nesha, K., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	An on-farm study was conducted with crossbred lactating dairy cows, maintained under market oriented mixed farming system at Kuyu district, in north Shoa zone, Ethiopia to assess the effect of feeding intervention diet (4% urea treated teff straw (4kg of urea, 90 liters of water and 10 kg of molasses per 100 kg of teff straw ensiled for 3 weeks) supplemented with a concentrate mixture (linseed cake 48% as source of escape protein; wheat bran 50% and salt 2%)). The assessment was done on chemical composition, IVOMD, feed intake, milk yield, body weight, body condition, profitability and farmers opinion during the dry season. A total of 15 households having two lactating cows per house hold were selected. 30 cows in early to mid lactation with an average body weight of 286.8±55.05 kg were selected and balanced for their parity, stage of lactation, level of milk yield and body condition and divided in to two groups (15 cows per group). 15 cows were fed urea-treated teff straw ad lib as a basal diet supplemented with a concentrate mixture @ 0.35 kg /kg of milk yield/cow/day (T1), and the other 15 cows of one group were maintained as usually practiced by farmers (control) (T2). Urea treatment of teff straw increased the CP content from 4.3 to 8.9% (increased by 107%) and IVOMD by 7.9%, reduced the NDF and hemicellulose contents of teff straw by 6.04% and 26.69% respectively while the ADF, lignin and cellulose contents increased by 8.76%, 23.08% and 6.23%. Feeding urea treated teff straw supplemented with linseed cake based concentrate mixture significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased feed intake, milk yield, live weight gain and body condition score of the cows. Due to the improvement in daily milk yield by 3.48 kg (7.14 vs. 3.66 kg) coupled with a 1.35% cost reduction/ kg of milk produced, the net profit increased from ETB 4.73/cow/day in the control group to ETB 9.39/cow/day in T1 group. This study demonstrated that the intervention diet increased the net profit for farmers to ETB 4.66/cow/day. According to the opinion of participant farmers, the intervention diet improved roughage intake, milk yield and body condition of the cows during the dry season. Feeding urea treated teff straw with bypass protein source was found to be an effective approach to maximize the utilization of locally available feed resources for better animal productivity during the dry season in mixed farming system of Ethiopia.	Atella; Bypass protein; Economic analysis; Hay; Milk yield; Noug cake; Oat grain; Straw treatment; Wheat bran	Animalia; Bos; Bos indicus; Bos taurus; Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958105531	Production performance of dual purpose crosses of two indigenous with two exotic chicken breeds in sub-tropical environment	Bekele F., AdnoØy T., GjoØen H.M., Kathle J., Abebe G.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	7	None	Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Bekele, F., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia; AdnoØy, T., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; GjoØen, H.M., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Kathle, J., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Arboretveien 6, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Abebe, G., Department of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia	An ongoing crossbreeding experiment is being conducted with the objective of producing dual purpose synthetic chicken for village poultry production in Ethiopia. The two exotic chicken breeds used were the Fayoumi (F) and Rhode Island Red (R) as dam line, whereas the two indigenous chicken breeds used were the Naked neck (N) and local Netch (W); a white feathered chicken. The indigenous breeds were used as sire line to produce the hybrids FN (F♀ X N♂) and RW (R♀ X W♂). Growth and egg production performance of the crosses were compared with each other and with the exotic pure line performance. Both body and egg weight of FN was improved while body weight of RW was reduced and age at first egg was significantly reduced, compared to their respective dam line. Egg production for the crosses was lower than for their maternal lines. Although FN cross chicks weighed more and grew faster than RW chicks during the brooding period, the difference became insignificant as they grew older. However, the higher overall average body weight gain of RW crosses that was observed was mainly due to higher weight gain for the RW cocks. No significant differences were observed in overall egg production and quality traits between the two crosses, but significant age effect within crosses was found. Mortality in the FN cross was lower than in the RW cross. These F1 crosses will be used as parents to produce a 4-way synthetic crossbred chicken. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Body weight; Egg production; Egg quality; References; Two-way crossing	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845263248	Impact of the rift valley on restriction fragment length polymorphism typing of the major African malaria vector Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)	Koekemoer L.L., Kamau L., Garros C., Manguin S., Hunt R.H., Coetzee M.	2006	Journal of Medical Entomology	43	6	10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[1178:IOTRVO]2.0.CO;2	Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private bag X 4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa; Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillance, School of Pathology of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Private bag X 3, Wits 2080, South Africa	Koekemoer, L.L., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private bag X 4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa, Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillance, School of Pathology of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kamau, L., Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, Nairobi 00200, Kenya; Garros, C., Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France; Manguin, S., Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations, Montpellier, France; Hunt, R.H., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Private bag X 3, Wits 2080, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Private bag X 4, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa, Division of Virology and Communicable Disease Surveillance, School of Pathology of the National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of Africa's major malaria vectors. To understand population structure within An. funestus, various molecular markers have recently been developed. We investigated the impact of the Rift Valley on one such molecular marker, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). This system distinguishes An. funestus populations into types M, W, and MW. Generally, these types correlate between geographical location and RFLP type, whereby M associates essentially with eastern Africa, W with western and central Africa, and MW with southern Africa. In total, 606 specimens were screened from 12 countries. Specimens from southern African localities were of the expected MW-type with the exception of the sample from Malawi, which showed all three types. The specimens from Tanzania showed the M- and MW-types, whereas specimens from Kenya showed M- and W-types. We also recorded different RFLP types not recorded previously. Type Y was recorded in Malawi, and Z-type was recorded from four localities: Angola, Malawi, Ghana, and Zambia. © 2006 Entomological Society of America.	Anopheles funestus; Malaria; Population structure; Restriction fragment length polymorphism types	Africa; animal; Anopheles; article; classification; comparative study; demography; disease carrier; DNA sequence; genetics; geography; molecular genetics; nucleotide sequence; parasitology; Plasmodium; population genetics; restriction fragment length polymorphism; Africa, Eastern; Animals; Anopheles; Base Sequence; Demography; Genetics, Population; Geography; Insect Vectors; Molecular Sequence Data; Plasmodium; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Anopheles funestus; Culicidae; Diptera	None
None	None	Physical performance limitations of luminescent down-conversion layers for photovoltaic applications	Boccolini A., Marques-Hueso J., Chen D., Wang Y., Richards B.S.	2014	Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells	122	None	10.1016/j.solmat.2013.11.005	Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania	Boccolini, A., Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; Marques-Hueso, J., Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; Chen, D., State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Wang, Y., State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Richards, B.S., Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania	An optical model is presented to determine the constraints imparted by self-absorption on the luminescence emitted from down-conversion (DC) materials. An analytical formula was derived demonstrating that, for a given DC material, an optimal thickness exists that maximizes the intensity of the emitted radiation, while minimizing the impact of self-absorption. This defines a new limit for the optical efficiency of a DC material that is governed by its geometry. Subsequently, the model was validated through experimental analysis of a specific down-converting borate glass co-doped with Ce3+-Yb 3+, whose optimal thickness has been determined to be 0.83 mm. The model clarifies the origin of the disparity between the theoretical and the experimental efficiencies reported for some materials. The results from this work assist with the design and implementation of DC layers for photovoltaic devices, as well as providing a framework for optimization of DC materials to other fields of optics and photonics. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Down-conversion; Luminescence; Photovoltaics; Quantum cutting; Spectral conversion; Third generation	Downconversion; Photovoltaics; Quantum cutting; Spectral conversion; Third generation; Light; Luminescence; Optimization; Materials	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746067847	The human factor II: Creating a high performance culture in an organization	Kaliprasad M.	2006	Cost Engineering (Morgantown, West Virginia)	48	6	None	Murray and Roberts Engineering Solutions of Bedfordview, Gauteng, South Africa; AACE, South Africa	Kaliprasad, M., Murray and Roberts Engineering Solutions of Bedfordview, Gauteng, South Africa, AACE, South Africa	An organization's long-term success depends on the ability of that organization to sustain the delivery of quality products and services, yet many organizations fail in the area of a sustainable high performance culture. This article explores the three major deterrents to sustaining this high performance in an organization. The key aspects of what constitutes an organizational culture, and more importantly, a high performance culture will also be discussed, as will the "Four Cultures Model," providing some clarity on the central tendencies of all organizations. The stronger the culture, the more resistant it is to change. For an organizational culture to maintain its strength and adapt to shifts in its environment requires contribution, candor, and constant learning. Having a high performance culture has financial implications, as indicated by a study showing non-high performers increasing net income by just one percent over an 11-year period, compared to the 756 percent improvement for the organizations identified as having high-performing cultures. The importance of establishing a culture of business excellence is also discussed as is the dynamics of striving beyond business excellence. What is key throughout are the concepts of teamwork, global thinking, and dynamic leadership, with specific focus on solutions. A sustainable high performance culture model is also discussed highlighting five key success factors. It has to be said that the only way that organizations can be considered as high performing is if the people who comprise these organizations succeed. Performance can also be influenced from any number of factors, including not just the internal elements such as organizational culture, structures, processes and leadership, but also external elements. High performance depends upon the alignment of internal systems with the larger system within which the organization operates.	Education; Leadership; Organizational performance; Profits; Team work	Leadership; Organizational performance; Profits; Team work; Mathematical models; Quality control; Societies and institutions; Sustainable development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876586787	High-performance aqueous asymmetric electrochemical capacitors based on graphene oxide/cobalt(ii)-tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine hybrids	Lekitima J.N., Ozoemena K.I., Jafta C.J., Kobayashi N., Song Y., Tong D., Chen S., Oyama M.	2013	Journal of Materials Chemistry A	1	8	10.1039/c2ta01325h	Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, United States; Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan	Lekitima, J.N., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Jafta, C.J., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa, Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kobayashi, N., Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Song, Y., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, United States; Tong, D., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, United States; Chen, S., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz CA, United States; Oyama, M., Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan	A novel asymmetric electrochemical capacitor (AEC) with high energy and power densities has been developed using a graphene oxide/cobalt(ii) tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine composite (GO/CoTPyzPz) as the positive electrode and graphene oxide/carbon black (GO/CB) as the negative electrode in a neutral aqueous Na<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> electrolyte. The excellent specific capacitance, energy and power densities (∼500 F g-1, 44 W h kg-1 and 31 kW kg-1) coupled with long cycle life, excellent short response time, and low equivalent series resistance clearly indicate that this new material has great potential for the development of low-cost and 'green' aqueous AECs that operate at high energy and power densities. Interestingly, the energy density of the GO/CoTPyzPz//GOCB based AEC falls within the range usually observed for nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries (30-100 W h kg-1), but more importantly, shows better power performance than NiMH batteries (0.25-1 kW kg-1) widely used in hybrid vehicles such as Toyota Prius and Honda Insight. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Capacitors; Electric resistance; Hybrid vehicles; Electrochemical capacitor; Equivalent series resistance; Negative electrode; Nickel metal hydride battery; Positive electrodes; Power performance; Short response time; Specific capacitance; Graphene	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906782047	Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structure and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a Novel -M-X-M-X- Type Infinite Chain 1D Cu(II) Complex with Eflornithine Hydrochloride Hydrate as Ligand	Obaleye J.A., Tella A.C., Osunniran W.A., Simon N., Omojasola P.F.	2014	Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials	24	5	10.1007/s10904-014-0052-x	Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeri	Obaleye, J.A., Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Tella, A.C., Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Osunniran, W.A., Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Simon, N., Department of Chemistry, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria, Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Omojasola, P.F., Department of Microbiology, P.M.B. 1515, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	A novel -M-X-M-X- type infinite chain 1D copper(II) complex of Eflornithine, Dichloro-[2-amino-5-ammonio-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoate]copper(II) hydrate, [Cu(C6H12F2N2O2)Cl2]·H2O 1 has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis and FT-IR), TGA and X-ray diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the complex 1 showed the structure to be monoclinic with space group Cc, a = 13.1295(15) Å, b = 12.1859(14) Å, c = 8.1927(9) Å, β = 118.359(3) Å, V = 1153.5(2) Å3, Z = 4. The complex exhibits a quadratic planar coordination of the Cu-atom. The Cu(II) centre is coordinated by two chloride atoms, an oxygen atom of the carboxyl- and a nitrogen atom of the amino-group, respectively, forming a quadratic planar geometry. The terminal amino group of the ligand is protonated to form NH3 + while the carboxylic moiety is deprotonated to form Zwitterionic eflornithine ligand, with the coordination of the metal at the nitrogen atom of the second amino group. The compound has -M-X-M-X- infinite 1D chain polymeric structure. Two neigbouring Cu(EFL)Cl chain units are bridged by an Cl- ion, forming a -Cu-Cl-Cu-Cl- linear chain structure along C-axis. The antibacterial activities of the complex on Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were investigated and found to be active at higher concentration than the parent ligand. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Antibacterial activity; Crystal structure; Eflornithine hydrochloride hydrate; Spectra; TGA; Zwitterions	Atmospheric spectra; Atoms; Bacteria; Chains; Chelation; Chlorine compounds; Copper; Crystal structure; Escherichia coli; Hydrates; Hydration; Ligands; Nitrogen; X ray diffraction analysis; Anti-bacterial activity; Escherichia coli (E. coli); Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis; Spectroscopic technique; Terminal amino groups; TGA; Zwitterions; Copper compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939966442	Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity evaluation of an oleic acid derived novel bicephalous dianionic surfactant	Kalhapure R.S., Akamanchi K.G.	2015	Journal of Surfactants and Detergents	18	3	10.1007/s11743-015-1678-6	Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India; Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa	Kalhapure, R.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa; Akamanchi, K.G., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India	A novel oleic acid derived bicephalous dianionic surfactant disodium (Z) 3,3′-(oleoylazanediyl)dipropanoate containing one hydrophobic carbon chain and two hydrophilic head groups was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity for the purpose of introducing a new biocompatible surfactant. The head group 3,3′-azanediyldipropanoate was synthesized through Michael addition of methyl acrylate to benzylamine and subsequent reductive debenzylation with Pd/C, H<inf>2</inf> and was condensed with an oleic acid moiety via amide bond formation. Ester groups at the periphery were hydrolyzed using acetyl chloride-water and the diacid formed was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate to obtain the desired surfactant. The CMC was determined by conductometry, log P <inf>octanol/water</inf> by ChemSW software and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) by the Davies method and ChemSW. In vitro cytotoxicity study was performed using sulforhodamine B assay and the in vivo skin irritation study was performed on male New Zealand white rabbits as per OECD guideline 404. The CMC was found to be 1.9 mm/l which was almost half of the CMC of sodium oleate. The Log P <inf>octanol/water</inf> value of -3.87 and the HLB values of 35.22 and 34.46 by the Davies method and ChemSW software respectively revealed the hydrophilic nature of the surfactant. The surfactant did not exhibit any cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested and was found to be non-irritating by in vivo skin irritation studies. The findings of the present work suggest that the synthesized novel bicephalous dianionic surfactant is a safe and biocompatible excipient. It has the potential to be an attractive alternative to linear and gemini surfactants for applications in biological studies and pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. © 2015 AOCS.	Bicephalous; Critical micelle concentration; Cytotoxicity; Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; Oleic acid; Skin irritation	Addition reactions; Alcohols; Biocompatibility; Chlorine compounds; Critical micelle concentration; Cytotoxicity; Drug delivery; Hydrophilicity; Oleic acid; Sodium; Sodium bicarbonate; Amide bond formation; Bicephalous; Biocompatible surfactants; Biological studies; Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance; New Zealand White rabbit; Pharmaceutical drugs; Skin irritation; Surface active agents	UGC, University Grants Commission
Scopus	2-s2.0-49649112709	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4-substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene} thiosemicarbazides as new class of potential antiprotozoal agents	Bhat A.R., Athar F., Van Zyl R.L., Chen C.-T., Azam A.	2008	Chemistry and Biodiversity	5	5	10.1002/cbdv.200890073	Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Bhat, A.R., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Athar, F., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India; Van Zyl, R.L., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Chen, C.-T., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Azam, A., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India	A novel series of 4-substituted 1-{[4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl) phenyl]methylidene}thiosemicarbazide, 4a -4n, was synthesized in 9-21% yield by the condensation of 4-(10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)benzaldehyde (3) with various substituted thiosemicarbazides in presence of catalytic amount of AcOH. These compounds were assayed for in vitro antiamoebic activity, and the results showed that out of 14 compounds 9 were found with IC50 values lower than metronidazole corresponding to 1.05- to 4.7-fold increase in activity. MTT Assay showed that all the compounds are nontoxic to human kidney epithelial cell line. 4-(m-Toluidinyl)-1-{[4- (10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin-5-yl)phenyl]methylidene} thiosemicarbazide (4h) showed the highest antiamoebic activity with least cytotoxicity. Some of the compounds were screened for their antimalarial activities and ability to inhibit β-haematin formation, but none of them showed an activity better than chloroquine and quinine. Only one compound out of six showed an activity comparable to standard drug. © 2008 Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta AG, Zürich.	None	1,2,3,4 tetrahydro n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]quinoline 1 carbothiohydrazide; 3 (4,5 dimethyl 2 thiazolyl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide; 4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)benzaldehyde; 4 (2 chlorobenzyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 (2 methylphenyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 (3 methylphenyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 (4 methylphenyl) 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 benzyl 4 phenyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclohexyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclohexyl 4 methyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclooctyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 cyclopentyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 methyl 4 phenyl 1 [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]thiosemicarbazide; 4 methyl n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]piperizine 1 carbothiohydrazide; 4 phenyl n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]piperazine 1 carbothiohydrazide; 5 [4 (1,3 dioxolan 2 yl)phenyl] 10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin; antiprotozoal agent; chloroquine; hematin; metronidazole; n' [[4 (10,15,20 triphenylporphyrin 5 yl)phenyl]methylidene]pyrrolidine 1 carbothiohydrazide; quinine; thiosemicarbazide derivative; unclassified drug; antiprotozoal agent; porphyrin; semicarbazide derivative; thiosemicarbazide; antimalarial activity; article; controlled study; cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug synthesis; Entamoeba histolytica; epithelium cell; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; inhibition kinetics; kidney epithelium; protein synthesis; Amoeba; animal; chemical structure; chemistry; classification; drug effect; Plasmodium; structure activity relation; synthesis; Amoeba; Animals; Antiprotozoal Agents; Molecular Structure; Plasmodium; Porphyrins; Semicarbazides; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879915075	Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiosemicarbazone-triazole hybrid compounds as antimalarial agents	Kinfe H.H., Belay Y.H.	2013	South African Journal of Chemistry	66	None	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Kinfe, H.H., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Belay, Y.H., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Anovel series of thiosemicarbazone-triazole hybrids were efficiently synthesized and evaluated for their activity against the 3D7 strain of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Although the hybrids were found not to be as potent as the standard chloroquine, they have shown activities interesting enough to warrant future structure activity relationship (SAR) studies.	Antimalarial; Hybrid; Thiosemicarbazone; Triazole	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864334280	The effect of parameters on the end buffer impact force history of the crane	Haas T.N., Maingon P., Dunaiski P.E.	2012	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	54	1	None	Stellenbosch University, Department of Civil Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; MARINTEK, SINTEF Marine, Otto Nielsens veg 10, Trondheim, Norway	Haas, T.N., Stellenbosch University, Department of Civil Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Maingon, P., MARINTEK, SINTEF Marine, Otto Nielsens veg 10, Trondheim, Norway; Dunaiski, P.E.	An overarching investigation was conducted to provide engineers with guidelines for designing crane supporting structures. The focus of this study was to determine whether the identified parameters had an effect on the end buffer impact force history when the electric overhead travelling crane collides with the end stops of the supporting structure. Seven design codes which were reviewed do not consider the crane and its supporting structure as a coupled system. This simplification ignores some of the parameters which have a significant influence on the impact force, which could lead to the codified estimates being sometimes unconservative. During the experimental tests it was discovered that some of the parameters could not be accurately controlled and/or monitored. This led to the development of a finite element (FE) model of the full-scale experimental configuration which was used to conduct advanced simulations. The FE model considered the crane and the supporting structure as a coupled system, in which the parameters were individually varied to obtain its effect on the impact force history. The results showed that some of the individual parameters do have a significant effect on the impact force history.	Crane; End buffer force; Fe	Advanced simulation; Coupled systems; Design codes; Effect of parameters; Electric overhead travelling; End buffer force; Experimental test; FE model; Finite element models; Identified parameter; Impact force; Impact force history; Supporting structure; Civil engineering; Iron; Cranes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954631909	Impact of anthropogenic transportation to Antarctica on alien seed viability	Hughes K.A., Lee J.E., Ware C., Kiefer K., Bergstrom D.M.	2010	Polar Biology	33	8	10.1007/s00300-010-0801-4	British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 77, Hobart 7001, Australia	Hughes, K.A., British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; Lee, J.E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Ware, C., Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia, Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 77, Hobart 7001, Australia; Kiefer, K., Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia, Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 77, Hobart 7001, Australia; Bergstrom, D.M., Australian Antarctic Division, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia, Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 77, Hobart 7001, Australia	Antarctic ecosystems are at risk from the introduction of invasive species. The first step in the process of invasion is the transportation of alien species to Antarctic in a viable state. However, the effect of long-distance human-mediated dispersal, over different timescales, on propagule viability is not well known. We assessed the viability of Poa trivialis seeds transported to Antarctica from the UK, South Africa and Australia by ship or by ship and aircraft. Following transportation to the Antarctic Treaty area, no reduction in seed viability was found, despite journey times lasting up to 284 days and seeds experiencing temperatures as low as -1.5°C. This work confirms that human-mediated transport may overcome the dispersal barrier for some propagules, and highlights the need for effective pre-departure biosecurity measures. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.	Antarctica; Dispersal; Invasion; Non-native; Propagule; Transport	anthropogenic effect; biological invasion; biosafety; environmental risk; invasive species; propagule; seed dispersal; transportation mode; viability; Antarctica; Poa; Poa trivialis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947219602	Effectiveness evaluation of levamisole, albendazole, ivermectin, and vernonia amygdalina in West African Dwarf goats	Adediran O.A., Uwalaka E.C.	2015	Journal of Parasitology Research	2015	None	10.1155/2015/706824	Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Adediran, O.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Uwalaka, E.C., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Anthelmintic drug resistance has led to the search for alternatives in controlling helminth infections. Fifty West African Dwarf goats without history of anthelmintic treatment were divided equally into five groups. Group A was treated with ivermectin injection subcutaneously, group B with levamisole subcutaneously, group C with albendazole orally, and group D with aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina and group E was untreated control. Faecal samples were collected before treatment from each animal and larval culture was carried out. Faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was carried out for each group and the data analysed using FECR version 4 to calculate percent reduction in faecal egg count. Predominant helminth infections from larval culture were Haemonchus contortus (70%), Trichostrongylus spp. (61%), and Oesophagostomum spp. (56%). Mixed infection was present in all the animals. From the FECR test Vernonia amygdalina extract was more effective against helminths (100%), compared to ivermectin 96%, levamisole 96%, and albendazole 99%. The lower 95% confidence limit was 89 for ivermectin and levamisole and 91 for albendazole. There is low resistance to ivermectin and levamisole and susceptibility to albendazole while V. amygdalina has great potentials that could be explored for the treatment of helminth diseases in goats. © 2015 Oyeduntan A. Adediran and Emmanuel C. Uwalaka.	None	albendazole; ivermectin; levamisole; Vernonia amygdalina extract; animal parasitosis; anthelmintic activity; Article; Chabertia; controlled study; drug efficacy; feces analysis; goat disease; Gymnanthemum amygdalinum; Haemonchus contortus; mixed infection; nonhuman; Oesophagostomum; Ostertagia ostertagi; outcome assessment; parasite identification; priority journal; Strongyloides; Trichostrongylus; West African Dwarf goat	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846901149	Long-term impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on dynamics and speciation of organic carbon in tropical forest and subtropical grassland ecosystems	Solomon D., Lehmann J., Kinyangi J., Amelung W., Lobe I., Pell A., Riha S., Ngoze S., Verchot L., Mbugua D., Skjemstad J., Schäfer T.	2007	Global Change Biology	13	2	10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01304.x	Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany; International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Institute for Nuclear Waste Management, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Solomon, D., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Lehmann, J., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Kinyangi, J., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Amelung, W., Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; Lobe, I., UFZ Centre for Environmental Research, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany; Pell, A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Riha, S., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Ngoze, S., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Verchot, L., International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbugua, D., International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya; Skjemstad, J., CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Schäfer, T., Institute for Nuclear Waste Management, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Anthropogenic perturbations have profoundly modified the Earth's biogeochemical cycles, the most prominent of these changes being manifested by global carbon (C) cycling. We investigated long-term effects of human-induced land-use and land-cover changes from native tropical forest (Kenya) and subtropical grassland (South Africa) ecosystems to agriculture on the dynamics and structural composition of soil organic C (SOC) using elemental analysis and integrated 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (Sr-FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. Anthropogenic interventions led to the depletion of 76%, 86% and 67% of the total SOC; and 77%, 85% and 66% of the N concentrations from the surface soils of Nandi, Kakamega and the South African sites, respectively, over a period of up to 100 years. Significant proportions of the total SOC (46-73%) and N (37-73%) losses occurred during the first 4 years of conversion indicating that these forest- and grassland-derived soils contain large amounts of labile soil organic matter (SOM), potentially vulnerable to degradation upon human-induced land-use and land-cover changes. Anthropogenic perturbations altered not only the C sink capacity of these soils, but also the functional group composition and dynamics of SOC with time, rendering structural composition of the resultant organic matter in the agricultural soils to be considerably different from the SOM under natural forest and grassland ecosystems. These molecular level compositional changes were manifested: (i) by the continued degradation of O-alkyl and acetal-C structures found in carbohydrate and holocellulose biomolecules, some labile aliphatic-C functionalities, (ii) by side-chain oxidation of phenylpropane units of lignin and (iii) by the continued aromatization and aliphatization of the humic fractions possibly through selective accumulation of recalcitrant H and C substituted aryl-C and aliphatic-C components such as (poly)-methylene units, respectively. These changes appeared as early as the fourth year after transition, and their intensity increased with duration of cultivation until a new quasi-equilibrium of SOC was approached at about 20 years after conversion. However, subtle but persistent changes in molecular structures of the resultant SOM continued long after (up to 100 years) a steady state for SOC was approached. These molecular level changes in the inherent structural composition of SOC may exert considerable influence on biogeochemical cycling of C and bioavailability of essential nutrients present in association with SOM, and may significantly affect the sustainability of agriculture as well as potentials of the soils to sequester C in these tropical and subtropical highland agroecosystems. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	13C NMR; Carbon sequestration; Deforestation; Land-use change; NEXAFS; Organic matter composition; Sr-FTIR-ATR; Synchrotron radiation	agricultural land; anthropogenic effect; carbon sequestration; carbon sink; deforestation; FTIR spectroscopy; grassland; land use change; nuclear magnetic resonance; organic carbon; soil carbon; subtropical region; tropical forest; Africa; East Africa; Kakamega; Kenya; Nandi; Rift Valley; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Province [Kenya]	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959881701	Evaluation of workability and strength development of fly ash pastes prepared with industrial brines rich in so 4 = and Cl- to expand brine utilisation	Mahlaba J.S., Kearsley E.P., Kruger R.A., Pretorius P.C.	2011	Minerals Engineering	24	10	10.1016/j.mineng.2011.05.015	University of Pretoria, Civil Engineering, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; SASOL Technology Pty (Ltd.), RandD Environmental Sciences and Engineering, P/Bag 1034, Secunda, South Africa; Richonne Consulting, Somerset Mall, P.O. Box 742, Cape Town 7137, South Africa	Mahlaba, J.S., University of Pretoria, Civil Engineering, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, SASOL Technology Pty (Ltd.), RandD Environmental Sciences and Engineering, P/Bag 1034, Secunda, South Africa; Kearsley, E.P., University of Pretoria, Civil Engineering, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Kruger, R.A., Richonne Consulting, Somerset Mall, P.O. Box 742, Cape Town 7137, South Africa; Pretorius, P.C., SASOL Technology Pty (Ltd.), RandD Environmental Sciences and Engineering, P/Bag 1034, Secunda, South Africa	Anthropogenic pollution is an unavoidable consequence of both producing energy from coal and desalination of water. Coal ash and brines are partially utilised due to vast volumes and stringent legal environmental requirements. Therefore innovative management for these wastes is essential. This manuscript presents the initial results of research showing that brine chemistry dominates the behaviour of fly ash pastes. The outcome could expand the utilisation of brines in mortars and mass concrete to conserve potable water. The tests involved varying paste consistency and brine characteristics. The results demonstrated that chemical composition of brine plays a more important role than salinity in determining both paste rheology and strength development. An optimum brine salinity range for pastes was obtained with a specific fly ash. The results suggest that an opportunity exists for utilising industrial brines rich in Cl- and SO4= as mixing waters in the co-disposal or mine backfilling with fly ash pastes. This would reduce operational costs and liability of energy generation from coal. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Brine; Coal fly ash; Paste backfill; Waste management; Water salinity	Anthropogenic pollution; Chemical compositions; Co-disposal; Coal fly ash; Energy generations; Environmental requirement; Mass concrete; Operational costs; Paste backfill; Strength development; Water salinity; Chlorine; Coal; Coal ash; Desalination; Environmental regulations; Fly ash; Potable water; Salinity measurement; Solid wastes; Waste management; Water filtration; Brines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957915383	Evaluation of antibacterial activity of leaf and stem extracts of Combretum calobotrys	Ezike A., Ebi G., Akah P., Okeudo U.	2011	Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research	3	3	None	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, En	Ezike, A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ebi, G., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Akah, P., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Okeudo, U., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Antibacterial activity of the extracts and fractions of leaf and stem of Combretum calobotrys Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) against clinical isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. Results showed that with the exception of the stem methanol fraction, all the extracts and fractions, elicited antibacterial activity. The leaf methanol fraction had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.32 mg/ml against K. pneumoniae while the stem ethylacetate fraction had MIC of 0.46 and 0.78 mg/ml against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively. The results justify the ethnomedicinal use of C. calobotrys in Southeastern Nigerian to manage bacterial infections.	Antibacterial activity; Combretum calobotrys; Minimum inhibitory concentration	acetic acid ethyl ester; Combretum calobotrys extract; gentamicin; methanol; plant extract; unclassified drug; agar diffusion; antibacterial activity; antibiotic sensitivity; article; Bacillus subtilis; bacterium isolate; Combretum; Combretum calobotrys; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; minimum inhibitory concentration; Nigeria; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant stem; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella paratyphi; Staphylococcus aureus; traditional medicine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73449110231	Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluation of the leaf stem bark and root of the African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa)	Udobi C.E., Onaolapo J.A.	2009	Journal of Medicinal Plants Research	3	5	None	Department of Food Technology, College of Science and Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Udobi, C.E., Department of Food Technology, College of Science and Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria; Onaolapo, J.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria	Antibacterial evaluation of the methanolic extract and aqueous fractions of the Leaf, Stem Bark and root of the African locust bean tree, Parkia biglobosa was carried out using the agar- well diffusion method. The extracts and their fractions were tested against two gram positive organisms - Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8326B76 and two gram negative organisms-Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-27853. Results obtained confirmed a broad spectrum of activity as all the organisms used were inhibited by the extracts and their aqueous fractions at concentrations between 2.5 - 20 mg. Zones of clearing observed against S. aureus were more pronounced, distinct and wider than those against other organisms tested. It was closely followed by P. aeruginosa. Results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) test using the aqueous fractions showed that the MIC ranged from 1.562 - 25mg/ml. This confirms the high activity of the aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract of the stem bark (WS) against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The WS showed higher activity than the aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract of the leaf (WL) and the aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract of the root (WR). When the extracts were screened for secondary metabolites, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were detected among others. This was further confirmed by the aqueous fractions. These secondary metabolites are most likely responsible for the observed activity of the plant parts. Results obtained in this work justify the medicinal uses to which P. biglobosa parts have been employed traditionally in recipes for infection. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Antibacterial evaluation; Aqueous fraction; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Parkia biglobosa; Secondary metabolite	alkaloid; anthraquinone derivative; carbohydrate; cardiac glycoside; flavonoid; methanol; Parkia biglobosa extract; plant extract; resin; saponin derivative; tannin derivative; unclassified drug; water; african locust bean tree; agar diffusion; antibacterial activity; aqueous solution; article; Bacillus subtilis; bark; chemical composition; concentration response; drug identification; drug isolation; drug potency; drug screening; Escherichia coli; medicinal plant; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Parkia biglobosa; phytochemistry; plant leaf; plant root; plant stem; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli; Negibacteria; Parkia biglobosa; Parkia filicoidea; Posibacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880680080	Evaluation of antioxidant potential of methanolic leaf extract of anacardium Occidentale (Linn) on the testes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats	Ukwenya V., Ashaolu O., Adeyemi D., Obuotor E., Tijani A., Biliaminu A., Caxton-Martins E.	2013	European Journal of Anatomy	17	2	None	Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; D	Ukwenya, V., Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Ashaolu, O., Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Adeyemi, D., Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Obuotor, E., Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Tijani, A., Department of Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria; Biliaminu, A., Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Caxton-Martins, E., Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract (AOLE) on the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and anti-oxidant enzymes (Glutathione peroxidase, GPx and superoxide dismutase, SOD) in the testicular homogenate of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty (40) wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (70 mg/kg b.w.). Five days after the confirmation of hyperglycemia, Groups A and B were treated with 300 mg/kg b.w of the extract and 1 I.U/kg b.w. insulin respectively. Groups C and D served as hyperglycemic and normal controls respectively. Animals were sacrificed 16 days after treatment. Our study showed that AOLE ameliorated the level of TBARS and improved the activities of G-6-PDH, SOD and GPx in the testes of extract-treated rats.	Anacardium occidentale; Anti-oxidant; Diabetes; Hyperglycemia; Oxidative stress.	Anacardium occidentale leaft extract; antioxidant; enzyme; glucose; glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase; isophane insulin; peroxidase; plant extract; superoxide dismutase; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; unclassified drug; animal cell; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; article; controlled study; drug effect; enzyme activity; glucose blood level; hyperglycemia; male; nonhuman; oxidative stress; rat; streptozocin diabetes; testis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953318777	Evaluation of new antiemetic agents and definition of antineoplastic agent emetogenicity - State of the art	Grunberg S.M., Warr D., Gralla R.J., Rapoport B.L., Hesketh P.J., Jordan K., Espersen B.T.	2011	Supportive Care in Cancer	19	SUPPL. 1	10.1007/s00520-010-1003-x	Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; North Shore-LIJ Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States; Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa; St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark	Grunberg, S.M.; Warr, D., Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Gralla, R.J., North Shore-LIJ Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, United States; Rapoport, B.L., Medical Oncology Centre of Rosebank, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hesketh, P.J., St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Jordan, K., University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Espersen, B.T., Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark	Antiemetic drug development can follow the same logical path as antineoplastic drug development from appropriate preclinical models through Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III testing. However, due to the marked success of antiemetic therapy over the last 25 years, placebo antiemetic treatment against highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy is not acceptable. Promising antiemetic agents therefore rapidly reach Phase III testing, where they are substituted into or added to effective and accepted regimens. One challenge of antiemetic drug development is determining whether substitution is indeed acceptable or whether prior regimens must be maintained intact as a basis for further antiemetic drug development. An additional challenge is the classification of emetogenic level of new antineoplastic agents. Accurate reporting of emetogenicity of such antineoplastic agents in the absence of preventive antiemetic treatment may not be available. However, at the 2009 Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC)/European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) Consensus Conference, an expert panel used best available data to establish rankings of emetogenicity. Oral chemotherapeutic agents are ranked separately from intravenous agents, recognizing intrinsic differences in emetogenicity as well as differing schedules of administration. Since oral chemotherapeutic agents are often administered in extended regimens, the distinction between acute and delayed emesis is less clear, and cumulative emesis must be considered. As control of vomiting has improved, attention has shifted to control of nausea, a related but distinct and equally important problem. Additional efforts will be necessary to understand mechanisms of nausea and to identify optimal remedies. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.	Classification; Emetogenicity; Nausea; Vomiting	alemtuzumab; antiemetic agent; antineoplastic agent; azacitidine; bendamustine; carboplatin; carmustine; chlormethine; cisplatin; clofarabine; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; dacarbazine; daunorubicin; docetaxel; doxorubicin; epirubicin; etoposide; idarubicin; ifosfamide; irinotecan; ixabepilone; methotrexate; mitoxantrone; oxaliplatin; paclitaxel; pemetrexed; streptozocin; topotecan; unindexed drug; article; chemotherapy induced emesis; drug classification; drug safety; drug screening; human; nausea; practice guideline; priority journal; Antiemetics; Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dexamethasone; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Nausea; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Receptors, Neurokinin-1; Serotonin Antagonists; Vomiting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250722113	Impact of α-topopherol on metronidazole and tetracycline-induced alterations in reproductive activities of male albino rats	Raji Y., Kunle-Alabi O.T., Olaleye S.B., Gbadegesin M.A., Awobajo F.O., Osonuga O.A., Odukanmi A.O., Salami S.A., Bolarinwa A.F.	2007	Journal of Biological Sciences	7	1	None	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department	Raji, Y., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Kunle-Alabi, O.T., Department of Physiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ikenne, Nigeria; Olaleye, S.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gbadegesin, M.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Awobajo, F.O., Department of Physiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Osonuga, O.A., Department of Pharmacology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Shagamu, Nigeria; Odukanmi, A.O., Department of Physiology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Salami, S.A., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Bolarinwa, A.F., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Antimicrobial drugs have been reported to have adverse effects on male fertility. The present study reports the role of α- tocopherol on metronidazole and tetracycline induced reproductive alterations in albino rats. Male albino rats (5/group) were treated with 20 mg kg-1 bw day-1 metronidazole or 60 mg kg-1 day-1 tetracycline with or without 15 mg kg-1 bw α-tocopherol for 8 weeks. The reversibility of effects after 4 weeks recovery period was determined in separate groups of 5 rats. The control groups received distilled water (vehicle) and 15 mg kg-1 day-1 α- tocopherol for 8 weeks. Metronidazole and tetracycline significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the weight of the epididymis, sperm count, motility and serum testosterone levels and increased the activity of endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the testis. Alpha-tocopherol significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased the weight of the testis, epididymis, sperm motility and serum testosterone levels. Co-administration of metronidazole or tetracycline with α-tocopherol caused significant restoration in sperm indices and SOD activity while it produced no effect on testosterone secretion. The results suggest that the effects of metronidazole and tetracycline on male reproductive functions, which are partially reversible, could be mediated via a reduction in serum testosterone level and probably also via the free radical generating mechanism. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Male; Rat; Reproduction	alpha tocopherol; metronidazole; superoxide dismutase; testosterone; tetracycline; water; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; enzyme activity; epididymis; male; male genital system disease; monotherapy; nonhuman; organ weight; rat; spermatozoon count; spermatozoon motility; testosterone blood level; testosterone release; treatment duration; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897950253	Preclinical evaluation of 68Ga-labeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane- 1,4,7-triacetic acid-ubiquicidin as a radioligand for PET infection imaging	Ebenhan T., Zeevaart J.R., Venter J.D., Govender T., Kruger G.H., Jarvis N.V., Sathekge M.M.	2014	Journal of Nuclear Medicine	55	2	10.2967/jnumed.113.128397	Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Research and Development, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Unit Catalysis, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa	Ebenhan, T., Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa, Research and Development, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Pretoria, South Africa; Zeevaart, J.R., Department of Science and Technology, Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Venter, J.D., Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Govender, T., Unit Catalysis, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kruger, G.H., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Jarvis, N.V., Research and Development, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Pretoria, South Africa; Sathekge, M.M., Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Private Bag X169, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Antimicrobial peptides such as ubiquicidin (UBI) are believed to differentiate between mammalian and bacterial or fungal cells. 99mTc-UBI29-41 was previously tested for detecting infection in humans using SPECT. For the present study, the UBI fragment UBI29-41 (TGRAKRRMQYNRR) was conjugated to 1,4,7-triazacyclononane- triacetic acid (NOTA), radiolabeled with 68Ga, and investigated in a rabbit infection model. Methods: 68Ga was obtained from a 1.85-GBq 68Ge/68Ga generator. New Zealand White rabbits were anesthetized with ketamine/medetomidine before tracer administration and placed in a clinical PET/CT scanner. 68Ga- 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7- triacetic-acid-ubiquicidin29-41 (68Ga- NOTA-UBI29-41) was formulated in saline solution, and 101 ± 41 MBq were administered intravenously. The tracer distribution was studied by PET/CT imaging in animals (a) that were healthy, (b) bearing muscular Staphylococcus aureus infections and turpentine oilinduced muscular inflammations, and (c) bearing ovalbumin-induced lung inflammations. Static PET/CT imaging was performed at different time intervals up to 120 min after injection. For calculation of target-to-nontarget ratios, standardized uptake values were normalized against healthy thigh muscle, representing nontargeted tissue. Results: PET/CT images of healthy animals showed predominant distribution in the kidneys, liver, and bladder; heart and spleen showed moderate, declining uptake, only. The biologic half-life in blood was 29 min. Urinary accumulation of 68Ga-NOTA-UBI29-41 peaked at 3.8 ± 0.91 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID) at 120 min, and 88 ± 5.2 %ID was recovered in total urine. 68Ga- NOTA-UBI29-41 imaging in (b) selectively visualized the muscular infection site and was differentiated from sterile inflammatory processes. Standardized uptake value ratios for muscles (infected/ inflamed) were 2.9 ± 0.93, 2.9 ± 0.50, 3.5 ± 0.86, and 3.8 ± 0.90 at 5, 30, 60, and 90 min after injection, respectively. Rabbit lungs with asthma showed insignificant uptake. Conclusion: 68Ga-NOTAUBI29- 41 was strongly localized in bacteria-infected areas and minimally detected in a sterile inflammation area in rabbit muscles. The findings propose this compound to be an excellent first-line PET/CT tracer to allow the distinguishing of infection from inflammation. Copyright © 2014 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.	Infection; PET/CT imaging; UBI29-41; Ubiquicidin	gallium 1,4,7 triazacyclononane 1,4,7 triacetic acid ubiquicidin 29 41 ga 68; radioligand; unclassified drug; 1,4,7 triazacyclononane 1,4,7 triacetic acid; 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid; antimicrobial cationic peptide; diagnostic agent; gallium; heterocyclic compound; radiopharmaceutical agent; ribosomal protein S30; ribosome protein; turpentine; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; asthma; computer assisted emission tomography; controlled study; drug blood level; drug distribution; drug half life; drug tissue level; drug uptake; drug urine level; isotope labeling; myositis; nonhuman; positron emission tomography; priority journal; rabbit; Staphylococcus infection; 68Ga labeling; animal; chemistry; computer assisted tomography; drug effect; infection; inflammation; lung; metabolism; methodology; PET/CT Imaging; positron emission tomography; scintiscanning; single photon emission computer tomography; Staphylococcus infection; tissue distribution; UBI29-41; ubiquicidin; 68Ga labeling; infection; PET/CT Imaging; UBI29-41; ubiquicidin; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Gallium Radioisotopes; Heterocyclic Compounds; Infection; Inflammation; Lung; Positron-Emission Tomography; Rabbits; Radiopharmaceuticals; Ribosomal Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tissue Distribution; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Turpentine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871669146	In Vitro Evaluation of ESE-15-ol, an Estradiol Analogue with Nanomolar Antimitotic and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Activity	Stander B.A., Joubert F., Tu C., Sippel K.H., McKenna R., Joubert A.M.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0052205	Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States	Stander, B.A., Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Joubert, F., Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Tu, C., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Sippel, K.H., Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; McKenna, R., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Joubert, A.M., Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa	Antimitotic compounds are still one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs in the clinic today. Given their effectiveness against cancer it is beneficial to continue enhancing these drugs. One way is to improve the bioavailability and efficacy by synthesizing derivatives that reversibly bind to carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) in red blood cells followed by a slow release into the blood circulation system. In the present study we describe the in vitro biological activity of a reduced derivative of 2-ethyl-3-O-sulphamoyl-estradiol (2EE), 2-ethyl-3-O-sulphamoyl-estra-1,3,5(10),15-tetraen-17-ol (ESE-15-ol). ESE-15-ol is capable of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase activity in the nanomolar range and is selective towards a mimic of carbonic anhydrase IX when compared to the CAII isoform. Docking studies using Autodock Vina suggest that the dehydration of the D-ring plays a role towards the selectivity of ESE-15-ol to CAIX and that the binding mode of ESE-15-ol is substantially different when compared to 2EE. ESE-15-ol is able to reduce cell growth to 50% after 48 h at 50-75 nM in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-12A cells. The compound is the least potent against the non-tumorigenic MCF-12A cells. In vitro mechanistic studies demonstrate that the newly synthesized compound induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization, abrogates the phosphorylation status of Bcl-2 and affects gene expression of genes associated with cell death and mitosis. © 2012 Stander et al.	None	2 ethyl 3 o sulphamoyl estra 1,3,5(10),15 tetraen 17 ol; antineoplastic agent; carbonate dehydratase; carbonate dehydratase II; carbonate dehydratase IX; protein bcl 2; unclassified drug; antineoplastic activity; antiproliferative activity; apoptosis; article; binding affinity; cancer inhibition; controlled study; drug structure; enzyme activity; enzyme inhibition; enzyme mechanism; gene expression; genetic association; in vitro study; inhibition kinetics; membrane depolarization; mitochondrial membrane potential; molecular docking; molecular model; protein phosphorylation; tumor cell destruction; Antimitotic Agents; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Carbonic Anhydrases; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Estradiol; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Molecular Docking Simulation; Neoplasm Metastasis; Phosphorylation; Protein Conformation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Serine; Sulfonamides; Tubulin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905029210	Physical and electrochemical evaluation of ATO supported IrO2 catalyst for proton exchange membrane water electrolyser	Puthiyapura V.K., Mamlouk M., Pasupathi S., Pollet B.G., Scott K.	2014	Journal of Power Sources	269	None	10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.078	School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Puthiyapura, V.K., School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Mamlouk, M., School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Pasupathi, S., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Pollet, B.G., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry (SAIAMC), Faculty of Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Scott, K., School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom	Antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) was studied as a support material for IrO2 in proton exchange membrane water electrolyser (PEMWE). Adams fusion method was used to prepare the IrO2-ATO catalysts. The physical and electrochemical characterisation of the catalysts were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder conductivity, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) polarisation. The BET surface area and electronic conductivity of the supported catalysts were found to be predominantly arisen from the IrO2. Supported catalyst showed higher active surface area than the pristine IrO2 in CV analysis with 85% H3PO4 as electrolyte. The MEA performance using Nafion®-115 membrane at 80 °C and atmospheric pressure showed a better performance for IrO2 loading. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Antimony tin oxide; Hydrogen generation; Iridium dioxide; Oxygen evolution reaction; PEM water electrolysis	Atmospheric pressure; Catalyst supports; Cyclic voltammetry; Hydrogen; Hydrogen production; Nanocomposites; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC); Scanning electron microscopy; Tin; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction; Antimony tin oxide; Hydrogen generations; Iridium dioxide; Oxygen evolution reaction; PEM water electrolysis; Loading	EP/G042012/1, EPSRC, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960718676	Evaluation of hypolipidemic and potential antioxidant effects of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (l) mill sp.) leaves in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats	Akinloye O.A., Solanke O.O.	2011	Journal of Medicinal Plants Research	5	12	None	Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun-State, Nigeria	Akinloye, O.A., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun-State, Nigeria; Solanke, O.O., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Agriculture, P. M. B. 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun-State, Nigeria	Antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of the methanolic leaf extract from Cajanus cajan was carried out in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in the levels of blood glucose, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed in the hyperglycemic-extract treated rats. The administration of the extract (200 mg/kg) also caused a reduction in urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels in hyperglycemic rats. The extract was found to be able bring about 34.4 and 32.16% decrease in the activities of ALT and AST respectively in the hyperglycemic-treated rats compared to untreated group. Antioxidant activity of the extract was also confirmed through in vitro studies. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Antioxidant activity; Cajanus cajan; Hypolipidemic effect	alanine aminotransferase; alloxan; antioxidant; aspartate aminotransferase; Cajanus cajan extract; creatinine; glibenclamide; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; malonaldehyde; plant extract; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; animal experiment; animal model; antioxidant activity; article; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; creatinine blood level; drug efficacy; drug safety; enzyme activity; glucose blood level; hyperglycemia; hypolipemia; in vitro study; male; nonhuman; pigeonpea; plant leaf; protein blood level; rat; solvent extraction; treatment response; triacylglycerol blood level; urea blood level; Cajanus cajan; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73449124055	Evaluation of antioxidant activity of leave extract of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae)	Aliyu A.B., Ibrahim M.A., Musa A.M., Ibrahim H., Abdulkadir I.E., Oyewale A.O.	2009	Journal of Medicinal Plants Research	3	8	None	Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Kwazulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Aliyu, A.B., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ibrahim, M.A., Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Musa, A.M., Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ibrahim, H., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Kwazulu Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Abdulkadir, I.E., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Oyewale, A.O., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Antioxidant evaluation of Bauhinia rufescens used in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine, was carried out using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and reducing power assay on the methanolic extract of the leaves. The results of the DPPH scavenging activity indicate a concentration dependent antioxidant activity with no significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) at 50, 125 and 250 μgml- 1 with those of the standard ascorbic and gallic acids. The total phenolic content was determined and found to be 68.40 ± 0.02 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and the reducing power of 0.071 ± 0.03 nm was obtained. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins and saponins whose synergistic effect may be responsible for the strong antioxidant activity. It indicates that the methanolic extract of the leave may have promising antioxidant agents and may also help in the treatment of the diseases caused by free radicals. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Antioxidants; Bauhinia rufescens; DPPH; Free radicals; Reducing power; Total phenolics	1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; ascorbic acid; Bauhinia rufescens extract; flavanoid; free radical; gallic acid; methanol; phenol; plant extract; saponin; tannin; triterpene; unclassified drug; antioxidant activity; article; Bauhinia rufescens; concentration response; controlled study; drug screening; medicinal plant; Nigeria; phytochemistry; plant leaf; traditional medicine; Bauhinia rufescens; Caesalpinioideae	None
None	None	Influences of castration on the performance of landmine-detection rats (Cricetomys gambianus)	Edwards T.L., Cox C., Weetjens B., Poling A.	2015	Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research	10	4	10.1016/j.jveb.2015.04.002	Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States	Edwards, T.L., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Cox, C., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Weetjens, B., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Poling, A., Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States	Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling has employed pouched rats as mine-detection animals for approximately 10years in sub-Saharan Africa, where the species is indigenous, and now plans to deploy the rats in areas where they are not indigenous. To prevent the possible introduction of an invasive species in those regions, all rats must be castrated before deployment. The research described in the present article was conducted to determine whether castration affects the performance of pouched rats as mine-detection animals. Five sex-, age-, and performance-matched pairs of pouched rats, 3 male pairs and 2 female pairs, were randomly divided into 2 groups: the experimental group undergoing castration procedures and the control group remaining out of training for the same duration as the experimental group. No statistically significant differences were found between the performance of experimental and control groups after the intervention despite high statistical power to detect such a difference, and equivalence tests suggest that any possible effects are of no practical significance. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.	Castration; Landmines; Mine-detection animals; Neutering; Pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus); Scent detection	Animalia; Cricetomys gambianus; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878737629	Synthesis of Ti(iv) complexes of donor-functionalised phenoxy-imine tridentates and their evaluation in ethylene oligomerisation and polymerisation	Suttil J.A., Shaw M.F., McGuinness D.S., Gardiner M.G., Evans S.J.	2013	Dalton Transactions	42	25	10.1039/c3dt32465f	School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Sasol Technology Ltd, PO Box 1183, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	Suttil, J.A., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Shaw, M.F., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; McGuinness, D.S., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Gardiner, M.G., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Evans, S.J., Sasol Technology Ltd, PO Box 1183, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	A number of analogues of the Mitsui Chemicals ethylene trimerisation system (IV) have been explored, in which one of the donor atoms have been modified. Thus, a series of mono-anionic tridentate phenoxy-imine (3-(t-butyl)-2-(OH)- C6H4CN(C(CH3)2CH2OMe) 1, 3-(adamantyl)-2-(OH)-C6H4CN(2′-(2′′- (SMe)C6H4)-C6H4) 2, 3-(t-butyl)-2-(OSiMe3)-C6H4CN(C(CH 3)2CH2OMe) 3) or phenoxy-amine (3,5-di(t-butyl)-2-(OH)-C6H4CH2-N(2′- (2′′-(OMe)C6H4)-C6H4) 4) ligands have been prepared and reacted with TiCl4 or TiCl 4(thf)2 to give the mono-ligand complexes 5-7. The solid state structures of compounds 4-6 have been determined. Complexes 5-7 have been tested for their potential as ethylene oligomerisation/polymerisation systems in conjunction with MAO activator and benchmarked against the Mitsui phenoxy-imine trimerisation system IV. While the phenoxy-amine complex 6 shows a propensity for polymer formation, the phenoxy-imine complexes 5 and 7 show somewhat increased formation of short chain LAOs. Complex 5 is selective for 1-butene in the oligomeric fraction, while 7 displays liquid phase selectivity to 1-hexene. As such 7, which is a sulfur substituted analogue of the Mitsui system IV, displays similar characteristics to the parent catalyst. However, its utility is limited by the lower activity and predominant formation of polyethylene. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	1-Hexene; Donor atoms; Liquid Phase; Mitsui Chemicals; Phenoxy-imine; Polymer formation; Solid-state structures; Ti complexes; Butenes; Complexation; Ethylene; Nitrogen compounds; Oligomerization; Oligomers; Phenoxy resins; ethylene; ethylene derivative; imine; organometallic compound; phenol derivative; phenoxyl radical; titanium; article; chemical structure; chemistry; polymerization; synthesis; Ethylenes; Imines; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Organometallic Compounds; Phenols; Polymerization; Titanium	None
None	None	Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of extracts from medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Kagera and Lindi regions, Tanzania	Nondo R.S.O., Moshi M.J., Erasto P., Zofou D., Njouendou A.J., Wanji S., Ngemenya M.N., Kidukuli A.W., Masimba P.J., Titanji V.P.K.	2015	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	5	4	10.7324/JAPS.2015.50402	Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon	Nondo, R.S.O., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Moshi, M.J., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Erasto, P., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Zofou, D., Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon, Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Njouendou, A.J., Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Wanji, S., Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Ngemenya, M.N., Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon; Kidukuli, A.W., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Masimba, P.J., Department of Biological and Pre-Clinical Studies, Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Titanji, V.P.K., Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon	A number of medicinal plants used for treatment of malaria in Tanzania have been documented, but information on their safety and efficacy is still based on traditional knowledge accumulated over years and not on pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. The present study aimed to assess the cytotoxic activity of extracts of selected plant species used for treatment of malaria in Tanzania. Ethanol extracts were evaluated for cytoxicity by using MTT assay on LLC-MK2 cells and by brine shrimp lethality assay. Forty five (93.75%) out of 48 crude extracts assessed using LLC-MK2 cells were non-cytotoxic while three extracts (6.25%) were cytotoxic with CC<inf>50</inf> <30 μg/mL (cut-off point). In the brine shrimp assay 30 (65.2%) out of 46 extracts tested were non-toxic while 16 extracts (34.8%) were toxic (LC<inf>50</inf> <100 μg/mL). Antiaris toxicaria stem bark extract was the most cytotoxic to mammalian cells. This study demonstrates that, most of the antimalarial plants tested were non-toxic. These observations corroborate with traditional healers' claims that the herbal medicines used in their areas are safe. However, further studies using different toxicity models are suggested to further confirm their claims. © 2015 Ramadhani SO Nondo et al.	Brine shrimps assay; LLC-MK2 cells; Malaria; Medicinal plants; Tanzania; Toxicity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650972083	Natural building stone composed of light-transmissive minerals: Impacts on thermal gradients, weathering and microbial colonization. A preliminary study, tentative interpretations, and future directions	Hall K.	2011	Environmental Earth Sciences	62	2	10.1007/s12665-010-0522-6	Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Geography Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada	Hall, K., Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Geography Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada	A number of modern buildings employing claddings of granites or marbles have experienced bowing of the rock panels together with weathering of the material. Theoretical and field-based data analysis and laboratory experimentation have assumed that heat exchange resulting from incoming solar radiation is at the material surface. However, a number of recent experiments have clearly shown that some lithologies, including both marble and granite, comprise a number of light-transmissive minerals that significantly change the thermal responses in the outer few millimetres of the rock. Further, this translucence will create mineral-to-mineral stresses where light-transmissive minerals are in contact with opaque ones. The whole is further exacerbated by differences in thermal coefficients of expansion and conductivity which themselves may depend on the mineral axis; surface modifiers such as paints further complicate the situation. The degree of light penetration, based on field measurements, can be significant and can facilitate rapid changes in temperature (ΔT/Δt &gt; 2°C min-1) at depth within the rock thereby increasing the sub-surface stresses. The amount of light penetration for any given mineral will be dependent upon material slope, the latitude, season, and albedo. Albedo is identified as a complex variable, changing as a function of the angle of the sun to the particular surface; polished surfaces, as often with cladding, will further influence this. Data analysis suggests that, in the Northern hemisphere, south of the polar circle, the summer may not be the time of the largest heat loading on the southern aspect and that larger loadings, coupled with lower air temperatures, occur early and late in the year. This seasonal impact has great potential for thermal stresses on the southern aspect. The presence of light-transmissive minerals also allows sub-surface biotic colonization and results in weathering. Overall, where light transmissive minerals/lithologies occur the thermal responses are highly complex and in need of more rigorous consideration. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.	Endolithic colonization weathering; Light-transmissive rocks; Monuments; Thermal responses	Air temperature; Building stone; Complex variable; Data analysis; Endolithic colonization weathering; Field measurement; Field-based data; Future directions; Heat exchange; Heat loading; Light penetration; Material surface; Microbial colonization; Modern buildings; Monuments; Northern Hemispheres; Polished surfaces; Rapid changes; Sub-surfaces; Surface modifiers; Thermal coefficients of expansions; Thermal response; Building materials; Data handling; Experiments; Granite; Loading; Marble; Minerals; Rocks; Silicate minerals; Soil mechanics; Solar radiation; Sun; Surface properties; Thermal expansion; Weathering; air temperature; albedo; colonization; data acquisition; granite; laboratory method; latitude; light effect; lithology; marble; measurement method; microbial activity; mineral; monument; Northern Hemisphere; rock; solar radiation; temperature effect; weathering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887140341	Economic analysis of climate variability impact on malaria prevalence: The case of Ghana	Akpalu W., Codjoe S.N.A.	2013	Sustainability (Switzerland)	5	10	10.3390/su5104362	Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, 2350 Broadhollow Road, Farmingdale, NY 11735, United States; Center for Environmental Economics Research and Consultancy (CEERAC), P. O. Box CS 9379, Tema, Ghana; Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 96, Legon, Ghana	Akpalu, W., Farmingdale State College, State University of New York, 2350 Broadhollow Road, Farmingdale, NY 11735, United States, Center for Environmental Economics Research and Consultancy (CEERAC), P. O. Box CS 9379, Tema, Ghana; Codjoe, S.N.A., Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 96, Legon, Ghana	A number of studies exist on the relationship between climatic factors and malaria prevalence. However, due to scarcity of data, most of the studies are based on biophysical experiments and do not control for socioeconomic covariates. This research, which uses data on Ghana, contributes to the thin literature that addresses this limitation. We found that humidity and rainfall predict malaria prevalence. Furthermore, our results suggest that malaria prevalence increases with rainfall, the proportion of middle income households, and the proportion of households with no formal education. The corresponding elasticity coefficients are 0.67, 0.12 and 0.66, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence rate have also been observed across regions. © 2013 by the authors.	Climate change; Ghana; Granger-causality; Malaria prevalence; Maximum entropy	climate effect; climate variation; disease prevalence; economic analysis; educational attainment; Granger causality test; humidity; malaria; maximum entropy analysis; precipitation (climatology); socioeconomic status; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929908510	Monitoring and evaluating astronomy outreach programmes: Challenges and solutions	Chapman S., Catala L., Mauduit J.-C., Govender K., Louw-Potgieter J.	2015	South African Journal of Science	111	42496	10.17159/sajs.2015/20140112	Institute for Monitoring and Evaluation, School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; International Astronomical Union, Office of Astronomy for Development, Cape Town, South Africa	Chapman, S., Institute for Monitoring and Evaluation, School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Catala, L., Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa, International Astronomical Union, Office of Astronomy for Development, Cape Town, South Africa; Mauduit, J.-C., International Astronomical Union, Office of Astronomy for Development, Cape Town, South Africa; Govender, K., International Astronomical Union, Office of Astronomy for Development, Cape Town, South Africa; Louw-Potgieter, J., Institute for Monitoring and Evaluation, School of Management Studies, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	A number of tools exist to guide the monitoring and evaluation of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and outreach programmes. Fewer tools exist for evaluating astronomy outreach programmes. In this paper we try to overcome this limitation by presenting a monitoring and evaluation framework developed for the International Astronomical Union's Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD). The mandate of the OAD is to stimulate sustainable development at an international level and to expand astronomy education and outreach globally. The broad assumptions of this programme are that astronomy has the potential to contribute to human development by means of the transferable nature of its science discoveries, as well as its potential to activate feelings of wonderment, inspiration and awareness of the universe. As a result, the programme potentially embodies a far broader mix of outcomes than conventionally considered in STEM evaluation approaches. Towards this aim, we operationalise our monitoring and evaluation approach by first outlining programme theories for three key OAD programmes: a programme for universities and research, another one for schools, and one for public outreach. We then identify outcomes, indicators and measures for each one of these programmes. We conclude with suggestions for evaluating the global impact of astronomy for development. © 2015. The Author(s).	Astronomy for development; Monitoring and evaluation framework; Programme evaluation; Science outreach; Stem education	astronomy; education; international organization; science and technology; sustainable development; university sector	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19544379146	Comparative reliability evaluation of lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers	Afolayan J.O., Nwaiwu C.M., Osinubi K.J.	2005	Geotechnical and Geological Engineering	23	5	10.1007/s10706-004-1199-y	Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria	Afolayan, J.O., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria; Nwaiwu, C.M., Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri 600004 Borno State, Nigeria; Osinubi, K.J., Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria	A numerical investigation to determine the existence or otherwise of congruence between laboratory-based and field-based models for predicting hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay liners has been conducted. The comparisons here are based on values of the reliability index estimated with the use of the two models for cases when hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be normally and lognormally distributed. The laboratory reduced Proctor and modified Proctor compactive efforts were assumed to correspond to the lowest and highest compactor weights (165 kN and 338 kN for sheepsfoot rollers only from literature) respectively. The standard Proctor compactive effort was assumed to correspond to the mean compactor weight of 261.4 kN. Reliability estimates from the laboratory-based model were consistently higher than the corresponding values from the field-based model for each of the variables common to the two models. As laboratory samples usually involve small samples which are often unrepresentative of field situations, it is considered that reliability levels estimated with the use of the field-based model provide more realistic assessment of compacted lateritic soils as hydraulic barriers. Compactor weight of 300 kN and above may be needed for effective compaction of lateritic soil liners. Reliability-based designs of lateritic soil liners should incorporate appropriate probability distribution types for variables in the field-based model. © Springer 2005.	Compactor weights; Congruence of laboratory and field models; Hydraulic conductivity; Laboratory compactive efforts; Lateritic soil liners; Reliability index	Clay; Compaction; Hydraulic conductivity; Mathematical models; Parabolic antennas; Probability distributions; Clay liners; Hydraulic barriers; Lateritic soils; Soil liners; Soils; geotechnical engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846223462	Evaluation of radar multiple-scattering effects from a GPM perspective. Part I: Model description and validation	Battaglia A., Ajewole M.O., Simmer C.	2006	Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology	45	12	None	Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Battaglia, A., Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany; Ajewole, M.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Simmer, C., Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Auf dem Hugel, 20, 53121 Bonn, Germany	A numerical model based on the Monte Carlo solution of the vector radiative transfer equation has been adopted to simulate radar signals. The model accounts for general radar configurations such as airborne/ spaceborne/ground based and monostatic/bistatic and includes the polarization and the antenna pattern as particularly relevant features. Except for contributions from the backscattering enhancement, the model is particularly suitable for evaluating multiple-scattering effects. It has been validated against some analytical methods that provide solutions for the first and second order of scattering of the copolar intensity for pencil-beam/Gaussian antennas in the transmitting/ receiving segment. The model has been applied to evaluate the multiple scattering when penetrating inside a uniform hydrometeor layer. In particular, the impact of the phase function, the range-dependent scattering optical thickness, and the effects of the antenna footprint are considered. © 2006 American Meteorological Society.	None	Computer simulation; Evaluation; Mathematical models; Monte Carlo methods; Vectors; Global precipitation mission (GPM); Radar configurations; Radar multiple-scattering effects; Radar signals; Vector radiative transfer equation; Meteorological radar; Monte Carlo analysis; numerical model; radar; radiative transfer; scattering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449103249	Evaluation of enzyme (Maxigrain®) treatment of graded levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) on nutrient retention	Sekoni A.A., Omage J.J., Bawa G.S., Esuga P.M.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	4	10.3923/pjn.2008.614.619	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Sekoni, A.A., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Omage, J.J., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Esuga, P.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A nutrient retention trial was conducted over a twenty four day period. Eighty one day old chicks of Arbor acres strain were randomly allotted to nine isonitrogeneous dietary treatments where PKM was included in the diet at 0,10,20,30 and 40% levels and PKM treated with Maxigrain® at 10, 20, 30, and 40% levels with three replicates and three birds each in metallic cages. Results show that there was significant (P<0.001) difference in protein, fat, NFE and metabolizable energy retention which were higher in the control and Maxigrain® treated diets compared with the corresponding diets without Maxigrain®. The crude fibre retention was significant (P<0.05) lower in the control compared treatments. The crude fibre retention values at 20 and 30% PKM diets with Maxigrain® were significantly (P<0.05) lower than values for 20 and 30% PKM diets without Maxigrain®. The results indicates that enzyme treatment of PKM increased the retention of vital nutrients and metabolizable energy. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler; Maxigrain®; Metabolizable energy; Nutrient retention; Palm kernel meal	beta glucan hydrolase; cellulose; enzyme; phytase; xylan endo 1,3 beta xylosidase; animal experiment; animal food; article; chick; controlled study; diet therapy; dietary intake; energy metabolism; fat content; female; male; nonhuman; nutrient availability; nutrient content; nutrient supply; nutritional support; poultry farming; protein content; Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68149114270	Nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of cultivated Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler, a Nigerian edible mushroom	Ayodele S.M., Okhuoya J.A.	2009	South African Journal of Science	105	04-Mar	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Ayodele, S.M., Department of Biological Sciences, Kogi State University, P.M.B. 1008, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria; Okhuoya, J.A., Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	A nutritional and phytochemical evaluation of cultivated Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler was carried out at the immature and mature stages of the mushroom. The cultivated mushroom is very rich in protein and fibres compared with the wild species, and has a low lipid and sugar content. The nutrient composition is dependent upon the stage of its development and nutrient content was at a maximum at immature stage and decreased during further development. Alkaloids were detected in the mature fruit body, but not in the immature stage. However, saponins and tannins were present in both immature and mature stages. Flavonoids and anthraquinones were absent in the mushroom. The importance of these findings is discussed.	Evaluation; Nutritional; Phytochemical; Psathyrella atroumbonata	developmental stage; mushroom; nutrition; phytochemistry; protein; wild population; Agaricus bisporus; Basidiomycota; Psathyrella	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920877182	Assessing the performance characteristics of chicken layers fed with pito mash inclusion diets treated with cocoa pod-husk ash extract	Ankrah A.-B., Donkoh A., Abando-Sam E.	2014	International Journal of Poultry Science	13	11	None	Department of Agribusiness, Valley View University, Techiman-Campus, Oyibi, Accra, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Ankrah, A.-B., Department of Agribusiness, Valley View University, Techiman-Campus, Oyibi, Accra, Ghana; Donkoh, A., Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Abando-Sam, E., Department of Agribusiness, Valley View University, Techiman-Campus, Oyibi, Accra, Ghana	A nutritional balance trial was conducted, with 176 strain of Lohmann breed of brown layers at 8 weeks old, weighing between 340-341 g. The chickens were grouped into 4 dietary treatments of 44 chickens per group. A complete randomized design (CRD) was applied in which the dietary treatments included 0, 5, 10 and 15% level of the alkali-treated pito mash. Feed and water were provided ad libitum over the 11-month experimental period. The parameters measured were body weight changes, feed intake, water intake, hen-day egg production, hen-housed egg production, feed conversion ratio (kg/dozen egg), age at the onset of egg production, body weight at the onset of egg laying, weight of the first egg laid, shell thickness, number of broken egg, yolk colour, yolk diameter, albumen height, Haugh unit and mortality rate. Results showed that apart from body weight at the start of feed trial, feed/dozen eggs and body weight at the onset of egg laying, shell thickness and mortality of chickens, all the alkali-treated pito mash based diets exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher performances than the control group in all the other parameters considered, although at varying magnitudes. The costs/100 kg grower and layer diets were progressively reduced as the level of treated pito mash increased in the diets. Alkali-treated pito mash inclusion in grower and layer chicken diets up to 15% is therefore recommended. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2014.	Dietary treatment; Feed conversion ratio; Feed intake; Haugh unit	Gallus gallus; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649759162	Performance evaluation of a palm fruit bunch stripper	Ojomo A.O., Ologunagba F.O., Alagha S.A.	2010	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	5	9	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ojomo, A.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ologunagba, F.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Alagha, S.A., Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	A palm fruit stripper that was designed and fabricated at the Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo was evaluated for the stripping of quartered bunches. Studies were conducted on the effect of machine speed (1500rpm, 2000rpm and 2500rpm) and the time of steaming (10min, 20min and 30min) on the machine out-put capacity, efficiency and quality performance efficiency. The performance of the palm fruit stripper was evaluated at different levels of machine and crop variables. Machine speed and time of steaming statistically affected the machine performance at 5% significance level using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The performance was found to be influenced by all studied variables, however, the machine gave the best stripping efficiency of 93.4%, quality performance of 91.2% and output capacity of 74.9kg/hr with the least damaged seed of 0.4% at 2500rpm machine speed and 30mins time of steaming, when compared with other combinations of variables. © 2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.	Efficiency; Output capacity; Palm fruit bunch stripper; Performance evaluation; Steaming; Time	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931031651	Evaluation of intensity of urinary schistosomiasis in biase and yakurr local government areas of cross river state, nigeria after two years of integrated control measures	Adie H.A., Oyo-Ita A., Okon O.E., Arong G.A., Atting I.A., Braide E.I., Nebe O., Emanghe U.E., Otu A.A.	2015	Research Journal of Parasitology	10	2	10.3923/jp.2015.58.65	Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Uyo/University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria; Federal Univer	Adie, H.A., Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria; Oyo-Ita, A., Ministry of Health, Calabar, Nigeria; Okon, O.E., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Arong, G.A., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Atting, I.A., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Uyo/University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria; Braide, E.I., Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Nebe, O., Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Emanghe, U.E., Department of Medical Microbiology/Parasitology, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Otu, A.A., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria	A parasitological mapping of urinary schistosomiasis using filtration method was conducted in Biase and Yakurr LGAs of Cross River State, Nigeria by the Neglected Tropical Diseases Control unit in collaboration with the schistosomiasis/soil transmitted helminths unit of the Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria in November 2012. The results of the study revealed a mean urinary schistosomiasis prevalence of 49% for the six schools under study in Biase and 30% for the six schools under study in Yakurr LGA. The mean ova load was 0.9 for males and 0.8 for females in the two LGAs. Integrated control measures put in place, included chemotherapy of infected individuals with praziquantel and health education on the predisposing factors responsible for the transmission of urinary schistosomiasis. An evaluation of the interventions was carried out in November 2014, after two rounds of treatment with Praziquantel and intensive education were given. Urine samples were collected from 600 school children, 300 from each of the two LGAs. The evaluation study using the urine filtration technique revealed a mean schistosomiasis prevalence of 0% for the six schools under study in Biase and 0.02% for the six schools under study in Yakurr LGA with mean ova load reduced to 0.3 for males and 0 for females in the two LGAs. Data analysis with SPSS package revealed a 100% participation of all selected school children in 12 schools (6 in each LGA). Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the prevalence between male and female (p>0.005). A student t-test showed a significant difference between prevalence rates in 2012 and the results in 2014 (p>0.005). The spatial distribution showed that endemic schools were distributed within marshy areas where rice was cultivated in the two LGAs. These results showed that with wide scale integrated control measures, urinary schistosomiasis can be eliminated or reduced to a disease of no public health importance. © 2015, Academic Journals Inc.	Evaluation; Integrated control measures; Intensity; Urinary schistosomiasis	praziquantel; adolescent; Article; child; disease predisposition; drug efficacy; female; health education; human; infection control; infection rate; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; parasite load; parasite transmission; prevalence; schistosomiasis; school child; student; treatment duration; urinalysis; Vermes	None
WoS	WOS:000248904000009	Setting priorities for safe motherhood programme evaluation: A participatory process in three developing countries	Achadi, Endang,Arhinful, Daniel Kojo,D'Ambruoso, Lucia,Hounton, Sennen,Hussein, Julia,Madi, Banyana Cecilia	2007	HEALTH POLICY	83	1	10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.01.006	University of Aberdeen, University of Ghana, IMMPACT Ctr Muraz	None	A participatory approach to priority setting in programme evaluation may help improve the allocation and more efficient use of scarce resources especially in low-income countries. Research agendas that are the result of collaboration between researchers, programme managers, policy makers and other stakeholders have the potential to ensure rigorous studies are conducted on matters of local priority, based on local, expert knowledge. This paper describes a process involving key stakeholders to elicit and prioritise evaluation needs for safe motherhood in three developing countries. A series of reiterative consultations with safe motherhood stakeholders from each country was conducted over a period of 36 months. In each country, the consultation process consisted of a series of participatory workshops; firstly, stakeholder's views on evaluation were elicited with parallel descriptive work on the contexts. Secondly, priorities for evaluation were identified from stakeholders; thirdly, the evaluation-priorities were refined; and finally, the evaluation research questions, reflecting the identified priorities, were agreed and finalised. Three evaluation-questions were identified in each country, and one selected, on which a full scale evaluation was undertaken. While there is a great deal written about the importance of transparent and participatory priority setting in evaluation; few examples of how such processes could be implemented exist, particularly for maternal health programmes. Our experience demonstrates that the investment in a participatory priority-setting effort is high but the process undertaken resulted in both globally and contextually-relevant priorities for evaluation. This experience provides useful lessons for public health practitioners committed to bridging the research-policy interface. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	"participatory priority setting","programme evaluation","safe motherhood",REFORMS,"REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH-SERVICES"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349151120	Using participatory epidemiological techniques to estimate the relative incidence and impact on livelihoods of livestock diseases amongst nomadic pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya	Bett B., Jost C., Allport R., Mariner J.	2009	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	90	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.05.001	International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya; Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya	Bett, B., International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya; Jost, C., International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya; Allport, R., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Mariner, J., International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, Nairobi, Kenya	A participatory epidemiological (PE) study was carried out with Turkana pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya, to determine the relative incidence of livestock diseasess and their impact on livelihoods. A sub-location was used as the sampling unit. A sub-location is the smallest administrative unit and is occupied by clusters of families (called adakars) that share common grazing patterns. A total of 32 sub-locations were randomly selected for the study. At least one focus group discussion involving more than 10 people was held with each adakar. In addition, key informant interviews involving local leaders and animal health service providers were conducted before or after the group sessions. PE techniques that were used with the stock owners include participatory mapping, relative incidence scoring, proportional piling, disease impact matrix scoring, seasonal calendars and probing. The methods used were pre-tested in four sub-locations that were excluded from further study. The study revealed that goats, with median score of 33 (10th and 90th percentiles of 25, 44, respectively) and sheep, median score of 20.5 (15, 26) were perceived to be the most abundant livestock species while goats (median score of 32 [21, 56]) and camels (median score of 22.5 [11, 33]) contributed the most to the livelihoods of the pastoralists. For goats, the overall relative incidence scores of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and mange were 23.5% (15, 34), 25% (21, 45) and 20% (19, 28), respectively. The respective median scores for case fatality rates were 66% (45, 76.5), 62.5% (25, 100) and 73.2% (21.4, 85.7). Disease impact matrix scores indicated that mange was the most important disease of goats. Mange (range: 28-32%) and pox (range: 16-38%) were perceived to be the most prevalent diseases in camels. Livestock movements, limited access to veterinary services and stock theft were identified as key factors that contributed to the high prevalence and persistence of these diseases. This paper discusses strategies that could be used to control these diseases given the challenges associated with nomadic pastoralism and insecurity. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diseases; Goats; Kenya; Participatory epidemiology (PE); Turkana pastoralists	animal; animal husbandry; article; camel; economics; goat; goat disease; human; incidence; Kenya; sheep; sheep disease; socioeconomics; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Camels; Goat Diseases; Goats; Humans; Incidence; Kenya; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Socioeconomic Factors; Animalia; Camelidae; Capra; Capra hircus; Mycoplasma; Ovis aries; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858800410	Prevalence of livestock diseases and their impact on livelihoods in Central Equatoria State, southern Sudan	Malak A.K., Mpoke L., Banak J., Muriuki S., Skilton R.A., Odongo D., Sunter J., Kiara H.	2012	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	104	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.001	Directorate of Veterinary Services, Government of Southern Sudan, Sudan; Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom	Malak, A.K., Directorate of Veterinary Services, Government of Southern Sudan, Sudan; Mpoke, L., Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Banak, J., Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Muriuki, S., Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Belgium, P.O. Box 13986-00800, Nairobi, Kenya; Skilton, R.A., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Odongo, D., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Sunter, J., University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; Kiara, H., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	A participatory epidemiological (PE) study was conducted in Kajo Keji and Yei Counties, Central Equatoria State, southern Sudan to assess the impact of livestock diseases on livelihoods. A serological survey of tick-borne diseases was conducted to supplement the PE study. PE data collection tools consisted primarily of focus group interviews and key informant interviews supplemented by observation. Information was collected on the social context, history and species of livestock kept. Constraints in livestock keeping were explored through description and probing. Proportional piling on the importance of different diseases and relative incidence scoring were also conducted. 243 sera were collected from cattle and tested for antibodies to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, Theileria mutans and T. parva by ELISA. Additionally, 173 blood samples were collected for a PCR assay of T. parva. Livestock diseases were ranked as the most important constraint to livestock keeping. While East Coast fever was ranked as the most important disease in Kajo Keji, diarrhoea in small ruminants was reported as the most important disease in Yei. Serological analyses of the sera indicated that A. marginale, B. bigemina, T. mutans and T. parva were most prevalent. Prevalence of B. bovis was found to be low (4.0% and 7.4% in Kajo Keji and Yei, respectively). 35% of the samples screened with the T. parva p104 gene nested PCR assay were positive. The study concludes that while ECF is the most important disease in Kajo Keji, it was not the case in Yei. Additional epidemiological studies are proposed before control strategies are recommended. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.	East Coast fever; Livestock diseases; Participatory epidemiology; Prevalence; Southern Sudan	protozoon antibody; agriculture; Anaplasma marginale; animal; animal disease; article; Babesia; babesiosis; blood; bovids; cattle; cattle disease; diarrhea; economics; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; immunology; information processing; isolation and purification; livestock; male; parasitology; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; Sudan; Theileria; theileriosis; tick borne disease; Agriculture; Anaplasma marginale; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diarrhea; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Focus Groups; Humans; Livestock; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Ruminants; Sudan; Theileria; Theileriasis; Tick-Borne Diseases; Anaplasma marginale; Babesia bigemina; Bos; Bovidae; Ixodida; Theileria; Theileria mutans; Theileria parva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55349095487	On-farm evaluation of rainfed lowland rice varieties at Olokose village, Odeda, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oyekanmi A.A., Okeleye K.A., Okonji C.J.	2008	Journal of Agronomy	7	2	10.3923/ja.2008.192.196	Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Oyekanmi, A.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okeleye, K.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okonji, C.J., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A participatory variety selection trial was conducted in 2005 and 2006 in Olokose village to evaluate top crosses of Oryza sativa x Oryza sativa varieties developed for lowland agro-ecology under farmers' conditions and select desirable varieties for the ecology using the farmers participatory approach. The trial was conducted with thirteen lowland rice varieties planted in a randomized complete block design replicated in time. In the trial it was found that WITA 4 and WAS-161-B-6-B-B-1-B lowland rice varieties performed best with a grain yield of 7553 and 5000 kg ha-1, respectively. The heavy tillering and non-lodging characteristics of the varieties were prefened traits apart from their high yields. WITA 4 and WAS-161-B-6-B-B-1-B which recorded higher yields of 98.03 and 31.09% over Etunbe, the local variety that yielded 3814 kg ha-1, were preferred by most of the farmers. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Oryza sativa crosses; Participatory variety selection; Technical knowledge transfer; Top-bottom approach	Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649752336	Performance evaluation of a fish feed pelletizing machine	Ojomo A.O., Agbetoye L.A.S., Ologunagba F.O.	2010	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	5	9	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ojomo, A.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Agbetoye, L.A.S., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ologunagba, F.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	A pelletizing machine for the production of fish feed was designed and fabricated. It consists of a hopper, barrel which houses the screw conveyor (auger), the cutting knife and the die orifice. Power supply to the machine is from 2 kW, 1420 rpm single phase electric motor. The performance evaluation of the machine was carried out. The main objective was to investigate the effects of moisture contents and the speed of operation on the performance of the machine. It was observed that the pelletizing efficiency, throughput capacity and the percentage recovery of the machine increased with increase in moisture content and the speed of the machine. The machine showed higher throughput capacity of 19.7 kg/h with maximum pelletizing efficiency of 87.6%. Moisture content constituted a greater portion of variability in efficiency than speed. A unit increase in moisture content resulted in an increase of about 20% in pelletizing efficiency whereas a corresponding unit increase in speed only increased the pelletizing efficiency by 3%. The machine does not make use of steam thereby making it easier to operate. The adoption of the pelletizing machine by small and medium scale farmers would go a long way in helping them to produce their own feed with local contents thereby alleviating the problems associated with the sourcing of imported feeds. © 2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.	Efficiency; Fish feed; Moisture content; Pelletizing machine; Performance evaluation; Speed	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55649120019	Evaluation of supplementary stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, bertoni) leaves and stevioside in broiler diets: Effects on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, blood parameters and growth performance	Atteh J.O., Onagbesan O.M., Tona K., Decuypere E., Geuns J.M.C., Buyse J.	2008	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	92	6	10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00760.x	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Laboratory for Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium	Atteh, J.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Onagbesan, O.M., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Tona, K., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Decuypere, E., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Geuns, J.M.C., Laboratory for Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Buyse, J., Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium	A perennial schrub, stevia, and its extracts are used as a natural sweetener and have been shown to possess antimicrobial properties. Stevia contains high levels of sweetening glycosides including stevioside which is thought to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Little is known about the nutritional value of the schrub in livestock. This study determined the potential use of the shrub as a prebiotic animal feed supplement in light of the recent ban on the use of antibiotics in animal feed and the role of its constituent stevioside in the effects of the shrub. Male Cobb broiler chicks were fed a basal broiler diet without antibiotic but with performance enhancing enzyme mix (positive control), a basal diet without antibiotic and enzymes (negative control), or diets in which 2% of the negative control diet was replaced with either dried ground stevia leaves or 130 ppm pure stevioside during 2 week starter and 2 week grower periods. Body weight gains, feed conversion, abdominal fat deposition, plasma hormone and metabolites and caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in the broilers at 2 and 4 weeks of age. There was no significant effect of the treatments on feed intake during the starter period but birds fed diet supplemented with stevia leaves and stevioside consumed more feed (p &lt; 0.05) than those fed the positive control diet during the grower period. Weight gain by birds fed the positive control and stevioside diets was higher (p &lt; 0.05) than those fed other diets only during the starter period. Feed/gain ratio of birds fed the positive control and stevioside diets was superior (p &lt; 0.05) to others. There was no effect of the treatments on nutrient retention and water content of the excreta. Dietary stevia leave and stevioside decreased total concentration of SCFA and changed their profile in the ceca. There was no effect of the treatments on pancreas weight. Dietary stevia reduced blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and triiodothyronine (T3) but had no effect on non-esterified fatty acids. In contrast, stevioside only decreased T3. Both the stevia leaves and stevioside diets significantly increased abdominal fat content. It is concluded that dietary enzyme growth promoters are beneficial to the broilers only during the starter stage and that inclusion of stevia leaves or stevioside has no beneficial effect on the performance of broilers. © 2008 The Authors.	Blood parameters; Broiler chickens; Feed supplement; Growth; Stevia	antiinfective agent; fatty acid; glucoside; kaurane derivative; probiotic agent; stevioside; volatile fatty acid; animal; animal food; article; body composition; cecum; chemistry; chicken; drug effect; eating; growth, development and aging; male; metabolism; nutritional value; physiology; plant leaf; randomization; Stevia; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Body Composition; Cecum; Chickens; Diterpenes, Kaurane; Eating; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Glucosides; Male; Nutritive Value; Plant Leaves; Probiotics; Random Allocation; Stevia; Weight Gain; Animalia; Aves; Gallus gallus; Stevia rebaudiana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78349313189	Performance characteristics of a perforated shadow band under clear sky conditions	Brooks M.J.	2010	Solar Energy	84	12	10.1016/j.solener.2010.08.010	School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	Brooks, M.J., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa	A perforated, non-rotating shadow band is described for separating global solar irradiance into its diffuse and direct normal components using a single pyranometer. Whereas shadow bands are normally solid so as to occult the sensor of a pyranometer throughout the day, the proposed band has apertures cut from its circumference to intermittently expose the instrument sensor at preset intervals. Under clear sky conditions the device produces a saw tooth waveform of irradiance data from which it is possible to reconstruct separate global and diffuse curves. The direct normal irradiance may then be calculated giving a complete breakdown of the irradiance curves without need of a second instrument or rotating shadow band. This paper describes the principle of operation of the band and gives a mathematical model of its shading mask based on the results of an optical ray tracing study. An algorithm for processing the data from the perforated band system is described and evaluated. In an extended trial conducted at NREL's Solar Radiation Research Laboratory, the band coupled with a thermally corrected Eppley PSP produced independent curves for diffuse, global and direct normal irradiance with low mean bias errors of 5.6W/m2, 0.3W/m2 and -2.6W/m2 respectively, relative to collocated reference instruments. Random uncertainties were 9.7W/m2 (diffuse), 17.3W/m2 (global) and 19.0W/m2 (direct). When the data processing algorithm was modified to include the ray trace model of sensor exposure, uncertainties increased only marginally, confirming the effectiveness of the model. Deployment of the perforated band system can potentially increase the accuracy of data from ground stations in predominantly sunny areas where instrumentation is limited to a single pyranometer. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Broadband solar radiation; Diffuse irradiance; Global irradiance; Ray tracing; Shadow band	Band systems; Broadband solar radiation; Clear sky; Data processing algorithms; Diffuse irradiance; Direct normal irradiances; Global irradiance; Global solar irradiances; Ground stations; Mean bias errors; Normal component; Optical ray tracing; Performance characteristics; Pyranometers; Random uncertainties; Ray trace; Reference instruments; Saw-tooth; Shadowband; Wave forms; Curve fitting; Instruments; Mathematical models; Ray tracing; Research laboratories; Rotation; Sensors; Solar radiation; Sun; Data processing; accuracy assessment; algorithm; clear sky; data processing; error analysis; mathematical analysis; performance assessment; sensor; solar radiation; uncertainty analysis; waveform analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650939968	Melt particle characteristics of the within-and out-of-crater suevites from the Bosumtwi impact structure, Ghana: Implications for crater formation	Coney L., Reimold W.U., Gibson R.L., Koeberl C., Ogilvie P.	2010	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	465	None	10.1130/2010.2465(21)	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria	Coney, L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany; Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Koeberl, C., Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Natural History Museum, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria; Ogilvie, P., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, P.O. WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	A petrographic and geochemical comparison of suevites from the LB-07A and LB-08A cores recovered during 2004 by the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program with suevites from outside of the crater rim of the Bosumtwi impact structure indicates contrasting mechanisms of formation for these respective impact breccias. The within-crater suevites form only a small part of the lithic impact breccia-dominated impactite crater fill, in contrast to the impactites from outside of the crater, which consist solely of suevite. The clasts of suevites from within the crater display relatively low levels of shock (for most material <45 GPa). The numbers of shocked quartz grains, as well as fragments of diaplectic glass of quartz and feldspar in suevites decrease with depth through the LB-07A core (maximum three sets of planar deformation features [PDFs]). In contrast, the out-of-crater suevites sampled north and south of the crater contain up to four PDF sets in quartz clasts, ballen cristobalite, and higher proportions of diaplectic glass than the within-crater suevites. In addition, the suevites from outside of the crater contain significantly more melt particles (18-37 vol%) than the within-crater suevites (<5 vol%). Melt fragment sizes in suevites from outside the crater are much larger than those from suevites within the crater (maximum 40 cm versus 1 cm). The currently known distribution of impactites outside of the crater would be consistent with a low-angle impact from the east. We propose that the within-crater suevites and polymict lithic breccias were emplaced either via slumping off the crater walls or lateral movement of some melted and much displaced target rock within the crater. Limited admixture of fallback material from the ejecta plume is evident in the uppermost impactite deposit encountered in core LB-05B. In contrast, the out-of-crater suevites formed by fallout from a laterally differentiated ejecta plume, which resulted in different clast populations to the north and south of the crater. © 2010 The Geological Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	crater; geochemistry; impact structure; petrography; suevite; Ashanti; Ghana; Lake Bosumtwi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73949093063	Shock pressure distribution in the Vredefort impact structure, South Africa	Gibson R.L., Reimold W.U.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.329	Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Gibson, R.L., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Reimold, W.U., Impact Cratering Research Group, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	A petrographic study of Archean gneisses exposed in the core of the 80-km-wide central uplift of the Vredefort impact structure has revealed widespread evidence of shock-related metamorphic effects in feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals in addition to the already documented quartz microdeformation features. The shock features are variably overprinted by annealing effects, which increase in intensity toward the center of the structure. The shock effects show a general increase in intensity toward the center of the dome but are most characteristically marked by extreme heterogeneity on a small (centimeter to millimeter) scale, indicating highly localized shock pressure heterogeneity. Closest to the center, the pre-impact Archean fabrics and textures have been locally partially destroyed by comprehensive melting and melt mobilization, which has given rise to distinctive granofelses and clast-laden melt breccias. Based on the features observed, background shock pressures in the currently exposed level of the core of the dome range from ∼10 GPa at distances of ∼20 km from the center to >30-35 GPa within 5 km of the center. Pressures responsible for localized melting and for the formation of the melt breccias in this central zone may have exceeded 45 GPa, although it is difficult to constrain this value more precisely owing to uncertainty about the pre-impact temperature of the rocks and the role of local syn-shock frictional heating in raising temperature. Apart from the localized heterogeneity in shock pressures, the background shock pressure gradient appears to increase toward the center of the dome, approaching ∼4 GPa/km in the central parts. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Impact; Impact heating; Shock metamorphism; Vredefort dome	annealing; Archean; dome; feldspar; heterogeneity; impact structure; melting; mobilization; pressure gradient; quartz; shock metamorphism; uplift; Free State; South Africa; Vredefort Dome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247636570	Evaluation of microfiltration for the treatment of spent cutting-oil	Schoeman J.J., Novhe O.	2007	Water SA	33	2	None	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Novhe, O., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A pilot plant using ceramic microfiltration membranes which could be regularly back-flushed with air for fouling control was evaluated for the treatment of spent cutting-oil. It was found that membrane fouling could be effectively controlled with regular air back-flushes (every 3 min for 1 s) and chemical cleaning using caustic soda. Permeate flux remained approximately constant and varied from 78 to 126 ℓ/h·m2 for the first six runs and from 114 to 150 ℓ/h·m2 for three more runs. An increase in feed temperature from ambient to 40°C and cleaning of the membrane with 1% caustic soda, increased permeate flux from 183 to 282 ℓ/h·m2 and from 195 to 264 ℓ/h·m2 in two more runs. Excellent COD (75.5 to 90.3%) and O&amp;G (97.2 to 99.1%) removals were obtained. The permeate quality should be suitable for discharge to the municipal sewer system (O&amp;G &lt; 500 mg/ℓ) and the concentrated oil should be a useful energy source. Treatment of spent cutting-oil with microfiltration rather than landfilling should save valuable landfilling space.	COD removal; Fouling; Microfiltration; O&G removal; Permeate flux; Spent cutting-oil	Chemical oxygen demand; Fouling; Mechanical permeability; Microfiltration; Sewers; COD removal; Permeate flux; Spent cutting-oil; Cutting fluids; Chemical oxygen demand; Cutting fluids; Fouling; Mechanical permeability; Microfiltration; Sewers; bicarbonate; ceramics; chemical oxygen demand; flushing; fouling; landfill; membrane; oil; recycling; ultrafiltration; waste treatment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875046791	Efficacy evaluation of flavored combination parasiticide tablets in a laboratory study for the removal of natural Dipylidium caninum (tapeworm) infections in dogs	Barnett S., King S., Kok D., Luempert L.	2013	International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine	11	1	None	Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States; ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 11186, Universitas, 9321, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Barnett, S., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States; King, S., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States; Kok, D., ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., PO Box 11186, Universitas, 9321, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Luempert, L., Novartis Animal Health US, Inc., 3200 Northline Ave., Suite 300, Greensboro NC 27408, United States	A pivotal blinded laboratory study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of two novel formulations of flavored combination tablets against Dipylidium caninum in naturally infected dogs. One formulation was a 3-way combination of the active ingredients praziquantel, milbemycin oxime and lufenuron; the other was a 2-way combination of praziquantel and milbemycin oxime, both administered orally. The study also included a negative control group that received Sentinel ® Flavor Tabs® (milbemycin oxime and lufenuron) and a placebo control group that received vehicle placebo tablets. Each treatment or control group consisted of 10 dogs and the study was conducted in two phases. Dogs were housed in individual pens from Day -14 until necropsy on Day 12. The selection of study animals was based on infection with D. caninum as demonstrated by shed proglottids once before and once during the 14-day acclimatization period. Microfilaria tests were conducted on blood samples collected during acclimatization and only heartworm negative dogs were enrolled in the study. Dogs were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to treatment groups. Male and female animals were represented within every treatment group. Dogs in all groups were treated once on Day 0, within approximately 30 minutes of ingesting a full meal, and observed hourly for the first six hours post-treatment, and then again at 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 hours post-treatment to determine acute tolerance. General health observations were performed daily for the duration of the study. Dogs were euthanized on Day 12 and the intestines were examined for the presence of D. caninum. One dog in the vehicle placebo group was removed from the trial on Day 6 due to ehrlichiosis. Tapeworms were recovered from 18 of 20 control dogs while no tapeworms were found in any of the dogs that received either the 3-way or 2-way combination tablets, which contained praziquantel. Therefore, the efficacy against naturally acquired D. caninum infection was 100% for both the 3-way and the 2-way combination tablets. Clinical abnormalities were confined to self-limiting gastrointestinal signs observed in both treatment and control groups.	Dipylidium caninum; Praziquantel; Tapeworm	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67649795750	Plasticity model for simulation, description and evaluation of vibratory stress relief	Kwofie S.	2009	Materials Science and Engineering A	516	42371	10.1016/j.msea.2009.03.014	Department of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Kwofie, S., Department of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	A plasticity model for simulation and description of the phenomenon of vibratory stress relief (VSR) is presented. The model is based on the premise that the external vibratory force induces cyclic stresses that interact with the residual stresses existing in the material. Residual stress relief thus occurs when the sum of induced cyclic stress and residual stress exceeds the local yield stress of the material. Since residual stresses are self-equilibrating, local stress relief results in the occurrence of stress redistribution towards achieving equilibrium. By means of Matlab/Simulink Software Program, it is shown that VSR is a localized cyclic plasticity phenomenon that combines aspects of cycle-dependent stress relaxation and cyclic-creep processes, in that the peak stress decreases while the elapsed strain increases with cycle. Simulated stress-strain, stress-cycle and strain-cycle curves are similar to those observed experimentally by other investigators. Based on these similarities, a stress relaxation model is proposed for vibratory stress relief. The effect of loading/material parameters, such as vibration frequency, stress amplitude, strain amplitude, yield stress and initial strain hardening rate on the effectiveness of the VSR treatment may be explained/analysed in the light of this model. It is shown that the strain-cycle curve due to VSR process is an important data for the quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of VSR, and also provides a practical means of determining residual stress reduction in real-time. From such data reduction in residual stress may be determined as the product of the elastic modulus of the material and the change in mean strain. © 2009.	Peak stress; Residual stress; Strain amplitude; Stress amplitude; Vibration stress relief	Creep process; Cyclic plasticity; Cyclic stress; Initial strains; Matlab/Simulink software; Mean strain; Peak stress; Plasticity model; Quantitative evaluation; Strain amplitude; Stress amplitude; Stress amplitudes; Stress redistribution; Stress reduction; Stress-strain; Vibration frequency; Vibration stress relief; Vibratory stress relief; Data reduction; Graph theory; Phase equilibria; Plasticity; Residual stresses; Simulators; Strain hardening; Strain rate; Strength of materials; Stress analysis; Stress relaxation; Yield stress; Stress relief	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864496283	Predicting the dynamics and performance of a polymer-clay based composite in a fixed bed system for the removal of lead (II) ion	Unuabonah E.I., El-Khaiary M.I., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Adebowale K.O.	2012	Chemical Engineering Research and Design	90	8	10.1016/j.cherd.2011.11.009	Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway, PMB 3005, Redemption City, Mowe, Nigeria; Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of En	Unuabonah, E.I., Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway, PMB 3005, Redemption City, Mowe, Nigeria, Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam OT Golm, Germany; El-Khaiary, M.I., Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, El-Hadara, Alexandria 21544, Egypt; Olu-Owolabi, B.I., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A polymer-clay based composite adsorbent was prepared from locally obtained kaolinite clay and polyvinyl alcohol. The composite adsorbent was used to remove lead (II) ions from aqueous solution in a fixed bed mode. The increase in bed height and initial metal ion concentration increased the adsorption capacity of lead (II) and the volume of aqueous solution treated at 50% breakthrough. However, the adsorption capacity was reduced by almost 16.5% with the simultaneous presence of Ca 2+/Pb 2+ and Na +/Pb 2+ in the aqueous solution. Regeneration of the adsorbent with 0.1M of HCl also reduced its adsorption capacity to 75.1%. Adsorption of lead (II) ions onto the polymer-clay composite adsorbent in the presence of Na + and Ca 2+ electrolyte increased the rate of mass transfer, probably due to competition between cationic species in solution for adsorption sites. Regeneration further increased the rate of mass transfer as a result of reduced adsorption sites after the regeneration process. The length of the mass transfer zone was found to increase with increasing bed height but did not change with increasing the initial metal ion concentration. The models of Yoon-Nelson, Thomas, and Clark were found to give good fit to adsorption data. On the other hand, Bohart-Adams model was found to be a poor predictor for the column operation. The polymer-clay composite adsorbent has a good potential for the removal of lead (II) ions from highly polluted aqueous solutions. © 2011 The Institution of Chemical Engineers.	Adsorption models; Breakthrough; Fixed bed; Mass transfer zone; Polymer-clay composite; Regeneration	Adsorption capacities; Adsorption data; Adsorption model; Adsorption site; Bed height; Bohart-Adams model; Breakthrough; Cationic species; Column operations; Composite adsorbents; Fixed bed; Fixed-bed modes; Kaolinite clay; Lead ions; Metal ion concentration; Regeneration; Regeneration process; Geologic models; Kaolinite; Lead; Mass transfer; Metal ions; Polymers; Solutions; Adsorption	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960246794	Evaluation of powered charcoal stove by using different biomass	Alakali J.S., Kachataiya G.T., Kucha C.T.	2011	International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering	4	2	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria	Alakali, J.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria; Kachataiya, G.T., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria; Kucha, C.T., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria	A powered stove was designed to utilized biomass effectively, easy ignition and maintain uniform fire, and reduce cooking time. The stove consists of a blower with hand winder and a fuel carrier. Performance evaluation carried out show that boiling time decreased with increased volumetric air flow rate. For air flow rates of 0.13 m 3/s, 0.14 m 3/s, and 0.16 m 3/s, the time to bring 4.5 L of water to boiling point decreased correspondingly from 14 to 12 and to 10 min. This trend was observed for all the biomass used namely wood, corn cobs and charcoal. However in comparing the three biomasses, it took longer time to bring water to boiling point by using charcoal followed by wood and corn cobs in above mentioned order. The percentage heat utilized and fuel efficiency increased with increase in the volumetric air flow rate. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) in the heat utilization and fuel efficiency of wood, corn cobs and charcoal. The results also show that the specific fuel consumption decreased with air flow rate when yam, rice and beans were cooked. On the other hand, time spent for cooking the items increased significantly (P≤0.05). Also in comparison, the specific charcoal consumption for cooking yam, rice and beans was less followed by wood and corncobs. On the other hand the time spent for cooking the food items was longer by using charcoal followed by wood and corncobs. The results show that when powered the stove performed much better than under natural air flow condition and its efficiency increased with increase in volumetric air flow rate. Corncobs were found to be more suitable replacer of wood for domestic cooking followed by charcoal. The popularization of this stove will alleviate the problem of starting and maintaining fire and reduce over dependence on wood.	Airflow rate; Biomass; Charcoal; Corncobs; Stove; Wood fuel	Dioscorea alata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84966669944	Merit measures and validation in employee evaluation and selection	Malebye W.P.R., Seeletse S.M., Rivera M.A.	2015	Problems and Perspectives in Management	13	3	None	Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa; School of Public Administration, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States	Malebye, W.P.R., Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Seeletse, S.M., Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa; Rivera, M.A., School of Public Administration, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States	Applicants for employment are usually compared subjectively in the selection process, and the selections made are typically not reliable, if only because they are seldom verifiable empirically. The present study describes a process of much more objective selection sequence, one that involves a quantitative/mathematical measure that may be used in selecting a candidate applying for a job, in a process then adds two other independent measures to validate the decision taken. The approach followed is a stepwise combination of SToR methods (Statistics and Operations Research, incorporating SAW, TOPSIS, and WP). In this analysis, SAW (simple additive weighting) is used in the first-cut selection process, and TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) and WP (weighted product) are used to validate selections. A practical exercise was developed from an actual selection problem, part of a real-world recruitment task undertaken in an organization for which the authors consulted, and in which the human resources (HR) department wanted to check if their selection was justifiable, and demonstrably valid. The resulting analytical approach was clearly valid, consistent, reliable, and replicable, and convincing to that HR department, since it considered the determinations made by our system quite satisfactory, while theirs could not stand up to empirical testing or corroboration. © Wilson P.R. Malebye, Solly M. Seeletse, Mario A. Rivera, 2015.	Candidate selection; Decisional complexity; Fuzzy-goal programming; HRM; MCDM; Person-job environment fit; Person-job requirement fit; SToR; SW; TOPSIS; WP	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876355263	Predicting the performance of bowlers in IPL: An application of artificial neural network	Saikia H., Bhattacharjee D., Lemmer H.H.	2012	International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport	12	1	None	Department of Business Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru School of Management, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India; Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa	Saikia, H., Department of Business Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru School of Management, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India; Bhattacharjee, D., Department of Business Administration, Jawaharlal Nehru School of Management, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India; Lemmer, H.H., Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa	Application of data mining tools is often used in professional sports for evaluating players'/ teams' performance. Cricket is one of those sports where a large amount of numerical information is generated in every game. The game of cricket got a new dimension in April 2008, when Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) initiated the Indian Premier League(IPL). It is a franchise based Twenty20 cricket tournament where teams are formed by competitive bidding from a collection of Indian and International players. Since, valuations of the players are determined through auction, so performance of individual player is always under scanner. The objective of this study is to analyze and predict the performance of bowlers in IPL, using artificial neural network. Based on the performance of bowlers in the first three seasons of IPL, the paper tries to predict the performances of those bowlers who entered in the league in its fourth season as their maiden IPL venture. The performances of these bowlers in IPL-IV are predicted, and the external validity of the model is tested using their actual performance in IPL-IV. This prediction can help the franchises to decide which bowler they should target for their team.	Data mining; Performance measurement in sports; Twenty20 cricket	None	None
None	None	Performance analysis of public funded irrigation projects in Tanzania	Matekere E.C., Lema N.M.	2011	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	25	4	10.1007/s10795-011-9119-9	Department of Irrigation and Technical Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Matekere, E.C., Department of Irrigation and Technical Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lema, N.M., Department of Structural and Construction Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Application of indicator-based management tools to evaluate performance and taking measures to mitigate the negative effects on project performance contributes to improvement. This research paper presents the findings of the analysis of performance of public funded smallholder irrigation projects in Tanzania with the aim to inform improvement actions. Through opinion survey of a sample of policy or decision makers and implementers of projects, and a case study of 16 smallholder irrigation projects, conceptual and physical data were collected and analyzed. The findings show that performance assessment in irrigation sub-sector in Tanzania is ad hoc, fragmented and done mainly during the construction phase, in donor funded projects. Seventy percent of 20 highly ranking performance indicators considered suitable in Tanzania also have high potential to improve project performance in the Tanzanian irrigation industry. These indicators constitute the key performance determinants. Forty percent of performance indicators currently used in Tanzania, which include the traditional time and cost indicators, are considered not significant in improving performance. Time and cost overrun of 16 investigated projects was in the tune of 50% and 8% respectively. The factors affecting project performance are diverse but interrelated, with possible common root causes, and effects cutting across various project processes. The mitigation measures are also interrelated and cut across project processes, and therefore, require integrative approaches. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Irrigation projects; Performance; Performance assessment; Performance indicators; Tanzania	Irrigation projects; Performance; Performance assessment; Performance indicators; Tanzania; Benchmarking; Irrigation; Water supply; irrigation system; performance assessment; project management; smallholder; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860726745	The Spatial-temporal characteristic of video content and its impact on the quality of wireless conduits	Sheluhin O.I., Atayero A.A., Ivanov Y.A.	2012	IAENG International Journal of Computer Science	39	1	None	Department of Information Security, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Pmb1023 Ota, Nigeria	Sheluhin, O.I., Department of Information Security, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation; Atayero, A.A., Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Covenant University, Pmb1023 Ota, Nigeria; Ivanov, Y.A., Department of Information Security, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow, Russian Federation	Applications are constantly being developed with a view to maximizing bandwidth usage. This is necessitated by the overwhelming popularity of an ever-increasing wave of bandwidth intensive multimedia services that are constantly deployed to meet end user demands. All contemporary information communication systems and networks are expected to maintain the quality of these applications with different Quality of Service (QoS) levels. QoS requirements are generally dependent on the parameters of network and application layers of the OSI model. At the application layer QoS depends on factors such as resolution, bit rate, frame rate, video type, audio codecs, etc. At the network layer, distortions such as delay, jitter, packet loss, etc. are introduced. This paper presents simulation results of modeling video streaming over wireless communications networks. Simulation showed that different video subject groups affect the perceived quality differently when transmitted over networks. We show conclusively that in a transmission network with a small error probabilities (BER = 10 -6, BER = 10 -5 ), the minimum bit rate (128 kbps) guarantees an acceptable video quality, corresponding to MOS &gt; 3 for all types of frames. It is also shown through analysis that the efficiency of error correction methods is I strongly correlation with the spatial-temporal properties of the analyzed video sequences.	BER; Codec; MPEG; PSNR; Trace file; Video streaming	BER; Codec; MPEG; PSNR; Trace file; Bandwidth; Communication systems; Computer simulation; Error correction; Motion Picture Experts Group standards; Multimedia services; Quality of service; Video recording; Video streaming; Wireless telecommunication systems; Network layers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547670304	Larval performance of the pyralid borer Eldana saccharina Walker and stalk damage in sugarcane: Influence of plant silicon, cultivar and feeding site	Kvedaras O.L., Keeping M.G., Goebel F.R., Byrne M.J.	2007	International Journal of Pest Management	53	3	10.1080/09670870601110956	South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, Unité de Recherche Systèmes Canniers, Montpellier, France	Kvedaras, O.L., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; Keeping, M.G., South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa; Goebel, F.R., Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, Unité de Recherche Systèmes Canniers, Montpellier, France; Byrne, M.J., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa	Applied silicon (Si) can improve resistance of plants to insect attack. We investigated the interactions between soil applied Si, sugarcane cultivar, and three documented feeding/penetration sites (internode, leaf bud, and root primordia), each at three heights (top, middle, and base) on the stalk and their effects on stem borer, Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) performance and the stalk damage it inflicts. Four sugarcane cultivars, treated (Si+) and untreated (Si-) with calcium silicate, were artificially infested with E. saccharina and the larvae were examined 21 days later. Silicon treatment significantly increased stalk Si content in all sugarcane cultivars and, overall, significantly reduced borer growth rate and also reduced stalk damage, particularly at the internode. Borer survival and growth rate and stalk damage were lowest at the internode, particularly in Si+ resistant cultivars. Although the internode had the hardest rind, hardness at each site was not significantly increased by Si+.	Antibiosis; Calcium silicate; Host plant resistance; Integrated Pest Management; Mechanical barrier; Saccharum	calcium; cultivar; host plant; integrated pest management; larval settlement; pest resistance; sugar cane; Eldana saccharina; Hexapoda; Lepidoptera; Pyralidae; Saccharum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60949093578	Founder centrality, management team congruence and performance in family firms: A Kenyan context	Kelly L., Lewa P.M., Kamaria K.	2008	Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship	13	4	None	Marshall Goldsmith School of Management, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States; United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya	Kelly, L., Marshall Goldsmith School of Management, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States; Lewa, P.M., United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya; Kamaria, K., Marshall Goldsmith School of Management, Alliant International University, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, United States	Applying social network theory to family business, founder centrality has been generally shown to positively affect top-management-team congruence and, as a consequence, firm performance. This study applies social network and strategic leadership theory to an examination of founder centrality in family businesses. It focuses on family businesses in Kenya, and examines the impact of the founder's influence on management team congruence in the three strategic areas of culture, vision, and goals. The discussion considers the research findings in Kenya of a negative influence of founder centrality on management team congruence and firm performance. The study concludes with a presentation of some possible reasons for this dynamic in developing countries like Kenya, where family business is prevalent, and in which the founder plays a central role. © 2008 World Scientific Publishing Company.	Congruence; Family business; Founder centrality; Management team; Performance; Social networks; Strategic decision making; Strategic leadership theory; Strategic planning	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84912004755	Communication content from Nigeria national parks and its impact on local responses to conservation initiatives	Ogunjinmi A.A., Onadeko S.A., Inah E.I., Oloyede Osunsina I.O.	2014	Sustainability (United States)	7	5	10.1089/SUS.2014.9772	Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wi	Ogunjinmi, A.A., Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Onadeko, S.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Inah, E.I., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Calabar, Cross-River-State, Nigeria; Oloyede Osunsina, I.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Appropriate communication content that touches on the reality and experience of local people is an important tool in engendering understanding and support for conservation initiatives. The study discussed in this article focused on the communication content from Nigeria National Parks and its implications for local responses to conservation initiatives. The study was conducted in the regions surrounding seven national parks in Nigeria. The overall governance of the parks lies with Nigeria National Park Service, an agency under the Federal Ministry of Environment. Data collection was through face-to-face questionnaire administration. The data revealed that the content of the parks' communication with the local communities was frequently focused on illegal activities in the parks and the role of community members in the protection of park resources, government prohibition on using of the resources in the parks, and park laws and regulations. However, less emphasis was placed on alternative resource use and sustainable practices, ecotourism, and local benefits from the existence of the parks. The study highlighted the effects of park management communications on local support for park policies and activities. It was found that conservation agencies in developing countries, Nigeria in particular, require a systematic and holistic communication strategy that takes into account people's needs, concerns, and a sense of integration in management of protected areas to achieve any meaningful success in conservation activities.	None	developing world; environmental economics; governance approach; habitat conservation; holistic approach; national park; resource use; sustainable development; Nigeria	None
WoS	WOS:000234123500003	Context matters: interpreting impact findings in child survival evaluations	Amaral, J,Bryce, J,El Arifeen, S,HABICHT, JP,HUICHO, L,Manzi, F,Pariyo, G,SCHELLENBERG, JA,Scherpbier, RW,VICTORA, CG	2005	HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING	20	SUPPL. 1	10.1093/heapol/czi050	Cornell University, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Makerere University, National University of San Marcos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Universidade Federal do Ceara, University of Geneva, University of London, World Health Organization, Ifakara Hlth Res & Dev Ctr, Inst Salud Nino, London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	None	Appropriate consideration of contextual factors is essential for ensuring internal and external validity of randomized and non-randomized evaluations. Contextual factors may confound the association between delivery of the intervention and its potential health impact. They may also modify the effect of the intervention or programme, thus affecting the generalizability of results. This is particularly true for large-scale health programmes, for which impact may vary substantially from one context to another. Understanding the nature and role of contextual factors may improve the validity of study results, as well as help predict programme impact across sites. This paper describes the experience acquired in measuring and accounting for contextual factors in the Multi-Country Evaluation of the IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illness) strategy in five countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Peru, Uganda and Tanzania. Two main types of contextual factors were identified. Implementation-related factors include the characteristics of the health systems where IMCI was implemented, such as utilization rates, basic skills of health workers, and availability of drugs, supervision and referral. Impact-related factors include baseline levels and patterns of child mortality and nutritional status, which affect the scope for programme impact. We describe the strategies used in the IMCI evaluation in order to obtain data on relevant contextual factors and to incorporate them in the analyses. Two case studies - from Tanzania and Peru - show how appropriate consideration of contextual factors may help explain apparently conflicting evaluation results.	,CARE,ILLNESS,"INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT",INTERVENTIONS,PUBLIC-HEALTH,TANZANIA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897696228	The impact of international service on the development of volunteers' intercultural relations	Lough B.J., Sherraden M.S., McBride A.M., Xiang X.	2014	Social Science Research	46	None	10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.02.002	School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada St., Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Centre for Social Development in Africa, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Social Work, University of Missouri-St. Louis, United States; George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States	Lough, B.J., School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada St., Urbana, IL 61801, United States, Centre for Social Development in Africa, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Sherraden, M.S., School of Social Work, University of Missouri-St. Louis, United States; McBride, A.M., George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, United States; Xiang, X., School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1010 W. Nevada St., Urbana, IL 61801, United States	Approximately one million people from the United States perform international volunteer service each year, representing a significant flow of ideas, people, resources, and aid across international borders. This quasi-experimental study assesses the longitudinal impact of international volunteer service on volunteers' intercultural relations, international social capital, and concern about international affairs. Using linear mixed regression models that control for a counterfactual comparison group of individuals that did not travel abroad, international volunteers are more likely to report significant increases in international social capital and international concern two to three years after returning from service. Results indicate that intercultural relations may also continue to increase years after returning from service. International service may be a useful approach to helping people gain skills and networks that are needed in an increasingly global society. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Cultural development; International; Longitudinal; Social capital; Volunteering	adolescent; adult; cultural anthropology; female; human; international cooperation; longitudinal study; male; travel; United States; volunteer; work; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Culture; Female; Humans; Internationality; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Travel; United States; Volunteers; Work; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901476689	Practical solution to impact angle control in vertical plane	Sun M., Xu Q., Du S., Chen Z., Zhang D.	2014	Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics	37	3	10.2514/1.61792	Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China; University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; Department of Automation and Intelligent Science, United States; Department of Electronic Science and Technology, Military Traffic Institute, United States; Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, United States	Sun, M., Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China, Department of Automation and Intelligent Science, United States; Xu, Q., Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, Military Traffic Institute, United States; Du, S., University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa, Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering, United States; Chen, Z., Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China, Department of Automation and Intelligent Science, United States; Zhang, D., Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China, Department of Automation and Intelligent Science, United States, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, Military Traffic Institute, United States	A practical guidance and control strategy was presented to achieve a specified impact angle. The combined law includes a major part based on the line of sight and a supplementary part based on the line-of-sight rate. Mathematical manipulation verified that the pure guidance law with the line of sight has the specified terminal direction. The line-of-sight rate and the autopilot lag were used to raise the precision on the basis of the traditional three-loop acceleration control. The recursive estimation method was employed to check aerodynamic uncertainties. Comparative simulation results illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed method with the small navigation ratio.	None	Aerospace engineering; Comparative simulation; Line of Sight; Line-of-sight rates; Navigation ratio; Practical guidance; Practical solutions; Recursive estimation; Vertical plane; Control systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878302517	Evaluation of combination effects of ethanolic extract of Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata Willd. and antibiotics against clinically important bacteria	Olajuyigbe O.O., Afolayan A.J.	2013	The Scientific World Journal	2013	None	10.1155/2013/769594	Department of Botany, Phytomedicine Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Olajuyigbe, O.O., Department of Botany, Phytomedicine Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Department of Botany, Phytomedicine Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	A pragmatic approach to the treatment of infectious diseases with multicausal agents and prevention of the development of resistant isolates is the combination of herbal remedies with the first-line antimicrobial agents to which most of them have become resistant. This study evaluated the interactions between the ethanolic bark extract of Ziziphus mucronata with known antimicrobial agents in vitro. In this study, the results showed that varied zones of inhibitions (ZME - chloramphenicol (17-42 mm), ZME - amoxicillin (17-35 mm), ZME - tetracycline (17-36 mm), ZME - ciprofloxacin (20-41 mm), ZME - nalidixic acid (17-34 mm), and ZME - kanamycin (17-38 mm)) were produced by the antibacterial combinations. At the highest combined concentrations, 12 isolates (ZME - ciprofloxacin) > 10 isolates (ZME - chloramphenicol) = (ZME - kanamycin) > 6 isolates (ZME - amoxicillin) = (ZME - nalidixic acid) and 5 isolates (ZME - tetracycline) were inhibited with zones of inhibition greater than 20 ± 1.0 mm. Although the agar diffusion assay suggested that the interactions between the ethanolic extract of Z. mucronata and the antibiotics were both synergistic and additive in nature, the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICI) showed that the interactions were synergistic (54.17%), additive (27.78%), indifferent (16.67%), and antagonistic (1.39%). While the fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for synergism ranged between 0.00391 and 0.5, that of additivity ranged between 0.516 and 1.0, indifferences ranged between 1.062 and 3.0 and antagonistic interaction was 5.0. The synergistic effects implied that the antibacterial combinations would be more effective and useful in the treatment of multicausal and multidrug-resistant bacteria than a single monotherapy of either antibacterial agent. © 2013 Olufunmiso Olusola Olajuyigbe and Anthony Jide Afolayan.	None	amoxicillin; antibiotic agent; antiinfective agent; ciprofloxacin; ethanolic extract; kanamycin; nalidixic acid; plant extract; tetracycline; unclassified drug; Ziziphus mucronata extract; alcohol; antiinfective agent; agar diffusion; article; bacterium; bark; in vitro study; minimum inhibitory concentration; monotherapy; nonhuman; Ziziphus; bacterial phenomena and functions; bark; cell survival; chemistry; drug combination; drug effect; Ziziphus; Ziziphus mucronata; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Cell Survival; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethanol; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Ziziphus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953343350	Preliminary toxicological evaluation and effect of the seed oil of Hura crepitans and Blighia Unijugata Bak on the lipid profile of rat	Oderinde R.A., Ajayi I.A., Adewuyi A.	2009	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	8	3	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Oderinde, R.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ajayi, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Adewuyi, A., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	A preliminary investigation of the possible toxicity effect of the seed oil of Hura crepitans and Blighia unijugata bak was carried on histopathology, some haematological and biochemical parameters of albino rats. The rats were divided into five groups (A, B, C and D were fed with 5% of the test oils, E served as control without oil and F was fed with 5% of known edible oil) and fed for twelve weeks. The phytochemical screening of these oils reveals the presence of glycoside, steroid and flavonoid. The highest body weight gain was found in the group fed with oil from Blighia unijugata bak (AR). There was a general difference in the weight of the kidney of all the test groups when compared with that of the control. No death or clinical sign of toxicity was observed in any of the groups. The study shows no severe damage to the liver but the possibility of cellular lipotoxicity based on the alteration of the lipid profile.	Blighia unijugata bak; Haematology; Histopatology; Hura crepitance; Oil; Toxicity	Blighia; Blighia unijugata; Hura; Hura crepitans; Rattus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82455188587	Evaluation of elemental contents of wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis) fruit in Ghana	Ayivor J.E., Debrah S.K., Nuviadenu C., Forson A.	2011	Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology	3	5	None	National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana	Ayivor, J.E., National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Debrah, S.K., National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana; Nuviadenu, C., National Reactors Research Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana, Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana; Forson, A., Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Science, P.O. Box AE1, Accra, Ghana	A preliminary study to provide information on the elemental composition of the Irvingia gabonensis which is used for various purposes such as cooking, medicine, soap and as fresh fruit was conducted in Ghana. Elements determined includes Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Chlorine (Cl), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Iodine (I), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Sodium (Na), and Zinc (Zn). Samples from multiple locations in the southern part of Ghana were analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). The seed cover (endocarp) presented the highest concentrations of all the elements except Mg and Cu. Toxic and potentially toxic elements including Al and As were detected at average concentrations of 37.78±1.36 and 9.34±0.66. Iron had the hight concentration in all the parts of the fruit analyzed in this study with its highest concentration at 1730±180.83 in the seed coat (endocarp) of the wild mango fruit. The results of this present investigation show that all the parts of the wild mango a rich source of many important elements that have a very positive effect on human health. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011.	Endocarp; INAA; Irvingia gabonensis; Mesocarp; Seed	Average concentration; Elemental compositions; Elemental contents; Endocarp; Fresh fruits; Human health; INAA; Instrumental neutron activation analysis; Irvingia gabonensis; Mesocarp; Positive effects; Potentially toxic elements; Seed coats; Arsenic; Chlorine; Cobalt; Fruits; Iodine; Magnesium; Manganese; Potassium; Seed; Sodium; Toxic materials; Zinc; Neutron activation analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879845317	Evaluation of anaemia in Nigerian goats using FAMACHA© eye colour chart: A preliminary study	Idika I.K., Iheagwam C.N., Nwobi L.G., Nwosu C.O.	2013	Comparative Clinical Pathology	22	4	10.1007/s00580-012-1456-z	Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Idika, I.K., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Iheagwam, C.N., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwobi, L.G., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Nwosu, C.O., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A preliminary study was carried out on the possibility of using the FAMACHA eye colour chart to predict the level of anaemia in 280 Nigerian goats of varied ages slaughtered at the Nsukka abattoir, in Enugu State, Nigeria. Three indices of anaemia, namely packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) counts and haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were compared with the colour of the ocular membranes of the goats. The colours of the ocular conjunctiva of all animals were scored on a 1-5 scale using the FAMACHA© card, and blood samples were collected from each animal for determination of PCV, RBC counts and Hb concentration. Correlations between eye colour scores and the duo of PCV and Hb concentrations were highly significant and negative. Haemonchus contortus was the most predominant gastrointestinal nematode parasite observed in the study with average larval recovery of 70.18 %. Age has no effect on the predictability of anaemia by the FAMACHA© technique. It was concluded that the FAMACHA method can be used by farmers in Nigeria to identify anaemic goats particularly in conditions of haemonchosis which is one of the main causes of anaemia in goats and the most predominant gastrointestinal nematode in small ruminants in the study area. It is, therefore, believed that these preliminary findings will form a basis for further work on validating the use of FAMACHA© in Nigerian goats. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Limited.	Anaemia; FAMACHA; Hb concentration; Nigerian goats; PCV	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865661354	Impact of waste disposal from tannery on surface and groundwater, Sheba leather factory near Wukro, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia	Gebru H., Tadesse N., Konka B.	2012	International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering	5	4	None	Department of Geology, Samara University, Samara, Afar Region, Ethiopia; Department of Earth Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 3066, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	Gebru, H., Department of Geology, Samara University, Samara, Afar Region, Ethiopia; Tadesse, N., Department of Earth Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 3066, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; Konka, B., Department of Earth Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 3066, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia	A preliminary study was conducted collecting geological, geophysical and geochemical data around Sheba Leather Factory near Wukro town northern Ethiopia to know the impact of waste from tannery on the nearby surface and groundwater. The area forms part of Mesozoic stratigraphy of northern Ethiopia and consists of limestone, shale and their intercalation showing well developed bedding, joints, fractures and karst topography. The solid and liquid waste from the tannery is disposed into NW to SE flowing stream. Six vertical electrical soundings (VES) conducted and 12 surface and groundwater samples were collected around the Factory. VES data indicate presence of four geoelectrical layers about 60m depth penetration and varies in actual resistivity from 13.29 to 125 ohm-m. VES conducted near reservoir and tannery clearly indicates recharge from them up to a depth of about 10m. Relatively higher values for sodium, sulphate, nitrate and chromium in water particularly test pit samples from about 5m depth clearly indicate the effect of tannery disposal on surface and groundwater. The length of the area affected due to waste disposal is about 760m long and 10m deep downstream from the tannery. © 2012 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.	Ethiopia; Sheba leather factory; Tannery; Tigray; VES; Water quality; Wukro	Ethiopia; Tannery; Tigray; VES; Wukro; Chromium; Electric prospecting; Groundwater; Leather; Reservoirs (water); Sodium; Stratigraphy; Tanning; Water quality; Waste disposal; environmental impact; geoelectric field; groundwater; industrial waste; surface water; vertical electrical sounding; waste disposal; water quality; Ethiopia; Tigray	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949555720	Relationships between physical and biomechanical parameters and golf drive performance: A field-based study	Green A., Dafkin C., Kerr S., McKinon W.	2015	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	37	3	None	Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa	Green, A., Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dafkin, C., Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kerr, S., Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa; McKinon, W., Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa	A proficient golf swing is composed of a sequence of highly complex biomechanical movements and requires precisely timed and coordinated body movements to achieve great distance and accuracy. The aim of the current study was to identify the key physiological and biomechanical variables that relate to golf drive performance. Eighteen golfers (handicap 11±6 strokes, playing experience 18±15 years), volunteered to take part in the study. Drive distance and accuracy were measured directly. Balance was assessed using a modified stork test and hand-eye coordination was assessed using a 3D maze. Average balance duration of both legs (r= 0.563; p=0.015), left leg (r= 0.620; p=0.006) and right leg (r= 0.488; p=0.044) were all significantly correlated to drive distance. Hand-eye coordination was significantly negatively correlated to total drive distance (r=-0.600 p=0.008), but was not associated significantly with the centre of hit between the clubface and ball. Several parameters were found to have significant relationships to golf drive distance in a group of amateur golfers. Therefore, training regimes could include tasks that aim to improve hand-eye coordination and balance. © 2015, University of Stellenbosch. All rights reserved.	Balance; Biomechanics; Co-ordination; Golf; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956011911	Impact of livestock hygiene education programs on mastitis in smallholder water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Chitwan, Nepal	Ng L., Jost C., Robyn M., Dhakal I.P., Bett B., Dhakal P., Khadka R.	2010	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	96	04-Mar	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.012	Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, United States; International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal	Ng, L., Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, United States; Jost, C., International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Robyn, M., Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01581, United States; Dhakal, I.P., Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal; Bett, B., International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Dhakal, P., Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal; Khadka, R., Tribhuvan University Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science Veterinary School, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal	A project implemented from 2003 to 2005 trained women in Chitwan District, Nepal, in hygienic dairy production using a process of social mobilization. The aim of this research was to assess if the prevalence of mastitis in water buffalo in the households of women who were trained was lower one year after training than in untrained households, if the training influenced knowledge and practices for the prevention or control of mastitis, and if these practices and knowledge were associated with a lower prevalence of mastitis. A total of 202 households from Eastern and Western Chitwan District were included in the study. Of these, 60 households had participated in the project and 142 had not. Milk samples were collected from 129 households (33 project households and 96 non-project households). Clinical mastitis was determined using visual inspection of udders and detection of macroscopic clots and flakes in milk. The California Mastitis Test was used to diagnose sub-clinical mastitis from milk samples, and the IDEXX SNAP test to identify the presence of tetracycline residues. The prevalence of mastitis in trained households (39.4%) was 43.78% of that in untrained households (60.4%), lower but not significantly so (p=0.08, 95% CI 0.17-1.12). Thirteen indicators of knowledge or practice for the control or prevention of mastitis were more likely to occur in trained households, four significantly so (not consuming milk from sick buffalo (p=0.001), using soap to wash hands before milking (p=0.001), discarding milk after antibiotic usage (p=0.01), and choosing appropriate flooring for their livestock (p=0.03)). Trained households that discarded milk from sick buffalo were 2.96 times more likely to have at least one animal with mastitis in the household (p=0.03, 95% CI 1.15-7.65). Trained households that knew to wash buffalos' teats after milking were less likely (OR 0.25) to have mastitis in their herd (p=0.02, 95% CI 0.08-0.80). Of the 138 buffalos tested, only one tested positive for tetracycline residues. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	Antibiotics; Bubalus bubalis; Education; Mastitis; Nepal; Training; Water buffalo	antiinfective agent; drug residue; tetracycline; animal; animal disease; article; buffalo; chemistry; dairying; education; female; hygiene; mastitis; microbiology; milk; Nepal; prevalence; standard; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Buffaloes; Dairying; Drug Residues; Female; Hygiene; Mastitis; Milk; Nepal; Prevalence; Tetracycline; Animalia; Bubalus; Bubalus bubalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885752189	Evaluation of a Real-Time PCR Test for the Detection and Discrimination of Theileria Species in the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)	Chaisi M.E., Janssens M.E., Vermeiren L., Oosthuizen M.C., Collins N.E., Geysen D.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0075827	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Therapeutic Systems Central Europe, Terumo, Ikaroslaan, Zaventm, Belgium	Chaisi, M.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, Roma, Lesotho; Janssens, M.E., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Therapeutic Systems Central Europe, Terumo, Ikaroslaan, Zaventm, Belgium; Vermeiren, L., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Oosthuizen, M.C., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Collins, N.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Geysen, D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay based on the cox III gene was evaluated for the simultaneous detection and discrimination of Theileria species in buffalo and cattle blood samples from South Africa and Mozambique using melting curve analysis. The results obtained were compared to those of the reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Theileria spp. in mixed infections, and to the 18S rRNA qPCR assay results for the specific detection of Theileria parva.Theileria parva, Theileria sp. (buffalo), Theileria taurotragi, Theileria buffeli and Theileria mutans were detected by the cox III assay. Theileria velifera was not detected from any of the samples analysed. Seventeen percent of the samples had non-species specific melting peaks and 4.5% of the samples were negative or below the detection limit of the assay. The cox III assay identified more T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) positive samples than the RLB assay, and also detected more T. parva infections than the 18S assay. However, only a small number of samples were positive for the benign Theileria spp. To our knowledge T. taurotragi has never been identified from the African buffalo, its identification in some samples by the qPCR assay was unexpected.Because of these discrepancies in the results, cox III qPCR products were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated extensive inter- and intra-species variations in the probe target regions of the cox III gene sequences of the benign Theileria spp. and therefore explains their low detection. The cox III assay is specific for the detection of T. parva infections in cattle and buffalo. Sequence data generated from this study can be used for the development of a more inclusive assay for detection and differentiation of all variants of the mildly pathogenic and benign Theileria spp. of buffalo and cattle. © 2013 Chaisi et al.	None	RNA 18S; article; buffalo; cattle; East Coast fever; gene sequence; hybridization; mixed infection; Mozambique; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; real time polymerase chain reaction; sequence analysis; South Africa; Syncerus caffer; Theileria; Theileria buffeli; theileria mutans; Theileria parva; theileria taurotragi; Theileria velifera; Animals; Base Sequence; Buffaloes; Cattle; Electron Transport Complex IV; Genetic Variation; Molecular Sequence Data; Molecular Typing; Mozambique; Nucleic Acid Denaturation; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Species Specificity; Theileria; Theileriasis	NRF ICD2006072000009, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-77349122777	Development and evaluation of real-time PCR assays for the quantitative detection of Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infections in horses from South Africa	Bhoora R., Quan M., Franssen L., Butler C.M., Van der Kolk J.H., Guthrie A.J., Zweygarth E., Jongejan F., Collins N.E.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	168	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.011	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.153, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Bhoora, R., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Quan, M., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Franssen, L., Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Butler, C.M., Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.153, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Van der Kolk, J.H., Department of Equine Sciences, Medicine Section, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.153, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands; Guthrie, A.J., Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Zweygarth, E., Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Jongejan, F., Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands; Collins, N.E., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using a TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB™) probe was developed for the detection of Babesia caballi infection in equids from South Africa. Nine previously published sequences of the V4 hypervariable region of the B. caballi 18S rRNA gene were used to design primers and probes to target unique, conserved regions. The B. caballi TaqMan MGB™ qPCR assay was shown to be efficient and specific. The detection limit, defined as the concentration at which 95% of positive samples can be detected, was determined to be 0.000114% parasitized erythrocytes (PE). We further evaluated a previously reported Theileria equi-specific qPCR assay and showed that it was able to detect the 12 T. equi 18S rRNA sequence variants previously identified in South Africa. Both qPCR assays were tested on samples from two ponies experimentally infected with either T. equi or B. caballi. The qPCR assays were more sensitive than the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the reverse-line blot (RLB) during the early onset of the disease. The assays were subsequently tested on field samples collected from 41 horses, resident on three stud farms in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. The IFAT detected circulating T. equi and B. caballi antibody in, respectively, 83% and 70% of the samples. The RLB detected T. equi parasite DNA in 73% of the samples, but none of the samples were positive for B. caballi, although 19 T. equi-positive samples also hybridized to the Babesia genus-specific probe. This could indicate a mixed T. equi and B. caballi infection in these samples, with either the B. caballi parasitaemia at a level below the detection limit of the B. caballi RLB probe, or the occurrence of a novel Babesia genotype or species. In contrast, the qPCR assays correlated fairly well with the IFAT. The B. caballi TaqMan MGB™ qPCR assay was able to detect B. caballi parasite DNA in 78% of the samples. The T. equi-specific qPCR assay could positively detect T. equi DNA in 80% of the samples. These results suggest that the qPCR assays are more sensitive than the RLB assay for the detection of T. equi and B. caballi infections in field samples. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Babesia caballi; Real-time PCR; Theileria equi	protozoal DNA; RNA 18S; analytic method; animal experiment; article; Babesia caballi; blotting; controlled study; equine piroplasmosis; erythrocyte; fluorescent antibody technique; gene identification; genetic variability; genotype; horse disease; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; quantitative study; real time polymerase chain reaction; reverse line blot; RNA sequence; sensitivity analysis; South Africa; Theileria; Theileria equi; theileriosis; Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis; DNA, Protozoan; Genotype; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Reproducibility of Results; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Theileria; Theileriasis; Babesia; Babesia caballi; Equidae; Theileria equi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747428051	Impact of soybean utilization project on nutritional status of under five children	Obatolu V.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	4	10.3923/pjn.2006.348.354	Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Obatolu, V., Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	A quasi-experimental methodology comprising of repeated cross-sectional survey of 1420 preschool children was conducted to collect information on demographic characteristics, dietary intake and anthropometric data of children within beneficiary area and comparable control area before and after the project. There was no significant difference in the demographic characteristic of children before and after the project in both the study and control area. The average, energy, protein, and magnesium intake is about 65, 44, and 75% respectively of FAO/WHO (2001) reference nutrient intake (RNI) for the children in BA before the project and the children in CCA before and after the project. A significant increase in percentage of RNI was observed for BA children after the project. The proportion of the study children below median - 3 SD (Z-score) was high for all nutritional indicators for both groups before the utilization project. After the project, acute rather than chronic malnutrition as observed before the project was observed among the BA children while the CCA children still shows incidences of chronic malnutrition. A reduction of 68.5%, 78.5% and 65.8% respectively was observed in prevalence of malnutrition for the weight-for-age, height for age and weight for height indicators among the BA children after the project. The findings of the present study revealed positive effect of soybean utilization in alleviating prevalence of under nutrition among pre-school and highlight a need for an integration of micronutrient intake in any nutritional program aimed at improving nutritional status. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Dietary intake; Nutritional indicators; Prevalence of malnutrition; Soybean utilization project	magnesium; acute disease; age distribution; anthropometry; article; body height; body weight; caloric intake; child nutrition; chronic disease; controlled study; demography; dietary intake; female; food intake; human; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; nutritional status; nutritional support; preschool child; prevalence; protein intake; reference value; scoring system; soybean; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887852698	Dyeing performance of aqueous extract and flavanone glycosides from the flowers of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze	Semwal R.B., Semwal D.K., Badoni P.P., Kapoor P.	2014	Records of Natural Products	8	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Pauri Campus 646001, Uttarakhand, India	Semwal, R.B., Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-0001, South Africa; Semwal, D.K., Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-0001, South Africa; Badoni, P.P., Department of Chemistry, HNB Garhwal University, Pauri Campus 646001, Uttarakhand, India; Kapoor, P., Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India	Aqueous extract and two flavanone glycosides named 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy flavanone-5-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavanone-5,5'-di-0-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) obtained from the flowers of Butea monosperma were studied for evaluate their dyeing properties on cotton fibers. The stem bark of Myrica esculenta was used as natural mordant whereas SnCl2 and FeCl3 as synthetic mordants. The combination of dye with mordants showed interesting shades with excellent washing and light fastness properties. © 2014 ACG Publications. All rights reserved.	Butea monosperma; Flavanone glycosides; Light fastness; Myrica esculenta; Natural dyes	5,5' dihydroxy 4',7 dimethoxyflavanone 5,5' di o beta dextro glucopyranoside; 5,7 dihydroxy 4' methoxyflavanone 5 beta dextro glucopyranosy (1-2) beta dextro glucopyranoside; dye; flavanone; natural product; unclassified drug; absorption; article; bark; Butea monosperma; chemical analysis; chemical structure; cotton; flower; hydrolysis; methanolysis; plant stem; temperature	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67651119926	In vivo evaluation of anti-malarial activity of three medicinal plants used in South Eastern Nigeria	Oparaocha E.T., Okorie C.	2009	Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants	15	1	10.1080/10496470902797914	Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Oparaocha, E.T., Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Okorie, C., Department of Biological Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Aqueous extracts of the stem bark, fruit pericarp, seeds, and leaves of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.; the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri L.; and the leaves of Euphorbia hirta L. were tested for anti-plasmodial activity using albino mice. The stem bark, fruit pericarp, seed, and leaves of P. macrophylla showed no antimalarial activity, even at high doses of 100 mg/kg of body weight, whereas P. niruri and E. hirta demonstrated significant (p . 05) antiplasmodial activity in mice at a low dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. The percentage reduction of parasitemia exhibited by P. nururi was significantly higher (p .05) than the reduction after treatment with E. hirta, and relatively comparable to reductions observed with that of chloroquine. Mean survival time of the infected mice treated with P. niruri was higher than that of similar mice treated with the other extracts. This study infers that extracts of P. niruri and E. hirta can be used by local communities of South Eastern Nigeria to treat malaria.	Ethnomedicine; Euphorbia hirta; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Phyllanthus niruri; Plant extract	chloroquine; Euphorbia extract; Euphorbia hirta extract; pentaclethra macrophylla extract; Phyllanthus niruri extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antimicrobial activity; malaria; medicinal plant; plant extract; rodent; survival; animal experiment; antimalarial activity; article; body weight; clinical evaluation; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug megadose; female; in vivo study; low drug dose; malaria; male; medicinal plant; mouse; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasitemia; pericarp; plant leaf; plant seed; plant stem; reduction; survival time; traditional medicine; Chamaesyce hirta; Mus; Pentaclethra macrophylla; Phyllanthus niruri	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924705895	Behaviour and ecological impacts of termites: Fecundity investigations in mounds	Wako S.E.	2015	Ekologia Bratislava	34	1	10.1515/eko-2015-0008	Department of Biology Education, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 6767, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Wako, S.E., Department of Biology Education, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 6767, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A radical study was conducted on the behaviour and ecological impacts of termites in Haru District of Western Oromia, Ethiopia. It was aimed at investigating the natural behaviour, fecundity in mounds, ecological impacts and recommending possible solutions to termite problems. Four mounds in different sites were vertically dug down to display the profile of the queen, soldiers, workers, number of laid eggs, nymphs and colonies of termites. On an average, termite queens of the study site may lay about 25 eggs per minute, 36,000 eggs per day and 13,140,000 eggs annually. The fourth queen was unearthed to study the structure, size, number of ovaries and fecundity. It was examined that the death of a queen does not affect the colony, because four small queens are formed and one of them becomes the queen of queens and replaced the dead queen promptly. Accordingly, termites are found to be one of the most destructive agents of our ecosystems and their management requests careful and biological control methods. As a result, the negative effect of termites outweighs the positive effect of termites so that minimising the population size is important for human beings.	Alates; Cast; Colony; Queen; Red ants and royal cell	behavioral ecology; biological control; ecological impact; ecosystem management; fecundity; population size; termite; Ethiopia; Oromia; Formicidae; Isoptera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870823290	Evaluation of the impact of the plastic biosand filter on health and drinking water quality in rural tamale, Ghana	Stauber C.E., Kominek B., Liang K.R., Osman M.K., Sobsey M.D.	2012	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health	9	11	10.3390/ijerph9113806	Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, United States; Cowater International Inc., NORST, P.O. Box 1476, Tamale, Ghana	Stauber, C.E., Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Kominek, B., Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, United States; Liang, K.R., Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, United States; Osman, M.K., Cowater International Inc., NORST, P.O. Box 1476, Tamale, Ghana; Sobsey, M.D., Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, United States	A randomized controlled trial of the plastic BioSand filter (BSF) was performed in rural communities in Tamale (Ghana) to assess reductions in diarrheal disease and improvements in household drinking water quality. Few studies of household water filters have been performed in this region, where high drinking water turbidity can be a challenge for other household water treatment technologies. During the study, the longitudinal prevalence ratio for diarrhea comparing households that received the plastic BSF to households that did not receive it was 0.40 (95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.80), suggesting an overall diarrheal disease reduction of 60%. The plastic BSF achieved a geometric mean reduction of 97% and 67% for E. coli and turbidity, respectively. These results suggest the plastic BSF significantly improved drinking water quality and reduced diarrheal disease during the short trial in rural Tamale, Ghana. The results are similar to other trials of household drinking water treatment technologies. © 2012 by the authors. licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Diarrheal disease; E. coli; Water filtration; Water quality; Water treatment	drinking water; surface water; coliform bacterium; diarrheal disease; drinking water; filter; filtration; turbidity; water quality; water treatment; article; bacterial count; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diarrhea; disease surveillance; Escherichia coli; female; filter; Ghana; health status; household; human; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; plastic biosand filter; preschool child; prevalence; randomized controlled trial; rural population; turbidity; water analysis; water quality; water treatment; Child, Preschool; Colony Count, Microbial; Diarrhea; Drinking Water; Escherichia coli; Female; Filtration; Geographic Information Systems; Ghana; Humans; Male; Plastics; Rural Population; Water Quality; Ghana; Northern Region [Ghana]; Tamale	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861323693	Preparation and structures of aryloxy- and alkoxy-Ti(IV) complexes and their evaluation in ethylene oligomerisation and polymerisation	Suttil J.A., McGuinness D.S., Pichler M., Gardiner M.G., Morgan D.H., Evans S.J.	2012	Dalton Transactions	41	22	10.1039/c2dt11737a	School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Sasol Technology Ltd, PO Box 1183, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	Suttil, J.A., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; McGuinness, D.S., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Pichler, M., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Gardiner, M.G., School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart 7001, Australia; Morgan, D.H., Sasol Technology Ltd, PO Box 1183, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Evans, S.J., Sasol Technology Ltd, PO Box 1183, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa	A range of aryloxy and alkoxy ligands, both monodenate and chelating, have been coordinated to Ti(iv) to yield complexes of the form [Ti(OAr) 2Cl 2], [Ti(ROO)Cl 3] and [Ti(ROO) 2Cl 2] (R = aryl, alkyl). The complexes vary in their Lewis base solvation and/or aggregation state, as revealed by X-ray crystallography of selected examples. The complexes have been evaluated as catalysts for ethylene oligomerisation and polymerisation following activation with alkylaluminium reagents (AlEt 3, methylaluminoxane). While polyethylene is the major product, ethylene oligomers also result, ranging from dimers to higher oligomers. The results indicate a number of different active species are formed upon activation, with oligomers likely arising through a metallacyclic mechanism. The findings are discussed in the context of the commercial Alphabutol dimerisation system [Ti(OR) 4], and the development of group 4 based ethylene trimerisation catalysts. © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Active species; Aggregation state; Aryloxy; Group 4; Lewis base; Methylaluminoxane; Selected examples; Catalysts; Coordination reactions; Dimers; Ethylene; Oligomerization; Polymerization; X ray crystallography; Chlorine compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885649435	Synthesis and evaluation of novel fluorinated 2-styrylchromones as antibacterial agents	Momin M., Ramjugernath D., Chenia H., Koorbanally N.A.	2013	Journal of Chemistry	None	None	10.1155/2013/436758	School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Momin, M., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Ramjugernath, D., School of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Chenia, H., Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Koorbanally, N.A., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	A range of fluorinated 2-styrylchromones (5a-g) of which six were new (5a-f) were prepared in three steps using the Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement along with two methoxylated derivatives (5h-i) and a methylenedioxy derivative (5j) and screened for their antibacterial activity using Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, sciuri, and xylosus as well as Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia). The compounds were most effective against B. subtilis followed by S. aureus and a single strain of E. coli (ATCC 25922). Difluorination on the phenyl ring was shown to enhance antibacterial activity, and fluorine substitution at the 6 position was shown to be far superior to substitution at the 7 position. In comparison to tetracycline, the activity indices of the fluorinated styrylchromones ranged from 0.50 to 0.75 against B. subtilis. The crystal structure of 2′-fluoro-2-styrylchromone is also presented, and the molecule was shown to be planar. © 2013 Mehbub Momin et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903174071	Early impact of oil palm planting density on vegetative and oil yield variables in West Africa	Bonneau X., Vandessel P., Buabeng M., Erhahuyi C.	2014	OCL - Oilseeds and fats	21	4	10.1051/ocl/2014009	CIRAD, TA B-34, 02 Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; SIAT, Presco-plc, km 22 Benin-Sapele road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Bonneau, X., CIRAD, TA B-34, 02 Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Vandessel, P., SIAT, Presco-plc, km 22 Benin-Sapele road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Buabeng, M., SIAT, Presco-plc, km 22 Benin-Sapele road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Erhahuyi, C., SIAT, Presco-plc, km 22 Benin-Sapele road, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	A range of various different planting distances (from 7.5 to 9.5 m) between oil palms were tested using an equilateral triangle design in a plantation density experiment which was settled in an oil palm commercial plantation in Nigeria. Climatic conditions were quite stable, with two seasons and around 2000 mm of annual rainfall. The soil was of desaturated ferralitic type, sandy on the surface, deep and without coarse elements. The early impact of plantation density was analysed at eight years after planting. Some early signs of depressive effect on yields were found for high planting densities (180 and 205 p/ha). Such a negative impact was not severe enough to counteract the effects of a higher number of palms per hectare. As a consequence, a gradient could be observed as yields (in tons of bunches per hectare) increased with density. We can anticipate that the competition effect between palms will increase over time with high densities, so that the counteracting point ought to be reached in a few years. A thinning treatment has been included in the protocol. Thinning was carried out at the end of the eight-year period. © 2014 published by EDP Sciences.	Oil palm; Planting density; Spacing; Thinning; Yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954802470	Evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for detection of African lyssaviruses from brain material	Markotter W., York D., Sabeta C.T., Shumba W., Zulu G., Roux K.L.E., Nel L.H.	2009	Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research	76	2	None	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Molecular Diagnostic Services, Private Bag X20, Westville, Durban, Kwazulu Natal, 3630, South Africa; OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Allerton Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag X2, Cascades, Pietermaritzburg, 3202, South Africa	Markotter, W., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; York, D., Molecular Diagnostic Services, Private Bag X20, Westville, Durban, Kwazulu Natal, 3630, South Africa; Sabeta, C.T., OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Shumba, W., OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Zulu, G., OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Roux, K.L.E., Allerton Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag X2, Cascades, Pietermaritzburg, 3202, South Africa; Nel, L.H., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	A rapid immunodiagnostic test kit was evaluated against a selection of isolates of lyssavirus genotypes occurring in Africa. The test was carried out in parallel comparison with the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and isolates representing previously established phylogenetic groups from each genotype were included. The specificity of the rapid immunodiagnostic test compared favourably with the FAT and was found to detect all representatives of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 in brain samples of either field cases or suckling mouse brain inoculates.	Africa; Diagnostics; Lyssavirus; Rabies; Rapid test	animal; animal disease; article; brain; classification; fluorescent antibody technique; genotype; isolation and purification; methodology; mouse; rabies; Rabies virus; rhabdovirus infection; virology; Animals; Brain; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Genotype; Lyssavirus; Mice; Rabies; Rabies virus; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Lyssavirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900016364	Influence of soil fertility amendment practices on ex-situ utilisation of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and performance of maize and common bean in Kenyan Highlands	Nyaga J., Jefwa J.M., Muthuri C.W., Okoth S.A., Matiru V.N., Wachira P.	2014	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	17	1	None	Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility-CIAT, P.O Box 30777, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-001000 Nairobi, Kenya	Nyaga, J., Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Jefwa, J.M., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility-CIAT, P.O Box 30777, Nairobi, Kenya; Muthuri, C.W., Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Okoth, S.A., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-001000 Nairobi, Kenya; Matiru, V.N., Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O Box 62000-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Wachira, P., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-001000 Nairobi, Kenya	Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are important in agriculture and have received attention as they are considered a part of an active and diverse soil biological community essential for increasing the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, most of agricultural practices have a negative impact on AMF association and agricultural soils are AMF impoverished. Interventions to replenish AMF include re-introduction through inoculation or manipulation of existing AMF to increase density. A major problem with inoculation is that there is possible competition with native (indigenous) AMF species. Indigenous AMF will be more adapted to the soil environment than introduced strains but with conflicting results on the effects of AMF inoculation on crop yield, more field studies for different ecological areas are required. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of inoculating crops with indigenous AMF applied applied singly or combined with other Soil Fertility Amendment Practices (SFAP) on root colonisation and subsequent performance of maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Analysis was also done on the best soil amendment practice that encourages crop colonisation by AMF. This was tested under field experiment and compared with control treatment (no soil amendment practice) and three other soil fertility amendment practices used singly or in combination with AMF; (1) MAVUNO (macro- and micronutrients and secondary nutrients) fertilizer, and (2) Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) and Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) (3) cattle manure. Maize and bean performances were determined and compared between the treatments for a period of two consecutive seasons with the experiment replicated in two benchmark sites of Embu district (highlands of central Kenya) and Taita-Taveta district (coastal highlands). Soils at Embu have high soil pH than at Taita which results in low phosphorus levels and possible micronutrients deficiencies. Even though no significant differences were observed from root colonisation by AMF with application of SFAP, significant differences were observed at the crop yield. Bean crop was more responsive to AMF inoculation than maize in terms of yield. Combination of AMF inoculant with other organic and inorganic fertilizers resulted in higher crop yield compared to AMF applied singly. Thus, utilisation of indigenous AMF species has potential to constitute an environmentally friendly method of soil fertility amendment over time to improve maize and bean production potential of small-scale holders but consideration should be done on the local soil nutrients conditions, other soil fertility amendment practices in use and the targeted crop.	Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi; Colonisation intensity; Crop yield; Indigenous species; Inoculation; Soil fertility amendment practices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751615380	Evaluation of a TaqMan real-time PCR for the detection of Theileria parva in buffalo and cattle	Papli N., Landt O., Fleischer C., Koekemoer J.O., Mans B.J., Pienaar R., Josemans A., Zweygarth E., Potgieter F., Latif A.A.	2011	Veterinary Parasitology	175	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.038	Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; TIB MOLBIOL Syntheselabor GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, D-12103 Berlin, Germany	Papli, N., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Landt, O., TIB MOLBIOL Syntheselabor GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, D-12103 Berlin, Germany; Fleischer, C., TIB MOLBIOL Syntheselabor GmbH, Eresburgstraße 22-23, D-12103 Berlin, Germany; Koekemoer, J.O., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Mans, B.J., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Pienaar, R., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Josemans, A., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Zweygarth, E., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Potgieter, F., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Latif, A.A., Onderstepoort Veterinary Instititute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	A real-time PCR assay based on TaqMan probe chemistry was developed for the detection of Theileria parva DNA in blood samples. It uses a Theileria genus-specific PCR primer set and a T. parva-specific probe to amplify and hybridize with a species-specific part of the 18S rRNA gene of the parasite. The test was evaluated using positive and negative reference blood samples and shown to be specific for T. parva. Analytical sensitivity was determined by testing a dilution series of T. parva positive blood. It was shown to be able to detect parasitaemia as low as 2×10 -6%. The Taqman assay results were also compared with that obtained with the real-time hybridization probe PCR assay, which is currently employed as the official test for the diagnosis of T. parva infections in buffalo and cattle and was shown to be equally sensitive. A panel of 1164 field samples was screened using both assays and 164 samples tested positive in both tests, indicating a good correlation. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.	18s rRNA; Corridor disease; Hybridization probe; Real-time PCR; Sensitivity; Specificity; TaqMan probe; Theileria parva	RNA 18S; article; blood sampling; buffalo; cattle; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; DNA determination; East Coast fever; hybridization polymerase chain reaction; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; real time polymerase chain reaction; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Theileria parva; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Protozoan; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Parasitemia; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Species Specificity; Theileria parva; Theileriasis; Bos; Theileria; Theileria parva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884499092	Realtime adherence monitoring of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected adults and children in rural Uganda	Haberer J.E., Kiwanuka J., Nansera D., Muzoora C., Hunt P.W., So J., O'Donnell M., Siedner M., Martin J.N., Bangsberg D.R.	2013	AIDS	27	13	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328363b53f	MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States	Haberer, J.E., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States; Kiwanuka, J., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Nansera, D., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Muzoora, C., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Hunt, P.W., University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; So, J., University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; O'Donnell, M., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Siedner, M., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Martin, J.N., University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bangsberg, D.R., MGH Center for Global Health, 100 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda	A real-time wireless electronic adherence monitor (EAM) and weekly self-report of missed doses via interactive voice response (IVR) and short message service (SMS) queries were used to measure antiretroviral therapy adherence in 49 adults and 46 children in rural Uganda. Median adherence was 89.5% among adults and 92.8% among children by EAM, and 99-100% for both adults and children by IVR/SMS self-report. Loss of viral suppression was significantly associated with adherence by EAM (odds ratio 0.58 for each 10% increase), but not IVR/SMS. Wireless EAM creates an exciting opportunity to monitor and potentially intervene with adherence challenges as they are happening. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; virus RNA; antiviral therapy; article; child; drug monitoring; electronic adherence monitor; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information system; interactive voice response system; major clinical study; male; medication compliance; monitor; priority journal; rural area; school child; self report; short message service; Uganda; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Medication Adherence; Reminder Systems; Rural Population; Uganda; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347238178	Practice report: Assessing the economic impacts of roads passing through ecologically sensitive areas: A case study in Cape Town, South Africa	Standish B., van Zyl H.W.	2007	Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal	25	2	10.3152/146155107X206967	Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Private Bay, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; Independent Economic Researchers, PO Box 1015, Green Point 8051, South Africa	Standish, B., Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, Private Bay, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; van Zyl, H.W., Independent Economic Researchers, PO Box 1015, Green Point 8051, South Africa	A recent environmental impact assessment of a proposed new toll road in Cape Town, South Africa raised some interesting questions, particularly with respect to the impacts of routing a road through an environmentally sensitive area. The paper discusses the challenges encountered in assessing the economic implications of this routing and how workable methodological solutions were arrived at. Our approach was to investigate the longer-term opportunity costs associated with the preferred routing. This was done through focusing on the strategic importance of the area without necessarily engaging in detailed quantification. © IAIA 2007.	Economic impact assessment; Environmental economics; Environmental valuation; Impact of roads; Strategic prioritisation	ecological impact; environmental economics; environmental impact assessment; Environmentally Sensitive Area; road construction; routing; sensitivity analysis; strategic approach; Africa; Cape Town; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Cape	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885961613	Structural vascular disease in africans: Performance of ethnic-specific waist circumference cut points using logistic regression and neural network analyses: The SABPA study	Botha J., De Ridder J.H., Potgieter J.C., Steyn H.S., Malan L.	2013	Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes	121	9	10.1055/s-0033-1351289	Physical Activity Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; School for Psychosocial Behavioural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Statistical Consultation Service, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa	Botha, J., Physical Activity Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; De Ridder, J.H., Physical Activity Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Potgieter, J.C., School for Psychosocial Behavioural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Steyn, H.S., Statistical Consultation Service, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Malan, L., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa	A recently proposed model for waist circumference cut points (RPWC), driven by increased blood pressure, was demonstrated in an African population. We therefore aimed to validate the RPWC by comparing the RPWC and the Joint Statement Consensus (JSC) models via Logistic Regression (LR) and Neural Networks (NN) analyses. Urban African gender groups (N=171) were stratified according to the JSC and RPWC cut point models. Ultrasound carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), blood pressure (BP) and fasting bloods (glucose, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides) were obtained in a well-controlled setting. The RPWC male model (LR ROC AUC: 0.71, NN ROC AUC: 0.71) was practically equal to the JSC model (LR ROC AUC: 0.71, NN ROC AUC: 0.69) to predict structural vascular disease. Similarly, the female RPWC model (LR ROC AUC: 0.84, NN ROC AUC: 0.82) and JSC model (LR ROC AUC: 0.82, NN ROC AUC: 0.81) equally predicted CIMT as surrogate marker for structural vascular disease. Odds ratios supported validity where prediction of CIMT revealed clinical significance, well over 1, for both the JSC and RPWC models in African males and females (OR 3.75-13.98). In conclusion, the proposed RPWC model was substantially validated utilizing linear and non-linear analyses. We therefore propose ethnic-specific WC cut points (African males, ≥90 cm; -females, ≥98 cm) to predict a surrogate marker for structural vascular disease. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.	anthropometry; central obesity; ethnicity; logistic regression; neural networks	gamma glutamyltransferase; glucose; high density lipoprotein; triacylglycerol; adult; Africa; aged; arterial wall thickness; article; artificial neural network; blood pressure measurement; body mass; cardiovascular risk; carotid artery; diastolic blood pressure; disease marker; energy expenditure; ethnicity; female; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; glucose blood level; human; human tissue; logistic regression analysis; male; normal human; physical activity; priority journal; systolic blood pressure; triacylglycerol blood level; vascular disease; waist circumference; Adult; Africa; Aged; Biological Markers; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Female; Humans; Linear Models; Lipoproteins, HDL; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Neural Networks (Computer); Nonlinear Dynamics; Odds Ratio; Reproducibility of Results; ROC Curve; Sex Characteristics; Triglycerides; Urban Population; Vascular Diseases; Waist Circumference; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902263667	Impact of castration on changes in left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations induced by chronic adrenergic stimulation in rats	Hodson B., Woodiwiss A.J., Norton G.R., Michel F.S.	2014	Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology	63	6	10.1097/FJC.0000000000000081	School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Hodson, B., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Norton, G.R., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Michel, F.S., School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	A reduced testosterone concentration characterizes heart failure and independently predicts outcomes. Although testosterone replacement therapy may have non cardiac-related therapeutic benefits in heart failure, whether reduced testosterone concentrations protect against adverse left ventricular remodeling (LV dilatation) is uncertain. We therefore evaluated whether surgical castration modifies LV dilatation after 6 months of daily injections of the β-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, isoproterenol (ISO) (0.015 mg·kg·d), to rats. The extent of LV dilatation and LV systolic chamber dysfunction were determined using both echocardiography and isolated perfused heart procedures. The extent of LV dilatation was determined from LV diastolic pressure-volume (P-V) relationships. As compared with the saline vehicle-treated group, after 6 months of β-AR activation in sham-castrated rats, a marked right shift in the LV diastolic P-V relationship was noted with an increased LV volume intercept at 0 mm Hg diastolic pressure (LV V0 in milliliters) (ISO = 0.38 ± 0.02, saline vehicle = 0.30 ± 0.02, P < 0.05). However, chronic β-AR activation did not alter LV systolic chamber function either in vivo (LV endocardial fractional shortening, echocardiography) or ex vivo (LV end systolic elastance). Although castration decreased body weight, castration failed to modify the impact of ISO on the LV diastolic P-V relationships or the LV volume intercept at 0 mm Hg diastolic pressure (LV V0 in milliliters) (castration ISO = 0.35 ± 0.02, castration saline vehicle = 0.27 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). In conclusion, castration does not influence the extent of LV dilatation induced by chronic adrenergic activation in an animal model, where adverse LV remodeling precedes LV systolic chamber dysfunction. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Adrenergic stimulation; Castration; Left ventricular dilatation	isoprenaline; sodium chloride; beta adrenergic receptor stimulating agent; adrenergic stimulation; animal experiment; animal model; article; body weight; castration; compliance (physical); controlled study; diastolic blood pressure; echocardiography; endocardium; ex vivo study; heart dilatation; heart left ventricle diastolic pressure; heart left ventricle diastolic volume; heart left ventricle endsystolic volume; heart ventricle remodeling; heart volume; in vivo study; left ventricular systolic dysfunction; male; nonhuman; priority journal; rat; weight reduction; animal; blood pressure; chemically induced; drug effects; heart left ventricle function; orchiectomy; pathophysiology; physiology; Sprague Dawley rat; toxicity; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Blood Pressure; Male; Orchiectomy; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Ventricular Remodeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870254863	Human impact on sediment fluxes within the Blue Nile and Atbara River basins	Balthazar V., Vanacker V., Girma A., Poesen J., Golla S.	2013	Geomorphology	None	None	10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.013	Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; Hydrology Department, Ministry of Water Resources, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia	Balthazar, V., Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Vanacker, V., Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Girma, A., Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Poesen, J., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium; Golla, S., Hydrology Department, Ministry of Water Resources, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia	A regional assessment of the spatial variability in sediment yields allows filling the gap between detailed, process-based understanding of erosion at field scale and empirical sediment flux models at global scale. In this paper, we focus on the intrabasin variability in sediment yield within the Blue Nile and Atbara basins as biophysical and anthropogenic factors are presumably acting together to accelerate soil erosion. The Blue Nile and Atbara River systems are characterized by an important spatial variability in sediment fluxes, with area-specific sediment yield (SSY) values ranging between 4 and 4935t/km2/y. Statistical analyses show that 41% of the observed variation in SSY can be explained by remote sensing proxy data of surface vegetation cover, rainfall intensity, mean annual temperature, and human impact. The comparison of a locally adapted regression model with global predictive sediment flux models indicates that global flux models such as the ART and BQART models are less suited to capture the spatial variability in area-specific sediment yields (SSY), but they are very efficient to predict absolute sediment yields (SY). We developed a modified version of the BQART model that estimates the human influence on sediment yield based on a high resolution composite measure of local human impact (human footprint index) instead of countrywide estimates of GNP/capita. Our modified version of the BQART is able to explain 80% of the observed variation in SY for the Blue Nile and Atbara basins and thereby performs only slightly less than locally adapted regression models. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Blue-Nile/Atbara system; BQART; Human footprint; Regional scale; Sediment yield; Soil erosion	anthropogenic effect; numerical model; sediment transport; sediment yield; soil erosion; spatial variation; Blue Nile [Nile River]; Nile River	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907297493	The ‘ideal’ vs. ‘real’ values educator: How teachers’ practice impacts on values education at a disadvantaged south african school	Drake M.L.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	20	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p1542	University of Fort Hare, South Africa	Drake, M.L., University of Fort Hare, South Africa	A renewed emphasis on values education provides a ‘beacon of hope’ as to how South Africans may find common ground and become a united society through education. Teachers are described as role-models in the process of values realisations, with competence and commitment being key ingredients in how teachers model new South African values. This study investigates the role of the teacher in values education, by comparing policy ideals and context realities. Functioning in difficult circumstances, disadvantaged (township) schools continually struggle against the odds. Using qualitative research methods situated in the interpretive paradigm, observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups with teachers reveal deeply explanatory evidence that support how the attitudes and behaviours of teachers severely impact values realisation and enactment in a school community. Findings indicate that policy-makers need to carefully consider the end-users of policy; the teachers in the field. Without targeted interventions to address these ground-level, contextual issues, values policies will remain an idealistic rhetoric. © MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research.	Policy-practice gap; South African education; Teachers’ practice; Township schools; Values education	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866313534	Design and evaluation of a 3-component composite excipient "microcrystarcellac" as a filler-binder for direct compression	Shittu A.O., Oyi A.R., Isah A.B., Ibrahim M.A.	2012	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	4	SUPPL. 4	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nige	Shittu, A.O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria; Oyi, A.R., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Isah, A.B., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ibrahim, M.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria	A research was conducted to design and evaluate a highly functional 3-component composite filler- binder for direct compression. Tapioca starch (NTS) was modified physically at molecular level by annealing and enzyme hydrolyzed to obtain microcrystalline tapioca starch (MCTS) which was coprocessed with LMH and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) to yield Microcrystarcellac (MSCL). NTS was extracted from cassava tuber (Mannihot italive utilismo) using a standard method. The powder suspensions were prepared in concentration of 40 %w/w in five separate conical flasks. The starch granules were annealed for 1 h and subsequently hydrolyzed with α-amylase at 58° and pH 7 for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h in a water bath. The reaction was terminated and neutralized with 0.1 N HCL and 0.1 N NaOH respectively. The MCTS was washed, recovered by sedimentation and air dried at room temperature for 72 h. Following characterization, the granules that were modified for 3 h, sieved fraction &gt;75-250 μm was coprocessed with α- lactose monohydrate(α-LMH) and Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at concentrations of 10-50 % (MCTS), 45-25 %(α-LMH), 45-25 %(MCC). Granule size ranges &gt;75 - 250 μm, and &gt;90 - 250 μm were characterized and compacted at a range of compression load 2.5 to 12.5 KN. Average flow rate, angle of repose and carr's index were 2 g/s, 31.6°, 13.4 % respectively for MSCL (granule size range &gt;90 - 250 μm and component ratio of MCTS, α-LMH, and MCC is 20: 40:40). The corresponding values for the direct physical mixture of MCTS, α-LMH and MCC are 0.45 g/s, 47.5°, 52 % respectively. MSCL have improved functionality over direct physical mixture of the primary excipients. MSCL was compared with Starlac®, Cellactose® and MCC. The onset of plastic deformation P y (yield value) are: MSCL (22.3 MNm -2)&gt;Cellactose (24.2 MNm -2)&gt;MCC (25 MNm -2)&gt;Starlac (143 MNm -2). The degree of plastic deformation occurring during compression (P k) is in the following order: MSCL (16.3 MNm -2)&gt;Starlac®(17 MNm -2)&gt;MCC (18.6 MNm -2)&gt;Cellactose® (19.1 MNm -2). MSCL is more superior in functionality than Starlac, Cellactose and MCC. The dilution potential obtained for MSCL compacted with paracetamol (PCM) and ascorbic acid (AA) as active drug (API) are: 50 % AA with MSCL, 45 % PCM with MSCL. The hardness of MSCL containing 45 % PCM, 70 N; MSCL containing 50 % AA, 68 N. MSCL can be used to formulate tablets of both poorly compressible API and moisture sensitive API.	Coprocessed Excipient; Directly compressible Excipient; Highly functional Filler-binder; Microcrystalline Tapioca Starch; Microcrystarcellac	alpha lactose; amylase; ascorbic acid; excipient; lactose; microcrystalline cellulose; paracetamol; starch; article; cassava; composite material; concentration (parameters); flow rate; hydrolysis; Mannihot italive utilismo; moisture; pH measurement; room temperature; sedimentation rate; sensitivity analysis; tapioca; temperature measurement	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956638175	Development and performance evaluation of a motorized globulator for tapioca production	Soladoye O.P., Ola I.A., Adebowale A.A., Sanni L.	2010	International Food Research Journal	17	3	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Soladoye, O.P., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ola, I.A., Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adebowale, A.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sanni, L., Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A research was conducted to improve the appearance of locally produced tapioca in Nigeria. A motorized sago globulator, reciprocating at about 7.4 cm amplitude and 274 rev/minute being powered by a 2Hp electric motor was developed to produce globules of tapioca. The efficiency of the globulator with respect to the 2 mm globules sizes was determined with moisture content variation of starch granules, variation in starch weight supplied into the globulator and the sagging depth of the jute cloth in the globulator. From the results obtained, the moisture content of starch granules at the point of loading into the machine is directly related to the globulation efficiency with respect to the 2 mm grade size. Moisture content of about 44.5 - 46.3 % was found optimum for globulation above which starch granules lump together after globulation. Loading weight of about 150 g was rated best as higher values may result in congestion in the action zone hence, inefficient globulation. The sagging depth of the jute bag has no effect on the globulation efficiency. The globulator has production capacity of 163.20 kg per man-day operation for tapioca production. © 2010.	Efficiency; Globulator; Moinsture content; Tapioca	Corchorus capsularis; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350058701	Kenyan Supermarkets, Emerging Middle-Class Horticultural Farmers, and Employment Impacts on the Rural Poor	Neven D., Odera M.M., Reardon T., Wang H.	2009	World Development	37	11	10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.026	DAI, MD, United States; Food and Agricultural Organization, the United Nations, Kenya; Michigan State University, United States; Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong	Neven, D., DAI, MD, United States; Odera, M.M., Food and Agricultural Organization, the United Nations, Kenya; Reardon, T., Michigan State University, United States; Wang, H., Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong	Are the rural poor excluded from supermarket channels in developing countries? We analyzed the farm-level impact of supermarket growth on Kenya's horticulture sector, which is dominated by smallholders. The analysis reveals a threshold capital vector for entrance in the supermarket channel, which hinders small, rainfed farms. Most of the growers participating as direct suppliers to that channel are a new group of medium-sized, fast-growing commercial farms managed by well-educated farmers and focused on the domestic supermarket market. Their heavy reliance on hired workers benefits small farmers via the labor market. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	farmers; horticulture; Kenya; markets; rural development; rural employment; supermarkets; supply chains	agricultural market; agricultural worker; employment; farm size; horticulture; labor market; marketing; rural development; rural economy; rural population; smallholder; threshold; Africa; East Africa; Kenya; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
None	None	Studies on the reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows raised on smallholder farms in eastern Usambara mountains, Tanzania	Swai E.S., Kyakaisho P., Ole-Kawanara M.S.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	5	None	Veterinary Investigation Centre, P O Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania; District Veterinary Office, P.O. Box 20, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Divisional Dairy Development Office, P.O. Box 4, Amani, Muheza, Tanzania	Swai, E.S., Veterinary Investigation Centre, P O Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania; Kyakaisho, P., District Veterinary Office, P.O. Box 20, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Ole-Kawanara, M.S., Divisional Dairy Development Office, P.O. Box 4, Amani, Muheza, Tanzania	A retrospective questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted to asses reproductive performance and factors influencing reproductive efficiency of crossbred cows in smallholder farms in Amani, Tanzania. The study was carried out during the period of October to November 2003. The study also estimated the frequency and determinants of long calving interval (LCI), retention of foetal membrane (RFM), dystocia (D), and abortion (A) in smallholder crossbred cattle and explored birth trends. Sixty-three dairy farms (average breedable cows = 2, range 1 to 9) were visited and data on reproductive, breeding and management histories were collected and statistically analyzed. Overall, 179 breedable cows were observed to be alive at some stage in 2002. These cows contributed a total risk period of 62,780 cow days, equivalent to 2,093 cow months or 171.9 cow years. The mean (±SE) calving interval and the interval between calving and the initiation of ovarian activity were 476 ± 14 and 108 ± 6.7 days, respectively. Birth rate was 52 per 100 cows years, with birth been reported to occur in all months of the year. Of the 123 cows that were reported to have calved more than once in their lifetime 4(3.3%), 3 (2.4%) were associated with abortion and dystocia, respectively. Fifteen (12.2%) of the animals suffered RFM. Significant factors that were associated with LCI and RFM as was revealed from multiple logistic regression models were age of the cows, distance range between bull source and cows, farmer attending basic animal husbandry training and the owner of the cows. Cow that was located over 2 km away from the breeding bull source was associated with LCI (Odd ratio [OR] 2.7, P = 0.020) and older cow with lower odds for RFM (OR = 0.97, P = 0.001). Animals belonging to male and a farmer who has attended a basic training had lower odds for LCI and RFM (OR = 0.31, P = 0.001 for male cow owner and OR = 0.37, P = 0.033 for attending training, respectively). Though not statistically different (P>0.05), poor reproduction performance was also linked with farm managerial factors. Under nutrition, poor heat detection despite of farmer being aware of the cardinal signs of heat, poor monitoring of heat signs due to the inadequate usage of breeding supporting tools were also found to negatively influence reproduction efficiency. We conclude that, the present estimate of LCI, birth rate, prevalence of peripartum disorders often inter linked by farm managemental attributes, indicate and suggest poor reproductive performances of cows in Amani smallholder dairy farms. Identification and quantification of the specific reproductive disorders and associated interacting factors (feeding/ managemental) contributing to such poor reproductive performance call for detailed investigation.	Africa; Amani; Reproductive performance; Smallholder dairy production; Tanzania	Animalia; Bos; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447278543	Effect of parity, season and year on reproductive performance and herd life of Friesian cows at Stella private dairy farm, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu G., Belihu K., Berihun A.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	7	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia; Belihu, K., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia; Berihun, A., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia	A retrospective study was carried out at Stella Dairy Farm, Ethiopia, using 13 years data (1993 to 2006) to estimate number of services per conception (NSC), days open (DO), calving interval (CI), herd life (HL), number of lactations (NL) and productive age (PA). Fixed factors considered were parity (8+), season (3) and year (13). Data were analysed using the General Linear Model of SAS. Cumulative frequency (%) was used to study the distributions of DO and CI. The overall mean for NSC, DO and CI were 1.720±0.056 (n=619), 177±5.4 (n=448) days and 456±5.4 (n= 423) days, respectively. Parity had significant effect on NSC (P<0.05) DO and CI (P<0.001). Seasons of conception had no effect on the parameters studied. The overall means (n=105) for HL, NL, and PA were 3048±107days, 3.88±0.23 and 1753±106 days, respectively. Birth year significantly affected the variables. About a third of the heats inseminated required two or more services. About 47% of the DO and 58% of the CI had a length of 130 and 450 days or more, respectively. To improve the efficiency of reproductive performances and herd life, it is recommended to give attention in heat detection, timely insemination, adequate feeding, proper management of postpartum reproductive problems and early growth management of heifers.	Ethiopia; Fixed factors; Friesian; Herd life; Reproductive performance; Stella farm	Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79551714785	Study on reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows at Alage Dairy Farm, Rift Valley of Ethiopia	Fekadu A., Kassa T., Belehu K.	2011	Tropical Animal Health and Production	43	3	10.1007/s11250-010-9734-8	Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational and Educational Training College, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Zeway 78, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Fekadu, A., Alage Agricultural Technical Vocational and Educational Training College, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Zeway 78, Ethiopia; Kassa, T., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Belehu, K., School of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian cattle in Alage Dairy Farm in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia using data recorded from July 1983 to June 2005. Data of cows with complete information were considered, and a total of 1,104 records for calving to conception (Cal-Con), calving interval (CI), and number of services per conception (NSC), and 721 records for age at first service (AFS) and at first calving (AFC) were analyzed. The overall means (±S. E.) of AFS, AFC, Cal-Con and CI, and NSC were 991.4 ± 24.3, 1,265 ± 24.3, 285.8 ± 18.9, 561.3 ± 18.9 days and 1.69 ± 0.1, respectively. Parity significantly influenced NSC, Cal-Con, and CI. Season and year showed a significant effect on all the parameters, indicating the role of the environment and more specifically the influence of nutritional conditions at least for the long AFS and AFC, management practices, and climate on reproductive performance of the study herd. A more focused study to discern the elements of the reproductive constraints have been recommended. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Holstein-Friesian; Reproductive performance; Rift Valley	animal; animal husbandry; article; cattle; Ethiopia; female; methodology; physiology; pregnancy; regression analysis; reproduction; retrospective study; season; tropic climate; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Cattle; Ethiopia; Female; Least-Squares Analysis; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Retrospective Studies; Seasons; Tropical Climate; Bos; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900843782	Semi-analytical model for subsonic tailpipe: Effects on solid rocket motor performance	Rapozo R.R.	2014	International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion	13	2	10.1615/IntJEnergeticMaterialsChemProp.2014001411	GAC-AFS, P.O. Box 69037, 0169, Pretoria, South Africa; Instituto Tecnoíogico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 Vila das Acacias, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil	Rapozo, R.R., GAC-AFS, P.O. Box 69037, 0169, Pretoria, South Africa, Instituto Tecnoíogico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 Vila das Acacias, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil	A review of one-dimensional steady-state equations was performed for the flow in a subsonic blast tube/tailpipe of a rocket motor. Assuming a constant diameter and only frictional losses, the analytical model that was derived from these equations is discussed. A simplified, semi-analytical model regarding internal ballistic effects was developed and is presented in spite of the complex set of chemical reactions between the combustion products from the motor chamber and the ablative liner, char-layer formation, and wall roughness variation. The trend of tailpipes leads to overestimating the characteristic velocity (C*) of the propellant and underestimating the thrust coefficient (CF) due to new stagnation conditions. Even for bell-shaped nozzles, the raw data after static firing tests have shown an appreciable loss in their performance. Some considerations have to be taken into account to compensate for these perturbations without jeopardizing the overall performance. The findings of this study are validated with data from firings of a real low-smoke propellant solid rocket motor. © 2014 by Begell House, Inc.	Blast tube; Internal ballistics; Solid rocket motor; Tailpipe	Analytical models; Ballistics; Equations of state; Explosives; Models; Propellants; Rockets; Characteristic velocities; Combustion products; Internal ballistic; One dimensional steady state; Semi-analytical model; Solid rocket motors; Tailpipe; Thrust coefficients; Rocket engines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886042127	Interaction of nanoparticles with arginine kinase from Trypanosoma brucei: Kinetic and mechanistic evaluation	Adeyemi O.S., Whiteley C.G.	2013	International Journal of Biological Macromolecules	62	None	10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.008	Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Adeyemi, O.S., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Whiteley, C.G., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Arginine kinase is not only absent from mammalian hosts but is critical to the survival of trypanosomes under stressful conditions and consequently its inhibition may lead to an effective treatment for trypanosomiasis. The His-tagged enzyme was cloned from Trypanosoma brucei genomic DNA, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 cells and purified on a Ni-affinity column and by FPLC on a Superdex 200 HR. The enzyme had a specific activity of 2.92μmolmin-1mgprotein-1, molecular mass of 40kDa, temperature and pH optima of 30°C and 7.8, and Km and Vmax as 2.94mM and 0.161μmolml-1min-1 (arginine substrate). The interaction of the enzyme with silver and gold nanoparticles showed a non-competitive inhibition with, respectively, 75% and 62% decrease in activity; Ki values ranged from 1.5nM (Ag) to 3.1nM (Au). A mechanism for this inhibition was by interaction with Cys271 positioned 3.3Å from the reactive NH1 of substrate arginine. This cysteine controls electrophilic and nucleophilic character of the guanidinium group that is crucial for enzymatic phosphoryl transfer between ADP and ATP. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Arginine kinase; Kinetic analysis; Mechanism; Silver, gold nanoparticles; Trypanosomiasis	adenosine diphosphate; adenosine triphosphate; arginine; arginine kinase; cysteine; genomic DNA; gold nanoparticle; guanidine; histidine; nickel; silver nanoparticle; article; competitive inhibition; controlled study; electrophilicity; enzyme activity; enzyme analysis; enzyme inhibitor interaction; enzyme kinetics; enzyme substrate complex; Escherichia coli; fast protein liquid chromatography; molecular cloning; molecular weight; nonhuman; nucleophilicity; pH; temperature; Trypanosoma brucei; trypanosomiasis; Arginine kinase; Kinetic analysis; Mechanism; Silver, gold nanoparticles; Trypanosomiasis; Arginine Kinase; Cloning, Molecular; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression; Gold; Kinetics; Mechanical Phenomena; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles; Protein Binding; Recombinant Proteins; Silver; Trypanosoma brucei brucei	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43849091311	Impact of rangeland degradation on the pastoral production systems, livelihoods and perceptions of the Somali pastoralists in Eastern Ethiopia	Kassahun A., Snyman H.A., Smit G.N.	2008	Journal of Arid Environments	72	7	10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.01.002	Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 4406, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Kassahun, A., Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 4406, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Snyman, H.A., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Smit, G.N., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa	Arid and semi-arid rangelands that serve as the resource basis for the livestock production system known as the pastoral production system in Ethiopia are under enormous threat. These rangelands cover about 62% of the national land area and employs approximately 27% of the population. A survey was conducted in two pastoral weredas (districts; Erer and Aysha) in the Shinile zone of the Somali region, with the aims of assessing the status and trends of rangeland degradation, and understanding the impact on livelihoods and perceptions of the pastoralists over a 60-year period (1944-1974 and 1974-2004). The year 1974 was taken as a reference due to the severe drought in the Horn of Africa. Three villages per wereda, 50 households per village and one elder pastoralist (70-75 years old) per household were randomly selected. The sample of elders consisted of 30% women and 70% men, who were interviewed using questionnaires and open discussions. The results revealed that drought, aridity and rangeland degradation have increased over time due to environmental degradation and mismanagement of rangeland resources. Changes in vegetation ecology have drastically (p<0.05) altered the livestock species composition in favour of camels and small ruminants rather than cattle. This has also influenced the planning and preference of pastoralists for different types of livestock. Poor and very poor households have emerged, and the below-medium wealth rank has disappeared, showing that poverty has increased over time. Traditional coping mechanisms are reported to be failing due to increasing environmental and rangeland degradation and lack of national policies to minimize or solve the problems. These findings offer a new perspective for communal rangeland management research, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Arid and semi-arid; Bush encroachment; Livestock production; Pastoralism; Poverty; Rangeland condition	arid region; cattle; drought; environmental degradation; livestock farming; pastoralism; perception; poverty; rangeland; semiarid region; Africa; Aysha; East Africa; Erer; Ethiopia; Shinile; Somalia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; Bovidae; Camelidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906091226	Direct thrust measurement stand with improved operation and force calibration technique for performance testing of pulsed micro-thrusters	Lun J., Law C.	2014	Measurement Science and Technology	25	9	10.1088/0957-0233/25/9/095009	School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000 Gauteng, South Africa; South African National Space Agency (SANSA), Space Science Directorate, Hermanus, 7200 Western Cape, South Africa	Lun, J., School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000 Gauteng, South Africa, South African National Space Agency (SANSA), Space Science Directorate, Hermanus, 7200 Western Cape, South Africa; Law, C., School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000 Gauteng, South Africa	A robust stand for directly measuring pulsed thrust from micro-thrusters is presented. The method of electrostatic discs for in situ calibration was improved upon and simplified to allow convenient and accurate thrust measurement. The novel use of frictionless liquid gallium metal power interfaces for μN-level force measurement stands was also demonstrated. A series of detailed verification tests were performed to characterize the thrust stand's overall operating range and accuracy. The stand can test single and multiple thrusters with a total mass of up to 10 kg and was found to be capable of resolving impulse bits between 0.27-600 μNs with 2-4% error in the optimal deflection range. Demonstration of the thrust stand's capability and resilience to electromagnetic interference was accomplished by performing lifetime thrust tests on low-power Vacuum-Arc Thrusters operating with three different cathode fuels. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd.	electrostatic calibration; impulse measurement; micro-thruster; micronewton forces; propulsion; thrust stand; thruster	Calibration; Electromagnetic pulse; Propulsion; Impulse measurement; micronewton forces; Microthruster; Thrust stand; thruster; Electrostatics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749074017	The development and evaluation of a four-roller flour mill with parallelogram configuration	Famurewa J.A.V.	2007	International Journal of Food Engineering	3	6	None	Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Famurewa, J.A.V., Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A roller mill was designed and evaluated using four equal size cylindrical rollers with their centers on vertices of a parallelogram. The relative speeds and opposite direction of rotation of the rollers allowed the discharge of the materials on them, and splitting took place in between the first pair of corrugated rollers. The broken seeds were directed towards the second and third nips where adequate size reduction was accomplished consecutively by smooth rollers. The milled products were separated into three fractions: chaff, flour and size larger than flour. The chaff and the flour are collected at different outlets, while the particles with sizes larger than flour are blown back into the hopper for further reduction. The mill was evaluated using three grains: maize, beans and soy beans at different combinations of evaluating parameters. The machine was able to mill grains to flour size without any leakage at the nip points. For all the grains, a wide gap set produced higher throughput than narrow, as well as fast feeding in smaller particle size and higher throughput. The results obtained from the evaluation showed that the machine is very capable of three-stage size reduction to produce flour, avoiding the feeding problems in three high roller mills. Sieve analysis of the milled product for each experiment showed uniform particle size. Copyright ©2007 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved.	Cereals; Milling; Roller mills; Size reduction	Food processing; Machine design; Milling (machining); Rollers (machine components); Rotation; Size determination; Cereals; Parallelogram configurations; Roller mills; Size reduction; Grain (agricultural product); Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871094915	Impact of a Provider Job Aid Intervention on Injectable Contraceptive Continuation in South Africa	Baumgartner J.N., Morroni C., Mlobeli R.D., Otterness C., Buga G., Chen M.	2012	Studies in Family Planning	43	4	10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00328.x	Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, FHI 360, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009, United States; Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Health Services Research, Biostatistics, FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Biostatistics, FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa	Baumgartner, J.N., Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, FHI 360, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009, United States; Morroni, C., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Mlobeli, R.D., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Otterness, C., Health Services Research, Biostatistics, FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Buga, G., Biostatistics, FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Chen, M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa	Arriving late for scheduled contraceptive reinjections is common in many countries and contributes to discontinuation when providers are unsure how to manage such clients. A clinic-randomized cohort and cross-sectional study with more than 5,000 clients using injectable contraceptives was conducted in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa to test the effectiveness of a provider job aid for managing late-returning clients and promoting continued use of the method. A marginally significant difference in reinjection rates between intervention and control groups was found for those up to two weeks late, and reanalysis excluding one clinic that experienced stockout issues revealed a significant difference. The difference in reinjection rates for those 2-12 weeks late was also found to be significant. The one-reinjection cycle continuation rate for the intervention group was higher than that for the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Appropriate management of late-returning clients is critical, and this study illustrates that reinjection rates can be significantly increased with a low-resource provider job aid. © 2012 The Population Council, Inc.	None	contraceptive agent; accessibility; aid flow; contraceptive use; population policy; adult; article; clinical protocol; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; counseling; cross-sectional study; health promotion; human; in service training; intramuscular drug administration; multicenter study; organization and management; outpatient department; patient attitude; practice guideline; randomized controlled trial; socioeconomics; South Africa; statistics; time; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Clinical Protocols; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Counseling; Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Promotion; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Inservice Training; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Public Sector; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Eastern Cape; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879365996	Evaluation of antidiabetic activity and associated toxicity of artemisia afra aqueous extract in Wistar rats	Sunmonu T.O., Afolayan A.J.	2013	Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2013	None	10.1155/2013/929074	Research Center for Phytomedicine, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Sunmonu, T.O., Research Center for Phytomedicine, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Research Center for Phytomedicine, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. is a widely used medicinal plant in South Africa for the treatment of diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity and possible toxicity effect of aqueous leaf extract of the herb administered at different dosages for 15 days in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Administration of the extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight, decreased blood glucose levels, increased glucose tolerance, and improved imbalance in lipid metabolism in diabetic rats. These are indications of antidiabetic property of A. afra with 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract showing the best hypoglycemic action by comparing favourably well with glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycemic drug. The extract at all dosages tested also restored liver function indices and haematological parameters to normal control levels in the diabetic rats, whereas the kidney function indices were only normalized in the diabetic animals administered with 50 mg/kg body weight of the extract. This investigation clearly showed that in addition to its hypoglycemic activity, A. afra may also protect the liver and blood against impairment due to diabetes. However, some kidney functions may be compromised at high dosages of the extract. © 2013 Taofik O. Sunmonu and Anthony J. Afolayan.	None	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; Artemisia afra extract; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; calcium; cholesterol; creatinine; gamma glutamyltransferase; glibenclamide; globulin; glucose; hemoglobin; high density lipoprotein; low density lipoprotein; plant extract; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; uric acid; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antidiabetic activity; Artemisia; Artemisia afra; article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; bilirubin blood level; body weight; calcium blood level; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; creatinine blood level; drug safety; eosinophil; erythrocyte; fluid intake; food intake; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; glucose blood level; glucose tolerance; hematocrit; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; hemoglobin determination; kidney function; leukocyte; lipid metabolism; lipoprotein blood level; liver function; liver protection; lymphocyte; male; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; neutrophil; nonhuman; plant leaf; priority journal; rat; renal protection; streptozocin diabetes; thrombocyte; triacylglycerol blood level; urea blood level; uric acid blood level	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863803528	Evaluation of polyphenolic content and antioxidant activity of Artemisia afra jacq. ex willd. aqueous extract	Sunmonu T.O., Afolayan A.J.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	7	None	Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Phytomedicine Research Center, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Sunmonu, T.O., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Afolayan, A.J., Phytomedicine Research Center, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa	Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. is widely used in South African traditional medicine for the treatment of many ailments and diseases. In this work, aqueous extract of the plant was screened for its phenolic profile and antioxidant activity. The results obtained revealed that the extract has considerable amount of polyphenolic compounds including phenol, flavonoid, flavonol and proanthocyanidin. The extract also exhibited significant inhibition of DPPH and ABTS radicals as well as ferric reductive ability in a concentrationdependent manner. These are indications of antioxidant activity of A. afra which could be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds; and the data compared well with those of known standards like BHT, rutin and vitamin C. This study has, to some extent, justified the folkloric use of the herb in traditional medicinal practice of South Africa. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	ABTS; Antioxidant; Artemisia afra; DPPH; Free radicals; Total phenolics	1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; 2,2' azinobis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid); antioxidant; Artemisia afra extract; ascorbic acid; butylcresol; flavonoid; flavonol; phenol; plant extract; polyphenol derivative; proanthocyanidin; rutoside; unclassified drug; antioxidant activity; Artemisia; Artemisia afra; article; concentration response; controlled study; drug isolation; drug screening; nonhuman; plant leaf; Artemisia afra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876296210	Biochemical and haematological evaluation of repeated dose exposure of male wistar rats to an ethanolic extract of artemisia annua	Eteng M.U., Abolaji A.O., Ebong P.E., Brisibe E.A., Dar A., Kabir N., Iqbal Choudhary M.	2013	Phytotherapy Research	27	4	10.1002/ptr.4758	Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences	Eteng, M.U., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Abolaji, A.O., Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ebong, P.E., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Brisibe, E.A., Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Dar, A., Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Kabir, N., Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Iqbal Choudhary, M., Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan	Artemisia annua is widely used for the treatment of malaria and other disorders. In a previous study, the artemisinin concentration in the dry leaves of A. annua grown under humid tropical conditions was determined to be 1.098% using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. In the current study, biochemical and haematological evaluations of ethanolic leaf extracts derived from such plants (EAA) were carried out in 20 male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into four study groups of saline-treated (control) and test groups exposed orally to graded doses of EAA for 28 days. The results showed that the liver function and haematological indices, and testosterone levels were not adversely affected. High density lipoprotein -cholesterol was reduced at 100 mg/kg of EAA, atherogenic index as well as low density lipoprotein -cholesterol was raised, and glucose concentration was reduced significantly at the 100 and 200 mg/kg of EAA (p < 0.05). In addition to serving as a possible antidiabetic agent, EAA may not predispose users to hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity and testicular toxicity. However, due to the possible risk of atherosclerosis, we advise that the plant extract should be taken with caution in people with atherosclerotic condition. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	antidiabetic agent; Artemisia annua; haematotoxicity; hepatotoxicity; testicular toxicity	alcohol; antidiabetic agent; Artemisia annua extract; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; sodium chloride; testosterone; animal experiment; animal tissue; Artemisia annua; article; atherogenic index; atherosclerosis; biochemistry; blood examination; blood toxicity; cardiovascular parameters; controlled study; drug dose comparison; drug isolation; drug safety; drug screening; glucose blood level; hematological parameters; liver function; liver toxicity; male; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; repeated drug dose; reproductive toxicity; testicular toxicity; testosterone blood level; treatment duration; Animals; Artemisia annua; Biological Markers; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Liver; Male; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Testis; Testosterone; Toxicity Tests, Subacute; Artemisia annua; Rattus; Rattus norvegicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953469108	Standardisation of Artemisia annua using Reversed Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)	Abolaji O A., Eteng M U., Ebong E P., Brisibe A., Shakil A., Shaista E., Iqbal M C.	2010	Pharmacognosy Journal	2	7	None	Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Cross	Abolaji O, A., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Eteng M, U., Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Ebong E, P., Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Brisibe, A., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria; Shakil, A., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, Industrial Analytical Centre, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Shaista, E., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, Industrial Analytical Centre, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Iqbal M, C., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, Industrial Analytical Centre, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan	Artemisia annua L is a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of many disorders including drug resistant malaria. The active constituent against malaria, artemisinin, has been isolated and characterized by Chinese scientists. Artemisia annua is now being grown in malaria endemic countries like Nigeria. The aim of the present study was to quantify artemisinin content of Nigerian Grown Artemisia annua using a fast and reliable Reversed Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analytical technique since artemisinin content is affected by geographical and seasonal variations. HPLC conditions used for determination of the artemisinin content were established as follows; phenomenex luna column (5 μm; 250 mm × 4.6 mm) was employed with the mobile phase of acetic acid (% 0.1 v/v): acetonitrile: H2O (70:30) mixture at the flow rate of 1 ml/min. The good linearity of artemisinin was observed with y = 11714 × (r2 = 0.9989). Artemisinin was detected in our sample and was calculated to be 1.0975 %. © 2010 Phcog.net.	Artemisia annua L.; Artemisinin; HPLC; Standardisation	acetic acid; acetonitrile; Artemisia annua extract; artemisinin; Artemisia annua; article; calculation; controlled study; flow rate; Nigeria; quantitative analysis; reliability; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; seasonal variation; standardization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884238048	The Evaluation of CYP2B6 Inhibition by Artemisinin Antimalarials in Recombinant Enzymes and Human Liver Microsomes	Ericsson T., Masimirembwa C., Äbelö A., Ashton M.	2013	Drug Metabolism Letters	6	4	10.2174/1872312811206040004	Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Dept. Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, LAPF Center, Harare, Zimbabwe	Ericsson, T., Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Dept. Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Masimirembwa, C., African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, LAPF Center, Harare, Zimbabwe; Äbelö, A., Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Dept. Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Ashton, M., Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Dept. Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden	Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is the recommended treatment of uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Some artemisinin compounds and anti-retroviral drugs have been shown to be metabolized by CYP2B6. In the African clinical settings, the likelihood of co-administration of ACTs and antiretroviral drugs is higher than elsewhere, posing the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This study aimed to investigate whether artemisinin compounds inhibit CYP2B6 activity in vitro using recombinant CYP2B6 (rCYP2B6) and human liver microsomes (HLM). Values for IC50 and Ki were determined by kinetic analyses using non-linear regression. In vitro to in vivo extrapolations of the likelihood of DDIs where done using a static [I]/Ki approach. Artemisinin and artemether were shown to inhibit CYP2B6 in vitro through a partial mixed type of inhibition, while dihydroartemisinin did not inhibit the enzymatic activity. IC50 values for artemisinin were 9.5 and 9.1 μM for rCYP2B6 and HLM, respectively, after 30 min of incubation. Corresponding values for artemether were 7.5 and 5.4 μM. Artemisinin did not show any time-dependency or requirement of NADPH in its mechanism, indicating a reversible mode of inhibition. Based on the [I]/Ki approach using rCYP2B6, the risk of DDIs for artemisinin was indicated to be medium to high, while artemether had a low risk. The findings indicate a potential but moderate risk of DDIs in the co-administration of artemisinin or artemether with efavirenz in the co-treatment of malaria and HIV/AIDS. © 2013 Bentham Science Publishers.	Artemether; Artemisinin; Cytochrome P450 2B6; Dihydroartemisinin; Enzyme inhibition; Human liver microsomes; In vitro	antimalarial agent; artemether; artemisinin; cytochrome P450 2B6; dihydroartemisinin; efavirenz; ketoconazole; reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ticlopidine; area under the curve; article; concentration response; controlled study; drug blood level; drug metabolism; enzyme activity; enzyme inhibition; enzyme kinetics; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; in vivo study; incubation time; liver microsome; plasma concentration-time curve; priority journal; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating; Recombinant Proteins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873321347	Considering effective adaptation options to impacts of climate change for maize production in Ghana	Tachie-Obeng E., Akponikpè P.B.I., Adiku S.	2013	Environmental Development	5	1	10.1016/j.envdev.2012.11.008	Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box MB 326 Accra, Ghana; Environmental Soil Physics and Hydraulics Unit, Université de Parakou, 03 BP 351, Parakou Université, Benin; University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 70, Legon Accra, Ghana	Tachie-Obeng, E., Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box MB 326 Accra, Ghana; Akponikpè, P.B.I., Environmental Soil Physics and Hydraulics Unit, Université de Parakou, 03 BP 351, Parakou Université, Benin; Adiku, S., University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 70, Legon Accra, Ghana	As a contribution to guide policy planning, effective climate change adaptation options to enhance maize production in Ghana were examined. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator crop model, coupled with statistical downscaled climate scenarios of 9 general circulation models (GCMs) and farmer practices, were used to device adaptation options in the near future (NF) period of 2046-2065 based on IPCC A2 emission scenario at local scale level in Wa and Wenchi agricultural areas of Ghana. Results from the single-maize cropping season at Wa, in the savanna zone indicate that, a 6-week delay in sowing from 1961 to 2000 baseline date of 1st May to 15th June, was the most appropriate way to offset the negative effects of potential climate change resulting in a yield increase of 8.2%. In the forest-savanna transitional zone of Wenchi, a 4-week delay in the major season sowing date from 15th March to 15th April and no change in the minor season sowing date of 15th August resulted in a slight yield increase of 3.9%. On the other hand, a second adaptation option of using a medium heat-tolerant maize variety produced substantial gains in crop yield of 30.1% and 30.5% in savanna and forest-savanna transitional zones respectively with a longer grain-formation period under NF climate change when compared to delaying sowing dates. Effective adaptation options can thus reduce negative impacts of climate change in the NF, but require enabling policy to support its implementation. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Adaptation; Climate change; Ghana; Maize cultivar; Savanna and forest-savanna	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645281951	Relative performance of self-organizing maps and principal component analysis in pattern extraction from synthetic climatological data	Reusch D.B., Alley R.B., Hewitson B.C.	2005	Polar Geography	29	3	10.1080/789610199	Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Reusch, D.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Alley, R.B., Department of Geosciences, EMS Environment Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Hewitson, B.C., Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	As a contribution toward improving our ability to identify robust patterns of variability in complex, noisy climate datasets, we have compared a relatively new technique, Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs), to the well-established method of principal component analysis (PCA). Recent results suggest that SOMs offer advantages over PCA for use in climatological and other studies. Here each analysis technique was applied to synthetic datasets composed of positive and negative modes of four idealized North Atlantic sea-level-pressure fields, with and without noise components, to identify the predefined patterns of variability. PCA, even with component rotation, fails to adequately extract the known spatial patterns, mixes patterns into single components, and incorrectly partitions the variance among the components. The SOMs-based analyses are more robust and, with a sufficiently large set of generalized patterns, are able to isolate all the predefined patterns with correct attribution of variance. With PCA, it is difficult, if not impossible, to detect pattern mixing without prior knowledge of the patterns being mixed. Copyright © 2005 by V. H. Winston & Son, Inc. All rights reserved.	None	numerical method; principal component analysis; self organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908260975	The elaboration and empirical evaluation of the de Goede learning potential structural model	Van Heerden S., Theron C.	2014	South African Journal of Business Management	45	3	None	Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Van Heerden, S., Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Theron, C., Department of Industrial Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	As a direct result of having segregated amenities and public services during the Apartheid era where Black individuals were provided with services inferior to those of White individuals, the country is currently challenged by serious and a debilitating skills shortage across most industry sectors, high unemployment and poverty rates, and inequality in terms of income distribution as well as in terms of racial representation in the workforce. These challenges are the consequence of a larger problem that knowledge, skills and abilities are not uniformly distributed across all races. In the past, and still now, White South Africans had greater access to skills development and educational opportunities. It is this fundamental inequality that has to be addressed. It is argued that skills development - specifically affirmative action skills development should form part of the solution. A need therefore exists to identify the individuals who would gain maximum benefit from such affirmative action skills development opportunities and to create the conditions that would optimise learning performance. To achieve this, an understanding is required of the complex nomological network of latent variables that determine learning performance. De Goede (2007) proposed and tested a learning potential structural model based on the work of Taylor (1994). The primary objective of this study was to expand on De Goede's (2007) learning potential structural model in order to gain a deeper understanding of the complexity underlying learning performance. A subset of the hypothesised expanded learning potential structural model was empirically evaluated. The first analysis of the structural model failed to produce a good fit to the data. The model was subsequently modified by both adding additional paths and by removing insignificant paths. The final revised structural model was found to fit the data well. All paths contained in the final model were empirically corroborated. The practical implications of the learning potential structural model on HR and organisations are discussed. Suggestions for future research are made by indicating how the model can be further elaborated. The limitations of the study are also discussed.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84909590211	Commodity prices and stock market performance in South Africa	Mongale I.P., Hinaunye Eita J.	2014	Corporate Ownership and Control	11	4 Continued 3	None	Department of Economics, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa	Mongale, I.P., Department of Economics, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa; Hinaunye Eita, J., Department of Economics, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa	As an export based economy, commodity prices and stock market performances are always a course for concern in the South African economy. This paper investigates the effects of the commodity prices and selected macroeconomic variables on stock market performance. The paper uses quarterly time series data and the estimation covers the period 1994 to 2013. Using Engle-Granger two steps econometric technique, the underlying series are tested for univariate characteristics of the variables unit root by employing the Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Phillips-Perron and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin test statistics. The findings show that an increase in commodity prices is associated with an increase in stock market performance and there is a positive association between stock market and macroeconomic such as money supply and exchange rate in South Africa. © Virtus Interpress. All rights reserved.	Commodity prices; Engle-granger; Macroeconomic variables; South Africa; Stock market	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856044248	How do HIV and AIDS impact the use of natural resources by poor rural populations? The case of wild animal products	Kaschula S.A., Shackleton C.M.	2012	South African Journal of Science	108	42371	None	Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States	Kaschula, S.A., Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States; Shackleton, C.M., Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	As a result of heightened financial and food insecurity, populations adversely affected by HIV and/or AIDS may be more likely to utilise wild natural resources to supplement their diet and livelihoods. Should this effect be pronounced, HIV and AIDS may pose a serious environmental threat. We explored the hypothesis that the presence of factors in the household, such as chronic illness in and recent mortality of individuals in a high HIV-risk age group, as well as the fostering of orphans, are associated with increased utilisation of wild animal products (WAPs) at the household level. We randomly surveyed 519 households from four sites in rural South Africa, recording household socio-economic status, the utilisation of wild animal products and health and demographic factors attributed to HIV or AIDS. Binary logistic regressions were used to test if households with markers of HIV and/or AIDS affliction were more likely to have a higher incidence and frequency of WAP utilisation relative to non-afflicted households, after adjusting for socio-economic and demographic variables. We found that, although households with markers of HIV and/or AIDS were generally poorer and had higher dependency ratios, there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that WAP harvesting was associated with either poverty, or markers of HIV and/or AIDS affliction. Our findings suggest that generalisations about a possible interaction between HIV and/or AIDS and the environment may not uniformly apply to all categories of natural resources or to all user groups. © 2012. The Authors.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; animal product; consumption behavior; diet; environmental risk; food limitation; health status; human immunodeficiency virus; hypothesis testing; low income population; mortality; natural resource; nature-society relations; poverty; regression analysis; rural population; socioeconomic status; South Africa; Animalia; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650167700	Evaluation of PCR assays for the detection of Campylobacter fetus in bovine preputial scrapings and the identification of subspecies in South African field isolates	Schmidt T., Venter E.H., Picard J.A.	2010	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	81	2	None	Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag X2, Cascades, 3202, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Schmidt, T., Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag X2, Cascades, 3202, South Africa; Venter, E.H., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Picard, J.A., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	As a result of the high lability and slow growth of Campylobacter fetus subspecies, the laboratory diagnosis of bovine genital campylobacteriosis has always been difficult. This is especially true under South African conditions, where farms are far apart, laboratories are only present in major centres and there are high ambient temperatures. In order to overcome the short-comings associated with traditional diagnostic methods, the implementation of a molecular assay was sought. This work describes how a previously published PCR assay (MG3F/MG4R primers) was adapted, optimised and applied in the diagnostic laboratory to test preputial samples directly for the presence of Campylobacter fetus. Field evaluation of the assay revealed an analytical sensitivity and specificity of 85.7 % and 99 %, respectively. Subsequent genotyping and phenotyping of a diverse collection of South African field isolates revealed that South Africa has an unexpected and previously unreported high incidence of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis biovar intermedius strains. These strains were not identified correctly by the subspecies-specific primer set evaluated. Until such time that cost- effective genotyping methods are available to diagnostic laboratories in South Africa, and other countries with these atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis strains, the need for bacterial culture will persist. Identification to subspecies level of isolates at present remains dependent upon a single phenotypic criterion, namely tolerance to 1 % glycine.	Bovine genital campylobacteriosis; Campylobacter fetus fetus; Campylobacter fetus venerealis biovar intermedius; Culture; Polymerase chain reaction	article; bacterial strain; bacterium culture; Campylobacter fetus; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; cow; genotype; laboratory diagnosis; nonhuman; phenotype; polymerase chain reaction; prepuce; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Animals; Campylobacter fetus; Campylobacter Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; South Africa; Bacteria (microorganisms); Bovinae; Campylobacter fetus; Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus; Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744522378	Evaluation of MIV/VIGS patients satisfaction and quality [Evaluering van MIV/VIGS-pasiënte se lewens-tevredenheid en -kwaliteit]	Roux A., Kotze G., Strydom H.	2006	Social Work	42	1	None	Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Roux, A., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kotze, G., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Strydom, H., Maatskaplike Werk, Skool vir Psigo-sosiale Gedragswetenskappe, Noordwes-Universiteit, Potchefstroom Kampus, Potchefstroom, South Africa	As a result of the HIV/AIDS problem, the Faculty of Health Sciences undertook to investigate the immune systems of HIV/AIDS patients in the Potchefstroom health district. One of the aims were to improve the sense of well-being and quality of life of these patients by means of a group work intervention programme. To evaluate the effect of the programme, Affectometer 2 (AFM) by Kammann and Flett (1983) was used. The results obtained by this evaluation showed that the group work programme brought about a significant difference in the sense of well-being and quality of life of these patients.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; health care; human immunodeficiency virus; immune system	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84952049445	Vibration control and preliminary evaluation of a piezoelectric actuator for use as a force-feedback device	M'Boungui G., Lemaire-Semail B., Giraud F.	2014	European Journal of Electrical Engineering	17	1	10.3166/EJEE.17.9-26	Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag 7680, Pretoria, South Africa; Laboratoire D'Électrotechnique et D'Électronique de Puissance de Lille, IRCICA, Université Lille 1, 50 Av. Halley, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France	M'Boungui, G., Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag 7680, Pretoria, South Africa; Lemaire-Semail, B., Laboratoire D'Électrotechnique et D'Électronique de Puissance de Lille, IRCICA, Université Lille 1, 50 Av. Halley, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Giraud, F., Laboratoire D'Électrotechnique et D'Électronique de Puissance de Lille, IRCICA, Université Lille 1, 50 Av. Halley, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France	As a solution to cope with the lack of compactness and simplicity often encountered in haptic interfaces, we propose a device based on friction coefficient control principle. This device includes polarised piezoceramics well adjusted and glued to a 64x38x3 mm copperberyllium plate supported by four legs. Then, properly energised around a resonant frequency, with legs at antinodes, a stationary wave is created in the plate. Variable friction forces between the legs and the plane substrate are created by the control of the wave amplitude, according to electro-active lubrication. So the user obtains force feedback by holding the plate, and moving it on a plane substrate, as he could do with a mouse interface. Preliminary psychophysical evaluation trends to assess the validity of the device as a force feedback interface. © 2014 Lavoisier.	Electro-active lubrication; Haptic; Piezoelectric actuator	Actuators; Friction; Haptic interfaces; Interfaces (materials); Lubrication; Natural frequencies; Piezoelectric ceramics; Piezoelectricity; Control principle; Electro actives; Force feedback devices; Friction coefficients; Haptic; Lack of compactness; Psychophysical evaluation; Variable frictions; Piezoelectric actuators	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845615301	Methodological issues in importance - Performance analysis: Resolving the ambiguity	Olujide J.O., Mejabi O.V.	2006	European Journal of Social Sciences	4	1	None	University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Olujide, J.O., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mejabi, O.V., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	As a tool for assessing perceptions of service quality and for developing marketing strategies to enhance customer satisfaction, importance - performance (IP) analysis has been found to be easily understood and effective for managerial action. However, there continues to be debate as to whether decisions regarding methodological procedures and interpretations from the analysis can affect the conclusions drawn and whether this is desirable or not. The issues so debated and reviewed in this paper, include the determination of what attributes to measure, how to obtain unbiased measures of importance and performance, what measure of central tendency to adopt, the construction of the IP grid crosshairs (or line of distinction), and interpretation of IP analysis outcome. Through application of service quality data collected from consumers at a teaching hospital in Nigeria, a case is made in this paper for the use of attribute data means for plotting the data in the conventional 4-Quadrant IP analysis, while overall attribute median values is recommended for the line of distinction. Also, an approach to the interpretation of the IP outcome, called "difference-based IP analysis", is outlined, and is recommended for the unbiased information that it provides.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940643337	Synthesis of 3D porous carbon based on cheap polymers and graphene foam for high-performance electrochemical capacitors	Barzegar F., Bello A., Fashedemi O.O., Dangbegnon J.K., Momodu D.Y., Taghizadeh F., Manyala N.	2015	Electrochimica Acta	180	None	10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.148	Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa	Barzegar, F., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Bello, A., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Fashedemi, O.O., Department of Chemistry, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Dangbegnon, J.K., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Momodu, D.Y., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Taghizadeh, F., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa	A scalable production of high surface area nanoporous carbon material (∼2994 m2 g-1) with good distribution of micro-, meso- and macro-pores was hydrothermally synthesized using both cheap polymers and graphene foam as carbon sources. The as synthesised material shows a unique interconnected porous graphitic structure. The electrochemical double-layer capacitor fabricated from this nanoporous carbon material exhibited a superior supercapacitive performance of 188 F g-1 at current density 0.5 A g-1. This corresponded to areal capacitance of 6.3 μF cm-2 coupled with a high energy of 0.56 μWh cm-2 (16.71 Wh kg-1) and a power density of 13.39 μW cm-2 (401 W kg-1) due to extended potential window of 1.6 V in KOH aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, no capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles was observed, owing to the unique structure and large surface area of the active material. The outstanding performance of this material as supercapacitor electrode shows that it has great potential for high performance energy-related applications. Crown Copyright © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.	Electrochemical performance; Equivalent circuit; Porous carbon; Supercapacitor	Capacitance; Capacitors; Electrolytic capacitors; Equivalent circuits; Graphene; Polymers; Porous materials; Electrochemical double-layer capacitors; Electrochemical performance; Graphitic structures; High performance electrochemical capacitors; Hydrothermally synthesized; Porous carbons; Super capacitor; Supercapacitor electrodes; Foams	University of Pretoria; UP, University of Pretoria
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449113167	Growth, productivity, and scientific impact of sources of HIV/AIDS research information, with a focus on eastern and southern Africa	Onyancha O.B.	2008	African Journal of AIDS Research	7	1	10.2989/AJAR.2008.7.1.7.435	Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	Onyancha, O.B., Department of Information Science, University of South Africa (UNISA), PO Box 392, 0003, South Africa	As channels of communicating HIV/AIDS research information, serial publications and particularly journals are increasingly used in response to the pandemic. The last few decades have witnessed a proliferation of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information, bringing many challenges to collection-development librarians as well as to researchers. This study uses an informetric approach to examine the growth, productivity and scientific impact of these sources, during the period 1980 to 2005, and especially to measure performance in the publication and dissemination of HIV/AIDS research about or from eastern or southern Africa. Data were collected from MEDLINE, Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), and Ulrich's Periodical Directory. The analysis used Sitkis version 1.5, Microsoft Office Access, Microsoft Office Excel, Bibexcel, and Citespace version 2.0.1. The specific objectives were to identify the number of sources of HIV/AIDS-related information that have been published in the region, the coverage of these in key bibliographic databases, the most commonly used publication type for HIV/AIDS research, the countries in which the sources are published, the sources' productivity in terms of numbers of papers and citations, the most influential sources, the subject coverage of the sources, and the core sources of HIV/AIDS-information. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.	Content analysis; Data mining; Databases; Infometrics; Information science; Informetrics; Library science; Scholarly publishing	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; article; growth; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interpersonal communication; medical information; medical literature; medical research; MEDLINE; productivity; science; sociology; South Africa; time series analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903849875	Recycled-PET fibre based panels for building thermal insulation: Environmental impact and improvement potential assessment for a greener production	Ingrao C., Lo Giudice A., Tricase C., Rana R., Mbohwa C., Siracusa V.	2014	Science of the Total Environment	493	None	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.022	Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Department of Quality and Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, APB Campus, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Via Romolo Caggese 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy	Ingrao, C., Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; Lo Giudice, A., Department of Quality and Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, APB Campus, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tricase, C., Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Via Romolo Caggese 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; Rana, R., Department of Economics, University of Foggia, Via Romolo Caggese 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; Mbohwa, C., Department of Quality and Operations Management, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, APB Campus, P. O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa; Siracusa, V., Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy	A screening of Life Cycle Assessment for the evaluation of the damage arising from the production of 1 kg of recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (RPET) fibre-based panel for building heat insulation was carried out according to the ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006. All data used were collected on site based on observations during site visits, review of documents and interviews with technical personnel and management. These data were processed by using SimaPro 7.3.3, accessing the Ecoinvent v.2.2 database and using the Impact 2002. + method. The study showed damage to be equal to 0.000299 points mostly due to the: 1) PET thermo-bonding fibre supply from China by means of a freight-equipped intercontinental aircraft; 2) production of bottle-grade granulate PET; 3) medium voltage electricity consumption during the manufacturing of RPET fibre panel. It was also highlighted that there were environmental benefits due to recycling through mainly avoiding significant emissions and reduced resource consumption. An improvement assessment was carried out to find solutions aimed at reducing the damage coming from the most impacting phases. Furthermore, the environmental impacts due to the production of the analysed RPET fibre-based panel were compared to other materials with the same insulating function, such as polystyrene foam, rock wool and cork slab. Finally, the environmental benefits of the recycling of PET bottles for flake production were highlighted compared to other treatment scenarios such as landfill and municipal incineration. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Buildings; Environmental sustainability; Life Cycle Assessment; RPET-fibre; Thermal insulation; Transportation	Bottles; Buildings; Damage detection; Human resource management; Incineration; Life cycle; Mineral wool; Recycling; Textile fibers; Thermal insulation; Transportation; Thermal insulation; Transportation; Electricity-consumption; Environmental benefits; Environmental sustainability; Improvement assessment; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Municipal incineration; Recycled polyethylene terephthalates; RPET-fibre; Environmental impact; Buildings; polyethylene terephthalate; polystyrene; building; environmental impact assessment; incineration; landfill; life cycle analysis; recycling; sustainability; transportation; environmental management; insulation; acidification; air pollution control; article; building material; building thermal insulation; climate change; construction work; ecotoxicity; energy cost; environmental impact; environmental sustainability; eutrophication; health hazard; life cycle assessment; nitrification; plastic bottle; priority journal; recycling; waste management; Article; controlled study; electricity; energy consumption; fiber; incineration; interview; landfill; life cycle assessment; thermal insulator; wool	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856234669	Binuclear Pd-methyl complexes of N,N′-{1, n}-alkanediyl- bis(pyridinyl-2-methanimine) ligands (n = 5, 8, 9, 10 and 12): Evaluation as catalysts precursors for phenylacetylene polymerization	Sibanyoni J.M., Bagihalli G.B., Mapolie S.F.	2012	Journal of Organometallic Chemistry	700	None	10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.11.019	Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag 1, Matieland, 7601, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Sibanyoni, J.M., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Bagihalli, G.B., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag 1, Matieland, 7601, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mapolie, S.F., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag 1, Matieland, 7601, Stellenbosch, South Africa	A series of bifunctional ligands of the type N,N′-{1, n}-alkanediyl-bis(pyridinyl-2-methanimine) {n = 5, 8, 9, 10, 12}(L1-L5) were synthesized and fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Binuclear palladium-methylchloride complexes C1-C5 were formed by reacting the ligands with [(COD)Pd(CH 3)Cl]. The formed complexes were fully characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The synthesized complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors for phenylacetylene polymerization after activation with AgBF 4, AgBPh 4 and NaB(Ar f) 4 (Sodium tetrakis[(3.5-trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate) under various reaction conditions (solvent ratio, catalyst type, monomer/catalyst ratio, reaction time and nature of counterion). The cationic palladium-methyl catalyst precursors C1a-C5a were found to be active catalysts for phenylacetylene polymerization. The obtained polyphenylacetylene were analyzed by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and found to be largely cis-transoidal in nature. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diimine complexes; N,N′-{1,n}-alkanediyl-bis(pyridinyl-2-methanimine) ligands; Pd-methyl complexes; Phenylacetylene polymerization; Polyphenylacetylene	Active catalyst; Bifunctional ligand; Catalyst precursors; Catalysts precursors; Counterions; Diimine complexes; Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; Pd-methyl complexes; Phenylacetylenes; Polyphenylacetylene; Reaction conditions; Tetrakis; Trifluoromethyl; Acetylene; Aromatic hydrocarbons; Catalysts; Cationic polymerization; Chlorine compounds; Electrospray ionization; Gel permeation chromatography; Ligands; Mass spectrometry; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Organic polymers; Palladium compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880895145	Synthesis and biological evaluation of a post-synthetically modified Trp-based diketopiperazine	Preciado S., Mendive-Tapia L., Torres-García C., Zamudio-Vázquez R., Soto-Cerrato V., Pérez-Tomás R., Albericio F., Nicolás E., Lavilla R.	2013	MedChemComm	4	8	10.1039/c3md20353k	Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Patology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, Pavelló de Govern. 08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXII s.n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain	Preciado, S., Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Mendive-Tapia, L., Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Torres-García, C., Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Zamudio-Vázquez, R., Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Soto-Cerrato, V., Department of Patology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, Pavelló de Govern. 08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Pérez-Tomás, R., Department of Patology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, Pavelló de Govern. 08907 L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Albericio, F., Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001-Durban, South Africa; Nicolás, E., Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí I Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Lavilla, R., Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXII s.n., 08028 Barcelona, Spain	A series of C2-arylated analogues of the diketopiperazine brevianamide F has been synthesized using a mild Pd-catalyzed CH-activation procedure. Biological evaluation of the new derivatives in different cell lines shows that this modification is responsible for the remarkable change in activity, turning a mild antibiotic and antifungal natural product (brevianamide F) into novel antitumoral compounds. Furthermore, the approach stated represents a new straightforward and versatile methodology with promising applications in peptidomimetics and medicinal chemistry. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	antineoplastic agent; brevianamide F derivative; puromycin; unclassified drug; antineoplastic activity; antiproliferative activity; article; arylation; breast adenocarcinoma; cancer cell culture; catalysis; chemical modification; colon adenocarcinoma; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug mechanism; drug potency; drug screening; drug structure; drug synthesis; human; human cell; lung carcinoma; priority journal; stereoisomerism; uterine cervix carcinoma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952902452	The evaluation of novel camphor-derived pyridyl ligands as catalysts in the asymmetric diels-alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with 3-acryloyl-2- oxazolidinone	Boyle G.A., Govender T., Kruger H.G., Naicker T., Maguire G.E.M.	2009	South African Journal of Chemistry	62	None	None	School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa	Boyle, G.A., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Govender, T., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Kruger, H.G., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Naicker, T., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Maguire, G.E.M., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa	A series of camphor-derived pyridyl ligands were evaluated in the Diels-Alder reaction of 3-acryloyl-2-oxazolidinone 1 with cyclopentadiene 2. High yields with good endo:exo selectivity, but only moderate enantioselectivities (43 % ee), were obtained. The structures of the copper (II) complexes of the ligands were calculated usingONIOMdensity functional theory and the results suggest that chiral induction to the alkene functional group is indeed lacking. This explains the moderate experimental selectivities obtained.	Asymmetric catalysis; Camphor ligands; Computational modelling; Diels-Alder cycloaddition	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79551502528	Correlating the preparation and performance of cobalt catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes and carbon spheres in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis	Xiong H., Motchelaho M.A.M., Moyo M., Jewell L.L., Coville N.J.	2011	Journal of Catalysis	278	1	10.1016/j.jcat.2010.11.010	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Xiong, H., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Motchelaho, M.A.M., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Moyo, M., Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Jewell, L.L., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; Coville, N.J., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong Materials, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	A series of Co catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon spheres (CSs) with different cobalt particle sizes (3-45 nm) were prepared by different methods and using different cobalt precursors. The Co/CNTs and Co/CSs can be autoreduced by the supports in N2 at ca. 480 °C; they show better Fischer-Tropsch performance than those reduced in H2 when the reduction T &gt; 400 °C. The turnover frequency (TOF) value for both Co/CNT and Co/CS was constant for cobalt particles above 10 nm and decreased sharply for the cobalt catalysts with smaller cobalt particles. Remarkably, the TOF for 11 catalysts prepared using different precursors and preparation methods on two different carbon supports depends only on particle size. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between cobalt particle size and C5+ selectivity for both Co/CNT and Co/CS catalysts. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Autoreduction; Carbon nanotubes; Carbon spheres; Cobalt catalysts; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Particle size; Selectivity; Turnover frequency	Autoreduction; Carbon spheres; Cobalt catalysts; Selectivity; Turnover frequency; Carbon nanotubes; Catalyst selectivity; Cobalt; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; Particle size; Spheres; Catalyst supports	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893236984	Synthesis of metergoline analogues and their evaluation as antiplasmodial agents	Singh K., Kaur G., Mjambili F., Smith P.J., Chibale K.	2014	MedChemComm	5	2	10.1039/c3md00310h	Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Medical School, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa	Singh, K., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Kaur, G., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Mjambili, F., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Medical School, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	A series of compounds based on metergoline were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 strain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These compounds were also screened for their cytotoxicity towards a mammalian cell line. Some of the compounds exhibited superior antiplasmodial activity with a good selectivity index relative to metergoline. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	antimalarial agent; chloroquine; metergoline; metergoline derivative; unclassified drug; animal cell; antiprotozoal activity; article; CHO cell; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug structure; drug synthesis; in vitro study; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; priority journal	South African Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84909983185	Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of dihydroartemisinyl-chalcone esters	Smit F.J., Van Biljon R.A., Birkholtz L.-M., N'da D.D.	2014	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	90	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.016	Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Smit, F.J., Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Biljon, R.A., Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Birkholtz, L.-M., Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; N'da, D.D., Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	A series of dihydroartemisinyl-chalcone esters were synthesized through esterification of chalcones with dihydroartemisinin (DHA). The hybrids were screened against chloroquine (CQ) sensitive (3D7) and CQ resistant (W2) strains of intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum parasites, and were all found to be active, with IC<inf>50</inf> values ranging between 1.5 and 11 nM against both strains, with SI values over 5800. The esters featuring oxygenated aryl rings (7, 10 and 11), were found to be equipotent to DHA, but were 2-3 times more active than artesunate against the 3D7 and W2 strains of the malaria parasites. They were also screened in vitro against a panel of three cancer cell lines consisting of TK-10, UACC-62 and MCF-7. Compound 7, bearing a furan ring, displayed the most potent overall antitumor activity against all three cancer cell lines. TGA revealed that the targeted hybrids were all thermally more stable than DHA, which may be beneficial to the high temperature storage conditions that prevail in malaria endemic countries. During this study, ester 7 was identified as the best candidate for further investigation as a potential drug in search for new, safe and effective antimalarial drugs. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS.	Antitumor; Chalcone; Dihydroartemisinin; Malaria; Plasmodium falciparum	10 aplha dihydroartemisinyl 4 [(1e) 3 (5 methylfuran 2 yl) 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 beta dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 oxo 3 (2,3,4 trichlorophenyl)]prop 1 en yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [(1e) 3 oxo 3 phenylprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 (2,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 (3 methoxy 4 nitrophenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 10 dihydroartemisinyl 4 [[(1e) 3 (3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoate; 4 [(1e) 3 oxo 3 phenylprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (2,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (3 methoxy 4 nitrophenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 (5 methylfuran 2 yl)] 3 oxoprop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; 4 [[(1e) 3 oxo 3 (2,3,4 trichlorophenyl)]prop 1 en 1 yl]benzoic acid; antimalarial agent; antineoplastic agent; artesunate; chalcone derivative; chloroquine; dihydroartemisinin; dihydroartemisinin derivative; dihydroartemisinyl chalcone ester; ester derivative; furan; unclassified drug; antimalarial agent; antineoplastic agent; artemisinin derivative; chalcone; ester; antimalarial activity; antineoplastic activity; Article; cancer cell line; controlled study; drug screening; drug stability; drug storage; drug synthesis; high temperature; human; human cell; IC50; in vitro study; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; storage temperature; structure activity relation; cell proliferation; chemical structure; chemistry; dose response; drug effects; drug sensitivity; MCF 7 cell line; synthesis; tumor cell line; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Artemisinins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chalcone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Esters; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Molecular Structure; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Structure-Activity Relationship	NRF, UID 76443, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938919085	Polyamine quinoline rhodium complexes: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation as antiparasitic agents against Plasmodium falciparum and Trichomonas vaginalis	Stringer T., Taylor D., Guzgay H., Shokar A., Au A., Smith P.J., Hendricks D.T., Land K.M., Egan T.J., Smith G.S.	2015	Dalton Transactions	44	33	10.1039/c5dt02378e	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States	Stringer, T., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Taylor, D., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Guzgay, H., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Shokar, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Au, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Smith, P.J., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory, South Africa; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Land, K.M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States; Egan, T.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	A series of mono- and bis-salicylaldimine ligands and their corresponding Rh(i) complexes were prepared. The compounds were characterised using standard spectroscopic techniques including NMR, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The salicylaldimine ligands and complexes were screened for antiparasitic activity against two strains of Plasmodium falciparum i.e. the NF54 CQ-sensitive and K1 CQ-resistant strain as well as against the G3 isolate of Trichomonas vaginalis. The monomeric salicylaldimine quinolines exhibited good activity against the NF54 strain and the dimeric salicylaldimine quinolines exhibited no cross resistance across the two strains. The binuclear 5-chloro Rh(i) complex displayed the best activity against the Trichomonas vaginalis parasite, possibly a consequence of its enhanced lipophilicity. The compounds were also screened for cytotoxicity in vitro against WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells. The monomeric salicylaldimine quinolines exhibited high selectivity towards malaria parasites compared to cancer cells, while the dimeric compounds were less selective. © 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Cells; Diseases; Ligands; Mass spectrometry; Rhodium; Strain; Synthesis (chemical); Antiparasitic activity; Antiparasitic agents; Cytotoxicity in Vitro; Dimeric compounds; Plasmodium falciparum; Resistant strains; Salicylaldimine ligands; Spectroscopic technique; Rhodium compounds	Medical Research Council; MRC, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883446453	Synthesis, characterization, antiparasitic and cytotoxic evaluation of thioureas conjugated to polyamine scaffolds	Stringer T., Taylor D., De Kock C., Guzgay H., Au A., An S.H., Sanchez B., O'Connor R., Patel N., Land K.M., Smith P.J., Hendricks D.T., Egan T.J., Smith G.S.	2013	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	69	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.004	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States	Stringer, T., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Taylor, D., Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa; De Kock, C., Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Guzgay, H., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Au, A., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States; An, S.H., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States; Sanchez, B., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States; O'Connor, R., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States; Patel, N., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States; Land, K.M., Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, United States; Smith, P.J., Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Egan, T.J., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	A series of mono- and multimeric 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline and ferrocenyl thioureas have been prepared by the reaction of a 7-chloroquinoline methyl ester and a ferrocenylimine methyl ester with various amines. These compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The compounds were evaluated against the NF54 (CQ-sensitive) and Dd2 (CQ-resistant) strains of Plasmodiumfalciparum. The quinoline compounds show enhanced activity compared to the ferrocene compounds against this parasite. Compound 5 displays the most promising activity against the NF54 strain. Compounds 5 and 6 are effective at inhibiting β-hematin formation perhaps due to an increased number of quinoline moieties. The trimeric (12) and tetrameric (13) ferrocenyl compounds also inhibit β-hematin formation, albeit to a lesser degree compared to the quinoline thioureas. The compounds were also screened against the G3 strain of Trichomonasvaginalis and here the ferrocene-containing compounds show a slightly higher parasite growth inhibition compared to the quinoline thioureas. The quinoline compounds were also found to be more cytotoxic compared to the ferrocenyl compounds. Compound 6 displays good cytotoxicity against WHCO1 oesophageal cancer cells. © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	β-Hematin inhibition; Antiparasitic activity; Antitumor activity; Ferrocene; Polyamines; Quinoline; Thioureas	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal agent; beta hematin; chloroquine; cisplatin; ferrocene; hematin; metronidazole; polyamine; quinoline derivative; thiourea derivative; unclassified drug; antineoplastic activity; antiprotozoal activity; article; cell viability; drug analysis; drug conjugation; drug synthesis; growth inhibition; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; lipophilicity; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Trichomonas vaginalis; Antiparasitic activity; Antitumor activity; Ferrocene; Polyamines; Quinoline; Thioureas; β-Hematin inhibition; Antiparasitic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cytotoxins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Molecular Structure; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Polyamines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiourea; Trichomonas vaginalis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947711009	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4β-benzoxazolepodophyllotoxin hybrids as DNA topoisomerase-II targeting anticancer agents	Paidakula S., Kankala S., Kankala R.K., Juluru B., Jonnalagadda S.B., Lee C.-H., Vadde R., Vasam C.S.	2015	RSC Advances	5	118	10.1039/c5ra15366b	Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal Telangana State, India; School of Physics and Chemistry, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University Karimnagar, Telangana State, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Nizamabad, India	Paidakula, S., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal Telangana State, India; Kankala, S., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal Telangana State, India, School of Physics and Chemistry, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Kankala, R.K., Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan; Juluru, B., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal Telangana State, India; Jonnalagadda, S.B., School of Physics and Chemistry, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Durban, South Africa; Lee, C.-H., Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan; Vadde, R., Department of Chemistry, Kakatiya University, Warangal Telangana State, India; Vasam, C.S., Department of Chemistry, Satavahana University Karimnagar, Telangana State, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Telangana University, Nizamabad, India	A series of new 4β-benzoxazolepodophyllotoxin compounds (9a-j) were prepared and screened for cytotoxicity against four human tumour cell lines (HeLa, DU-145, A-159 and MCF-7). Among these compounds, 9a, 9c, 9f and 9i have shown more potent anticancer activity than etoposide with considerable IC50 values. Apoptosis evaluation studies were performed using the Hoechst-33258 staining method and it was found specially that the best active compound 9i shows clear nuclear damage compared to etoposide. Molecular docking studies were also carried out to recognize the interactions against DNA topoisomerase-II and it was found that the energy calculations were in good agreement with the observed IC50 value. © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Cell death; Active compounds; Anti-cancer agents; Anticancer activities; Biological evaluation; DNA topoisomerase; Energy calculation; Evaluation study; Molecular docking; Cell culture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867237053	The design, synthesis, in silico ADME profiling, antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial evaluation of new arylamino quinoline derivatives	Tukulula M., Little S., Gut J., Rosenthal P.J., Wan B., Franzblau S.G., Chibale K.	2012	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	57	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.08.047	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Institute of Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612-7231, United States; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Tukulula, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Little, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Gut, J., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Wan, B., Institute of Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612-7231, United States; Franzblau, S.G., Institute of Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612-7231, United States; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	A series of new arylamino quinoline derivatives was designed based on the quinine and mefloquine scaffolds and evaluated in vitro for antiplasmodial and antimycobacterial activities. A number of these compounds exhibited significant activity against the drug-sensitive 3D7 and drug-resistant K1 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Furthermore, two compounds, 4.12b and 4.12d, also showed 94 and 98% growth inhibitory activity against non-replicating and replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, respectively. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	Antimycobacterial; Antiplasmodial; Arylamino quinoline tetrazoles; Physico-chemical properties	4 [(1 tert butyl 1h tetrazol 5 yl)(piperidin 1 yl)methyl] 6 methoxyquinoline; antimalarial agent; n [(1 tert butyl 1h tetrazol 5 yl)(6 methoxyquinolin 4 yl)methyl] n ethylethanamine; quinoline derivative; tuberculostatic agent; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; antiprotozoal activity; article; computer model; drug absorption; drug design; drug distribution; drug excretion; drug metabolism; drug structure; drug synthesis; electrospray mass spectrometry; growth inhibition; in vitro study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; physical chemistry; Plasmodium falciparum; Aminoquinolines; Antiprotozoal Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Assay; Blood-Brain Barrier; Computer Simulation; Drug Design; Erythrocytes; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Mefloquine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Biological; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Plasmodium falciparum; Quinine; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetrazoles	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649335405	Syntheses of new imidazole ligand series and evaluation of 1-, 2- and 4,5-imidazole substituent electronic and steric effects on N-donor strengths	Eseola A.O., Sun W.-H., Li W., Woods J.A.O.	2010	Journal of Molecular Structure	984	03-Jan	10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.09.015	Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of P	Eseola, A.O., Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sun, W.-H., Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Li, W., Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Woods, J.A.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A series of new imidazole based heterocycles (5-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol- 2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate (Him-dp), (5-(1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl) furan-2-yl)methyl acetate (HIm-pt), (5-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2- yl)furan-2-yl)methyl acetate (HIm-phen), 2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H- imidazole (HIm-n), 1-methyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (MeIm-n), N-(2-(1-ethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)benzamide (EtIm-ba) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(8-(1-ethyl-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1,4- dihydroquinolin-2-yl)phenol (EtIm-q) were synthesized and studied for the dependence of their azole donor characteristics on substituent factors by means of experimentally determined ionization constant data (derived as pK as), spectroscopic analyses and calculated properties of their DFT optimized molecular geometries performed at the B3LYP/6-311 + G level. Results showed that the lowest donor strength recorded for HIm-pt (pKa = 2.67 ± 0.07) could be traced to the extensive electronic conjugation of the azole π-electrons with 4,5- and 2-substituents. On the other hand, the strongest imidazole donor strength in the series was obtained from EtIm-q (pKa = 4.61 ± 0.04) for which the substituents possessed negligible π-overlap with the azole ring. The experimental results and theoretical calculations lead to conclusions that effective conjugation between the imidazole ring and substituent aromatic groups is accountable for significant withdrawal of charge densities on the imidazole N-donor atom and vice versa. Furthermore, observed donor strengths in the series suggest that electronic inductive effects of the substituents provided lesser impact on donor strength modification of imidazole base and that alkylation of 1-imidazole position did not yield the anticipated push of electron density in favour of the N-donor atom. It is anticipated that the results should promote the understanding of azole-containing bio-macromolecular species and reactions as well as tuning and application of azole functions in molecular science. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	DFT calculations; Protonation-deprotonation; Spectroscopy; Substituent effects	1H-imidazole; Aromatic group; Benzamides; DFT calculation; Donor atoms; Donor strength; Electron densities; Heterocycles; Imidazol; Inductive effects; Ionization constant; Methyl acetates; Molecular geometries; Molecular science; Steric effect; Substituent effect; Theoretical calculations; Amides; Phenols; Protonation; Spectroscopic analysis; Sulfur compounds; Impact strength	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944878449	Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of novel phenothiazine linked substitutedbenzylideneamino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives	Maddila S., Momin M., Gorle S., Palakondu L., Jonnalagadda S.B.	2015	Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society	60	2	10.4067/s0717-97072015000200012	School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag 54001, Durban, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, J.N.T. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India; Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban, South Africa	Maddila, S., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag 54001, Durban, South Africa; Momin, M., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag 54001, Durban, South Africa; Gorle, S., Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban, South Africa; Palakondu, L., Department of Chemistry, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, J.N.T. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India; Jonnalagadda, S.B., School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, Private Bag 54001, Durban, South Africa	A series of novel 5-((10H-phenothiazin-10yl)methyl)-4-(substitutedbenzylideneamino)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives (6a-i) have been synthesized from compound (1) through a multi-step reaction. The key intermediate (5) afforded a series of title compounds (6a-i) on condensation with various suitable aldehydes in the presence of H2SO4. The structures of novel compounds were characterized based on their elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectral data. All these novel compounds were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity by employing nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The compounds 6d, 6e and 6i demonstrated potent antioxidant activity as these contain the electron-releasing groups.	1,2,4-triazole; Anti-oxidant activity; Phenothiazines; Synthesis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858282568	Palladium(II), platinum(II) and gold(I) complexes containing chiral diphosphines of the Josiphos and Walphos families - Synthesis and evaluation as anticancer agents	Segapelo T.V., Lillywhite S., Nordlander E., Haukka M., Darkwa J.	2012	Polyhedron	36	1	10.1016/j.poly.2012.01.027	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland	Segapelo, T.V., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Lillywhite, S., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; Nordlander, E., Inorganic Chemistry Research Group, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Haukka, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa	A series of palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes ([PdCl 2(J003)] (1), [PdCl 2(W001)] (2), [PtCl 2(J003)] (3) and [PtCl 2(W001)] (4), where J003 = the Josiphos ligand (R)-1-[(S)-2-diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine and W001 = the Walphos ligand (R)-1[(R)-2-(2′-diphenylphosphinyl)ferrocenyl] ethyldo(bis-3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphine), were prepared from the reaction of the diphosphine ligands with [PdCl 2(NCMe) 2] or [PtCl 2(cod)] and characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analyses. Single crystal X-ray structures were used to confirm the proposed structures. Attempts to use the same ligands to prepare isoelectronic d 8 Au(III) analogues of the palladium and platinum complexes resulted in the reduction of Au(III) to Au(I) and isolation of the Au(I) complexes [AuCl(J003)] (5), [Au 2Cl 2(J003)] (6) and [Au 2Cl 2(W001)] (7). The cytotoxicity of the four chiral, bidentate ferrocenylphosphine palladium and platinum complexes was investigated against HeLa cells and were found to have low to moderate cytotoxicity. In general, the two Josiphos complexes showed better cytotoxicity compared to the Walphos complexes, irrespective of the metal used. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anticancer agents; Chiral ligands; Diphosphine ligands; Palladium complexes; Platinum complexes	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052520147	Evaluation of ligand effects in the modified cobalt hydroformylation of 1-octene. Crystal structures of [Co(L)(CO)3]2 (L = PA-C5, PCy3 and PCyp3)	Bungu P.N., Otto S.	2011	Dalton Transactions	40	36	10.1039/c1dt10581g	Sasol Technology Research and Development, 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free Sate, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Bungu, P.N., Sasol Technology Research and Development, 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa; Otto, S., Sasol Technology Research and Development, 1 Klasie Havenga Road, Sasolburg 1947, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of the Free Sate, P. O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	A series of phosphine ligands with different electronic and steric properties were evaluated at fully modified conditions in cobalt catalysed hydroformylation of 1-octene. The steric demand of the ligands was based on the Tolman cone angle model covering a range of 132-175°. The electron donating ability was evaluated through the first order Se-P coupling constants as determined from the corresponding phosphine selenides covering a range of 672-752 Hz. Crystal structures of three phosphine modified cobalt dimers, [Co(CO)3(L)]2 (L = PA-C5, PCy3 and PCyp3 with PA-C5 = 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-pentyl-2,4,6- trioxa-8-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane), are reported. The Phoban and Lim ligands (Phoban = mixture of 9-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1 and 4.2.1]nonane, Lim = 4,8-dimethyl-2-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) resulted in systems about twice as active as most of the other ligands investigated, these ligands have a high Lewis basicity with 1JSe-P values from 684-687 Hz. The linearity of the alcohol product in general decreased for the less electron donating ligands while no clear relationship was evident as a function of steric size. The parallel competing hydrogenation of 1-octene to octane varied from 9-15% for a cone angle range of 132-172°, but a sharp increase of up to 40% was observed for PA-C5, PCy3 and PCyp3, all with cone angles &gt; 169°. The catalytic behaviour provides evidence that is contrary to the dissociative substitution of CO by an alkene as the rate limiting step in all cases. For large symmetrical ligands, such as PA-C 5, PCy3 and PCyp3 the rate limiting step may move within the catalytic cycle and may now be situated at the carbonylation step where the chemoselectivity is also determined. The lack of clear correlation between the steric and electronic effect of the ligands and all catalytic parameters may serve as additional proof that the same system, especially in terms of the rate determining step, is not operative in all cases. The Phoban and Lim systems are superior with the highest reactivity and lowest alkene loss through hydrogenation. The unsymmetrical nature of the Phoban and Lim ligands may provide flexibility to adopt geometries inducing both high and low steric crowding, which may be a reason for its beneficial catalytic properties. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	1-octene; Catalytic behaviour; Catalytic cycles; Catalytic properties; Chemo-selectivity; Cone angle; Coupling constants; Electron-donating ability; Electron-donating ligands; Electronic effects; First order; Lewis basicity; Ligand effect; Modified conditions; Phosphine ligands; Phosphine selenides; Rate determining step; Rate-limiting steps; Sharp increase; Steric crowding; Steric properties; Tolman cone angle; Carbonylation; Cobalt; Hydroformylation; Hydrogenation; Hydroxylation; Olefins; Paraffins; Phosphorus compounds; Photodissociation; Selenium compounds; Ligands	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40849123775	Synthesis and evaluation of phosphine-N ligands in transition metal-catalysed C{single bond}C bond forming reactions	Williams D.B.G., Pretorius M.	2008	Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical	284	42371	10.1016/j.molcata.2008.01.007	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	Williams, D.B.G., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Pretorius, M., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	A series of phosphino-imine and the corresponding phosphino-amine P,NR ligands (R = alkyl, aryl) was synthesised from the commercially available starting material 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde, including P,N bi-, tri- and tetradentate imine ligands, their secondary amine analogues, and also the methylated tertiary amine equivalents. As an extension, some P,NPPh2 and P,NPCy2 derivatives were also prepared from the same starting material. All of these ligands were successfully applied in catalytic reactions (Heck, cross-coupling and hydroformylation), and benchmarked against traditional ligands with satisfying results. While providing catalyst systems that were stable and generally acceptably active in comparison with the benchmarks, the Pd-ligand catalyst systems of this study were found to be especially active in Stille reactions. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Catalysis; Ligands; Palladium; Rhodium	Catalysis; Crosslinking; Ligands; Reaction rates; Synthesis (chemical); Catalyst systems; Catalytic reactions; Secondary amines; Tetradentate imine ligands; Transition metal compounds	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860390424	Synthesis, evaluation and application of polycyclic fluorescent analogues as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and voltage gated calcium channel ligands	Joubert J., Dyk S.V., Green I.R., Malan S.F.	2011	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	46	10	10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.08.008	Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Private Bag 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Joubert, J., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Private Bag 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Dyk, S.V., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Private Bag 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Green, I.R., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Malan, S.F., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Private Bag 6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	A series of polycyclic fluorescent ligands were synthesised and evaluated in murine striatal synaptoneurosomes for N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) mediated calcium flux inhibition and inhibition of calcium influx through voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC). Amantadine (a) and N-(1-adamantyl)-1,3- propanediamine (c) substituted with 1-cyanoisoindole (3), indazole (5), dinitrobenzene (7, 8), dansyl (9, 10) and coumarin (11) moieties showed moderate to high inhibition of the NMDAR. A high degree of VGCC inhibition was observed for the cyanoisoindole compounds (3, 4) the dansyl compounds (9, 10) and the coumarin compound (12). Fluorophores conjugated to hydroxy-4-aza-8- oxoheptacyclotetradecane (13, 14) did not exhibit any significant VGCC inhibition, but the indazole conjugate (14) showed promising NMDAR activity. Dose response curves were calculated for selected NMDAR inhibitors (8-11) and N-[3-(1-adamantylamino)propyl]-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide (10) exhibited the highest activity of the novel compounds. Compound 10 was further used as a fluorescent NMDAR ligand in a fluorescent competition assay utilizing MK-801, NGP1-01 and amantadine as known NMDAR inhibitors to demonstrate the possible applications of the novel fluorescent compounds. These small molecule fluorescent ligands can be considered as possible pharmacological tools in assay development and/or other investigations in the study of neurodegeneration. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	Amantadine; Calcium channels; Fluorescent ligands; NMDAR; Polycyclic	2 [3 (1 adamantylamino)propyl]isoindole 1 carbonitrile; 3 (1 adamantylamino)propionitrile; 3 [4 aza 8 oxo heptacyclo [0.4.1.0 2,10 .0 3,14 .0 4,9 . 09,13 .0 12,15]tetradecyl] 2 (methylamino)benzoate; 3 [4 Aza 8 oxo heptacyclo[0.4.1.0 2,10 .0 3,14 .0 4,9 . 09,13 .0 12,15]tetradecyl] 1h indazole 3 carboxylate; 3 hydroxy 4 aza 8 oxo heptacyclo[9.4.1.0 2,10 .0 3,14 .0 4,9 .0 12,15]tetradecane; amantadine derivative; dizocilpine; fluorescent dye; n (1 adamantyl) 1,3 propanediamine; n (1 adamantyl) 2 oxo chromene 3 carboxamide; n (1 cyano 2h isoindol 2 yl)adamantan 1 amine; n (2,4 dinitrophenyl)adamantan 1 amine; n (adamantan 1 yl) n' (2,4 dinitrophenyl)propane 1,3 diamiane; n [3 (1 adamantylamino)propyl] 1h indazole 3 carboxamide; n [3 (1 adamantylamino)propyl] 2 methylaminobenzamide; n [3 (1 adamantylamino)propyl] 5 dimethylaminonaphthalene 1 sulfonamide; n adamantan 1 yl 1h indazole 3 carboxamide; n adamantan 1 yl 2 (methylamino) benzamide; n adamantan 1 yl 5 dimethyl amino 1 naphthalenesulfonic acid; n methyl dextro aspartic acid receptor; unclassified drug; voltage gated calcium channel; animal cell; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; binding affinity; binding competition; brain synaptosome; calcium transport; concentration response; controlled study; drug binding site; drug receptor binding; drug screening; drug synthesis; fluorescence analysis; male; nonhuman; rat; receptor affinity; Amantadine; Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Fluorescent Dyes; Ligands; Male; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synaptosomes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955599161	Facile transformation of Biginelli pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones to pyrimidines. In vitro evaluation as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and modulators of cytostatic activity	Singh K., Singh K., Wan B., Franzblau S., Chibale K., Balzarini J.	2011	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	46	6	10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.010	Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemical Sciences and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-723, United States; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 10 Minderbroedersstraat, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium	Singh, K., Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemical Sciences and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Singh, K., Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemical Sciences and Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Wan, B., Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-723, United States; Franzblau, S., Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-723, United States; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Balzarini, J., Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 10 Minderbroedersstraat, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium	A series of pyrimidine derivatives bearing amine substituents at C-2 position were obtained from Biginelli 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and the effect of structural variation on anti-TB activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain and antiviral activity in a series of cell cultures was evaluated. While the compounds were found to possess structure dependent cytostatic activity, these were not found to be efficient inhibitors of M. tuberculosis nor did they inhibit a broad variety of DNA or RNA viruses in cell culture. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.	Biginelli compounds; Cytostatic activity; Inhibitors; MABA; Pyrimidines; Tuberculosis	2 (2 hydroxyphenylamino) 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 (3 aminophenylamino) 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 (3 hydroxypropylamino) 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 (4 hydroxyphenylamino) 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 (piperidin 1 yl) 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 [2 (1h indol 3 yl) ethylamino] 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 amino 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 amino 4 methylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 benzylamino 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 benzylamino 4 methylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 butylamino 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 ethoxy 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 isopropylamino 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; 2 morpholino 4 methyl 6 phenylpyrimidine 5 carboxylic acid ethyl ester; pyrimidine derivative; pyrimidinone derivative; unclassified drug; animal cell; antiviral activity; article; bacterial strain; Biginelli reaction; cell culture; cell proliferation; controlled study; cytostasis; drug structure; drug synthesis; human; human cell; in vitro study; minimum inhibitory concentration; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; tuberculosis; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cell Proliferation; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Hela Cells; Humans; Mice; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrimidines; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tumor Cells, Cultured	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900009340	Sulfur/gadolinium-codoped TiOnanoparticles for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance	Agorku E.S., Mamba B.B., Pandey A.C., Mishra A.K.	2014	Journal of Nanomaterials	2014	None	10.1155/2014/289150	Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Nanotechnology and Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India	Agorku, E.S., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Mamba, B.B., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; Pandey, A.C., Nanotechnology and Application Centre, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India; Mishra, A.K., Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa	A series of S/Gd3+-codoped TiOphotocatalysts were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Laboratory experiments with Indigo Carmine chosen as a model for organic pollutants were used to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of S/Gd3+-codoped TiOunder visible-light with varying concentrations of Gd3+ ions in the host material. XRD and Raman results confirmed the existence of anatase phase TiOwith particle size ranging from 5 to 12 nm. Codoping has exerted a great influence on the optical responses along with red shift in the absorption edge. S/Gd3+-codoped TiOshowed significant visible-light induced photocatalytic activity towards Indigo Carmine dye compared with S-TiOor commercial TiO TiOS/Gd3+ (0.6% Gd3+) degraded the dye (k a = 5.6 × 10-2 min-1) completely in 50 min. © 2014 Eric S. Agorku et al.	None	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Scanning electron microscopy; Sol-gel process; Transmission electron microscopy; X ray diffraction; Absorption edges; Indigo carmine dyes; Laboratory experiments; Modified sol-gel method; Optical response; Photocatalytic activities; Photocatalytic performance; UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; Energy dispersive spectroscopy	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874634560	Pyrazolylimine iron and cobalt, and pyrazolylamine nickel complexes: Synthesis and evaluation of nickel complexes as ethylene oligomerization catalysts	Ainooson M.K., Guzei I.A., Spencer L.C., Darkwa J.	2013	Polyhedron	53	None	10.1016/j.poly.2013.01.018	Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States	Ainooson, M.K., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Guzei, I.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Spencer, L.C., Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Darkwa, J., Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	A series of tridentate (O^N^N) and bidentate (N^N) iron, cobalt and nickel complexes were prepared from {2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-[(2-(3,5-RR-pyrazol-1-yl- ethylimino)methyl]-phenol}, R = H (L1), Me (L2), Ph (L3), [(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2- ethoxy-benzylidene)-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-ethyl]amine (L4), and (4-(4-tert-butyl-benzylidene)-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)ethyl]-imine) (L5). Ligands L1-L5 were reacted with MX2 (M = Fe, Co, Ni; X = Cl, Br) to form three types of complexes. Whereas tridentate O∧N∧N bound complexes were formed with Fe(II) and Co(II) salts (1-6), reactions involving Ni(II) salts resulted in hydrolysis of the Schiff base ligands used to form a novel tetranuclear cubane-like cluster [Ni4(3,5-Me2pza) 4Cl8] (7) (pza = (3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1yl)ethylamine) and mononuclear [Ni(3,5-R2pza)Br2] (R = H (8); R = Me (9) complexes. Molecular structures of five complexes (1, 5-7 and 9), determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, confirmed that ligand hydrolysis occurred in the nickel reactions. All three nickel complexes showed good to excellent activity towards ethylene oligomerization with activities up to 10 726 kg (mol Ni h)-1. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Catalysts; Cobalt; Complexes; Ethylene oligomerization; Imine hydrolysis; Iron; Nickel	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846524438	Seroprevalence of small ruminant brucellosis in selected districts of Afar and Somali pastoral areas of Eastern Ethiopia: The impact of husbandry practice	Teshale S., Muhie Y., Dagne A., Kidanemariam A.	2006	Revue de Medecine Veterinaire	157	11	None	Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Dbrezeit, Ethiopia; National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia	Teshale, S., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Dbrezeit, Ethiopia; Muhie, Y., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Dbrezeit, Ethiopia; Dagne, A., National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Kidanemariam, A., National Animal Health Research Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia	A seroprevalence study of small ruminant brucellosis was conducted in two sheep and goat rearing pastoral regions of Ethiopia, namely Afar and Somali, from November 2004 to April 2005. Sera from 2000 sheep and goats were tested by Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno - Sorbent Assay (I - ELISA). Out of the 2000 sera tested 1.9% (n = 38) were positive to RBPT and 9.7% (n = 193) were positive to I - ELISA. This investigation is the first of its type to be performed in small ruminants kept under pastoral production systems. There was statistically highly significant difference (P &lt; 0.001) between the over all seropositivity revealed by RBPT and I - ELISA (Z 0.05 = 250; 95% C.I. for the difference between prevalence using I - ELISA and RBPT = 7.69, 7.81). Only fair agreement (Kappa = 31.25%) was observed between RBPT and I - ELISA for the detection of Brucella antibodies in sera of sheep and goats. Higher prevalence rate (16%) was found in Afar region (where commingling of animals at communal grazing is the common practice) while lower prevalence (1.9%) was recorded in Somali region where herding and range-land utilization is based on clan basis. (X2 = 117.06; P &lt; 0.001). Afar region is about 12 times at risk of infection with Brucella organisms (OR = 11.76; C.I: 6.76, 22.11). Brucella antibodies were more prevalent in goats (13.2%; C.I: 11.2, 15.3) than in sheep (5.6%; C.I: 4.2, 7.3). This difference is statistically significant (X2 = 32.5; P &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.392). No difference was observed in prevalence between male and female study animals. The current study revealed higher prevalence of Brucella antibodies (9.7%) in the absence of Brucella vaccination. This is an indication of the wide spread nature of Brucella infection in the study areas. The Afar region is particularly at high risk of brucellosis. Further epidemiological studies on the distribution and risk factors of brucellosis in the area are warranted.	Afar; Brucellosis; Ethiopia; Small ruminants; Somali	Animalia; Bovidae; Brucella; Capra hircus; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60149098281	Globalization and its impact on education with specific reference to education in South Africa	Moloi K.C., Gravett S.J., Petersen N.F.	2009	Educational Management Administration and Leadership	37	2	10.1177/1741143208100302	University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Education, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Higher and Adult Education, University of Johannesburg (UJ), Johannesburg, South Africa	Moloi, K.C., University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Education, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Gravett, S.J., Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa; Petersen, N.F., Department of Higher and Adult Education, University of Johannesburg (UJ), Johannesburg, South Africa	As globalization of the world economy continues unabated, a parallel growth of globalization of knowledge is also taking place. This latter trend is little affected by the boundaries between developed and less developed countries and is having a particular impact on trends in education. This article looks at the impact of globalization within the context of education in South Africa. It focuses on different perspectives of globalization and identifies key factors that may have an impact on education in South Africa. Finally, it argues that in order to respond to the dangers of marginalization posed by globalization it will be crucial to form, and be part of, new alliances and networks. These will both provide opportunities for sharing knowledge and skills and also build economic strength. © 2009 SAGE Publications.	Global economy; Globalization; Knowledge management; Poverty; Wealth	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449413684	Effects of single and dual applications of selected trichoderma and bacillus isolates on performance of dry bean seedlings grown in composted pine bark growth medium under shadehouse conditions	Yobo K.S., Laing M.D., Hunter C.H.	2009	Journal of Plant Nutrition	32	8	10.1080/01904160903005996	Discipline of Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Discipline of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	Yobo, K.S., Discipline of Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Laing, M.D., Discipline of Plant Pathology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Hunter, C.H., Discipline of Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	A shadehouse pot trial was conducted to study the efficiency of single and dual inoculations with selected Trichoderma and Bacillus isolates on performance of dry bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in composted pine bark (CPB) potting medium. All the plant treatments inoculated with Trichoderma spp. and/or Bacillus spp. had higher photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm values). Of the treatments, only B. subtilis B69 showed a significant increase (P = 0.02) in Fv/Fm values over the growth period. The Trichoderma and Bacillus treated plants showed increase in dry shoot biomass. The greatest degree of nodulation was observed in Trichoderma and/or Bacillus treated plants. Increase in nitrogen concentrations were observed in leaves of plants inoculated with Trichoderma and Bacillus isolates. Only T. atroviride SY3A significantly increased phosphorus concentrations in leaves. These results depict and highlight the role these organisms can play in plant root-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria or plant growth promoting fungi (PGPR/PGPF) interaction in a nutrient-poor growth medium. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Bacillus; Dry bean; Mineral uptake; Nodulation; Photosynthetic efficiency; Trichoderma	Bacillus subtilis; Fungi; Phaseolus vulgaris; Rhizobiales; Trichoderma; Trichoderma atroviride	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149132303	Terrain conductivity evaluation of road base integrity in a basement complex environment	Oladapo M.I., Adeoye O.O., Mogaji K.A., Adeoye S.	2008	Journal of Applied Sciences	8	8	None	Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Department of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria	Oladapo, M.I., Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeoye, O.O., Department of Physics, Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Nigeria; Mogaji, K.A., Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeoye, S., Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A shallow electromagnetic evaluation of Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria main road base integrity has been undertaken in this stiidy with the aim of identifying probable zones of untimely failure. Controlled-Source Electromagnetic Method (CSEM) was adopted for the study. The road segment investigated is underlain by four different lithologic units, which are the migmatite gneiss, quartzites, charnockite and granites along the west-east direction of the campus. Quadrature phase (conductivity) and in-phase (magnetic susceptibility) were measured in both vertical and horizontal dipoles. While the vertical dipole mode has a probing depth of 6 m, the horizontal dipole mode probes at a depth of 3 m. The range of quadrature and in-phase values obtained for horizontal dipole mode is from 6 to 50 mS m-1 and 0.808 to 20.47 ppt respectively. For vertical dipole mode, the range of quadrature and in-phase values are -21.00-71.00 mS m-1 and 20.07 to 20.47 ppt. The ratio of vertical conductivity value (Cv) to horizontal conductivity value (CH) i.e., CV/CH was utilized in assessing road-base performance. Road stability was observed where this ratio is greater than 1 (CV/CH&gt;1) while signs of distress characterized where the ratio is less than or equal to 1 (CV/CH = 1) in vertical dipole. Likewise, relatively high magnetic susceptibility values in vertical dipole mode characterized zones of early distress. This technique is presumed useful in fast and cheap roadwork performance evaluation. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Conductivity and distress; Lithologic; Magnetic susceptibility; Road-base	Basement complex; Controlled source; Electromagnetic methods; Horizontal dipoles; Lithologic; Road-base; Terrain conductivity; Vertical and horizontal dipoles; Electromagnetism; Granite; Magnetic susceptibility; Roads and streets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901813929	Genotoxicity evaluation of 4-carboxyl- 2,6- dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes in mice	Adegoke O.A., Ghosh M., Manivannan J., Sinha S., Mukherjee A.	2014	Toxicology and Industrial Health	30	5	10.1177/0748233712457442	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Orita UI, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India; Department of Botany, Centre for Advanced St	Adegoke, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Orita UI, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India; Ghosh, M., Department of Botany, Centre for Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Manivannan, J., Department of Botany, Centre for Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Sinha, S., Department of Botany, Centre for Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Mukherjee, A., Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, India	A short-term in vivo genotoxicity evaluation of 4-carboxyl-2,6- dinitrophenylazohydronaphthalenes (AZ-01 to AZ-04) has been carried out in mice. Aqueous colloidal solutions of the dyes were administered to mice on each day for 5 successive days using gastric gavages. Two end point assessments of the genotoxicity potentials of the dyes were assessed using comet assay and chromosomal aberration studies using the mice bone marrow cells. The dyes were well tolerated at the doses investigated, as there were no deaths or any adverse pharmacotoxic events. Dose-dependent DNA damage (in terms of percentage of tail DNA and Olive tail moment) occurred with AZ-01 and AZ-02, although the effects were significant only with the highest doses. AZ-03 gave similar patterns with those of AZ-01 and AZ-02, while replacement with butanone in AZ-04 altered the observed pattern. Minimal chromosomal damages were obtained for the four dyes, with AZ-01 and AZ-02 giving nonsignificant damages, while the highest dose of AZ-03 produced significant aberrations in terms of breaks. Some minor isochromatid breaks and gaps were also noticed in the dye-treated mice. Mitotic indices in all cases were not significantly different from concomitantly administered vehicle control showing lack of cytotoxicity of the monoazo dyes at these doses. The monoazo dyes show the potential of being utilized as colorants, pending further required tests. © The Author(s) 2012.	4-Carboxyl-2; 6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes; azo-hydrazone tautomerism; chromosomal aberrations; in vivo comet assay; mitotic index	2 butanone; 4 [(2 hydroxynapthalen 1 yl)diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; 4 [(4 hydroxynaphthalen 1 yl)diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; 4 [[2 hydroxy 7 (3 oxobutyl)naphthalen 1 yl]diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; 4 [[7 (1 carboyethyl) 2 hydroxynaphthalen 1 yl]diazenyl] 3,5 dinitrobenzoic acid; mitomycin; naphthalene derivative; unclassified drug; azo compound; coloring agent; naphthalene derivative; absorption; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; aqueous solution; article; bone marrow cell; chromosome damage; colloid; comet assay; controlled study; cytotoxicity; DNA damage; dose response; genotoxicity; in vitro study; male; mitosis index; mouse; nonhuman; animal; chemically induced; chromosome aberration; drug effects; mutagen testing; Animals; Azo Compounds; Chromosome Aberrations; Coloring Agents; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Mice; Mutagenicity Tests; Naphthalenes	None
WoS	WOS:000305201600009	Measuring and monitoring energy access: Decision-support tools for policymakers in Africa	Hailu, Yohannes G.	2012	ENERGY POLICY	47	None	10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.065	United Nations Econ Commiss Africa ECA	None	A significant number of African States have adapted energy access targets. In evaluating progress towards these goals, measuring and monitoring energy access becomes relevant. This paper reviews energy access indicators and identifies their utility and challenges in their application. By focusing on Africa, a broader framework for energy access measurement and monitoring is discussed. along with implementation barriers and potential solutions. To demonstrate the utility of energy access decision-support tool in Africa, a scenario analysis in five regional energy pools is conducted using the Energy Spending Model tool. Institutionalizing monitoring and decision-support tools can provide valuable feedback to policymakers aiming to design and implement effective energy access programs serving a growing population in Africa. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	"DECISION SUPPORT","energy access","policy targets",URBAN-POOR	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952744220	Post-privatization performance and organizational changes: Case studies from Ghana	Tsamenyi M., Onumah J., Tetteh-Kumah E.	2010	Critical Perspectives on Accounting	21	5	10.1016/j.cpa.2008.01.002	Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, University House, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; University of Ghana Business School, Ghana; Barclays Bank, Ghana	Tsamenyi, M., Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, University House, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Onumah, J., University of Ghana Business School, Ghana; Tetteh-Kumah, E., Barclays Bank, Ghana	A significant number of less developed countries (LDCs), including Ghana, have embraced the World Bank/IMF led economic reforms. Ghana has been implementing these reforms since the early 1980. One of the conditions of the reforms is the privatization of former state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Such privatization activities have however generated debates among academics, practitioners, and policy makers. Research findings so far have been mixed. This paper analyzes the performance of two large privatized companies in Ghana. Both companies have been paraded by the Ghanaian authorities and the international financial community as success stories of privatization. Our objective is to examine how and why these firms have been claimed to be successful. Drawing on the dimensions of the balanced scorecard, we examine the performance of the firms from five main perspectives-financial, customers, internal business process, learning and growth, and the community. The analysis is based on data gathered from diverse sources, namely, semi-structured interviews and discussions with managers of the selected companies and with personnel from key government departments, and analysis of internal and external documents. We conclude that, overall the performance of both organizations improved after privatization under all the performance dimensions examined. These improvements were also accompanied by certain organizational changes, including changes in the accounting and control systems. However we are not claiming that all privatization programs in Ghana have been successful. In fact there are stories in the Ghanaian media of several other privatization failures in the country. Instead what we have demonstrated is the need to explain the performance of privatized firms beyond the myopic macro-level and financial analysis which has been widely adopted by the international financial community and policy makers and we encourage other researchers to adopt such multidimensional approaches. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd.	Balanced scorecard; Ghana; Less developed countries; Performance evaluation; Privatization	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908026839	Synthesis and evaluation of a carbosilane congener of ferroquine and its corresponding half-sandwich ruthenium and rhodium complexes for antiplasmodial and β-hematin inhibition activity	Li Y., De Kock C., Smith P.J., Chibale K., Smith G.S.	2014	Organometallics	33	17	10.1021/om500622p	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Li, Y., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; De Kock, C., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	A silicon-containing congener of ferroquine (1) was synthesized by incorporating an organosilicon motif in the lateral side chain of ferroquine. Compound 1 was then further reacted with dinuclear half-sandwich transition-metal precursors [Ru(Ar)(μ-Cl)Cl]2 (Ar = η6-p-iPrC6H4Me, η6-C6H6, η6-C6H5OCH2CH2OH), [Rh(COD)(μ-Cl)]2, and [RhCp∗(μ-Cl)Cl]2, to yield a series of heterometallic organometallic complexes (2-6). Compound 1 coordinates selectively in a monodentate manner to the transition metals via the quinoline nitrogen of the aminoquinoline scaffold. All of the compounds were characterized using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, and the molecular structure of compound 1 was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of compounds 1-6 was established against the chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. © 2014 American Chemical Society.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898770992	DABCO-promoted one-pot synthesis of heteroaryl-substituted benzenes and their biological evaluation	Babu G.N., Ayalew H.M., Jain S.	2014	Medicinal Chemistry Research	23	5	10.1007/s00044-013-0857-0	School of Studies in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain 456010, Madhya Pradesh, India; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Babu, G.N., School of Studies in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain 456010, Madhya Pradesh, India, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Ayalew, H.M., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Jain, S., School of Studies in Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain 456010, Madhya Pradesh, India	A simple and efficient one-pot synthesis of heteroaryl-substituted benzenes has been developed via cyclocondensation of vinylmalononitriles and ethylvinylcyanoacetates with heteroarylnitroolefines using diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane as catalyst. The titled compounds were evaluated for their antitubercular, antibacterial and antifungal activities at various concentrations. © Springer Science+Business Media 2013.	Antibacterial activity; Antifungal activity; Antitubercular activity; DABCO; Heteroayl-substituted benzenes	1,4 diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 3 amino 4 nitro 5 (1h pyrrole 2 yl) [1,1' biphenyl] 2 carboxylate; 3 amino 4 nitro 5 (thiophen 2 yl) [1,1' biphenyl] 2 carbonitrile; 3 amino 4' methoxy 4 nitro 5 (thiophen 2 yl) [1,1' biphenyl] 2 carbonitrile; 3 amino 5 (furan 2 yl) 4 nitro [1,1' biphenyl] 2 carbonitrile; 3 amino 5 (furan 2 yl) 4' methoxy 4 nitro 5 [1,1' biphenyl] 2 carbonitrile; acetic acid derivative; alkene derivative; benzene derivative; ciprofloxacin; clotrimazole; cyclooctane derivative; ethyl 3 amino 4 nitro(1h pyrrol 2 yl)[1,1' biphenyl] 2 carboxylate; ethyl 3 amino 4 nitro(furan 2 yl) [1,1' biphenyl] 2 carboxylate; ethyl 3 amino 4' methoxy 4 nitro 5 (thiophen 2 yl)[1,1' biphenyl 2 carbonitrile; nitrile; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; article; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus niger; Candida albicans; Candida tropicalis; catalyst; concentration response; controlled study; Escherichia coli; evaluation study; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; one pot synthesis; polymerization; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904439311	Evaluation of the regression parameters of the Angstrom-Page model for predicting global solar radiation	Agbo S.	2013	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	24	2	None	National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Agbo, S., National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A simple and empirical model for the estimation of average monthly global solar radiation for a Nigerian location is presented. Regression coefficients satisfying the Angstrom-page model have been obtained using clearness index (KT) and the relative sunshine data for the location. The test of validity of the model was done by evaluating the following statistical parameters: the mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean percentage error (MPE) and the correlation coefficient (CC). The results obtained from the statistical tests show that the new model is reliable for high precision estimation of global solar radiation. A comparison between the new model and other models is presented.	Clearness index; Global solar radiation; Predicting models; Sunshine duration	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846580904	Groundwater overdraft vulnerability and environmental impact assessment in Arusha	Ong'or B.T.I., Long-Cang S.	2007	Environmental Geology	51	7	10.1007/s00254-006-0408-9	College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Science and Technology, Western University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya	Ong'or, B.T.I., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China, College of Science and Technology, Western University, P.O. Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya; Long-Cang, S., College of Water Resources and Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China	A simple approach is proposed for identifying areas vulnerable to groundwater overdraft. The methodology utilizes GIS techniques to analyze and evaluate controlling factors in areas with little data. The proposed methodology was applied in Arusha. Water demand in Arusha Municipality and its environs has increased to about 5.3% annually since 1999. Groundwater levels have declined. The aquifer hydrogeological variables were evaluated for impact to potential groundwater overdraft by overlay and index techniques. The spatial distribution of overdraft vulnerability was discussed. The northwestern part of Arusha is the most vulnerable to overdraft and possible serious environmental impacts. The Loruvani area has the most potential for aquifer development due to its permeability, high recharge rate, massive aquifer thickness and low drawdown. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Arusha; Environmental impacts; Geographic information system; Groundwater overdraft; Groundwater spatial and temporal vulnerability; Hydrogeological; Qualitative hydrogeology; Tanzania	Aquifers; Environmental impact; Geographical regions; Hydrogeology; Municipal engineering; Water supply; Groundwater levels; Groundwater overdraft; Hydrogeological variables; Qualitative hydrogeology; Groundwater; aquifer characterization; environmental impact assessment; GIS; groundwater; hydrogeology; index method; methodology; spatial distribution; vulnerability; water demand; water level; Africa; Arusha [Arusha (RGA)]; Arusha [Tanzania]; East Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954943199	Determining vacuum-arc thruster performance using a cathode-spot model	Lun J., Dobson R.T., Steyn W.H.	2010	Journal of Propulsion and Power	26	4	10.2514/1.41625	Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Lun, J., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Dobson, R.T., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Steyn, W.H., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	A simple model of the vacuum-arc cathode-spot and plasma region was developed to predict the performance of vacuum-arc thrusters operating roughly in the arc current range 80-300 A with thrust pulses ≥ 250 μs. The conventional-based cathode-spot model predicts ion current, average ion velocity, and erosion rate to establish thruster performance. Vacuum-arc properties for a range of materials (Al, Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ag, Pb, Bi) were determined as well as maximum arc spot currents for Ti, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Bi. Model results generally show good agreement with published data and predicted thruster performance is comparable to literature. Most values of ion-to-arc current ratio were within 10% of published experimental data, ion velocities within about 30%, and erosion rates were within roughly 50%, provided macroparticle ejection was low. The crucial role of the ion-to-arc current ratio on thruster performance is assessed. © 2010 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.	None	Arc cathode; Arc current; Arc properties; Erosion rates; Experimental data; Ion currents; Ion velocity; Macroparticle; Model results; Plasma region; Simple model; Thruster performance; Chromium; Lead; Soil mechanics; Vacuum; Vacuum applications; Ions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24044440115	Determination of lorazepam in plasma from children by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection	Muchohi S.N., Obiero K., Kokwaro G.O., Ogutu B.R., Githiga I.M., Edwards G., Newton C.R.J.C.	2005	Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences	824	02-Jan	10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.07.040	Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	Muchohi, S.N., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya; Obiero, K., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Kokwaro, G.O., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, 00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, B.R., Walter Reed Project/KEMRI Centre for Clinical Research, New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, P.O. Box 54, Kisumu, Kenya; Githiga, I.M., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Edwards, G., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology Research Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE Liverpool, United Kingdom; Newton, C.R.J.C., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya, Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University of London, London, United Kingdom	A simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed for the determination of lorazepam (LZP) in human plasma, using oxazepam (OZP) as internal standard. LZP and OZP were extracted from alkalinized (pH 9.5) spiked and clinical plasma samples using a single step liquid-liquid extraction with a mixture of n-hexane-dichloromethane (70:30%; v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed-phase Synergi ® Max RP analytical column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.; 4 μm particle size), using an aqueous mobile phase (10 mM KH2PO 4 buffer (pH 2.4)-acetonitrile; 65:35%, v/v) delivered at a flow-rate of 2.5 ml/min. Retention times for OZP and LZP were 10.2 and 11.9 min, respectively. Calibration curves were linear from 10 to 300 ng with correlation coefficients (r2) better than 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 2.5 and 10 ng/ml, respectively, using 0.5 ml samples. The mean relative recoveries at 20 and 300 ng/ml were 84.1 ± 5.5% (n = 6) and 72.4 ± 5.9% (n = 7), respectively; for OZP at 200 ng the value was 68.2 ± 6.8% (n = 14). The intra-assay relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) at 20, 150 and 270 ng/ml of LZP were 7.8%, 9.8% (n = 7 in all cases) and 6.6% (n = 8), respectively. The inter-assay R.S.D. at the above concentrations were 15.9%, 7.7% and 8.4% (n = 7 in all cases), respectively. Intra- and inter-assay accuracy data were within the acceptance interval of ±20% of the nominal values. There was no interference from other commonly co-administered anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, and antimalarial drugs. The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of LZP in children with severe malaria and convulsions following administration of a single intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg body weight) of LZP.	Analysis in plasma; Children; High-performance liquid chromatography; Lorazepam; Pharmacokinetics	Bioassay; Concentration (process); Drug products; High performance liquid chromatography; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmas; Separation; Solvent extraction; Analysis in plasma; Children; Lorazepam; Oxazepam (OZP); Ultraviolet detectors; acetonitrile; analgesic agent; anticonvulsive agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial agent; antipyretic agent; artesunate; buffer; chloramphenicol; chloramphenicol hemisuccinate; chloroquine; cycloguanil; diazepam; dichloromethane; fosphenytoin sodium; gentamicin; hexane; lorazepam; midazolam; oxazepam; paracetamol; penicillin G; phenobarbital; phenytoin; potassium derivative; proguanil; pyrimethamine; quinine; salicylic acid; sulfadoxine; accuracy; alkalinity; article; calibration; child; controlled study; correlation coefficient; drug blood level; drug determination; drug isolation; flow rate; human; liquid liquid extraction; particle size; priority journal; reproducibility; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; ultraviolet radiation; Anticonvulsants; Calibration; Child; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lorazepam; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Artesunate; Cinchona pubescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049094353	Can crops be irrigated with sodium bicarbonate rich CBM deep aquifer water? Theoretical and field evaluation	Beletse Y.G., Annandale J.G., Steyn J.M., Hall I., Aken M.E.	2008	Ecological Engineering	33	1	10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.12.011	Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Anglo Coal Project Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa; Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa	Beletse, Y.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Annandale, J.G., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Steyn, J.M., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Hall, I., Anglo Coal Project Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa; Aken, M.E., Anglo Coal Environmental Services, Private Bag X9, Leraatsfontein 1038, South Africa	A simulation modelling exercise, followed by field trials was carried out to assess the suitability of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) rich water obtained from dewatering for extraction of methane gas from coal beds in the Limpopo Province, Republic of South Africa. This water has a very high EC of 750 mS m-1, which according to FAO water quality guidelines would suit only salt tolerant crops. Modelled crop growth at a leaching fraction (LF) of 23% using the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model gave root zone salinity (ECe) between 857 and 981 mS m-1, and a 90% potential crop yield. In the field trials, barley, Italian ryegrass and Bermuda grass were successfully grown in a loamy sand soil without leaf burn and toxicity problems, but cotton foliage was scorched when sprinkler irrigated. Drip emitter discharge rate decreased from 3.99 ± 0.15 to 3.5 ± 0.19 l h-1, suggesting that clogging will be problematic with micro irrigation. SWB gave a good estimation of the suitability of this NaHCO3 rich water in the theoretical assessment, which was similar to the experimental findings. SWB, therefore, is a useful tool for assessing the suitability of NaHCO3 deep aquifer water for irrigation of agricultural crops. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Irrigation; Long term; Mine water; Modelling; NaHCO3; Salt tolerance; SWB model	Extraction; Irrigation; Mathematical models; Methane; Mine water; Salt tolerance; SWB model; Sodium compounds; Extraction; Irrigation; Mathematical models; Methane; Sodium compounds; aquifer; barley; bicarbonate; coal seam; crop yield; growth; irrigation; methane; mine; salinity tolerance; sodium; toxicity; water quality; Africa; Limpopo; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Cynodon dactylon; Gossypium hirsutum; Hordeum; Lolium multiflorum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862204081	Fuel gas blending benchmark for economic performance evaluation of advanced control and state estimation	Ricker N.L., Muller C.J., Craig I.K.	2012	Journal of Process Control	22	6	10.1016/j.jprocont.2012.05.001	Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Sasol Solvents RSA, Sasolburg, South Africa; Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Ricker, N.L., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Muller, C.J., Sasol Solvents RSA, Sasolburg, South Africa, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Craig, I.K., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	A simulation of a fuel gas blending process and its measurement system is proposed as a benchmark test case for advanced control and state estimation. The simulation represents an industrial facility and employs a well-established software environment. The objective is to maintain four controlled variables within specified bounds while minimizing an economic performance index. The controlled variables are the fuel gas pressure and three measures of gas quality. Six feed gas flow rates may be adjusted to achieve the objective. Each has a limited availability. The benchmark consists of three reproducible scenarios, each a 46-h period during which 23 discrete upsets occur and the feed gas compositions vary gradually with time. A benchmark multi-loop feedforward-feedback structure is described, tested, and compared to an estimate of optimal performance. The operating cost provided by the benchmark controller is from 1.19 to 1.71 times higher than the estimated minimum. Readers are challenged to download the simulation model, benchmark controller and estimated optimal performance from the URL given in this paper, and to devise case studies of advanced state estimation and control strategies to better the proposed benchmark controller. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Advanced control; Model predictive control; MPC; Nonlinear control; Nonlinear programming; Ratio control; Real-time optimization; RTO	Advanced control; MPC; Non linear control; Ratio control; Real-time optimization; RTO; Blending; Computer simulation; Computer software; Controllers; Fuels; Gases; Model predictive control; Nonlinear programming; Optimization; Predictive control systems; State estimation; Benchmarking	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147181637	Evaluation of the partec flow cytometer against the BD FACSCalibur system for monitoring immune responses of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Zimbabwe	Manasa J., Musabaike H., Masimirembwa C., Burke E., Luthy R., Mudzori J.	2007	Clinical and Vaccine Immunology	14	3	10.1128/CVI.00416-06	National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Harare, Zimbabwe; African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe; Connaught Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; COMFORCE Corporation, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Molecular Diagnostics Unit, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe	Manasa, J., African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe, Molecular Diagnostics Unit, African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, P.O. Box 2294, Harare, Zimbabwe; Musabaike, H., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Harare, Zimbabwe; Masimirembwa, C., African Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Harare, Zimbabwe; Burke, E., COMFORCE Corporation, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Luthy, R., Connaught Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudzori, J., National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), Harare, Zimbabwe	A single-platform volumetric flow cytometer, the Partec Cyflow SL_3, was evaluated against a BD FACSCalibur/ Sysmex XT1800i dual platform for measuring CD4+ lymphocytes, total lymphocytes, and the percentage of CD4 lymphocytes in whole-blood samples for monitoring the immune systems of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients. Statistical analyses for precision, correlation, and agreement were performed. Coefficients of variation (CV) of 5.8, 4.6, and 3.9% were obtained for low, medium, and high CD4+ cell counts, respectively, using the SL_3, and CV of 3.7, 4.0, and 0.94 were obtained for the same categories, using the BD FACSCalibur. Significant correlations (P &lt; 0.005) between the two assays for CD4 counts, total lymphocyte counts, and percentages of CD4 were obtained, with correlation coefficients of 0.99, 0.96, and 0.99, respectively (n = 229). Using the Bland-Altman plot, mean biases of -18 cell/μl (95% confidence interval (CI); -91 to 54 cells/μl), -0.8% (95% CI; -3.6 to 2%), and -36.8 cells/μl (95% CI; -477 to 404 cells/μl) were obtained for comparisons of CD4 counts, percentages of CD4 cells, and total lymphocyte counts, respectively. The effects of the age of the samples on the three parameters were also analyzed by comparing results from the same samples analyzed at 6, 24, and 48 h after collection. The correlation coefficients for comparisons among different time points for the same machine and among all the time points for the two different machines were greater than 0.90. These data showed that the Partec Cyflow SL_3 assay is comparable to the BD FACSCalibur/Sysmex XT1800i dual-platform method for measuring the amount of CD4+ cells and total lymphocytes and the percentages of CD4 cells in blood samples for the purpose of monitoring HIV/AIDS patients. Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	accuracy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; device; flow cytometer; flow cytometry; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; patient monitoring; priority journal; Zimbabwe; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; Humans; Lymphocyte Count	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958058265	Evaluation of the growth performance of snails fed different forages under intensive management	Odo B.I., Orji A.C.	2010	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	9	6	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	Odo, B.I., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria; Orji, A.C., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria	A six-week old experiment was conducted during the early rainy season of the year to investigate the growth performance of snails fed different forages under intensive rearing. The different forages used in the study constituted the treatment groups and they included: Fluted pumpkin (Telferia occidentalis) leaves (TA), African Spinach (Amaranthus sinensis) leaves (TB), Pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves (TC) and formulated mash (TD). Thirty two (32) snails of 3 weeks old were divided into the four treatment groups of eight (8) snails each in a completely randomized design. Each treatment group was replicated twice. Result of data analysis showed that there was significant difference (p&lt;0.05) in all the parameters studied which included feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and shell length increase. Feed intake was highest in TA followed by TC and then TD. The highest weight gain recorded in TD differed significantly (p&lt;0.05) with those of TA and Tb. There was no statistical difference between TA and TC. Feed conversion ratio was highest in TB followed by TC and least in TD. Shell length increase was significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in the TBthan the other treatment groups that showed no statistical difference with each other. With TA and TC giving the highest weight gain after TD and high overall feed intake, it may be advisable that heliculturists should use fluted pumpkin or Paw paw leaves in intensive snail rearing. Use of formulated ration may only be in time of forage shortages as may be occasioned by seasonal changes. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	African giant snails; Forages; Growth performance; Intensive rearing	Amaranthus; Amaranthus sinensis; animal experiment; article; body growth; controlled study; feeding behavior; food analysis; food composition; food intake; forage; forage quality; growth rate; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; nutritional value; papaya; plant leaf; pumpkin; seasonal variation; snail; Telferia occidentalis; weight gain; Amaranthus; Amaranthus cruentus; Asimina triloba; Carica papaya; Gastropoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84961333167	Radiological impact of oil spilled environment: A case study of the Eriemu well 13 and 19 oil spillage in Ughelli region of delta state, Nigeria	Agbalagba O.E., Meindinyoc R.K.	2010	Indian Journal of Science and Technology	3	9	10.17485/ijst/2010/v3i9/29876	University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	Agbalagba, O.E., University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Meindinyoc, R.K., University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, Bayelsa State College of Education, Okpoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria	A six years of radiation impact assessment in an oil spillage environment and the host communities in Ughelli region of delta state have been conducted, using a digilert nuclear radiation monitor meter and a geographical positioning system (GPS). Measurements were made in 20 sites, 6 host communities and a control sample spread across the affected area. Measured average location values ranged between 0.010 mRh-1 (0.532 mSv y-1) to 0.019 mRh-1(1.010 mSv y-1). The yearly exposure rate ranged between 0.013±0.006 mRh-1(0.692±0.080 mSvy-1) to 0.016±0.005 mRh-1 (0.851±0.100 mSv y-1) in the oil spillage area. The host communities' values ranged between 0.011 mRh-1(0.585 mSv y-1) to 0.015 mRh-1(0.798 mSv y-1) with an average value of 0.010 mRh-1(0.532 mSv y-1) recorded at the control sample. The radiation levels within these oil spillage areas and the host communities were of 55% and 33.3% respectively above the normal background level of 0.013 mRh-1. The average equivalent dose rate obtained was higher than the 0.478 ηSv/y normal background level but was within the safe limit of 0.05 Sv y-1 recommended by ICRP and NCRP. These values obtained will not pose any immediate radiological health hazard to the host communities and workers within this environment. © Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee).	Oil spillage; Radiological impact; Ughelli region; Well 13 and 19	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955583128	Expeditious synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2,N 6-disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-diamines as potential antimalarials	Gravestock D., Rousseau A.L., Lourens A.C.U., Moleele S.S., Van Zyl R.L., Steenkamp P.A.	2011	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	46	6	10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.02.054	Discovery Chemistry, CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Gravestock, D., Discovery Chemistry, CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rousseau, A.L., Discovery Chemistry, CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa, Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lourens, A.C.U., Discovery Chemistry, CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Moleele, S.S., Discovery Chemistry, CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Zyl, R.L., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; Steenkamp, P.A., Discovery Chemistry, CSIR Biosciences, Private Bag X2, Modderfontein 1645, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa	A small set of novel 2,N6-disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5- triazine-4,6-diamines was prepared possessing a flexible tether between the exocyclic nitrogen bonded to C-6 of the 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-diamine heterocycle and the distal aryl ring. Three zones were varied in this series of compounds, namely the nature of the substituent(s) on C-2; the nature of the substituent(s) on the distal aryl ring; as well as the nature and length of the flexible tether between the rings. The compound showing the best antimalarial activity (cycloguanil-resistant FCR-3 Plasmodium falciparum IC50 = 0.99 μM) was N6-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)propyl)-2-(furan-2-yl)-1,2- dihydro-1,3,5-triazine-4,6-diamine hydrochloride. © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.	2,N6-Disubstituted 1,2-dihydro-1,3,5- triazine-4,6-diamine; Antimalarial; Biguanide; Cycloguanil; FCR-3 Plasmodium falciparum strain	2 phenyl n 6 (3 (2,4,6 trichlorophenoxy)propyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; 4,6 diamino 1,2 dihydro 2,2 dimethyl 1 [3 (2,4,5 trichlorophenoxy)propoxy] 1,3,5 triazine; antimalarial agent; cycloguanil; diamine derivative; n 4 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 1,3,5 triazaspiro[5.5]undeca 1,3 diene 2,4 diamine; n 4 benzyl 1,3,5 triazaspiro[5.5]undeca 1,3 diene 2,4 diamine; n 6 (3 (2 fluorophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (2,4 dichlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (3,4 dichlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (2 chlorophenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (4 (dimethylaminol)phenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (4 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (4 fluorophenyl)1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (4 methoxyphenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (4 nitrophenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 (furan 2 yl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 cyclohexyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2,2 dimethyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenylthio)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 chlorophenylthio)propyl) 2,2 dimethyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 methoxyphenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3 (4 nitrrophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3,4 dichlorophenethyl) 2 (4 fluorophenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (3,4 dichlorophenethyl) 2 (4 nitrophenyl) 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (4 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (4 chlorophenethyl) 2,2 dimethyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 (5 (4 chlorophenoxy)propyl) 2 phenyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; n 6 benzyl 2,2 dimethyl 1,2 dihydro 1,3,5 triazine 4,6 diamine; unclassified drug; antimalarial activity; article; binding site; drug synthesis; erythrocyte; hemolysis; IC 50; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; substitution reaction; Antimalarials; Molecular Structure; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triazines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28044456323	Performance of a solar dryer with limited sun tracking capability	Mwithiga G., Kigo S.N.	2006	Journal of Food Engineering	74	2	10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.03.018	Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwithiga, G., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya; Kigo, S.N., Biomechanical and Environmental Engineering Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya	A small solar dryer with limited sun tracking capabilities was designed and tested. The dryer had a mild steel absorber plate and a polyvinyl chloride (pvc) transparent cover and could be adjusted to track the sun in increments of 15°. The performance was tested by adjusting the angle the dryer made with the horizontal either once, three, five or nine times a day when either loaded with coffee beans or under no load conditions. The temperature distribution in the plenum and also the drying rate of parchment coffee were determined. The temperature inside the plenum chamber could reach a maximum of 70.4 °C and the dryer could lower the moisture content of coffee beans from 54.8% to below 13% (w.b.) in 2 days as opposed to the 5-7 days required in sun drying. Tracking the sun though allowing a faster rate of drying did not offer a significant advantage in terms of length of drying duration. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coffee; Drying; Solar dryer; Temperature distribution; Tracking	Drying; Food products; Moisture; Plates (structural components); Polyvinyl chlorides; Steel; Sun; Temperature distribution; Coffee; Steel absorber plates; Sun drying; Tracking; Solar dryers; Phaseolus (angiosperm)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952616146	Computerised information systems: Comparison of relative impacts on planned project duration within a multi-project environment	Govender S., Steyn H.	2008	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	19	1	None	Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Govender, S., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, H., Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, South Africa	As more organisations acquire project management computerised information systems (CIS) to ensure the efficient scheduling of projects, there is increasing interest in the extent to which various CIS contribute to a reduction in planned project duration. However, there seems to be no empirical research that suggests that CIS have a positive impact on planned duration or how relative impacts could vary when different CIS are implemented. This paper reports on experimental research that evaluates and draws comparisons between the relative impacts of three CIS on planned project delivery within a specific, real, multi-project environment, and investigates the reasons for such variations.	None	Efficient scheduling; Empirical research; Experimental research; Multi-project environment; Project delivery; Project duration; Relative impact; Information systems; Project management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954241978	Developing and validating a measure of monitoring and evaluation for the South Africa skills development context	Tshilongamulenzhe M.C.	2015	Foundations of Management	7	1	10.1515/fman-2015-0039	University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Tshilongamulenzhe, M.C., University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	As nations around the world grapple with the deepening challenge of skills crunch, policies, strategies and interventions are being devised to develop and retain a competitive workforce. South Africa is not spared from the global talent war, and the persistence of skills shortages across most economic sectors makes the country vulnerable economically and socially. Legislative instruments and strategies were formulated and implemented to ameliorate the situation, but scientific evidence suggests a looming crisis due to poor monitoring and evaluation systems regarding the success of these instruments and strategies. This study develops and validates a monitoring and evaluation (ME) scale for the South African skills development context. A quantitative nonexperimental cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from 557 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software (version 23.0). The findings show that the ME scale is scientifically valid and reliable and can be used with confidence in the South African skills development context. The findings provide scope for a validation study on an independent sample, and an evaluation of structural invariance of the ME scale across sample subgroups.	Apprenticeship; Evaluation; Learnership; Monitoring; Occupational learning; Skills development	None	None
WoS	WOS:000290069600013	Monitoring Indicators of Living Conditions in a South African Urban Community	Moller, Valerie,Phillips, R,Radloff, Sarah,RAHTZ, D,SIRGY, MJ	2011	COMMUNITY QUALITY-OF-LIFE INDICATORS: BEST CASES V	3	None	10.1007/978-94-007-0535-7_13	Rhodes University	"Moller, Valerie: Rhodes University","Radloff, Sarah: Rhodes University"	A social indicators community project was launched in 1999 to monitor changing living standards in Rhini, a low-income suburb of Grahamstown, Makana Municipality, South Africa. Since 1994, under democratic rule, considerable progress has been made in service delivery to the formerly disadvantaged in South African society in terms of access to housing, infrastructure, and a social safety net to mitigate the high rate of unemployment. Results from two representative cross-sectional household surveys (n862/n1,020) conducted in 1999 and 2007 in Rhini demonstrate major changes in material living standards. However, these increases are not reflected in assessments of the household situation. Results are discussed against the background of rising expectations and social policy under democracy. It is concluded that income and employment poverty might dilute gains from higher material living standards. Further research using panel-study data is needed to demonstrate the lasting effects of service delivery on perceived quality of life in South Africa.	,INSTRUMENT,NEEDS,QUALITY-OF-LIFE,"SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84956610269	Comparative evaluation of the performance of an improved solar-biomass hybrid dryer	Okoroigwe E.C., Ndu E.C., Okoroigwe F.C.	2015	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	26	4	None	National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nige	Okoroigwe, E.C., National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ndu, E.C., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okoroigwe, F.C., Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A solar biomass hybrid dryer intially designed with a front pass flat plate solar air heater and a biomass heating stove was redesigned, reconstructed in order to minimize the excessive convective heat losses and its performance re-evaluated. Due to poor design and contruction of the biomass heating and solar collector sections, the efficiency of the initial design was low. It is believed that the drying efficiency of the dryer could be enhanced if a back pass solar collector and a biomass heating stove incorporated with a gas to gas heat exchanger to ensure that the hot air reaching the samples is clean, smokeless and ash free, substitute for the original solar collector and biomass unit respectively in the improved version. The system's drying performance was tested on both no load and full capacity load under different meteorological conditions within Nsukka (Lat. 7°N) for two weeks. The testing results showed that the incorporation of a new back pass solar collector and the heat exchanger enhanced the trays temperatures on no load test. Similarly, the efficiency of the dryer based on solar, biomass and solarbiomass heating in drying of fresh okra, fresh groundnut and fresh cassava chips increased from 5.19-16.04%, 0.23-3.34% and 1.636-8.96% respectively over the initial construction. This shows that the dryer can help improve the post-harvest processing and storage quality of farm produce by drying if further optimized.	Biomass hybrid dryer; Drying efficiency; Drying rate; Post-harvest processing; Solar	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954635387	Performance of solar chimney power plant in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau	Zhou X., Wang F., Fan J., Ochieng R.M.	2010	Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews	14	8	10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.017	Department of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Department of Physics and Materials Science, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya	Zhou, X., Department of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Hubei Key Laboratory for Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Wang, F., Department of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Hubei Key Laboratory for Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Fan, J., Hubei Key Laboratory for Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China; Ochieng, R.M., Department of Physics and Materials Science, Maseno University, P.O. Box 333, Maseno, Kenya	A solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is proposed to be built in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau where there is abundant solar radiation, high direct solar radiation low atmospheric temperature, large diurnal temperature range, and lots of salt lakes working as heat storage system, which can help to improve the power output of SCPP. The plant is expected to power local railway traffic lines and act as a solar power base to supply power for national development. The performance of the SCPP that will be built in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is analyzed and power potential estimated by developing a simple mathematical model. It is found that SCPP if built in the plateau can produce twice more power than an SCPP built on the same latitude of other regions. The yearly power potential for SCPP in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is estimated to be 86.8 million TJ. When 10-20% of the plateau land is used for the SCPP, the yearly power output may reach 8.7 million TJ to 17.4 million TJ, accounting for 10.7-21.3% of China's energy consumption in 2008 which stood at 81.6 million TJ. It is found that the SCPP in the plateau can support local and national development together with other renewable energy resources such as hydroelectric power and wind power. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.	Power generation; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Solar chimney; Solar collector	Direct solar radiation; Diurnal temperature ranges; Energy consumption; Heat storage systems; National development; Power out put; Power potential; Qinghai Tibet plateau; Railway traffic; Salt lakes; Solar chimney; Solar chimney power plant; Solar power; Energy resources; Heat storage; Hydroelectric power; Mathematical models; Power plants; Solar collectors; Solar heating; Solar radiation; Sun; Wind power; Solar chimneys	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875606671	Design and performance assessment of a flat-plate solar milk pasteurizer for arid pastoral areas of kenya	Wayua F.O., Okoth M.W., Wangoh J.	2013	Journal of Food Processing and Preservation	37	2	10.1111/j.1745-4549.2011.00628.x	National Arid Lands Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 147, Marsabit 60500, Kenya; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	Wayua, F.O., National Arid Lands Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 147, Marsabit 60500, Kenya; Okoth, M.W., Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Wangoh, J., Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya	A solar milk pasteurizer consisting of flat-plate water-heating collector and a 1.5-mm thick stainless steel cylindrical milk vat was designed and tested in an arid pastoral area of northern Kenya. The milk vat had a capacity of 80L and a 50-mm wide hot water jacket insulated with 38-mm thick fiberglass. Hot water produced by the collector was used for pasteurizing milk. The optimum quantity of milk that could be pasteurized by this device under the study conditions was 40L, and the average temperature difference between hot water and milk being pasteurized was 8.1±1.4C. Total bacterial counts in pasteurized milk were less than 10cfu/mL while coliform counts were negative. This low-cost solar milk pasteurizer is appropriate for arid pastoral areas without grid electricity, where milk marketing is an important income source, and where most of the milk is boiled using firewood. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	None	Flat plate; Grid electricity; Income sources; Marketing IS; Pasteurized milk; Performance assessment; Temperature differences; Total bacterial count; Water; Pasteurization; Bacteria (microorganisms); Lycium andersonii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71749096148	Evaluation of copper speciation in model solutions of humic acid by mini-columns packed with Chelex-100 and new chelating agents: Application to speciation of selected heavy metals in environmental water samples	Kiptoo J.K., Ngila J.C., Silavwe N.D.	2009	Journal of Hazardous Materials	172	42403	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.119	Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Priv. Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Swaziland, P/Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland	Kiptoo, J.K., Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Ngila, J.C., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Priv. Bag X54001, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Silavwe, N.D., Department of Chemistry, University of Swaziland, P/Bag 4, Kwaluseni, Swaziland	A solid-phase extraction procedure using mini-columns packed with Chelex-100 and two new chelating agents based on poly(vinyl chloride) functionalized with 3-ferrocenyl-3-hydroxydithioacrylic acid and N,N′-[1,1′-dithiobis(ethylene)]-bis(salicylideneimine) (H2sales) loaded on microcrystalline naphthalene, is reported. The columns were used to separate labile copper fractions in model solutions and in real samples with subsequent determination using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Various model solutions containing 20 μg L-1 of Cu2+ and 0.0, 0.2, 2.0 and 20.0 mg L-1 of humic acid, respectively, and buffered to pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 were considered. Results showed a decrease in labile copper fraction with increase in humic acid concentration. Application of the procedure to speciation of Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb in various environmental water samples yielded labile fractions in the range of 1.67-55.75% against a total dissolved fraction of 44.08-69.77%. Comparison of the three chelating agents showed that H2sales had a weaker metal chelating strength than Chelex-100, but PVC-FSSH had comparable chelating strength to Chelex-100. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	3-Ferrocenyl-3-hydroxydithioacrylic acid; Chelating agent; Chelex-100; Labile metal fraction; N,N′-[1,1′-dithiobis(ethylene)]-bis(salicylideneimine)	3-Ferrocenyl-3-hydroxydithioacrylic acid; Chelating agent; Chelex-100; Ferrocenyl; Labile metals; Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Biological materials; Chelation; Chlorine compounds; Copper; Dissolution; Enzyme immobilization; Ethylene; Heavy water; Lead; Metal recovery; Metals; Naphthalene; Organic acids; Polyvinyl chlorides; Zinc; Extraction; 3 ferrocenyl 3 hydroxydithioacrylic acid; chelating agent; copper; humic acid; lead; n,n' [1,1' dithiobis(ethylene)]bis(salicylideneimine); naphthalene; nickel; polyvinylchloride; river water; unclassified drug; zinc; aqueous solution; chelation; copper; extraction method; humic acid; speciation (chemistry); article; atomic absorption spectrometry; chelation; complex formation; concentration (parameters); controlled study; dissolution; heavy metal removal; metal binding; metal extraction; pH; solid phase extraction; waste water; water treatment; Chelating Agents; Copper; Environmental Remediation; Humic Substances; Ion Exchange; Metals, Heavy; Polyvinyl Chloride; Resins, Synthetic; Solid Phase Extraction; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897471101	Using evaluation as action research: Reflections on teaching practice using Brookfield's four lenses model	Ndebele C.	2014	Anthropologist	17	2	None	Centre for Higher Education Teaching and Learning, University of Venda, P. Bag. X 5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	Ndebele, C., Centre for Higher Education Teaching and Learning, University of Venda, P. Bag. X 5050, Thohoyandou, South Africa	As one goes about the process of teaching there is need to sit down after every session and take stock of the proceedings with a view to identifying what went well and what might need further improvement Four lenses that teachers could use to critically reflect on their practice are discussed in this article: eliciting evaluation from students, peer evaluation, research and theory and our own autobiographies as learners and teachers. To some extent academics are all prisoners trapped within the perceptual frameworks that determine how they view their experiences and in order to break away from this prison there is need to engage in critical reflection. In this article, through a qualitative analysis of student evaluation data, peer feedback and relevant literature; The researcher shares his reflection on his practice through experimenting with the four lenses at a historically disadvantaged university.What emerged from the reflective exercise is that looking beyond one's own self to others for their views on one's practice does indeed enrich one's knowledge and helps to improve practice. Colleagues, the literature and students can indeed serve as critical mirrors reflecting back to lecturers' images of their actions that often take them by surprise. © Kamla-Raj 2014.	Autobiography; Feedback; Peer review; Relevant literature; Student eyes; Triangulation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955820304	The impact of geographic expansion on intended identity of an organisation	Spittal R.D., Abratt R.	2009	Journal of General Management	35	3	None	Dean, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies, Olivet Nazarene University, Illinois, United States; Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, United States; Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Spittal, R.D., Dean, School of Graduate and Continuing Studies, Olivet Nazarene University, Illinois, United States; Abratt, R., Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, United States, Wits Business School, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	As organisations grow and expand past their operational headquarters, individual branches may reflect a different identity than that of the headquarters. The question then is, 'Is senior management able to transcend geographical boundaries and communicate the identity that has shaped their strategy for the organisation?.' The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of geographical expansion on the reflected perceptions of internal stakeholders related to the organisation's intended identity as defined by the senior management. The authors review the literature on identity in relation to image and reputation in order to seek answers to this question. The paper concludes with four propositions that need to be tested empirically in the future.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922781289	Isolation of aspalathin and nothofagin from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) using high-performance countercurrent chromatography: Sample loading and compound stability considerations	de Beer D., Malherbe C.J., Beelders T., Willenburg E.L., Brand D.J., Joubert E.	2015	Journal of Chromatography A	1381	None	10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.078	Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Food Science Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa	de Beer, D., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Malherbe, C.J., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Beelders, T., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Food Science Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa; Willenburg, E.L., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Brand, D.J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa; Joubert, E., Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Food Science Department, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland (Stellenbosch), South Africa	Aspalathin and nothofagin, the major dihydrochalcones in rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), are valuable bioactive compounds, but their bioactivity has not been fully elucidated. Isolation of these compounds using high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC), a gentle, support-free, up-scalable technique, offers an alternative to synthesis for obtaining sufficient amounts. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to allow rapid (16min from injection to injection) quantification of the four major compounds (aspalathin, nothofagin, isoorientin, orientin) during development of the isolation protocol. The traditional shake-flask method, used to determine distribution constants (KD) for target compounds, was also adapted to obtain higher repeatability. Green rooibos leaves with a high aspalathin and nothofagin content were selected as source material. Sample loading of the polyphenol-enriched extract was limited due to constituents with emulsifying properties, but could be increased by removing ethanol-insoluble matter. Furthermore, problems with degradation of aspalathin during HPCCC separation and further processing could be limited by acidifying the HPCCC solvent system. Aspalathin was shown to be fairly stable at pH 3 (91% remaining after 29h) compared to pH 7 (45% remaining after 29h). Aspalathin and nothofagin with high purities (99% and 100%, respectively) were obtained from HPCCC fractions after semi-preparative HPLC. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Aspalathin; Countercurrent chromatography; Nothofagin; Rooibos; Sample stability; Semi-preparative HPLC	Chromatography; Emulsification; Liquid chromatography; Aspalathin; Countercurrent chromatography; Nothofagin; Rooibos; Semi-preparative HPLC; Loading; alcohol; aspalathin; chemical compound; isoorientin; nothofagin; orientin; phenol derivative; polyphenol; unclassified drug; aspalathin; chalcone derivative; flavonoid; glucoside; luteolin; nothofagin; plant extract; Article; chemical procedures; controlled study; counter current chromatography; degradation kinetics; diode array detection; emulsion; high performance countercurrent chromatography; high performance liquid chromatography; measurement repeatability; pH measurement; phase separation; structure analysis; Aspalathus; chemistry; counter current chromatography; electrospray mass spectrometry; isolation and purification; plant leaf; Aspalathus linearis; Aspalathus; Chalcones; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Countercurrent Distribution; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Luteolin; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645987566	Evaluation of morpho-agronomic variability of wild and cultivated kola (Cola species Schott et Endl.) in South Western Nigeria	Adebola P.O., Morakinyo J.A.	2006	Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution	53	4	10.1007/s10722-004-3558-1	Plant Breeding Group, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Plant Science Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Adebola, P.O., Plant Breeding Group, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, PMB 5244, Ibadan, Nigeria; Morakinyo, J.A., Plant Science Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	As part of a breeding programme, exploration and systematic selection exercise of kola (Cola spp.) was carried out in Nigeria from the large number of kola populations in the country based mainly on yield and various nut characteristics. The exercise gave rise to a collection of many accessions of the genus including five wild species that are currently being maintained in field genebanks of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Gambari experimental station, Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan. In order to fully exploit the variability in these plants for genetic improvement, the plants were characterized and their morphological variability described. A list of descriptors, developed by International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) for Avocado, with modifications was employed recording 60 descriptors consisting of 33 qualitative and 27 quantitative characters. The characterization data revealed enormous morphological variability among the plants studied and have strong bearing on the taxonomy of the groups. The result also confirmed that the wild species of Cola form a special group with enormous agronomic traits that are yet to be exploited in kola breeding. Wild species identified with high nut and pod numbers, thick indehiscent pods and fruit size uniformity is recommended for use in interspecific hybridization programme. © Springer 2006.	Cola species; Genetic improvement; Germplasm evaluation; Morphological variability; Utilization potential; Wild relatives	agronomy; breeding; cultivation; perennial plant; plant community; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Cola; Cola acuminata; Persea americana; Theobroma cacao	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66349125904	Impacts of balanced nutrient management systems technologies in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria	Akinola A.A., Alene A.D., Adeyemo R., Sanogo D., Olanrewaju A.S.	2009	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	7	2	None	Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi; International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria	Akinola, A.A., Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Alene, A.D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi; Adeyemo, R., Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sanogo, D., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olanrewaju, A.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria	As part of a major effort to address soil fertility decline in West Africa, a project on balanced nutrient management systems (BNMS) has been implemented in the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of Nigeria. The project tested and promoted two major technology packages: a combined application of inorganic fertilizer and manure (BNMS-manure) and a soybean/maize rotation practice (BNMS-rotation). This study used two-stage least squares regression models to examine the socio-economic impacts of the BNMS technologies on household incomes and food security of the adopting farmers. Results showed that average crop yields for maize, sorghum and soybean increased by more than 200% in the villages covered by the project. Among the adopters, the gross margin per ha from maize production was highest for the adopters of BNMS-rotation and lowest for adopters using inorganic fertilizer only. The two-stage least squares regression estimates indicated that increases in farm income due to adoption of BNMS technologies led to an increase of both calorie and protein intake of adopters. An additional one ha of land under BNMS-manure stimulates an increase in food expenditure by about 52%, while a similar change in land area under BNMS-rotation increases food expenditure by 128%.	BNMS-manure; BNMS-rotation; Nigeria; Northern Guinea savanna; West Africa	fertilizer; protein; agricultural worker; article; caloric intake; crop; crop production; food security; Guinea; harvest; household; income; maize; manure; Nigeria; nutrient management; protein intake; savanna; socioeconomics; sorghum; soybean; technology; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349774229	Pentacyclo-undecane derived cyclic tetra-amines: Synthesis and evaluation as potent anti-tuberculosis agents	Onajole O.K., Govender K., Govender P., van Helden P.D., Kruger H.G., Maguire G.E.M., Muthusamy K., Pillay M., Wiid I., Govender T.	2009	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	44	11	10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.07.015	School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Onajole, O.K., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Govender, K., Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Govender, P., Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; van Helden, P.D., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kruger, H.G., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Maguire, G.E.M., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Muthusamy, K., Department of Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Wiid, I., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Govender, T., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	As part of an ongoing effort to develop highly potent anti-tuberculosis agents, fourteen pentacyclo-undecane (PCU) tetra-amine compounds were synthesized and screened for their in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity against two TB strains, H37Rv and XDR 194 [an extensively drug-resistant strain of tuberculosis]. Using the broth macrodilution method, nitrofuranylamide based compounds (6a and 6b) showed almost similar activities against the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis when compared with the control drug, ethambutol. N-Geranyl piperazine PCU (8a) and trans-trans farnesyl piperazine PCU (8b) were 3.2 and 3.7 times more potent than commercially available ethambutol. Both isoprenyl PCU tetra-amine derivatives and N-decyl piperazine PCU (9a) were highly active against the XDR 194 strain of tuberculosis with MICs in the range of 0.63-3.02 μM. Cytotoxicities (IC50) of isoprenyl based compounds (8a, 8b) and compound 9a were tested on a mammalian cell line [MDBK (Madin Darby bovine kidney epithelium)] with values of 30, 24 and 25 μM respectively. © 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	Isoprenyl; Pentacycloundecane; SQ109; XDR-tuberculosis (TB)	2 (aminomethyl)pyridine pentacyclo undecane; 5 nitrofuran 2 carbonyl homopiperazine pentacyclo undecane; 5 nitrofuran 2 carbonyl piperazine pentacyclo undecane; c10 piperazine pentacyclo undecane; c15 piperazine pentacyclo undecane; c20 piperazine pentacyclo undecane; ethambutol; n benzoyl piperazine pentacyclo undecane; n benzyl ethanolamine pentacyclo undecane; n benzyl homopiperazine pentacyclo undecane; n benzyl piperazine pentacyclo undecane; n farnesyl piperazine pentacyclo undecane; n geranyl piperazine pentacyclo undecane; pentacyclo undecane dihomopiperazine; pentacyclo undecane dipiperazine; tuberculostatic agent; unclassified drug; animal cell; article; broth dilution; controlled study; drug synthesis; IC 50; minimum inhibitory concentration; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; Alkanes; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cattle; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prenylation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949488600	Synthesis and evaluation of SQ109 analogues as potential anti-tuberculosis candidates	Onajole O.K., Govender P., Helden P.D.v., Kruger H.G., Maguire G.E.M., Wiid I., Govender T.	2010	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	45	5	10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.01.046	School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Onajole, O.K., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Govender, P., School of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Helden, P.D.v., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Kruger, H.G., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Maguire, G.E.M., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Wiid, I., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Govender, T., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	As part of an ongoing project to develop highly potent anti-tuberculosis therapeutics, six SQ109 derivatives were synthesized and screened in vitro for their anti-tuberculosis activity against the ATCC strain H37Rv and the extensively drug-resistant clinical strain XDR 173. Compound 16 with an extended alkene chain was the most active against both strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within a MIC range of 0.5-0.25 μM. Compound 12 and SQ109 were potent within a MIC range of 1-0.5 μM, whilst compound 18 displayed an activity within the MIC range of 0.5-2 μM against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	1,2 Cage diamine; Anti-tuberculosis (TB); SQ109; XDR	n (2 adamantyl) n' geranylethylenediamine; n (3,7 dimethyloctyl) n' (1 adamantyl)ethane 1,2 diamine; n (3,7 dimethyloctyl) n' (2 adamantyl)ethane 1,2 diamine; n (3,7,11 trimethyldodecyl) n' (2 adamantyl)ethane 1,2 diamine; n farnesyl n' (2 adamantyl)ethane 1,2 diamine; n geranyl n' (1 adamantyl)ethane 1,2 diamine; tuberculostatic agent; unclassified drug; antimicrobial activity; article; bacterial strain; drug potency; drug resistant tuberculosis; drug screening; drug structure; drug synthesis; in vitro study; minimum inhibitory concentration; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; structure activity relation; Adamantane; Antitubercular Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethylenediamines; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Stereoisomerism	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39749093887	Evaluation on potential of wild hosts as trap plants for managing gramineous stemborers in maize based-agroecosystem	Yewhalaw D., Getu E., Seyoum E.	2008	Journal of Economic Entomology	101	1	10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[50:EOPOWH]2.0.CO;2	Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Getu, E., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Seyoum, E., Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	As part of habitat management system to control cereal stemborers, various wild hosts used as trap plants were studied during the dry season from November 2003 to March 2004 at Melkassa, central Ethiopia. Five wild hosts of the family Poaceae [Pennisetum purpurum (Schumach), Sorghum vulgare variety sudanense (Pers.), Panicum coloratura L., Sorghum arundi-naceum Stapf, and Hyperrhania rufa (Nees)] were evaluated as trap plants in maize, Zea mays L.,-based agroecosystem. The results of the study showed that maize plots surrounded by all tested wild hosts had significantly lower mean percentage of foliage damage and stemborer density than maize monocrop plots 15 m away from the treatment blocks. Interestingly, mean foliar damage and stemborer density between maize plots surrounded by wild hosts and maize monocrop plots within the treatment blocks was not significant. Percentage of tunneled stalks was significantly greater in maize monocrop plots 15 m away from the treatment blocks than in maize plots surrounded by all tested wild host plant species. Moreover, the highest mean percentage of parasitism (62%) of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) was recorded in maize plots surrounded by P. purpureum. Therefore, the findings revealed that these wild hosts have considerable merit to be used as trap plants in the development of strategies for managing cereal stemborers in maize crops. © 2008 Entomological Society of America.	Cotesia flavipes; Maize; Stemborer; Trap plants; Wild hosts	animal; article; biological pest control; crop; ecosystem; Ethiopia; evaluation; growth, development and aging; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; maize; parasitology; physiology; Poaceae; population density; population dynamics; randomization; season; Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Ethiopia; Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera; Pest Control, Biological; Poaceae; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Random Allocation; Seasons; Zea mays; Chilo partellus; Cotesia flavipes; Panicum; Pennisetum; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Poaceae; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954197010	Study on the performance of different craniofacial superimposition approaches (I)	Ibáñez O., Vicente R., Navega D.S., Wilkinson C., Jayaprakash P.T., Huete M.I., Briers T., Hardiman R., Navarro F., Ruiz E., Cavalli F., Imaizumi K., Jankauskas R., Veselovskaya E., Abramov A., Lestón P., Molinero F., Cardoso J., Çağdir A.S., Humpire D.,	2015	Forensic Science International	257	None	10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.030	European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Spain; Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Forensic Sciences Centre (CENCIFOR), Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Science Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Physical Anthropology Laboratory, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; South Africa Police Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Legal Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Research Unit of Paleoradiology and Allied Sciences, Ospedali Riuniti di Trieste, Trieste, Italy; National Research lnstitute of Police Science, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation; Main Department of Criminalistics Investigation Committee of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation; Department of Identification - Criminalist Services, Civil Guard, Madrid, Spain; Crime scene investigation section, Forensic Laboratory, Portuguese Criminal Police, Lisbon, Portugal; Council of forensic medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Public Ministry, Lima, Peru; Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States; Laboratorio di Antropología e Odontologia Forense, University of Milan, Milan, Italy	Ibáñez, O., European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Spain, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Vicente, R., Forensic Sciences Centre (CENCIFOR), Coimbra, Portugal, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Navega, D.S., Forensic Sciences Centre (CENCIFOR), Coimbra, Portugal, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Wilkinson, C., Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Jayaprakash, P.T., Science Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia; Huete, M.I., Physical Anthropology Laboratory, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Briers, T., South Africa Police Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Hardiman, R., Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Navarro, F., Physical Anthropology Laboratory, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Ruiz, E., Legal Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Cavalli, F., Research Unit of Paleoradiology and Allied Sciences, Ospedali Riuniti di Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Imaizumi, K., National Research lnstitute of Police Science, Japan; Jankauskas, R., Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Veselovskaya, E., Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian Federation; Abramov, A., Main Department of Criminalistics Investigation Committee of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation; Lestón, P., Department of Identification - Criminalist Services, Civil Guard, Madrid, Spain; Molinero, F., Department of Identification - Criminalist Services, Civil Guard, Madrid, Spain; Cardoso, J., Crime scene investigation section, Forensic Laboratory, Portuguese Criminal Police, Lisbon, Portugal; Çağdir, A.S., Council of forensic medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Humpire, D., Public Ministry, Lima, Peru; Nakanishi, Y., Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Zeuner, A., Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Ross, A.H., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States; Gaudio, D., Laboratorio di Antropología e Odontologia Forense, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Damas, S., European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Spain	As part of the scientific tasks coordinated throughout The 'New Methodologies and Protocols of Forensic Identification by Craniofacial Superimposition (MEPROCS)' project, the current study aims to analyse the performance of a diverse set of CFS methodologies and the corresponding technical approaches when dealing with a common dataset of real-world cases. Thus, a multiple-lab study on craniofacial superimposition has been carried out for the first time. In particular, 26 participants from 17 different institutions in 13 countries were asked to deal with 14 identification scenarios, some of them involving the comparison of multiple candidates and unknown skulls. In total, 60 craniofacial superimposition problems divided in two set of females and males. Each participant follow her/his own methodology and employed her/his particular technological means. For each single case they were asked to report the final identification decision (either positive or negative) along with the rationale supporting the decision and at least one image illustrating the overlay/superimposition outcome. This study is expected to provide important insights to better understand the most convenient characteristics of every method included in this study. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	Craniofacial identification; Craniofacial superimposition; Forensic anthropology; MEPROCS	anthropometry; Article; computer aided design; controlled study; craniofacial superimposition technique; face; female; forensic identification; human; male; morphology; photography; physical anthropology; priority journal; reliability; skull	None
None	None	Impact of praziquantel mass drug administration campaign on prevalence and intensity of schistosoma haemamtobium among schoolchildren in Bahi district, Tanzania	Chaula S.A., Tarimo D.S.	2014	Tanzania Journal of Health Research	16	1	10.4314/thrb.v16i1.1	Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dodoma, Tanzania; School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Chaula, S.A., Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dodoma, Tanzania; Tarimo, D.S., School of Public Health and Social Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	As part of the Tanzania National Schistosomiasis Control Programme, Bahi district in central Tanzania, received two annual rounds of praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA) to control urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of the two rounds of MDA on prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haemamtobium and the impact of MDA campaigns on knowledge of urinary schistosomiasis, safe water use and contact with potentially unsafe water bodies. A quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out among schoolchildren in March and April, 2013. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on MDA uptake, knowledge of schistosomiasis, sources of water for domestic and other uses. Urine samples were collected from each pupil to examine prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium. Transmission of schistosomiasis was assessed by sampling Bulinus spp snails for cercarial shedding. Uptake of MDA was 39.5% in 2011 and 43.6% in 2012. Prevalence of S. haematobium significantly dropped by 50.0% from 26% in 2011 to 15% in 2012 (p = 0.000). Prevalence of S. haematobium was significantly low in MDA participating (3.1%) than non-participating (28.5%) schoolchildren (p = 0.000). MDA campaigns had significant impact on knowledge of the disease (p = 0.02) and borderline impact on safe water use (p = 0.04) but had no impact on avoidance of contact with unsafe water bodies (p = 0.06). Bulinus spp. snails were found shedding schistosome cercariae indicating environmental contamination with viable S. haematobium eggs. In conclusion, though MDA significantly reduced prevalence of S. haematobium, uptake was below 50.0% and below the World Health Assembly resolution 54.19 target of 75.0% for 2010. Non-participation in MDA was the likely source of S. haematobium eggs in the environment hence the observed 15.0% prevalence of S. haematobium infection; and cercarial shedding Bulinus spp. snails indicating continuity of transmission hence the need for further health promotion campaigns.	Mass drug administration; Praziquantel; Schoolchildren; Tanzania; Urinary schistosomiasis	lake water; praziquantel; river water; tap water; well water; anthelmintic agent; praziquantel; adolescent; adult; article; Bulinus; cercaria; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; health education; health promotion; human; major clinical study; male; microbial contamination; nonhuman; parasite prevalence; parasite transmission; schistosomiasis haematobia; structured questionnaire; Tanzania; urinalysis; water supply; animal; attitude to health; drug administration; parasitology; prevalence; questionnaire; Schistosoma haematobium; schistosomiasis haematobia; young adult; Adolescent; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Prevalence; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tanzania; Water Supply; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940197167	ICP-OES monitoring of the instability of [OsCl<inf>6</inf>]2- and Evaluation of [OsO<inf>2</inf>(CN)<inf>4</inf>]2- as alternative standard for osmium quantification	Chiweshe T.T., Purcell W., Venter J.A.	2015	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan	88	8	10.1246/bcsj.20150025	Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Chiweshe, T.T., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Purcell, W., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Venter, J.A., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, South Africa	A spectrometric method using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the determination of Os and the stability of (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>[OsCl<inf>6</inf>] standard was developed. Results obtained from this study showed a gradual decrease in Os recovery in the liquid reference material (RM) within 96 h of having prepared the calibration standards. The instability of the Os standard (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>[OsCl<inf>6</inf>] resulted in the decrease in Os percentage recoveries. The Os calibration plots shifted (gained or lost sensitivity) after every 24 h. This gain or loss in sensitivity also varied, depending on acid or base used. In acidic medium, the gain in sensitivity of the calibration curves increased from HCl < HBr < HF whilst in the basic medium, the calibration plots decreased in sensitivity from NaOH < KOH < NH<inf>4</inf>OH. The stable Cs<inf>2</inf>[OsO<inf>2</inf>(CN)<inf>4</inf>] compound was synthesized and evaluated for its suitability as osmium standard and it was determined to be a good alternative standard for Os analysis due to its excellent stability in HCl matrix and at room temperature. The optimum storage conditions for both Os standards (NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>[OsCl<inf>6</inf>] and Cs<inf>2</inf>[OsO<inf>2</inf>(CN)<inf>4</inf>] and the liquid RM analyte solutions were in the acidic medium (HCl), in the dark and at ca. 10°C. © 2015 The Chemical Society of Japan.	None	Calibration; Cesium; Inductively coupled plasma; Optical emission spectroscopy; Plasma diagnostics; Plasma stability; Spectrometry; Stability; Calibration curves; Calibration standard; Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry; Percentage recovery; Reference material; Room temperature; Spectrometric methods; Storage condition; Osmium	NRF, Neurosurgical Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-71349084009	Evaluation of several tree species for activity against the animal fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus	Suleiman M.M., McGaw L.J., Naidoo V., Eloff J.N.	2010	South African Journal of Botany	76	1	10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.001	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Permanent Address: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Suleiman, M.M., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa, Permanent Address: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Naidoo, V., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Aspergillus fumigatus causes severe problems in poultry production systems. Seven South African tree species were selected from the database of the Phytomedicine Programme based on its antifungal activity against the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. The acetone leaf extracts of the selected species had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.16 mg/ml and lower in the preliminary screening. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol extracts of the leaves were determined using a two-fold serial microdilution method against a range of commonly encountered animal pathogenic fungi (A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. neoformans, Microsporum canis and Sporothrix schenckii) and four nosocomial bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The plant species investigated were Combretum vendae (A.E. van Wyk) (Combretaceae), Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl. (Burseraceae), Khaya anthotheca (Welm.) C.DC (Meliaceae), Kirkia wilmsii Engl. (Kirkiaceae), Loxostylis alata A. Spreng. ex Rchb. (Anacardiaceae), Ochna natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. (Ochnaceae) and Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae). All the extracts had activity against at least one of the test organisms over an incubation period of 24 or 48 h. The MIC values of the non-polar and intermediate polarity extracts of O. natalitia, K. anthotheca, C. vendae, C. harveyi, and P. longifolia had MICs as low as 0.08 mg/ml against at least one of the tested bacteria. Furthermore, the acetone extracts of L. alata, K. wilmsii, O. natalitia and C. vendae had antifungal activities with MIC values ranging from 0.04 to 0.08 mg/ml against at least one of the tested fungi. The average MIC values of the plant extracts against the different bacteria ranged from 0.17 to 2.11 mg/ml, while the range was 0.23-1.98 mg/ml for fungi. The Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and E. faecalis) were more susceptible to the plant extracts than the Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). E. faecalis was the most susceptible microbe and C. vendae extracts were the most active against nearly all the bacteria tested. The acetone extract of L. alata was the most active against fungal pathogens, with activity against at least 3 fungal organisms. L. alata was selected for further work to isolate compounds active against A. fumigatus and other fungal pathogens. © 2009 SAAB.	Antibacterial; Antifungal; Medicinal plants; Microdilution assay; Minimum inhibitory concentration	acetone; antimicrobial activity; concentration (composition); dilution; fungus; medicinal plant; pathogen; plant extract; poultry; Anacardiaceae; Animalia; Aspergillus fumigatus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Burseraceae; Candida albicans; Combretaceae; Combretum; Commiphora; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Filobasidiella neoformans; Fungi; Khaya anthotheca; Kirkia wilmsii; Kirkiaceae; Loxostylis alata; Meliaceae; Microsporum canis; Negibacteria; Ochna; Ochnaceae; Posibacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sporothrix schenckii; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945247872	Studies on precipitation performance of n-heptane and n-pentane/n-heptane on C7 and C5/C7 asphaltenes and maltenes from 350 °C atmospheric residuum of three Nigerian light crudes	Nwadinigwe C.A., Anigbogu I.V., Ujam O.T.	2015	Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology	5	4	10.1007/s13202-014-0150-x	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nwadinigwe, C.A., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Anigbogu, I.V., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ujam, O.T., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Asphaltenes behave like blood cholesterol in that they deposit on the walls of crude oil transportation pipes thereby narrowing the internal diameters, thus posing great dangers. This study was designed to remove asphaltenes from light crudes by solvent precipitation and to investigate the comparative performance of n-heptane (single solvent) and n-pentane/n-heptane (mixed solvent) in this regard. Each of three Nigerian crudes: Bonny Export, Bodo and Mogho crudes were first distilled at 350 °C to obtain the atmospheric residuum. Asphaltenes were precipitated from each residuum at different stirring times with single n-heptane and mixed n-pentane + n-heptane solvents. The precipitated asphaltenes were characterized with FTIR, UV–visible spectrophotometers while the maltenes were fractionated to obtain the various fractions. Results show that the asphaltenes were made up of saturated (cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons) and unsaturated (substituted aromatic hydrocarbon). Also, aromatics to saturates ratio and resins to asphaltenes ratio was higher in Bonny Export and lower in Mogho crude, thus, indicating that Bonny Export has the lowest asphaltene precipitation risk while Mogho crude has the highest risk. The results also showed that resins stabilize asphaltenes in crude as addition of resins to the different crudes reduced the quantity of asphaltene precipitated. © 2014, The Author(s).	Asphaltenes; Crude oil; Maltenes; Precipitation; Stabilization	Aromatic hydrocarbons; Cholesterol; Crude oil; Heptane; Hydrocarbons; Paraffins; Petroleum transportation; Precipitation (chemical); Resins; Solvents; Stabilization; Aliphatic hydrocarbons; Asphaltene precipitation; Comparative performance; Maltenes; Oil transportation; Solvent precipitation; Substituted aromatic; Visible spectrophotometers; Asphaltenes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875487932	Evaluation of the Determine™ fourth generation HIV rapid assay	Brauer M., De Villiers J.C., Mayaphi S.H.	2013	Journal of Virological Methods	189	1	10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.01.017	Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa	Brauer, M., Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa; De Villiers, J.C., Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa; Mayaphi, S.H., Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, National Health Laboratory Service Tshwane Academic Division, Pathology Building, 5 Bophelo Road, Pretoria, South Africa	Assays that detect p24 antigen reduce the diagnostic window period of HIV testing. Most point-of-care HIV assays have poor sensitivity to diagnose acute HIV infection as they only detect antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 (HIV-1/2). This was a cross-sectional laboratory-based study that evaluated the performance of the Determine™ HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab Combo fourth generation rapid strip - currently the only rapid assay that detects both HIV-1/2 antibodies and p24 antigen. A total of 79 serum specimens (29 positive for HIV antibodies only, 14 positive for HIV antibodies and p24 antigen, 20 HIV-negative, and 16 positive for p24 antigen only) were used for the evaluation. Results were compared with those from validated fourth generation HIV ELISAs. The Determine™ Combo rapid strips had a sensitivity of 90.7% and a specificity of 100% for the detection of HIV-1/2 antibodies. Its sensitivity for the detection of p24 antigen was only 10% (3 out of 30 p24 antigen positive specimens). This implies that most acute HIV infections will be missed with this assay. The need for a point-of-care assay which can detect acute HIV infection reliably still remains, particularly for use in a high prevalence setting such as South Africa. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Acute; Fourth generation test; HIV; Rapid; Seroconversion	antigen p24; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus 2antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; unclassified drug; antigen detection; article; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HIV test; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; point of care testing; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; validity; virus detection; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Antibodies; HIV Antigens; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; HIV-2; Humans; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883396623	Managing rainwater, improving livelihoods: Assessing impacts using a Rainwater-Livelihoods-Poverty Index (RLPI)	Getnet K., Kefyalew G.	2013	Environment and Development Economics	18	5	10.1017/S1355770X13000247	International Water Management Institute (IWMI), East Africa and Nile Basin Office, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia	Getnet, K., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), East Africa and Nile Basin Office, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kefyalew, G., Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia	Assessing and empirically measuring the development impact of rainwater management innovations to inform related decisions remains conceptually and methodologically difficult. Whether it is empirically more appropriate to assess and measure the impact pathways than the impact per se remains an important methodological issue. This paper proposes a Rainwater-Livelihoods-Poverty Index (RLPI) as a comprehensive and participatory impact pathway assessment technique with measurable indicators recapitulating the sustainable livelihoods framework. The methodological contributions to rainwater impact assessment are two-fold. First, the RLPI explicitly incorporates intermediate processes and impact pathways as important factors affecting the development impacts of rainwater-related interventions. Second, the RLPI combines quantitative and qualitative household response data into a single yet meaningful quantitative impact indicator. This makes the methodology participatory, allowing farmers engagement to use their knowledge (as local expert observers) in informing rainwater management decisions. The methodology is empirically tested in Diga district (western Ethiopia) and validated using expert opinions. © Cambridge University Press 2013.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867570033	Influence of the environment on performance of gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy	Fatudimu M.B.	2012	Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine	5	3	10.3233/PRM-2012-0210	Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Fatudimu, M.B., Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Assessment and physiotherapy intervention for children with cerebral palsy (CP) are conventionally carried out in the hospital or clinic setting. However, the daily lives of these children include a variety of environmental settings in addition to the clinical setting. The objective of this study was therefore to explore the possible influence of the environment on motor function in children with CP. Purposively selected children with CP (n=107), ages 1 and 6 years with mean age of 2.1 years (SD 1.10 yrs), were involved in this study. The motor function of each child was assessed in the hospital and at their homes within a one-week interval, using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM); this was done at the baseline and on a monthly basis for eight consecutive months. The paired t-test rank was computed to compare the overall GMFM score and each of the sub-domain scores measured in the clinic and at home. GMFM scores measured at home were significantly higher than those measured in the clinic and this pattern was also obtained for the sub-domains throughout the study period, suggesting that children performed gross motor functions better at their homes than in the clinic. © 2012 - IOS Press and the authors.	cerebral palsy; Environment; gross motor function	article; cerebral palsy; child; childhood disease; environmental impact; female; Gross Motor Function Measure; hospital; human; infant; major clinical study; male; motor performance; preschool child; priority journal; Student t test; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Disability Evaluation; Environment; Female; Follow-Up Studies; House Calls; Humans; Infant; Male; Motor Skills	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53749100545	Performance of the estimators of linear regression model with autocorrelated error terms which are also correlated with the geometric trended regressor	Olaomi J.O.	2008	European Journal of Scientific Research	20	1	None	Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Olaomi, J.O., Department of Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Assumptions in the classical normal linear regression model include that of lack of autocorrelation of the error terms and the zero covariance between the explanatory variable and the error terms. This paper is channeled towards understanding the performance of estimators of the parameters of the linear regression models when the above two assumptions are violated. The study used the Monte-Carlo method to investigate the performance of five estimators: OLS, CORC, HILU, ML and MLGRID in estimating the parameters of a single linear regression model in which the geometric explanatory variable is also correlated with the autoregressive error terms. The finite sampling properties of Bias, Variance and RMSE were used in evaluating the estimators. The results show that all estimators are adversely affected as autocorrelation coefficient (ρ) is close to unity. The estimators rank as follows in descending order of performance: OLS, MLGRID, ML, CORC and HILU as ρ increases while as significant level (α) decreases the ranking is MLGRID, ML, OLS, CORC and HILU. The estimators conform to the asymptotic properties of estimates considered. This is seen at all levels of autocorrelation and at all significant levels. The estimators' rank in decreasing order in conformity with the observed asymptotic performance as follows: HILU, OLS, ML, MLGRID, and CORC. The results suggest that OLS should be preferred when autocorrelation level is relatively mild (ρ = 0.4) and the geometric regressor is significantly correlated at 5% with the autocorrelated error terms. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2008.	Autocorrelated error terms; Correlation; Estimators; Geometric trended regressor; Monte-Carlo experiment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43149116601	Integrated water and economic modelling of the impacts of water market instruments on the South African economy	van Heerden J.H., Blignaut J., Horridge M.	2008	Ecological Economics	66	1	10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.011	Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	van Heerden, J.H., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Blignaut, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Horridge, M., Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia	A static computable general equilibrium model of South Africa is adapted to compare new taxes on water demand by two industries, namely forestry, and irrigated field crops. Comparisons are made with respect to both the short and the long run, in terms of three target variables, namely (i) the environment; (ii) the economy; and (iii) equity. Since the taxes on the two industries do not raise the same amount of revenue, the target variables are calculated per unit of real government revenue raised by the new taxes (also referred to as the marginal excess burdens of the taxes). The model results are robust for moderate values of the water elasticity of demand in the two industries, in both the long and the short run. The tax on irrigated field crops performs better in terms of all three the target variables in the short run. In the long run the tax on irrigated filed crops is better in terms of water saving, but reduces real GDP and the consumption by poor households. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	C68; Computable general equilibrium modelling; Market-based instruments; Q25; Q43; Social Accounting Matrix; Water markets; Water tax	comparative study; crop production; forestry; Gross Domestic Product; irrigation system; numerical model; tax system; water demand; water economics; water management; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884536448	Comparative evaluation of chemical deposition parameters of an induced zn/al-zn and their interfacial characteristic trend on mild steel	Fayomi O.S.I., Popoola A.P.I.	2013	International Journal of Electrochemical Science	8	9	None	Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, X680, Pretoria, South Africa	Fayomi, O.S.I., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Popoola, A.P.I., Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, X680, Pretoria, South Africa	A statistical study and matlab evaluation has been made on the deposited Zn/Zn-Al alloy on mild steel. The deposition was performed to obtain a better surface adherent coverage using electroplating technique with developed zinc and aluminum powder particle. SEM/EDX was used to examine the morphological adhension phenomena. The methodology values obtained were processed using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) software to compare all electrodeposition variables of the plating treatment values by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson Correlation Index with matlab tool. The results obtained from these statistical evaluations indicate positive improved correlations between all the groups of deposition considered in this work. The alloy deposition proved better than the single phase deposition of zinc coating. © 2013 by ESG.	Electorcodeposition; Morphology; Statistical evaluations and mat-lab tool	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84355162743	SANI ® process realizes sustainable saline sewage treatment: Steady state model-based evaluation of the pilot-scale trial of the process	Lu H., Ekama G.A., Wu D., Feng J., van Loosdrecht M.C.M., Chen G.-H.	2012	Water Research	46	2	10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.031	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China; Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Netherlands	Lu, H., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China; Ekama, G.A., Water Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wu, D., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China; Feng, J., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Netherlands; Chen, G.-H., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon. Hong Kong, China	A steady state model was developed for evaluating the sulfur cycle based SANI ® process. The model comprises: 1) a COD-based anaerobic hydrolysis kinetics model to determine removal of biodegradable COD and sulfate under different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time (SRT), 2) an element (C, H, O, N, P, S), COD and charge mass balanced stoichiometric part for prediction of the concentrations of alkalinity (H2CO3* alkalinity + H 2S alkalinity), COD, sulfate, sulfide, nitrate and free saline ammonia in anaerobic sulfate reduction, anoxic autotrophic denitrification and aerobic autotrophic nitrification, and 3) an inorganic carbon (HCO3-) and sulfide (H 2S/HS -) mixed weak acid/base chemistry part for pH prediction. Through characterization of the sewage organic matter and determination of the anaerobic hydrolysis kinetic rate and other relevant parameters, the steady state model was calibrated to a pilot plant for the SANI ® process. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data of the pilot-scale trial, demonstrating that the model developed from this study can explain the causes and conditions for the different bioprocesses and minimal sludge production in the SANI ® process. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Saline sewage; Saline water supply; SANI ® pilot system; Steady state model	Anaerobic hydrolysis; Autotrophic denitrification; Bioprocesses; Experimental data; Hydraulic retention time; Inorganic carbon; Model prediction; Model-based evaluation; Pilot scale; Sludge production; Sludge retention time; Steady state; Steady-state models; Sulfate reduction; Sulfur cycles; Weak acid/base chemistry; Alkalinity; Anoxic sediments; Denitrification; Hydrolysis; pH; Pilot plants; Saline water; Sewage treatment; Sulfur; Water supply; Sulfur compounds; ammonia; bicarbonate; carbon; hydrogen; nitrate; nitrogen; oxygen; phosphorus; sodium chloride; sulfate; sulfide; sulfur; volatile organic compound; alkalinity; anoxic conditions; biodegradation; hydrolysis; mass balance; nitrification; organic matter; pH; reaction kinetics; retention; sewage; steady-state equilibrium; sulfur cycle; water supply; alkalinity; anaerobic digestion; article; bioreactor; chemical composition; chemical oxygen demand; denitrification; hydrolysis; nitrification; pH measurement; priority journal; reduction; sewage treatment; statistical model; steady state; stoichiometry; suspended particulate matter; Anaerobiosis; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Denitrification; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Models, Biological; Nitrification; Oxidation-Reduction; Pilot Projects; Seawater; Sewage; Sulfates; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936075126	Assessment of the sustainability of public housing projects in Ogun state, Nigeria: A post occupancy evaluation approach	Ibem E.O., Aduwo E.B., Ayo-Vaughan E.K.	2015	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	6	4S2	10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s2p523	Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, KM 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State,	Ibem, E.O., Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, KM 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Aduwo, E.B., Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, KM 10 Idiroko Road, Canaan Land, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ayo-Vaughan, E.K., Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	As the emphasis on sustainability increases among architects and construction professionals, the various ways for achieving sustainability in physical development projects have continued to engage the attention of scholars and researchers across the globe. However, in the context of housing in a developing country like Nigeria, there is a paucity of empirical studies on the sustainability of public housing projects. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying and analyzing the sustainability features of public housing projects in urban areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. A survey of 517 residents in nine public housing estates was conducted between December 2009 and February 2010 in the study area. With the aid of structured questionnaire, interview guide and observation schedule; data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analyses. Findings show that public housing projects in the study area were evaluated to be sustainable in terms of affordability and building forms responding to site and climatic conditions. The projects were however found to be unsustainable in the use of asbestos-based materials, inadequate provision of domestic spaces and lack of basic social infrastructural facilities. The paper concludes that to achieve sustainability in public housing in Nigeria, there is a need for public housing developers to pay adequate attention to users’ domestic space and basic social infrastructural facilities need in the design, construction and management of housing projects. © 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved.	Housing Characteristics; Nigeria; Ogun State; Public Housing; Survey; Sustainability	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272079000003	The Impact of Caregiving on the Health and Well-being of Kenyan Luo Grandparents	Heh, Victor,Ice, Gillian H.,Juma, Elizabeth,Yogo, Jaja	2010	RESEARCH ON AGING	32	1	10.1177/0164027509348128	Ohio University, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr	"Ice, Gillian H.: Ohio University",	As the HIV/AIDS pandemic progresses in Africa, elders are increasingly responsible for the care of orphans. Several reports suggest that elderly Africans do not have the resources to provide care and are at risk of poor health, but few studies have systematically measured health of caregivers. The Kenyan Grandparents Study is a longitudinal study designed to compare elder Luo caregivers to noncaregiving peers. Several measures of health were collected, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, glucose, and hemoglobin. In addition, self-perceived health and mental health were measured using the MOS Short-Form 36 (SF-36). It was hypothesized that caregivers would have poorer health than noncaregivers and that the difference in health would widen over the three waves of the study. Caregiving did not affect physical health but did act to decrease mental health and perceived health over time.	Africa,AGING,HIV/AIDS,ORPHANS,GLUCOCORTICOIDS,GRANDCHILDREN,ILLNESS,"KISWAHILI VERSION",PATTERNS,POPULATION,SF-36,STRESS,TANZANIA,"WESTERN KENYA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873523097	Global analysis of Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner (Rubiaceae) from the Guineo-Congolese region reveals impacts from climatic refuges and migration effects	Cubry P., de Bellis F., Pot D., Musoli P., Leroy T.	2013	Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution	60	2	10.1007/s10722-012-9851-5	CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; NARO, Coffee Research Centre, P.O. Box 185, Mukono, Uganda	Cubry, P., CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; de Bellis, F., CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Pot, D., CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France; Musoli, P., NARO, Coffee Research Centre, P.O. Box 185, Mukono, Uganda; Leroy, T., CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France	As the second species used for commercial coffee, evaluation of Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner population genetics is a challenging task for coffee breeding. This study examined the pattern of genetic variability and genetic relationships of cultivated and wild populations of C. canephora sampled across the Guineo-Congolese region of Africa and some improved populations maintained in field genebanks. A total of 293 individuals, sampled from 17 populations, were genotyped with 39 nuclear microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity and structure were investigated with both a model-based and a graphical approach; isolation by distance was also tested. Relationships between the diversity clusters are discussed with regard to differentiation due to several glacial refuges during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). High genetic diversity within C. canephora is confirmed with a mean number of alleles of 11.85 per marker, a mean gene diversity of 0.72 and a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.36. An overall structure of two main groups (Guinean and Congolese) subdivided in six subgroups (2 for the Guinean and 4 for the Congolese) was found, including one described for the first time in the Guinean group. A fine structure within the Guinean group was also newly detected. Genetic structure of C. canephora appears to be consistent with its geographic repartition at the continent scale. Structure of diversity was found in accordance with localizations of refuge zones during LGM and migration from this period. Results from this genetic structure study raise our capabilities to better manage and use the collections of genetics resources for breeding purposes. Those results will be used in future association studies to optimize the number of genotypes to be phenotyped. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Coffea canephora; Genetic diversity; Guineo-Congolese region; Population structure; Refuge zone	breeding; climate variation; genetic isolation; genetic structure; genetic variation; genotype; Last Glacial Maximum; numerical model; phenotype; sampling; species diversity; Coffea canephora; Rubiaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928730069	Synthesis, nanostructure evaluation and tunable anomalous 3D hopping transport of manganese ferrite encapsulated poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene] decorated graphene layer	Nandi D., Maity A.	2015	RSC Advances	5	45	10.1039/c5ra01904d	Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; DST/CSIR National Centre for Nano-Structured Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa	Nandi, D., Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; Maity, A., Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa, DST/CSIR National Centre for Nano-Structured Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa	A straightforward novel synthetic approach of manganese ferrite encapsulated poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene] nanocomposite decorated on a graphene layer (NIPG) is engineered assisted by dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid as surfactant. NIPG is characterized by Raman, TG, SEM, EDX, AFM, TEM etc. The temperature-induced (50 to 300 K) I-V characteristics and conductivity are scrutinized for NIPG and the structure-property relationship for electrical transport is also demonstrated. Varying loading of manganese ferrite nanoparticle and graphene significantly improve the order of conductivity even in a low temperature regime due to development of charge carriers such as polaron, bipolaron etc. in the band structure. An anomalous 3D Mott variable range hopping mechanism provides a complete framework to comprehend transport in NIPG. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Ferrite; Graphene; Manganese; Sulfur compounds; Temperature; Thiophene; Dodecyl-benzene sulphonic acid; Electrical transport; IV characteristics; Low-temperature regime; Manganese ferrite nanoparticles; Mott variable-range hopping; Structure property relationships; Temperature-induced; Loading	CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879144314	Performance of medical students in paediatric examinations and associated factors	Chinawa J.M., Chinawa A.T., Obu H.A., Chukwu B.F., Eke C.B.	2013	Current Pediatric Research	17	2	None	Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria	Chinawa, J.M., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria; Chinawa, A.T., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria; Obu, H.A., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria; Chukwu, B.F., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria; Eke, C.B., Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria	A student who just enrolled in a medical school has several examinations to write and about six to twelve years of major examinations from the very first year of school to becoming a consultant paediatrician. Paediatrics is a major course which needs to be passed before qualifying as a doctor. Attaining this is a rather formidable task in any Nigerian university. High failure rates in this course have become an allegory or a myth. The aim of this present study is to determine the performance of medical students in paediatric examinations and associated factors. This is an observational prospective study involving 102 medical students seen at the paediatric departments of College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus and 54 medical students from Enugu State University College of Medicine, Enugu. 126 (80.8%) of the students attended lectures regularly. One hundred and fifteen (73.7%) confirmed that ward rounds are very interesting and important. One hundred and thirty students (83.3%) admitted that performance in paediatrics examinations is poor and 147 (94.2%) students attributed this failure to clinicals .Eighty seven (62.2%) students preferred OSCE as a perfect replacement for clinicals. It is concluded that performance of Medical students in paediatrics is poor and clinical have been pointed out as the major cause of this.	Medical students; Nigeria; Paediatrics; Performance	academic achievement; adult; article; experience; female; human; male; medical education; medical examination; medical school; medical student; Nigeria; observational study; pediatrics; prospective study; structured questionnaire; ward	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863743000	Transient analysis and performance prediction of nocturnal radiative cooling of a building in Owerri, Nigeria	Nwaigwe K.N., Okoronkwo C.A., Ogueke N.V., Ugwuoke P.E., Anyanwu E.E.	2012	Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology	4	15	None	School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Nwaigwe, K.N., School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; Okoronkwo, C.A., School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; Ogueke, N.V., School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria; Ugwuoke, P.E., National Centre for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Anyanwu, E.E., School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria	A study aimed at a Transient analysis and performance prediction of passive cooling of a building using long wave nocturnal radiation in Owerri, Nigeria are presented. The system modeled consists of the room of a building with a radiator panel attached to its roof, water storage tank located inside the room, pump to circulate water through the radiator panel at night and through a heat exchanger in the room during the day. The mathematical model is based on the thermal radiation properties of the local atmosphere, the heat exchange equations of the radiator panel with the sky during the night and the equations incorporating the relevant heat transfers within the space to be cooled during the day. The resulting equations were transformed into explicit finite difference forms for easy implementation on a personal computer in MATLAB language. This numerical model permits the evaluation of the rate of heat removal from the water storage tank through the radiator panel surface area, Q wt, out, temperature depression between the ambient and room temperatures (T amb-T rm) and total heat gained by water in the storage tank from the space to be cooled through the action of the convector during the day, Q wt, in. The resulting rate of heat removal from the radiator gave a value of 57.6 W/m 2, temperature depression was predicted to within 1-1.5°C and the rate of heat gain by the storage water was 60 W/m 2. A sensitivity analysis of the system parameters to ±25% of the base case input values was carried out and the results given as a percentage variation of the above system performance parameters showed consistency to the base case results. An optimal scheme for the modeled 3.0×3.0×2.5 m 3 room showed a radiator area of 18.2 m 2, a convector area of 28.62 m 2 and a tank volume of 1.57 m 3. These results show that passive nocturnal cooling technique is a promising solution to the cooling needs for preservation of food and other agricultural produce. It is also useful in small office space cooling. Thus the model developed is undoubtedly a useful design tool for the development of passive cooling systems that can reduce considerably the huge cooling cost requirements of mechanical air conditioning systems. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012.	Finite difference; Nocturnal cooling; Radiative; Temperature; Transient	Airconditioning systems; Cost requirements; Design tool; Finite difference; Heat exchange; Heat gains; Heat removal; Input values; Long waves; Matlab languages; Nigeria; Nocturnal cooling; Office space; Optimal scheme; Passive cooling; Performance prediction; Radiative; Radiative cooling; Radiator panel; Room temperature; Storage tank; System performance parameters; Temperature depression; Thermal radiation properties; Water storage tanks; Cooling; Food storage; Mathematical models; Office buildings; Personal computers; Radiators; Tanks (containers); Temperature; Transient analysis; Transients; Cooling systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77349110190	Evaluation of Deltamethrin applications in the control of tsetse and trypanosomosis in the southern rift valley areas of Ethiopia	Bekele J., Asmare K., Abebe G., Ayelet G., Gelaye E.	2010	Veterinary Parasitology	168	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.11.028	Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1337, Awassa, Ethiopia; Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Bekele, J., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1337, Awassa, Ethiopia; Asmare, K., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1337, Awassa, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayelet, G., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gelaye, E., National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Deltamethrin (0.4% impregnated targets and 1% pour-on formulation) in controlling tsetse and trypanosomosis was carried out in two selected 10 km × 10 km Universal Transverse Mercator Grids of the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP) area in the southern rift valley of Ethiopia. The Grids selected were H3 (site I) and G5 (site II) in two districts of the Wolaita Zone. The trial was underway from September 2003 to April 2004. The strategy followed to accomplish the trial was a pre-intervention phase (entomology and parasitology) and an intervention phase with insecticide (Deltamethrin 0.4%)-impregnated odour-baited targets in site I and Deltamethrin 1% 'pour-on' application to cattle in site II. The intervention phase was monitored on a monthly basis. Following the deployment of 460 targets at a density of 4 targets per km2 in trial site I, the relative abundance of tsetse fly (Glossina pallidipes) declined from a pre-intervention mean catch of 1.35 flies per trap per day to 0.05 flies per trap per day at final monitoring. These resulted in an 88.9% overall reduction. Similarly, an 83.25% reduction was recorded in the incidence of trypanosomosis in sentinel cattle as it dropped from 10.75% (first monitoring) to 1.8% (last monitoring). The corresponding measures of packed cell volume (PCV) have shown a significant improvement from a mean of 21.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.7-22.9) at first monitoring to 25.5% (95% CI: 24.3-26.7) of last monitoring (P &lt; 0.01). In site II, the trial was started by spraying Deltamethrin 1% pour-on to 409 cattle at a rate of 1 ml/10 kg body weight. Pour-on treatment was repeated every month throughout the trial period. A sharp drop in the relative abundance of tsetse fly was revealed soon after. The catch was nil at fourth monitoring as it declined from 0.91 flies per trap per day of pre-intervention (P &lt; 0.01). A 94.9% overall reduction was achieved. The incidence of trypanosomosis in sentinel cattle also declined from 10% (first monitoring) to 0.95% (last monitoring) with about 90.5% decline. An improvement in the overall mean PCV was seen as it rose from a mean of 24.1% (95% CI: 22.9-25.3) at first monitoring to 27.2% (95% CI: 26.2-28.1) at last monitoring which revealed a significant increase (P &lt; 0.01) until the third monitoring and maintained a stable state thereafter. This work finally disclosed that a relatively better efficacy was attained by using Deltamethrin pour-on formulation than targets in controlling tsetse and trypanosomiosis. However, this difference did not prove an apparent significance (P &gt; 0.05). So it is recommended to continue the current tsetse suppression by using the integrated approach of both techniques under consideration. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Deltamethrin; Efficacy; Intervention; Pour-on; Sentinel cattle; Trypanosomosis; Tsetse	deltamethrin; article; biological monitoring; cattle; disease carrier; disease control; Ethiopia; hematocrit; incidence; insect control; intervention study; nonhuman; population abundance; population density; risk reduction; trypanosomiasis; tsetse fly; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Ethiopia; Female; Hematocrit; Insect Control; Insecticides; Male; Nitriles; Prevalence; Pyrethrins; Trypanosomiasis, African; Tsetse Flies; Bos; Glossina (genus); Glossina pallidipes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900399377	Effect of mentorship programmes on the performance of students in secondary schools in Mbooni east district, Makueni county-Kenya	Karanja B.W., Gikungu J.M.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	5 SPEC. ISSUE	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n5p	School of Education, Mount Kenya University, Kenya	Karanja, B.W., School of Education, Mount Kenya University, Kenya; Gikungu, J.M., School of Education, Mount Kenya University, Kenya	A study by Slicker and Palmer (1993) showed that effectively mentored students tended to have higher academic achievement and had other characteristics like self-concept. Academic achievement and dropout rates can be influenced by mentoring efforts. Mentored students tent to behave positively and more responsively, they are more disciplined than none mentored ones. Yet in Mbooni East District secondary school students have continued to perform poorly and have been found to be indisciplined. Still many students are performing unsatisfactorily despite most of them having been admitted to secondary school with high marks in KCPE and they later perform poorly in the KCSE there is need therefore to find out what goes on in the life of the same person who performed well in one stage and badly in a period of four or so years. Do the Schools have mentorship programmes? How are they organised? How they are implemented?.	Mentorship; Performance; Schools; Students; Teachers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949152248	Human resource systems in Kenya: A case study of hotel human resources performance	Onyango F.E., Okech R.N.	2008	Cornell Hospitality Quarterly	49	4	10.1177/1938965508326390	Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya	Onyango, F.E., Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Okech, R.N., Department of Ecotourism, Hotel and Institution Management, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya	A study of 160 managers and employees in four hotels in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya, found that functionally flexible human resource systems in conjunction with differentiation strategies are associated with high organizational performance, whereas numerically flexible human resource systems and cost-reduction strategies are linked with low organizational performance. Functionally flexible human resources systems emphasize mutual obligations between management and workers. By contrast, numerically flexible human resources systems are based on a straight work-for-hire relationship, in which employment is subject to unilateral termination at any time by employee or employer. The research also found that the independent hotels pursued numerically flexible human resource systems in conjunction with cost-reduction strategies, whereas the chain hotels applied functionally flexible human resource systems and differentiation-focus strategies. © 2008 Cornell University.	Human resource systems; Kenya; Mombasa hotels; Nairobi hotels	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956363929	Impacts of vehicle emissions and ambient atmospheric deposition in Nigeria on the Pb, Cd, and Ni content of fermented cassava flour processed by sun-drying	Ugwu J.N., Okoye C.O.B., Ibeto C.N.	2011	Human and Ecological Risk Assessment	17	2	10.1080/10807039.2011.552400	Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; National Center for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ugwu, J.N., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Okoye, C.O.B., Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ibeto, C.N., National Center for Energy Research and Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A study of air pollution in Nigeria due to Pb, Cd, and Ni contamination of fermented cassava meant for flour production was carried out by AAS. Fermented cassava samples were purchased from farmers in the study area and one-third of each was oven-dried (OD) while the rest were sun-dried either along roadside (RS-SD) or under ambient atmosphere conditions (AA-SD). Mean concentrations (μg/g) for OD samples in year 2008 were: Pb (0.17 ± 0.04); Cd (0.04 ± 0.01); and Ni (0.27 ± 0.05) while RS-SD samples gave Pb (0.24 ± 0.08), Cd (0.04 ± 0.01), and Ni (0.48 ± 0.17). Mean values (μg/g) in 2009 for OD, AA-SD, and RS-SD, respectively, were Pb (0.03 ± 0.01, 0.05 ± 0.02, 0.15 ± 0.08), Cd (0.18 ± 0.01, 0.04 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.02), and Ni (0.09 ± 0.06, 0.21 ± 0.10, 0.57 ± 0.12). Mean concentrations in sun-dried samples were greater (p <.01), while RS-SD samples were 185% in Pb, 53% in Cd, and 176% in Ni greater (p <.01) than AA-SD samples. With an estimated countrywide annual Pb emissions from petrol and diesel ranging from 616,241 to 968,086 kg, and dust, considered the major source of Cd and Ni, and other extraneous factors including metals adsorbed on pavement surfaces, sun-drying of wet foodstuff on the bare surface of roadside pavements could lead to high levels of Pb, Cd, and Ni in such food compared to drying under factory conditions or oven-drying. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	Ambient atmospheric deposition; Cadmium; Cassava flour; Highway emissions; Lead; Nickel	Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849146320	Evaluation of maize varieties for resistance to northern leaf blight under field conditions in Ethiopia	Abebe D., Singburaudom N., Sangchote S., Sarobol E.	2008	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	42	1	None	Gambella Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62, Gambella, Ethiopia; Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Abebe, D., Gambella Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62, Gambella, Ethiopia; Singburaudom, N., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Sangchote, S., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Sarobol, E., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study of reaction of thirteen maize varieties to northern leaf blight mainly caused by Exserhilum turcicum (Pass) Leonard and Suggs, were conducted at three locations Gambella, Abobo and Bako during 2003 and 2004 crop seasons. Variation among maize varieties was observed for several disease variables; the number of lesion, size, incidence, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and severity rating scale. In general, significant differences among genotypes were observed for data based on lesion number, size, AUDPC and severity rating scale at all locations. Susceptible varieties Gussau, Aboboko and Local- M had high AUDPC, large lesion size, fast onset of disease and many lesions in numbers. The host entries used in this study indicated that Kuleni was the most resistant to northern leaf blight across three locations, with low rating score. There was different response among varieties depending on disease intensity at each location. At Abobo, the final severity increased from 0.00 to 96.66% in 2003 and the results observed from 10.00 to 96.66% at Bako. However, at Gambella the incidence was as low as from 0.00 to 83.33%. Disease assessment methods were generally correlated with one another. Several varieties showed similaly significant reaction to disease in all locations. This meant that there was no virulent difference existing in the pathogen populations from location to location.	Area under disease progress curve; Exserhilum turcicum; Northern leaf blight; Resistance	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349547066	Impact of major diseases and vectors in smallholder cattle production systems in different agro-ecological zones and farming systems in Uganda	Ocaido M., Otim C.P., Kakaire D.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	9	None	Department of Wildlife and Animal Resource Management, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda	Ocaido, M., Department of Wildlife and Animal Resource Management, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Otim, C.P., National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda; Kakaire, D., National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 96, Tororo, Uganda	A study of the impact of major diseases and vectors among smallholder cattle farmers was done in three agro-ecological zones in Uganda. Studies were done in: Soroti district representing a semi-humid agro-pastoral system, Kayunga district representing a humid mixed crop-livestock system and Kiruhura district representing a semi-arid pastoral system. Soroti and Kayunga districts were found to be having mixed crop-livestock production systems practising communal and tethering grazing of indigenous cattle. Meanwhile in Kiruhura district a farming system was mainly livestock production system, practising communal and paddocking grazing systems of indigenous and improved dairy cattle. Economic costs of diseases, including potential losses of income from milk and use of the animals for traction and vectors per cattle head was higher in Soroti (Ug. Shs 42,700 valued at 1 US$ = Ug.Shs 1,800) than Kayunga (Ug Shs 15,900) and Kiruhura (Ug Shs 22,800). This represented the lost production potential of cattle. In Kiruhura, East Coast Fever (ECF), starvation and tick control caused big losses in the form of control costs and mortality. Tick control contributed 91.1% of total disease control costs. Hence cheaper methods to control ticks should be explored and promoted. Starvation was causing 65% of total mortality losses. Efforts should therefore be made to de-stock herds. In Kayunga, 75.4% of losses were caused by ticks and Tick Borne Diseases (TTBDs) and the remaining by trypanosomosis, helminthosis and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). Losses were in the form of disease control costs and mortality. Efforts must be made to control TTBDs. TBDs were causing 68.1% of total mortality losses. While in Soroti, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, helminthosis and LSD were causing major losses in form of mortality, milk and traction losses. Efforts to control diseases and vectors were less in Soroti, leading to high losses observed.	Disease economic cost; Financial losses; Mixed crop-livestock production systems	Animalia; Bos; Hexapoda; Ixodida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650073197	Diffusion of professional norms: The impact of IFLA in South Africa	Underwood P.G.	2009	IFLA Journal	35	2	10.1177/0340035209105669	Centre for Information Literacy, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X01, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa	Underwood, P.G., Centre for Information Literacy, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X01, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa	A study of the impact of the work of IFLA, including its role in the development of information literacy programmes, on the profession in South Africa, based on the views of South African professionals attending the World Library and Information Congress, 73rd IFLA General Conference, held in Durban, 19-23 August 2007. A series of focus group and other interviews was used. Themes arising from the discussions are: ĝ€¢ That IFLA has a strong role to play in advice, guidance, and the development of standards; its role in national policy development is necessarily limited. ĝ€¢ That the Congress is an important meeting place and its proceedings a source of inspiration to those who have come with a 'prepared mind'. ĝ€¢ That the influence of its work and proceedings could be greater if it were communicated in accessible forms in partnership with existing publications such as the IFLA Journal. ĝ€¢ That, for the younger professional, seeking to become involved, IFLA is a daunting organization. Copyright © 2009 Author.	Durban; IFLA; Impact assessment; Information literacy; South Africa; World Library and Information Congress, 2007	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848819445	Environmental-impacts of urban road transportation in south-western states of Nigeria	Osuntogun B.A., Koku C.A.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	16	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Osuntogun, B.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Koku, C.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	A study of the impacts of urban road transportation on the ambient air and the health of residents of some heavily trafficked locations-eight in Lagos metropolis, four in Ibadan and four in Ado-Ekiti-were carried out. Also, two locations in Lagos, one in Ibadan and one in Ado-Ekiti were used as control. Air quality indicators namely carbon-monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total suspended particulates were estimated using automatic air monitors. The noise levels at these locations were also determined with a noise meter. The highest levels obtained for the air pollution indicators in Lagos were CO-232 ppm at Idumota; SO2-2.9 ppm at Idumota; NO2-1.5 ppm at Iyana-Ipaja bus stop; total suspended particulates 852 cpm at Oshodi bus stop. At Ibadan, the CO and SO2 levels at 271 and 1.4 ppm were, respectively highest at Mokola round about while NO2 at 1.0 ppm was highest at Bere round about. In Ado-Ekiti, the highest levels obtained were CO-317 at Oke Isha, NO2-0.6 ppm at Ijigbo junction and SO2-0.8 ppm at Old Garage junction. The recorded noise levels were 112.8 dB at Oshodi bus stop in Lagos, 120 dB at Iwo road in Ibadan and 115 dB at Old Garage junction, Ado-Ekiti. The blood samples of people at these high trafficked locations such as the commercial drivers, conductors, street traders and road traffic wardens were also analysed for lead content with a resultant high Pb concentration. Responses to interviews indicate that these people suffer from air pollution related diseases such as headaches, loss of vision, anaemia, forgetfulness and fatigue than those from the control locations. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Blood lead levels; Blood pressure; Gaseous air pollutants; Noise levels; Particulates; Urban transportation	Air pollutants; Air pollution indicators; Blood lead levels; Commercial drivers; Noise levels; Particulates; Quality indicators; Total suspended particulates; Air pollution control; Air quality; Blood pressure; Bus terminals; Disease control; Garages (parking); Lead; Sulfur dioxide; Urban transportation; Nitrogen oxides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650973080	Performance of laterite-cement blocks as walling units in relation to sandcrete blocks	Aguwa J.I.	2010	Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies	9	16	None	Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	Aguwa, J.I., Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	A study of the performance of laterite-cement blocks as walling materials in relation to those of sandcrete was conducted, for the purpose of establishing a cheaper building material in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria and surrounding towns, in the present ever increasing cost of building material. An A-2-6 laterite according to the AASHTO classification system was stabilized with 0-10% cement content by weight of the soil at a constant interval of 2% to produce 20 blocks of size 100mm × 100mm × 100mm for each mix. One hundred laterite-cement blocks were produced, cured under laboratory conditions and subjected to compressive strength test at 7, 14, 21, and 28-days of age, in five applications for each cement mix ratio. The average compressive strength was determined from five blocks crushed in each mix at every age of curing and the same procedure was repeated using sandcrete blocks. At a common cement content of 6%, the compressive strengths, densities, water absorption and the cost per square metre of wall for both types of blocks were determined. The study recommends the use of lateritecement blocks as walling materials in Minna and environs because it has better engineering properties and more economical with a saving of 30% per square metre of wall when compared with the use of sandcrete blocks.	Blocks; Laterite-cement; Mix; Performance; Sandcrete; Walling-units	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40849127058	The impact of agricultural runoff on the quality of two streams in vegetable farm areas in Ghana	Ntow W.J., Drechsel P., Botwe B.O., Kelderman P., Gijzen H.J.	2008	Journal of Environmental Quality	37	2	10.2134/jeq2007.0136	CSIR Water Research Inst., P.O.Box AH 38, Achimota, Ghana; West Africa Office, International Water Management Inst., Accra, Ghana; Univ. of Ghana, Chemistry Dep., Legon, Ghana; UNESCO-IHE Inst. for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; UNESCO Jakarta Office, Regional Bureau for Science for Asia and Pacific, JI. Galuh II, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia	Ntow, W.J., CSIR Water Research Inst., P.O.Box AH 38, Achimota, Ghana; Drechsel, P., West Africa Office, International Water Management Inst., Accra, Ghana; Botwe, B.O., Univ. of Ghana, Chemistry Dep., Legon, Ghana; Kelderman, P., UNESCO-IHE Inst. for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, Netherlands; Gijzen, H.J., UNESCO Jakarta Office, Regional Bureau for Science for Asia and Pacific, JI. Galuh II, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia	A study of two small streams at Akumadan and Tono, Ghana, was undertaken during the rain and dry season periods between February 2005 and January 2006 to investigate the impact of vegetable field runoff on their quality. In each stream we compared the concentration of current-use pesticides in one site immediately upstream of a vegetable field with a second site immediately downstream. Only trace concentrations of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were detected at both sites in both streams in the dry season. In the wet season, rain-induced runoff transported pesticides into downstream stretches of the streams. Average peak levels in the streams themselves were 0.07 μg L -1 endosulfan, 0-02 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos (the Akumadan stream); 0.04 μg L-1 endosulfan, 0.02 μg L-1 chlorpyrifos (the Tono stream). Respective average pesticide levels associated with streambed sediment were 1.34 and 0.32 μg kg-1 (the Akumadan stream), and 0.92 and 0.84 μg kg-1 (the Tono stream). Further investigations are needed to establish the potential endosulfan and chlorpyrifos effects on aquatic invertebrate and fish in these streams. Meanwhile measures should be undertaken to reduce the input of these chemicals via runoff. Copyright © 2008 by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	Animals; Pesticides; Stream flow; Water quality; Chlorpyrifos; Endosulfan; Streambed sediments; Vegetable field runoff; Agricultural runoff; chlorpyrifos; endosulfan; environmental chemical; pesticide; agricultural land; aquatic environment; article; chemical environment; concentration (parameters); crop production; environmental impact; fish; Ghana; invertebrate; nonhuman; rural area; seasonal variation; sediment; stream (river); vegetable; water contamination; water pollution; water quality; Agriculture; Chlorpyrifos; Endosulfan; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Ghana; Insecticides; Rivers; Seasons; Vegetables; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Invertebrata	None
None	None	Evaluation of grazing pattern and sustainability of feed resources in pastoral areas of eastern zone of Tanzania	Kavana P.Y., Kizima J.B., Msanga Y.N.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania	Kavana, P.Y., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania; Kizima, J.B., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania; Msanga, Y.N., Livestock Research Centre, PO Box 5016, Tanga, Tanzania	A study on grazing pattern and sustainability of feed resources was conducted in selected pastoral areas of eastern zone of Tanzania from 1999 to 2003. Discussion with pastoralists indicated that pastoralists traditionally identify different soil types and relate to presence of dominant pasture species. Grazing pattern is established such that animals graze near homesteads with short grazing duration during rainy and cold seasons. Animals are transferred to distant grazing areas during the dry seasons. Quality of forage is normally related to animal performance as well as height and colour of dominant grass species available in grazing areas. The study indicated that there are hierarchical steps that are followed in decision making before shifting herds of cattle to distant grazing areas. Further studies indicated that native multipurpose trees namely, Dichrostachyscinerea, Acacia tortilis and Acacia nilotica thrive well in pastoral areas. These multipurpose trees reported by pastoralists as useful feed resources during the dry season. However, these multipurpose trees have multiple uses that sometimes result in resource user conflicts. The conflicts were reported to occur between pastoralists and charcoal producers because the trees are also valued for good quality charcoal. Other pasture species valued by pastoralists for dry season feeding were Commelina benghalensis, which is considered as water supplier to ruminants, and Enteropogon macrostachyus which is valued as potential feed for weaned calves. The carrying capacity in the study areas was concluded as 0.3 TLU/ha/yr.	Carrying capacity; Grazing pattern; Pastoralism; Pastoralists; Sustainability of feed resources	Acacia; Acacia nilotica; Acacia tortilis; Animalia; Bos taurus; Bovidae; Commelina; Commelina benghalensis; Enteropogon	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744454393	The effect of soil amendment on the performance of Gambaya albida (Linn) seedlings	Okunomo K., Ureigho U.N., Opute H.O.	2006	European Journal of Scientific Research	13	2	None	Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	Okunomo, K., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Ureigho, U.N., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria; Opute, H.O., Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Asaba Campus, Delta State, Nigeria	A study on the effect of soil amendments on the performance of G. albida was conducted at the teaching and research farm of Delta State University, Asaba Campus. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was employed to assess the effect of these soil amendment options namely cowdung, poultry droppings, Ash and topsoil on growth performance in seedlings of Gambaya albida (Linn). Results showed that there was significant difference between the treatments (P&lt;0.05) from 2-12 weeks after transplanting (WAT). As regards the plant height and collar difference between the treatments from the 2-12WAT. The result indicated that the soil amendment materials had significant effect on leaf number and leaf area of the species (P&lt;0.05) throughout the duration of the study except at 4WAT. The highest mean height values of 17.17cm was recorded under poultry dropping treatment at 12WAT, while mean leaf number and leaf area values were 8.7 and 55.22cm2 respectively. The highest leaf dry weight of 1.7gwasobtainedundercowdung treatment while poultry dropping sand ash had the highest stem and root dry weights of 1.9and 1.6g respectively. It is recommended that poultry droppings should be adopted by our local farmers for the establishment of Gambaya albida seedling. © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2006.	Seedling growth; Soil analysis; Tree seedlings	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922076629	Growth and reproductive performance of two rabbit breeds reared under intensive system in Ghana	Apori S.O., Hagan J.K., Osei Y.D.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	1	10.1007/s11250-014-0714-2	Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana	Apori, S.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Hagan, J.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Osei, Y.D., Animal Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Accra, Ghana	A study on the growth and reproductive performance of two rabbit breeds was undertaken. Data on 588 kits and 97 does of California White and 574 kits and 90 does of New Zealand White rabbits reared under hot and humid environment in Ghana were taken. The reproductive performance of the two breeds, in terms of litter size at birth and weaning, litter weight at birth and weaning, kindling interval, age at sexual maturity, and gestation length as influenced by breed, season of kindling (rainy and dry), year of kindling (2005–2012), and parity (first to sixth and over) were determined. The performance of California White in terms of litter size at birth, at weaning, kit weight at birth, and age at first kindling was 5.9 ± 0.2, 4.6 ± 0.1, 54.7 ± 0.4 g, and 159.8 ± 0.2 days, respectively. That of New Zealand White was 5.9 ± 0.1, 5.1 ± 0.1, 55.2 ± 1.0 g, and 159.9 ± 0.2 days, respectively. The results obtained also showed a significant breed effects on kit weight at birth, litter weight at weaning, and mortality; whereas no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between the two breeds regarding the other traits measured. Parity had significant effects (p < 0.05) on all the growth and reproductive parameters measured with the exception of age at first kindling. Year of kindling also had significant effect on litter weight at birth, kit weight at birth, and at weaning (p < 0.05) but did not have any significant effect on the age at sexual maturity and mortality. Season also had significant (p < 0.05) effects on kit weight at birth, gestation length, kindling interval, and mortality with better performance experienced during the rainy season. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	California White; Kits; Litter size; New Zealand White; Parity; Season	animal; animal husbandry; body weight; breeding; female; Ghana; litter size; parity; physiology; pregnancy; procedures; rabbit; reproduction; season; species difference; statistical model; weaning; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Breeding; Female; Ghana; Linear Models; Litter Size; Parity; Pregnancy; Rabbits; Reproduction; Seasons; Species Specificity; Weaning	None
None	None	Prevalence and impact of water-borne zoonotic pathogens in water, cattle and humans in selected villages in Dodoma Rural and Bagamoyo districts, Tanzania	Kusiluka L.J.M., Karimuribo E.D., Mdegela R.H., Luoga E.J., Munishi P.K.T., Mlozi M.R.S., Kambarage D.M.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	30	None	10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.025	Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kusiluka, L.J.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Karimuribo, E.D., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mdegela, R.H., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Luoga, E.J., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Munishi, P.K.T., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mlozi, M.R.S., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kambarage, D.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study on the prevalence of water-borne zoonotic pathogens in water, cattle and humans was conducted in six villages in Dodoma Rural (5) and Bagamoyo (1) districts, Tanzania. Water sources were screened for faecal coliform organisms, thermophilic Campylobacter, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Faecal samples from cattle and humans were also analysed for the above specific pathogens. Results indicate that 70.8% (n = 48) of the water sources screened were contaminated with faecal coliform organisms. Water sources in two villages, one each in Dodoma Rural and Bagamoyo districts were also contaminated with Giardia lamblia. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in cattle in the two study areas was 2.3% (n = 942) and at least one animal in each village was infected with C. jejuni. Cryptosporidium parvum was detected in 0.5% (n = 942) of the cattle examined in three villages in Dodoma district. Salmonella spp. was demonstrated in only 1.4% (n = 144) of the cattle in Chalinze village in Dodoma Rural district while G. lamblia was only detected in 1.5% (n = 202) of the animals examined in Chamakweza village in Bagamoyo district. Nine (1.9%) of the people screened at three heath centres in the study areas were infected with C. jejuni while 3.7% (n = 484) of the people had C. parvum oocysts. G. lamblia was detected in 2.5% of the 202 people screened at the Chalinze health centre in Bagamoyo district. Analysis of the secondary data revealed that clinical complaints related to enteric diseases were prevalent in humans in the two areas throughout the year and the prevalence varied from about 1% to 25% in both <5 years and ≥5 years patients. In conclusion, this study has highlighted the possible public health risks, which may be associated with keeping of animals and sharing of water sources between humans and animals. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Prevalence; Tanzania; Water-borne; Zoonotic pathogens	Coliform bacteria; Contamination; Developing countries; Diseases; Health risks; Statistical methods; Tanzania; Water borne zoonotic pathogens; Water resources; pathogen; waterborne disease; Africa; East Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; World; Animalia; Bos taurus; Campylobacter; Campylobacter jejuni; Cryptosporidium; Cryptosporidium parvum; Giardia; Giardia intestinalis; Salmonella	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249800094	Study of the impact of land use and hydrogeological settings on the shallow groundwater quality in a peri-urban area of Kampala, Uganda	Kulabako N.R., Nalubega M., Thunvik R.	2007	Science of the Total Environment	381	03-Jan	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.03.035	Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Water and Sanitation Program-Africa (WSP-AF), The World Bank, P.O.Box 4463, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100-44 Stockholm, Sweden	Kulabako, N.R., Department of Civil Engineering, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Nalubega, M., Water and Sanitation Program-Africa (WSP-AF), The World Bank, P.O.Box 4463, Kampala, Uganda; Thunvik, R., Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100-44 Stockholm, Sweden	A study to assess the impacts of land use and hydrogeological characteristics on the shallow groundwater in one of Kampala's peri-urban areas (Bwaise III Parish) was undertaken for a period of 19 months. Water quality monitoring was carried out for 16 installed wells and one operational protected spring to ascertain the seasonal variation. The aspects of hydrogeological setting investigated in the study were the subsurface unconsolidated material characteristics (stratigraphy, lithology, hydraulic conductivity, porosity and chemical content), seasonal groundwater depths and spring discharge, topography and rainfall of the area. Both laboratory and field measurements were carried out to determine the soil and water characteristics. Field surveys were also undertaken to identify and locate the various land use activities that may potentially pollute. The results demonstrate that the water table in the area responds rapidly to short rains (48 h) due to the pervious (10- 5 - 10- 3 ms- 1) and shallow (&lt; 1 mbgl) vadose zone, which consists of foreign material (due to reclamation). This anthropogenically influenced vadose zone has a limited contaminant attenuation capacity resulting in water quality deterioration following the rains. There is widespread contamination of the groundwater with high organic (up to 370 mgTKN/l and 779 mgNO- 3/l), thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) and faecal streptococci (FS) (median values as high as 126E3 cfu/100 ml and 154E3 cfu/100 ml respectively) and total phosphorus (up to 13 mg/l) levels originating from multiple sources of contamination. These include animal rearing, solid waste dumping, pit latrine construction and greywater/stormwater disposal in unlined channels leading to increased localised microbial (faecal) and organic (TKN/NO- 3) contamination during the rains. The spring discharge (range 1.22-1.48 m3/h) with high nitrate levels (median values of 117 and 129 mg/l in the wet and dry seasons) did not vary significantly with season (p = 0.087) suggesting that this source is fed by regional base flow. However, the microbial quality deterioration observed in the spring discharge after a rain event (median values of 815TTCs cfu /100 ml and 433 FS cfu/100 ml) was attributed to the poor maintenance of the protection structure. Identification and selection of appropriate management solutions for the protection of shallow groundwater in informal settlements should not only be based on water quality problems and the causal physical characteristics as demonstrated by this study, but also institutional and socio-economic factors. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Hydrogeological setting; Land use; Peri-urban; Thermotolerant coliforms; Total Kjedahl nitrogen; Total phosphorus	Hydrogeology; Land use; Nitrogen; Topography; Urban planning; Water quality; Hydrogeological settings; Thermotolerant coliforms; Total Kjedahl nitrogen; Total phosphorus; Groundwater; ground water; phosphorus; rain; well water; anthropogenic effect; coliform bacterium; discharge; fecal coliform; field survey; groundwater pollution; hydrogeology; land use; management practice; organic nitrogen; periurban area; phosphorus; pollution monitoring; seasonal variation; social impact assessment; socioeconomic conditions; topographic effect; vadose zone; water quality; article; coliform bacterium; Enterococcus faecalis; environmental monitoring; environmental reclamation; field experiment; hydraulic conductivity; laboratory test; land use; porosity; priority journal; soil analysis; solid waste management; stratigraphy; topography; Uganda; urban area; water analysis; water contamination; water quality; water table; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Rain; Refuse Disposal; Soil; Uganda; Water; Water Supply; Africa; Central Province [Uganda]; East Africa; Kampala; Sub-Saharan Africa; Uganda; Animalia	None
None	None	The effect of supplementation on the performance of free range local chickens in Tanzania	Mutayoba S.K., Katule A.K., Minga U., Mtambo M.M., Olsen J.E.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	5	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Open University of Tanzania, P.O.Box 2409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania	Mutayoba, S.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Katule, A.K., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Minga, U., Open University of Tanzania, P.O.Box 2409, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Mtambo, M.M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Olsen, J.E.	A study to evaluate the effect supplementation on growth and egg production in free range chickens was carried out in Morogoro, Tanzania. The effect of location and household surroundings on performance of free range local chickens was also assessed. A total of 144 chickens were used. Birds were selected and sorted based on their body weight and age and then randomly allocated to three feeding regimes. The three feed types were; homemade and commercial supplement and the un-supplemented (those which were left to scavenge only). During the growing period, performance was measured in terms of body weight, shank length and growth rate. Total number of eggs laid, egg weight and shell thickness were recorded during the laying period. Gross margin analysis was done for the laying period. A digestibility trial was carried out to assess the nutritive value of feeds and their utilization by the birds.Total dry matter digestibility differed significantly (P<0.05) between seasons and was 79 and 67% for the dry and wet season feed, respectively. Feed supplementation to free range local chickens led to improved performance in terms of growth rate and body weight. The mean mature body weight for the supplemented and un-supplemented chickens was 1484 g and 1282g, respectively. However no difference was observed between treatments on shank length. Significant (P< 0.05) differences for growth rate were observed between treatments during periods 1-3 and between locations. Performance for birds at the experimental station was lower for most parameters. An increase in egg number and shell thickness with supplementation was noted. The mean egg number for free range local chickens supplemented with homemade feed and commercial was 31.9 and 31.8, respectively whereas it was 20.4 for the un-supplemented free range chickens. The profit margin from eggs was increased by 11.2% and declined by 3.4% in birds under homemade and commercial supplementation, respectively. From these results it was therefore concluded that supplementation led to improved performance in terms of growth, egg production and quality but the profit margin was substantially reduced by feed cost. This means that cheap locally available feed ingredients should be used when supplementing rural chickens.	Dry and wet season scavenged feed; Feed supplementation; Shank length	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959397337	Pastoralists' perception of the impact of East Coast fever on cattle production under extensive management in Northern Rift Valley, Kenya	Kipronoh K.A., Gathuma J.M., Kitala P.M., Kiara H.K.	2011	Livestock Research for Rural Development	23	6	None	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, RRC-Perkerra, P.O. Box 32, Marigat, Kenya; University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	Kipronoh, K.A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, RRC-Perkerra, P.O. Box 32, Marigat, Kenya; Gathuma, J.M., University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Kitala, P.M., University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Kiara, H.K., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya	A study using participatory epidemiology (PE) methodologies was conducted in West Pokot and Baringo districts, Northern Rift Valley, Kenya to assess the status of East Coast Fever (ECF) and obtain livestock keepers' perceptions of how the disease impacts on their livelihoods. A total of 658 livestock keepers comprising of 480 men and 178 women were invited to participate in community meetings held in twenty two purposively selected locations each in West Pokot and Baringo. Fifty six percent of the livestock keepers were from West Pokot while the remaining 54 percent were from Baringo District. Nearly all the households in both communities depended on cattle keeping as the major source of livelihood. The activity was ranked as priority enterprise by 96.2% and 93.3% of the groups in West Pokot and Baringo district respectively. Cattle diseases were identified as the main constraint affecting production and in particular, ECF and trypanosomosis were reported as the most important compared to other diseases. The informants were relatively consistent in estimating the impact of cattle diseases on derived benefits. There was good agreement among the various groups with coefficient of concordance (W) values ranging between 0.43 and 0.60 (p < 0:05 - p < 0.01). East Coast fever was found to have the greatest impact. Based on the findings from this study, there is need for stakeholders in the livestock industry to develop control strategies for ECF control that are supportive to the production system in a particular the region.	ASALS; Constraints; Livelihoods; Livestock; Participatory epidemiology	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746054903	Evaluation of Clitoria, Gliricidia and Mucuna as nitrogen supplements to Napier grass basal diet in relation to the performance of lactating Jersey cows	Juma H.K., Abdulrazak S.A., Muinga R.W., Ambula M.K.	2006	Livestock Science	103	02-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2005.12.006	Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; KARI Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya	Juma, H.K., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya; Muinga, R.W., KARI Mtwapa, P.O. Box 16-80109, Mtwapa, Kenya; Ambula, M.K., Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 Njoro, Kenya	A study was carried out at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Mtwapa in Coastal lowland Kenya to evaluate the effects of supplementing Napier grass variety Bana (Pennisetum purpureum) with Clitoria ternatea (Clitoria), Gliricidia sepium (Gliricidia) and Mucuna pruriens (Mucuna) on feed intake, diet digestibility and milk yield of lactating Jersey cows. Clitoria and Mucuna were compared with Gliricidia; a widely studied nitrogen supplement to roughage-based diets in dairy rations in coastal Kenya. Twelve lactating Jersey cows in their mid lactation were assigned to four groups balanced for initial milk yield and live weight in a completely randomised design. One group was fed Napier grass ad libitum and 3 kg of maize bran daily (control). The remaining three groups were fed the control diet supplemented with 8 kg of fresh Clitoria, Gliricidia or Mucuna. Mucuna had lower CP (180 g kg- 1) concentration compared to Gliricidia (232 g kg- 1) and Clitoria (218 g kg- 1). Tannin concentration was higher in Gliricidia compared to the other legumes. They were however below the critical level of 6% hence were not expected to have any negative effect on animal performance. The total dry matter intake was not affected by legume supplementation (P &gt; 0.05). Legume supplementation had no significant effect on organic and dry matter digestibilities (P &gt; 0.05). Nitrogen supplementation (P &lt; 0.05) increased daily milk yield by 20%, 27.5% and 32.5% for cows fed Gliricidia, Clitoria and Mucuna respectively. Results from this study show that Mucuna and Clitoria can give similar lactation performance to Gliricidia as nitrogen supplements Napier grass basal diet. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Diet digestibility; Feed intake; Jersey cows; Milk yield; Nitrogen supplementation	Animalia; Clitoria; Clitoria ternatea; Gliricidia; Gliricidia sepium; Mucuna; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Pennisetum glaucum; Pennisetum purpureum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878453373	The effects of two strategic anthelmintic treatments on goat performance under extensive management in a semi-arid area of South Africa	Bakunzi F.R., Motsei L.E., Nyirenda M., Ndou R.V., Mwanza M.	2013	Life Science Journal	10	2	None	Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	Bakunzi, F.R., Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Motsei, L.E., Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Nyirenda, M., Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Ndou, R.V., Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Mwanza, M., Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa	A study was carried out in a semi-arid area of the North West province of South Africa from September 2004 to September 2005 to determine the effects anthelmintic treatment before or during the rains on the performance of 60 indigenous female goats. The performance parameters studied were body weight, packed cell volume and faecal nematode egg output. Anthelmintic treatment of goats before and during the rains significantly reduced faecal egg output, and improved body weight and packed cell volume. Overall, anthelmintic treatment before the rains was equal to or better for all the three performance parameters when compared to treatment during the rains. Both treatments yielded better performance in comparison to the control.	Anthelmintic treatment; Goat production; Semi-arid area; Strategic control	Capra hircus	None
None	None	Production performance of Toggenburg dairy goats in semi-arid and sub-humid areas of Tanzania	Jackson M., Chenyambuga S.W., Ndemanisho E.E., Komwihangilo D.M.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	Jackson, M., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Chenyambuga, S.W., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Ndemanisho, E.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Komwihangilo, D.M., Tanzania Livestock Research Institute, P.O Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	A study was carried out in Babati and Kongwa districts which have sub-humid and semi-arid climatic conditions, respectively, to compare reproduction and lactation performances of Toggenburg dairy goats kept by small-scale farmers in the two agro-ecological zones. In each district four villages were purposely selected based on the presence of Toggenburg goats and 10 dairy goat farmers per village who have been keeping Toggenburg breed for at least five years were randomly selected. Age at first kidding of Toggenburg goats was higher in sub-humid areas than in semi-arid areas while kidding interval, litter size and kid mortality rate did not differ between the two locations. The goats kept in sub-humid areas had higher mean daily milk yield and lactation yield than those in semi-arid areas. Lactation length and dry period of does in sub-humid areas were not different from those of the does found in semi-arid areas. It is concluded that Toggernburg goats produced relatively more milk in sub-humid areas than in semi-arid areas while those in semi-arid environment had lower kid mortality compared to those in sub-humid environment.	Lactation; Mortality; Reproduction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951624077	Subclinical endometritis in Zebu x Friesian crossbred dairy cows: Its risk factors, association with subclinical mastitis and effect on reproductive performance	Bacha B., Regassa F.G.	2010	Tropical Animal Health and Production	42	3	10.1007/s11250-009-9433-5	College of Animal Science, Wollega University, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	Bacha, B., College of Animal Science, Wollega University, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia; Regassa, F.G., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study was carried out on 59 clinically healthy Zebu x Friesian crossbred cows to determine the prevalence of subclinical endometritis, associated factors and its effect on the reproductive performance. Subclinical endometritis was diagnosed by endometrial cytology using uterine lavege technique and subclinical mastitis using CMT. The clinical, management and reproductive data were obtained from a weekly follow up visit of each cow for a period of 6 months after calving. The prevalence of subclinical endometritis, with ≥5% neutrophil count, was 47.5% and 30.5% at week 4 and 8, significantly decreasing (P = 0.002) as postpartum period advanced. Body condition score at week 4 postpartum (OR = 4.5, P = 0.017) and regular cow exercise (OR = 4.8, P = 0.026) were the significant risk factors while post-calving hygiene (P = 0.06) was poorly associated. Subclinical endometritis was also directly associated with subclinical mastitis at both week 4 (OR = 4.5, P = 0.012) and 8 (OR = 3.6, P = 0.031) postpartum. The risk of first service pregnancy (OR = 5.1, P = 0.004) was higher in cows negative for subclinical endometritis at week 8 postpartum and the proportion of cows that required more than 3 services was higher in cows with uterine inflammation. Also the proportion of cows diagnosed pregnant within 180 DIM was higher in cows with normal uterus at both week 4 (OR = 10.3, P = 0.001) and week 8(OR = 21.8, P = 0.001). These results indicated that subclinical endometritis was directly associated with poor body condition and subclinical mastitis and that it had negative effect on reproductive traits of dairy cows. This association may also reflect the possibility of translocation of bacteria/bacterial products from the uterus to the udder or vic-versa or else the presence of common cause for both endometritis and mastitis. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Cows; Endometritis; Mastitis; Reproduction; Subclinical	Bos; Bos indicus; Friesia; animal; animal disease; article; bovine mastitis; cattle; dairying; endometritis; female; pregnancy; prevalence; reproduction; risk factor; Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Endometritis; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Reproduction; Risk Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37349076232	Evaluation of grazing regimes on milk composition of Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cattle at Holetta research center, Ethiopia	Mesfin R., Getachew A.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	12	None	Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mesfin, R., Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Getachew, A., Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A study was carried out to analyze and compare percentages of milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids content of Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows across seasons to evaluate the grazing management of dairy cows. The study was aimed to plan proper feeding strategies across seasons in line with feed supply situations of the grazing pastureland based on recommendations drawn from results of this study. Regardless of the effect of seasons, Boron cows showed higher percentage of milk fat, protein and total solids content than Friesian crossbred cows. However Friesian crossbred dairy cows showed higher content of milk lactose than local Borana cows. Highest milk fat content of Friesian crossbred dairy cows was observed in July to September and the lowest was in April to June. Highest milk fat, protein and total solids contents of local Borana cows were observed in October to December and the lowest in January to March. Friesian crossbred dairy cows had highest milk protein in July to September and the lowest in January to March. However milk lactose content of Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows did not differ across seasons. Milk total solids content of Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows was highest in July to September and the lowest in January to March. Milk fat and protein contents of Boran and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows were higher in July to September and October to December as compared to rest of the seasons. Similarly total solids content of Boran cows was higher in July to September and October to December as compared to rest of the seasons. Feeding management should be planned and implemented to Borana and Boran-Friesian crossbred dairy cows across seasons independently. There is a need to properly feed dairy cows particularly in seasons when shortage of grazing land affects milk composition.	Fat; Lactose; Season; Total solids	Bos; Friesia	None
None	None	Impact of Eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa infestation on growth and biomass production of Eucalyptus grandis and E. saligna seedlings in Tanzania	Petro R., Madoffe S.S., Iddi S., Mugasha W.A.	2015	International Journal of Pest Management	61	3	10.1080/09670874.2015.1039096	Department of Forest Utilization, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Wood Utilization, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania	Petro, R., Department of Forest Utilization, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania; Madoffe, S.S., Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Iddi, S., Department of Wood Utilization, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mugasha, W.A., Department of Forest Utilization, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to determine the impact of Leptocybe invasa infestation on growth and biomass production of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden and E. saligna Smith seedlings in Tanzania. Three- month old seedlings were infested with L. invasa. Twenty two weeks post infestation, heights of infested E. grandis seedlings were reduced by 39.6%, while diameters were reduced by 11.3% compared to uninfested seedlings. On the other hand, the heights of infested E. saligna seedlings were reduced by 38.2% and diameters were reduced 7.7% compared to uninfested seedlings. Dry weight biomass reduction of infested seedlings was significantly higher on stem and leaves than roots and branches of both E. grandis and E. saligna. The impact of L. invasa infestation on growth and biomass production was higher in E. grandis than E. saligna. Prevention and control of L. invasa infestation should be given priority. Similar future trials should examine other commercially grown Eucalyptus species in Tanzania. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	biomass; eucalypt seedlings; infestation density; Leptocybe invasa; seedling growth; Tanzania	biomass; growth; seedling; tree; wasp; Tanzania; Cynipidae; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus grandis; Eucalyptus saligna	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951216022	Bovine fasciolosis: Coprological, abattoir survey and its economic impact due to liver condemnation at Soddo municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia	Abunna F., Asfaw L., Megersa B., Regassa A.	2010	Tropical Animal Health and Production	42	2	10.1007/s11250-009-9419-3	Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Abunna, F., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Asfaw, L., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Megersa, B., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Regassa, A., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa, Ethiopia	A study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the species of liver flukes in indigenous adult cattle, to compare the diagnostic efficiency of fecal and post mortem examination and to assess the economic significance of bovine fasciolosis due to liver condemnation in the abattoir. Of the 406 livers and fecal samples examined, 57 (14.0%) and 20 (4.9%) were positive for fasciolosis. The most common liver fluke species affecting the cattle was Fasciola gigantica, 9.1% of cattle were infected with F. gigantica while, Fasciola. hepatica, mixed infections and unidentified or immature forms of Fasciola spp. were present in 3.2 %, 0.7% and 1 % of cattle, respectively. A retrospective abattoir survey revealed that the prevalence of fasciolosis was 12.7%. The prevalence of fasciolosis recorded in this study was lower than that reported by other researchers in this country. There was a strong relationship between fecal examination and postmortem findings of liver lesions, (K = 0.23) but under local conditions, postmortem examination was considered a better diagnostic tool for fasciolosis. Fasciolosis is of significant economic importance as the resultant liver condemnations caused an average loss of 4000 USD per annum. Hence, this disease deserves serious attention by the various stakeholders in order to promote the beef industry in the study area in particular and in the country in general. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009.	Abattoir; Bovine; Coprology; Ethiopia; Fasciolosis; Soddo	Bos; Bovinae; Fasciola; Fasciola gigantica; Fasciola hepatica; Hepatica; animal; animal disease; article; cattle; cattle disease; cross-sectional study; economics; Ethiopia; Fasciola; fascioliasis; feces; isolation and purification; male; parasite identification; parasitology; prevalence; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity; slaughterhouse; Abattoirs; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Fasciola; Fascioliasis; Feces; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
None	None	Production performance and desirable traits of Small East African goats in semi-arid areas of central Tanzania	Chenyambuga S.W., Komwihangilo D.M., Jackson M.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	7	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	Chenyambuga, S.W., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania; Komwihangilo, D.M., National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Jackson, M., National Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	A study was carried out to determine the roles, desirable traits and production performance of indigenous goats in Iramba and Kongwa districts, central Tanzania. In each district five villages were selected and 93 and 100 goat keepers were interviewed in Iramba and Kongwa districts, respectively, using a structured questionnaire. Body weight, body length, rump height, withers height and heart girth of 225 goats were measured from flocks of the households surveyed. Crop and livestock production were the main enterprises undertaken by the farmers in the selected villages. Livestock production was ranked second to crop production in terms of contribution to household income and food security. The livestock kept by the farmers of the study area included cattle, goats, sheep, chicken, pigs and donkeys. In terms of importance, indigenous goats were ranked second to indigenous cattle by the respondents (61.4%). The average number of goats kept per household was 12.3 ± 0.86 and 14.9 ± 1.4 in Iramba and Kongwa districts, respectively. The main reasons for keeping goats, in order of importance, were generation of income, capital reserve and provision of meat. The indigenous goats were valued by their owners for being good tolerant to diseases, drought and heat. The goats in the study villages had small body size and average body weight of 24.5± 1.08 kg in Iramba district and 26.8 ± 0.82 kg in Kongwa district. The indigenous goats in Kongwa district had slightly higher values for wither height (59.6 ± 0.47 cm), rump height (56.4 ± 0.43 cm), heart girth (71.1 ± 0.75 cm) and body length (53.1 ± 0.54 cm) than those in Iramba district which had wither height, rump height, heart girth and body length of 58.4 ± 0.62, 55.5 ± 0.56, 68.3 ± 0.98, and 52.9 ± 0.71 cm, respectively. Average age at first kidding ranged from 14.2 to 16.8 months, average kidding interval was about eight months and average litter size was 1.2. Weaning age averaged about five months and the number of kids per does life time was between 9 and 10. Diseases were ranked by most farmers as the most important problem affecting goat production. The diseases of importance were contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, pneumonia, helminthiasis, foot and mouth disease, foot rot and mange. Shortages of grazing land, feed and water during the dry season were the other limiting factors to goat production. If productivity of indigenous goats is to be improved these problems need to be addressed through participatory research and development efforts.	Body measurements; Indigenous goats; Preferred traits; Reproductive performance; Roles	Bos; Capra; Capra hircus; Equus asinus; Mycoplasma; Ovis aries; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897783112	Comparative evaluation of non-genetic factors affecting milk yield and composition of Red Dane and Jersey cattle in Zimbabwe	Nyamushamba G.B., Halimani T.E., Imbayarwo-Chikosi V.E., Tavirimirwa B.	2014	SpringerPlus	3	1	10.1186/2193-1801-3-88	Women's University in Africa, P.O. Box, MP 1222, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Research and Specialist Services, Matopos Research Institute, P Bag k5137 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	Nyamushamba, G.B., Women's University in Africa, P.O. Box, MP 1222, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Halimani, T.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Imbayarwo-Chikosi, V.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tavirimirwa, B., Department of Research and Specialist Services, Matopos Research Institute, P Bag k5137 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe	A study was carried out to evaluate non genetic factors affecting milk yield and milk composition in Zimbabwean Red Dane and Jersey cattle cattle. A total of 1004 and 10 986 unedited Red Dane and Jersey 305-day lactation records respectively, were obtained from Livestock Identification Trust (LIT) containing 22 herds (1 Red Dane herd and 21 Jersey herds), with Red Dane calving in the period 2004 to 2009 (giving year of birth from 1998 to 2007) and Jersey cows calving in the period 1996 to 2008 (giving year of birth from 1994 to 2005). The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2004) version 9.1.3 was used to determine the genetic parameters and environmental factors. Calving interval, month of calving, parity and quadratic effects of age at calving fitted as covariates significantly (P < 0.0001) affected the milk, fat and protein yields. Milk, fat and protein yields obtained increased with an increase in calving interval. There was a linear and quadratic relationship between the production traits and age at calving of the Jersey cattle implying that milk, fat and protein yields increase with age of the animal. It is thus important to preadjust data for these environmental factors when carrying out genetic evaluations of production traits in dairy cattle. © 2014 Nyamushamba et al.	Age at calving; Calving interval; Month of calving; Non-genetic factors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349673718	Impact of management interventions on smallholder dairy farms of the western highlands of cameroon	Bayemi P.H., Webb E.C., Ndambi A., Ntam F., Chinda V.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	6	10.1007/s11250-008-9278-3	Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Bambui B.P., 51 Bamenda, Cameroon; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Prestoria, South Africa; IFCN Dairy Research Center, Schauenburger Str. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany	Bayemi, P.H., Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Bambui B.P., 51 Bamenda, Cameroon; Webb, E.C., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Prestoria, South Africa; Ndambi, A., IFCN Dairy Research Center, Schauenburger Str. 116, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Ntam, F., Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Bambui B.P., 51 Bamenda, Cameroon; Chinda, V., Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Bambui B.P., 51 Bamenda, Cameroon	A study was carried out to evaluate the impact of interventions to solve constraints in smallholder dairy farms of the Western Highlands of Cameroon. The interventions consisted of improved breeding through introduction of artificial insemination, better feed supplementation, farmers training in milk processing and better veterinary services. Results show that there was a decrease in average monthly expenditures of 18% relative to the month before interventions started. Much of the expenditures were related to feed (38% of all costs). There was an overall increase in farm income. Close to 2/3 of the income were derived from milk products from home processed milk and culled animals. Only 7% income came from milk sold to the processing plant. The partial budget shows that before interventions, farmers lost $4.5/cow/month but gained $38/cow/month because of the interventions. The return was 2.32 and included opportunity income for milk home consumed and shared. When this opportunity income was ignored, the return stood at 1.93. The positive impact of interventions led to poverty alleviation and some farmers acquired more cows. A spill over effect is that more crop farmers are willing to be engaged at least partially in dairy farming. It will be good if many more farmers could benefit from these interventions. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Cameroon; Interventions; Partial budget; Smallholder dairy	animal; animal husbandry; article; breeding; Cameroon; cattle; dairying; economics; management; methodology; organization and management; statistics; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Breeding; Cameroon; Cattle; Dairying; Management Audit; Animalia	None
None	None	Breeding strategies for improving performance of Kuchi chicken ecotype of Tanzania for production under village conditions	Lwelamira J., Kifaro G.C., Gwakisa P.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	11	None	Institute of Rural Development Planning, P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	Lwelamira, J., Institute of Rural Development Planning, P.O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Gwakisa, P., Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to evaluate various breeding scenarios geared at improving performance of Kuchi chicken ecotype of Tanzania, a type of native chicken found in drier area of north-west part of the country, for production under extensive (village) management conditions. The purpose of these breeding scenarios was mainly to improve body weight at 16 weeks of age (Bwt16). In some breeding scenarios, primary antibody response against Newcastle disease virus vaccine (Ab) was also considered. Depending on a breeding scenario, results from the present study indicate that it would take approximately 5 to 10 generations of selection, which corresponds to around 3 to 6 years of selection for improving Bwt16 either singly or together with Ab from their current population mean of 974g and 4.8 (HIlog2) to the desired population mean of 1300g and 6(HIlog2), respectively (i.e. improvement by 34 and 25%, respectively). Depending on gain per generation, number of years required to attain the desired mean, expected fitness under village conditions and costs of breeding, some breeding scenarios were recommended.	Body weight; Desired gain; Extensive management; Newcastle disease; Selection	Aves; Newcastle disease virus	None
None	None	Desired-gain selection indices for improving performance of two tanzania local chicken ecotypes under intensive management	Lwelamira J., Kifaro G.C.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	2	None	Institute of Rural Development Planning, P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Lwelamira, J., Institute of Rural Development Planning, P. O. Box 138, Dodoma, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was carried out to evaluate various desired-gain selection indices (Yamada index) in improving performance of two chicken ecotypes of Tanzania viz. Kuchi and Tanzania Medium (Medium). The indices for Kuchi ecotype were geared at improving body weight at 16 (Bwt16) weeks of age while those for Medium ecotype were geared at improving egg production and related traits. These traits included age at first egg (AFE), egg production in the first 90 days after sexual maturity (EN-90) and egg weight (EW). Apart from production traits, antibody responses (Ab) against Newcastle disease virus vaccine was also included in some selection indices in both ecotypes. Furthermore, correlated responses to some egg quality traits namely egg shape index (ESI) and eggshell thickness (STH) were also studied. Results indicated that it would take between 5 to 6 generations of selection in Kuchi to improve Bwt16 either singly or together with Ab from their current levels of 1394 g and 5 (HIlog2) to the desired averages of 1800 g and 6 (HIlog2), respectively. On the other hand results indicated that it would take between 8 to 11 generations of selection in Medium ecotype to improve either AFE and EN-90 or together with EW or Ab or both of them from their current averages of 168 days, 49 eggs, 42 g and 5 (HIlog2) to the desired averages of 154 days, 68 eggs, 50 g, and 6 (HIlog2), respectively. Based on the number of generations required to achieve desired gains and correlated responses, some selection indices were recommended. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Breeding; Desired gain; Local chicken; Selection indices	Newcastle disease virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859496899	Effect of replacing maize with cassava root meal and maize/sorghum brewers' dried grains on the performance of starter broilers	Uchegbu M.C., Etuk E.B., Omede A.A., Okpala C.P., Okoli I.C., Opara M.N.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	1	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	Uchegbu, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Etuk, E.B., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Omede, A.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Okpala, C.P., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Okoli, I.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Opara, M.N., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria	A study was carried out with one hundred and twenty one-week-old Hubbard broilers to determine the effect of replacing maize with cassava root meal (CRM) and maize/sorghum brewers' dried grains (MSBDG) on performance of starter broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 15, 30 and 45% CRM and MSBDG combined in the ratio of 1:1 in the broiler starter rations. There was no difference (P>0.05) in feed intake among the birds on 0, 15 and 45% CRM/MSBDG, but these were lower (P<0.05) than the feed intake of birds on 30% CRM/MSBDG. There was no difference (P>0.05) in daily weight gain among the birds on 0, 15 and 30 CRM/MSBDG diets, and each of these was higher than that of the birds on 45% CRM/MSBDG diet. The feed convertion ratio of 0% compared favourably with that of the birds on 15% diets, and these two diets were better (P<0.05) utilized than 30% and 45% CRM/MSBDG diets. The result showed that CRM/MSBDG can be successfully incorporated in broiler starter diets up to 30% dietary level.	Broilers; Cassava root meal; Poultry performance	Aves; Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937129119	Evaluation of universal extractants for determination of selected micronutrients from soil	Bibiso M., Taddesse A.M., Gebrekidan H., Melese A.	2015	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	29	2	10.4314/bcse.v29i2.4	School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia	Bibiso, M., School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Taddesse, A.M., College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Gebrekidan, H., School of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia; Melese, A., College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia	A study was carried out with the objective of identifying the most suitable universal extractant for determination of selected micronutrients from soils. Composite surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from Eastern Harargie Zone (Babile and Haramaya Districts), Wolaita Zone (Damot Sore, Boloso Bombe, Damot Pulasa and Humbo Districts) and Dire Dawa Administrative Council by purposive sampling. The treatments were arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications at Haramaya University Soil Laboratory. The results showed that among the universal extractants examined for the determination of available Fe, Cu and Zn, the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.95), (r = 0.99) and (r = 0.97) at (p < 0.001) were found between DTPA and AB-DTPA for available Fe, Cu and Zn, respectively. Therefore, AB-DTPA universal extractant can easily be adopted as a soil testing method for the determination of available Fe, Cu and Zn in some selected soils of Ethiopia. Similarly, the concentration of available Mn determined by DTPA method was significantly correlated with the amount determined by tested universal extractants. The highest correlation coefficients were found between DTPA and 0.01 M CaCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.90), DTPA and 0.01 M BaCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.87), DTPA and 0.02 M SrCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.86), DTPA and 0.1 M BaCl<inf>2</inf> (r = 0.89) and DTPA and AB-DTPA (r = 0.85). However, considering the use of universal extractant, AB-DTPA could be the most suitable universal extractant for the determination of available Mn in soils of the studied areas as well. Therefore, AB-DTPA extractant is considered to be superior and the most suitable universal extractant for determination of available Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in soil of the studied areas. © 2015 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Micronutrients; Multinutrient extractant; Soil testing method; Unbuffered salts	None	MOE, Ministry of Education
Scopus	2-s2.0-10044280158	Chemical evaluation of the seeds of Milletia obanensis	Umoren U.E., Essien A.I., Ukorebi B.A., Essien E.B.	2005	Food Chemistry	91	2	10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.029	Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	Umoren, U.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, A.I., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Ukorebi, B.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria; Essien, E.B., Snowbird Foods Ltd., Wharf Road, Ponders End, Middlesan, en 4TD, Enfield, Nigeria	A study was conduced to evaluate the nutritional potential of Milletia obanensis "Odudu" as a possible food or feedstuff and to assess the effect of various processing methods on its nutritional quality. Results of proximate analysis showed that the raw seeds contained 26.7% crude protein, 23.5% ether extract, 3.47% crude fibre, 4.37% ash and 42.0% nitrogen free extract. The protein was well supplied with essential and non-essential amino acids, though the values were low when compared with popular seed legumes. Minerals were in fair supply: P 3.10, Mg 92.30, K 45.25 and Fe 2.20 mg/100 g. Processing methods significantly (p<0.05) affected the nutritional composition. While autoclaving, boiling and toasting (heat treatment) increased the protein content, it reduced the levels of anti-nutritional factors-phytate, tannins, oxalates, cyanogenic glycosides and (slightly) saponin. Thus, it was concluded that M. obanensis seeds, if properly processed, could serve as livestock feed or food for man. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Amino acids; Antinutritional factors; Chemical evaluation; Milletia obanensis; Nutritional potential; Processing methods	essential amino acid; ether; glycoside; iron; magnesium; mineral; nitrogen; oxalic acid; phosphorus; phytate; potassium; saponin; tannin derivative; vegetable protein; analytic method; animal food; article; ash; autoclave; biochemical composition; controlled study; cooking; food; food processing; heat treatment; heating; intermethod comparison; legume; livestock; milletia obanensis; nonhuman; nutritional value; plant; plant fiber; plant seed; protein content; statistical significance; Fraxinus; Millettia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548694553	Evaluation of cereal-legume intercropped forages for smallholder dairy production in Zimbabwe	Ngongoni N.T., Mwale M., Mapiye C., Moyo M.T., Hamudikuwanda H., Titterton M.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	9	None	Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe	Ngongoni, N.T., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mwale, M., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Mapiye, C., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Moyo, M.T., Department of Livestock and Wildlife Management, Midlands State University, P. Bag 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe; Hamudikuwanda, H., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Titterton, M., Animal Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe	A study was conducted at Henderson Research Station in Mazoe, Zimbabwe to assess the establishment, persistence, yield and nutritive quality of cereal and ley legumes sole crops and cereal-legume intercrops on sandy and clay soils. Four cereals, maize and three sorghum varieties; Jumbo, Pan 888 and Sugargraze, and five legume varieties Vigna unguiculata, (Cow pea) Lablab pupureus (Lablab), Crotolaria juncea (Sunnhemp), Glycine max (Soyabean) and Lupinus albus (Lupin) were used. A 2 x 4 x 5 factorial experiment in a split-split plot design with soil type as the main plot factor, cereal as the sub-plot factor and legume as sub-sub-plot factor was used. Total herbage yields were significantly higher on the clay than sandy soil, with yield ranging from 8.0 to 11.0 t/ha Dry matter (DM) and 1.0 to 5.6 t/ha DM, respectively. On intercrops legumes contributed 14-69% of the total herbage yield for sandy soils (P < 0.05). On clay soil, legume contribution was low ranging from 3-30%. The dry matter yield for cereals grown on the sandy soil was 22-34% of clay soil yields. Cowpea, lablab and sunnhemp sandy soil yields ranged from 44-60% of the clay soil yield. Soybean performed poorly on the sandy soil whilst lupin did so in both sites. Sandy soil forage tended to have significantly higher DM, Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and fibre contents and low Crude protein (CP) contents than those grown on clay soil. Maize and Jumbo had higher yields than Pan 888 and Sugargraze (P < 0.05). Cowpea, lablab and sunnhemp had higher yields than lupin and soybean (P < 0.05). Intercropping of cereals and legumes is commendable for the increase of nutrient quality particularly the crude protein content of cereals on clay soils. However, the matching has to be thoroughly done to avoid mixing forages that may hinder each other from the access of nutrients, chiefly sunlight. Therefore, farmers are recommended to use cereal-legume intercrops especially maize or sorghum and cowpea and or lablab to enhance dry season feed availability.	Cereal; Intercrop; Legume; Nutritive quality; Persistence; Yield; Zimbabwe	Crotalaria juncea; Glycine max; Lablab; Lupinus albus; Pisum sativum; Vigna unguiculata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944434103	Reproductive performances of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses in Andassa ranch, Northwestern Ethiopia	Gebeyehu G., Asmare A., Asseged B.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Gebeyehu, G., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Asmare, A., Mekelle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Asseged, B., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia	A study was conducted in Andassa Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch (ACBIR), northwestern Ethiopia, with the aims of assessing the reproductive performance of Fogera cattle and their Friesian crosses. The study involved the use of data compiled on record books and individual animal cards, and monitoring. General Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyze the data. The overall mean age at first service (AFS), number of services per-conception (NSC) and days open (DO) were 40.6±8 months, 1.62±0.1 and 305±10 days respectively. AFS was significantly affected by breed group; NSC and DO were significantly affected by parity of the cows; whereas season of birth/calving does not seem to have a significant effect on any of the traits measured. Although wide variations were recorded among study subjects, the performance of the breed (and the crosses) was low indicating that poor management prevails in the center. The wide ranges of values recorded, however, create an avenue to improve the performance of the breed or its crosses through rigorous selection procedures.	Crossbred; Fogera; Friesian; Parity; Season	Animalia; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749415376	Comparative performances of Holstein-Friesian cows under smallholder and large scale farmers' management in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia	Tolla N., Vijchulata P., Chairatanayuth P., Swsdiphanich S.	2006	Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science	40	1	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	Tolla, N., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Vijchulata, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Chairatanayuth, P., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Swsdiphanich, S., Departement of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand	A study was conducted in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia to assess comparative productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows under small and large scale farmers' management. A total of 28 animals from both small (14) and large scales farms (14) in different parity classes were used for data collection for a period of 28 weeks. Significant differences were observed in daily intakes of dry matter, crude protein and P (p<0.001) as well as metabolizable energy and Na (p<0.01) between the two farming scales. Daily milk yield and fat corrected (FC) milk yields were also significantly (p<0.001) different. The differences in the composition of milk and postpartum reproductive parameters measured were not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the farm scales. However, the longer days open (171) was observed for small scale farms than the large scale farms (148). Days from calving to the first sign of estrus (115d) and numbers of services per conception (2.1) were higher on large scale farms than on the small scale farms (96 and 1.6 respectively). Milk yield, milk composition and reproductive efficiencies did not significantly (p>0.05) differ between parity classes. Generally, the productive and reproductive performances of graded Holstein Friesian cows in this study were under their expected genetic potential, as compared to other parts of the tropics. This might be attributed mainly to poor nutritional qualities of the available feed resources, in terms of protein, energy and mineral balance which needed further investigation.	Dairy cows; Ethiopia; Farm scales; Parity; Productivity	Animalia; Bos taurus; Friesia	None
None	None	Comparative growth and livability performance of exotic, indigenous chickens and their crosses in Tanzania	Munisi W.G., Katule A.M., Mbaga S.H.	2015	Livestock Research for Rural Development	27	4	None	Tanzania Livestock Research Institute - Mpwapwa, P.O.Box 202 Dodoma, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3014, Morogoro, Tanzania	Munisi, W.G., Tanzania Livestock Research Institute - Mpwapwa, P.O.Box 202 Dodoma, Tanzania; Katule, A.M., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3014, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mbaga, S.H., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3014, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was conducted in central Tanzania to compare growth performance and livability of two exotic stocks namely Broiler (B) and Black Australorp (A), and two indigenous chickens sourced from warm (W) and cool(C) ecological zones and their crossbreds. The four parental stocks were used in 4x4 diallel crossing to produce 16 genetic stocks totaling 1256 experimental chicks. Birds were fed on nutritionally balanced diets to meet their requirements as per age and physiological stage. Variables studied were livability from day old to 48 weeks of age and body weights at day old, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age. The data on growth traits were recorded on individual bird basis and analyzed using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS (2003), while frequency procedure of SAS (2003) was used for livability analysis. Results revealed that genetic stocks differed in body weight at various ages. The broiler genetic stock (BB) was the heaviest at all ages. Among the indigenous ecotypes, the genetic stock from cool ecological zone (CC) was heavier than that from warm ecological zone (WW). However, at 12 weeks of age, the cross between the indigenous chickens from warm ecological zone and broiler (WB) in female birds as well as the cross between the broiler and indigenous chickens from the warm ecological zone (BW) in male birds had body weights which were close to that of straight broiler stocks (BB). The mean body weights of 12 weeks of age of the crosses ranged from 625g in the cross between indigenous chickens from the warm ecological zone and the indigenous chickens from the cool ecological zone (WC) to 1537g in the cross between the warm ecological zone and the broiler stocks (WB) for female birds. Similarly at 12 weeks of age, the mean body weights for male birds ranged from 894g in the cross between the indigenous chickens from the warm ecological zone and Black Australorp (WA) to 1833g in the cross between the broiler and indigenous chickens from the warm ecological zone (BW). Livability also differed significantly (p< 0.001) among genetic stocks in favor of the cross between Black Australorp and broiler (AB) females and its reciprocal (BA). The survival rate for female birds ranged from 32.3% in the indigenous chickens from the warm ecological zone (WW) to 72.3% in the cross between the broiler and the Black Australorp stocks (BA).The additive genetic contribution from the broiler stocks (BB) was higher than those of other stocks with respect to body weights. It is concluded that if is aimed at improving body weight and overall survival rate, then both broiler and Black Australorp crosses would offer the best option under moderate input production conditions. © 2015, Fundacion CIPAV. All rights reserved.	Additive breed effects; Body weight; Diallel crossing; Dual purpose chickens; Genetic stock; Heterosis; Reciprocal effects; Synthetic breeding	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
None	None	Performance and challenges in the management of improved cattle in agro-pastoral systems of Central Tanzania	Komwihangilo D.M., Mkonyi J.I., Masao D.F., Moto E., Mahiza A.M.O., Mnzava V.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	5	None	National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	Komwihangilo, D.M., National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Mkonyi, J.I., National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Masao, D.F., National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Moto, E., National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Mahiza, A.M.O., National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania; Mnzava, V., National Livestock Research Institute Mpwapwa, P.O. Box 202, Mpwapwa, Tanzania	A study was conducted in Chipogoro and Mtumba villages in order to evaluate the performance of Mpwapwa cattle introduced in respective villages in 1999/2000. Farmers were interviewed in groups or individually using a checklist and a structured questionnaire. Participant observations and review of performance records were also used. Results indicated that crossbred cows of Mpwapwa and Tanzania Shorthorn zebu (TSZ) (MPWxTSZ) produced up to four litres of milk per day under free grazing conditions in Chipogoro village as compared to one litre of milk per day of the pure TSZ cows. Similarly, the Mpwapwa cows kept under zero grazing conditions in Mtumba village produced up to six litres of milk per cow per day. Calf birth-weights of crossbred (MPWxTSZ) varied from 15 to 20kg compared to birth-weights of 10 to 15kg of the traditional TSZ. The average price of milk per litre per day was TSh. 300 (about US $ 0.3). The price of live TSZ cattle varied from TSh. 75,000 (about US $ 75) to 150,000 (about US $ 150) per head under good marketing season though that of MPWxTSZ varied from Tsh. 250,000 (about US $ 250) to 300,000 (about US $ 300). However, agro-pastoralists were not only challenged by inadequacies in quantities and qualities of pasture and incidences of tick borne and other diseases such as ECF and CBPP but also with inadequate extension services.	Market price; Mpwapwa cattle; Pasture; TSZ	Bos; Bos indicus; Ixodida	None
WoS	WOS:000287214300001	IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE IRRIGATION ON HOUSEHOLD POVERTY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE AMBO DISTRICT IN ETHIOPIA	Bacha, Dereje,Bogale, Ayalneh,Namara, Regassa,Tesfaye, Abonesh	2011	IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE	60	1	10.1002/ird.550	Haramaya University, Int Water Management Inst, Minist Water Resources Dev, Oromia Agr Res Inst	"Namara, Regassa: Haramaya University",	A study was conducted in the Ambo district of western Ethiopia in 2006 to understand the poverty reduction impacts of small-scale irrigation development, using the Indris irrigation system as a case study. The study was based on a survey of representative farm households with and without access to irrigation. The total sample size for the study was 222 (107 households with access to irrigation and 115 without). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Foster, Greer and Thobeck poverty indices, and Heckman's selectivity model. Results indicate that the incidence, depth, and severity of poverty are significantly lower among those farm households with access to irrigation. In addition to irrigation, other variables such as farm size, livestock holding size, land productivity, and family size significantly influence the level of household consumption expenditure. However, the proportion of poor people in the overall sample, notwithstanding access to irrigation, is alarmingly high, indicating the deep-rooted and critical situation of poverty in rural Ethiopia. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	"Heckman Model","household consumption expenditure",POVERTY,"rural poverty","small-scale irrigation"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960494109	Evaluation of recycled water recovered from a ready-mix concrete plant for reuse in concrete	Ekolu S.O., Dawneerangen A.	2010	Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering	52	2	None	School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa; Afrisam (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, P O Box 6367, Weltevreden Park 1715, South Africa	Ekolu, S.O., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa; Dawneerangen, A., Afrisam (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, P O Box 6367, Weltevreden Park 1715, South Africa	A study was conducted into the quality of recycled water at a ready-mix concrete plant to determine its suitability as mixing water for concrete. Concrete mixes made at a water/ cementitious ratio (w/cm) of 0,5, with or without 50% ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and mortars of 0,47 w/cm were prepared using municipal and recycled water. Recycled water was used to replace municipal water at various proportions of 0, 30, 50 and 100%, then used as mix water. Tests were done on fresh and hardened concretes and mortars. The chemical impurities present in the recycled water satisfied the limits given in SANS 51008 /EN 1008 and ASTM C 94 for mix water. The use of recycled water as mix water led to a slight reduction in slump of concrete or flow of mortar. Hydration heat output and air permeability were not affected, and mortar compressive strengths increased with a rise in the proportional amount of recycled water used in the mix. In mortars, the use of 100% recycled water gave a substantial increase in strengths of up to 8%. Within the limitations of this study, it was found that recycled water from ready-mix concrete plants can be suitable for use as mix water in concrete-making.	Cpressive strength; Flow; Mortar; Permeability; Rady-mix concrete; Recycled water; Setting time; Slump	Cpressive strength; Flow; Rady-mix concrete; Recycled water; Setting time; Slump; Air permeability; Cements; Concrete mixing; Mortar; Slags; Wastewater reclamation; Water conservation; Water recycling	None
None	None	Effect of days in feedlot on growth performance, carcass and meat quality attributes of Tanzania shorthorn zebu steers	Asimwe L., Kimambo A.E., Laswai G.H., Mtenga L.A., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2015	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	5	10.1007/s11250-015-0801-z	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science, Au Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele, Denmark; Department of Larger Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark	Asimwe, L., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kimambo, A.E., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Laswai, G.H., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mtenga, L.A., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Weisbjerg, M.R., Department of Animal Science, Au Foulum, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, Tjele, Denmark; Madsen, J., Department of Larger Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark	A study was conducted on 50 steers (183 ± 4 kg initial body weight, 3 years of age) to assess effects of days in feedlot on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Tanzania shorthorn zebu (TSZ) cattle with the aim of determining appropriate finishing period. Periods were 0 day (P<inf>0</inf>), 25 days (P<inf>25</inf>), 50 days (P<inf>50</inf>), 75 days (P<inf>75</inf>) and 100 days (P<inf>100</inf>) with 10 animals per period. Steers were housed in individual pens, fed with a concentrate diet and hay on an ad libitum basis except the P<inf>0</inf> group which was slaughtered at the beginning of trial. Long stay in feedlot, P<inf>100</inf>, increased concentrate dry matter intake by 2 kg DM/day over short stay, P<inf>25</inf>. Final weight and total gain increased (P < 0.05) from P<inf>25</inf> (22.6 kg) to P<inf>100</inf> steers (95.4 kg). Periods had no influence (P > 0.05) on an average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) but affected carcass characteristics. Empty body weight (EBW) and hot carcass weight (HCW) increased by 61 and 65 %, respectively, from no feedlot, P<inf>0</inf> to P<inf>100</inf>. Dressing percentage was high (P < 0.05) for P<inf>100</inf> steers. Carcass measurements, internal fat, fat thickness and carcass total fat were the highest (P < 0.05) on P<inf>100</inf> steers and the lowest on P<inf>0</inf> steers. Rate of pH decline increased with days in feedlot, while cooking loss and shear force values decreased in advanced ageing time. Feedlot periods of 75 and 100 days resulted into high intake, carcass measurements and tenderness, but 100 days further increased carcass fatness and fat thickness levels, thus, with this particular feeding system and animal’s condition, 75 days is the recommended period to finish TSZ cattle in feedlots. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Beef; Carcass; Gain; Period of stay; Quality	Animalia; Bos; Bos indicus; analysis; animal; animal food; animal husbandry; body weight; bovine; controlled study; diet; growth, development and aging; male; meat; physiology; randomized controlled trial; Tanzania; veterinary; Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Male; Meat; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870786135	Impacts of technology adoption on the quality of milk from smallholder farms in Wolayta, Southern Ethiopia	Nebiyu R., Beyene F., Giorgis Y.T., Kassa B., Kass F.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	12	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Centre, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia; Wollega University, P.O. Box 395, Nekemt, Ethiopia; Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Nebiyu, R., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Centre, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia; Beyene, F., Wollega University, P.O. Box 395, Nekemt, Ethiopia; Giorgis, Y.T., Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Kassa, B., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Centre, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia; Kass, F., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Centre, P.O. Box 31, Holetta, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to assess impacts of building smallholder milk producers' technical and material capacity on microbial quality of raw milk. Thirty women were selected and trained on good hygienic practices of milk production and products handling. They were also given milk handling equipments made of stainless steel. Milk samples were taken before and after the training. Training brought positive impact on hygienic milk and milk products production and handling. Udder washing practice was improved by 32 % and use of individual towel to dry the udder was practiced by 53%. The training made 60 % women to use salt solution as teat dipping solution after milking. Cleaning milk and milk products vessels using hot water with the herbs was improved by 63.6 % through the training. The average shelf-life of milk, buttermilk and cottage cheese (1.27, 1.36 and 5.73 days) was enhanced after the training to 2.17, 2.57 and 7.17 days respectively. The training improved the mean scores of taste, aroma and appearance of milk by 29.8, 27.7 and 23.9 % respectively. The mean total bacterial and coliform loads of milk were significantly reduced by 13.8 and 31.8 % respectively through the training. The percent total solid, solid not fat, fat, protein, lactose and ash contents of milk produced in the study area were 13.8, 8.95, 5.35, 3.24, 4.53 and 0.71 respectively. Scarcity of material resources, untargeted training and extension services as well as lack of access to credit were identified as the main constraints of milk and milk products production and handling practices. Therefore, empowering and capacitating the target group through training and improving handling of milk and milk products would increase the quality and thus marketability of milk and milk products in the study area.	Capacity building; Milk handling	Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36448939790	Reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows in Eastern Lowlands of Ethiopia	Mureda E., Zeleke Z.M.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	11	None	Agricultural College, ATVET, Holleta, Ethiopia; Bair Dar University, P.O.Box 1866, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Mureda, E., Agricultural College, ATVET, Holleta, Ethiopia; Zeleke, Z.M., Bair Dar University, P.O.Box 1866, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to assess reproductive performances of 304 crossbred (Holstein Friesian x Zebu) dairy cows kept in small (SSDP), medium (MSDP) and large scale dairy production (LSDP) systems in Eastern lowland of Ethiopia. The overall mean age at first service (AFS) and at first calving (AFC) across all production systems were 25.6 (n=283) and 36.2 (n=210) months, respectively. The AFS and AFC were significantly longer (P≤0.05) in the MSDP than in the SSDP and LSDP systems. The overall mean intervals from calving to first service (CFSI) and from calving to conception (CCI) were 162.5 (n=149) and 218.5 (n=108) days, respectively. The crossbred cows under SSDP management system had shorter (P≤0.05) CFSI and CCI than those managed under MSDP and LSDP. The CFSI and CCI were the longest (P≤0.05) for the first and beyond 6th parities as compared to 2nd, 3rd and 4th parities. The mean calving interval (CI) across all production systems was 17.8 (n=155) months. Cows managed under SSDP system had significantly shorter (P≤0.05) CI as compared to cows managed under MSDP and LSDP. The overall pregnancy, calving and conception to first service rates were 72.8%, 63.4% and 45.9%, respectively with no significant difference (P≥ 0.05) among production systems. In conclusion, crossbred cows under the SSDP management systems had better reproductive performance followed by cows in LSDP. Developing feed resource, effective reproductive health management and reliable AI service could be management options to mitigate some of the prevailing problems.	Crossbred cows; Production system; Reproduction	Bos; Bos indicus; Friesia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149295574	Response of broiler chickens in terms of performance and meat quality to garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation	Onibi G.E., Adebisi O.E., Fajemisin A.N., Adetunji A.V.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	5	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Onibi, G.E., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adebisi, O.E., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Fajemisin, A.N., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adetunji, A.V., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	A study was conducted to assess the effect of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens using a total of 300 day old Shaver Starbo chicks allotted at 10 birds per replicate and 6 replicates per treatment over a period of 7 weeks. The basal starter and finisher diets contained 228.61 and 201.42 g/kg CP, respectively. The control diet was the basal diet without garlic supplementation. Diets 2 and 3 contained supplementary raw garlic powder at 500 and 5,000 mg/kg diet respectively, while diets 4 and 5 contained supplementary boiled garlic powder at 500 and 5,000 mg/kg diet respectively. 4 female birds per replicate were slaughtered at the end of the trial to evaluate carcass and muscle characteristics, garlic aroma and palatability scores of the meat and oxidative stability of refrigerated meat at 4°C for 6 days were determined. The average weight gain, average feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the birds were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Broiler chickens fed garlic supplemented diets had marginally higher weight gain than those fed the control diet and was higher at high level of garlic supplementation (39.18 ± 0.94, 40.42 ± 0.45, 42.39 ± 1.57, 39.72 ± 2.97 and 41.42 ± 2.60 g/bird/day for Diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively; P > 0.05). The carcass and organ characteristics of the chickens were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by dietary garlic supplementation but abdominal fat contents were numerically lowered due to supplementary garlic. Moisture contents of broiler chickens were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced. Garlic aroma (P < 0.001) and palatability (P > 0.05) scores increased with increasing level of dietary garlic supplementation. Thigh muscle had the highest score for garlic aroma (2.60 ± 1.30), followed by drumstick (2.57 ± 1.14) and lowest for breast muscle (2.50 ± 1.17) (P > 0.05). Oxidation susceptibility of meat, measured as concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased with increasing level of supplementary garlic fed to the chickens (P < 0.01). Muscle MDA concentration was in order of thigh > drumstick > breast (P < 0.001). It was concluded that supplementation of chicken diets with garlic marginally improved weight gain and it was better at high level of supplementation (5,000 mg/kg diet). Boiled compared with raw garlic powder produced no beneficial effect. Dietary garlic supplementation improved meat quality by increasing meat palatability score and reducing the extent of oxidation of meat during refrigerated storage. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Broilers; Garlic; Garlic aroma; Meat; Oxidative stability; Palatability; Performance	Allium sativum; Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893767641	Pre-weaning growth performance of crossbred lambs (Dorper × indigenous sheep breeds) under semi-intensive management in eastern Ethiopia	Teklebrhan T., Urge M., Mekasha Y., Baissa M.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	46	2	10.1007/s11250-013-0513-1	College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 236, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	Teklebrhan, T., College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 236, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Urge, M., College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 236, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Mekasha, Y., College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 236, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Baissa, M., College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 236, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to assess the effect of genetic and non-genetic factors (litter size, sex of lamb, and parity of dam) on pre-weaning growth performance of crossbred lambs (75 % Dorper (DR) 25 % indigenous lambs; and 50 % Dorper 50 % indigenous lambs) under semi-intensive husbandry practices in eastern Ethiopia. Data from a total of 275 Dorper sire breed × indigenous (Blackhead Ogaden [BHO] and Hararghe Highland [HH]) crossbred lambs with different genetic group of the parental breeds were collected for three consecutive years (2009 to 2011). Pre-weaning growth performance attributes of crossbred lambs studied were birth weight, weaning weight, and pre-weaning average daily gain. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (2003). Breed group and non-genetic factors significantly affected pre-weaning growth performance. Lambs with 75 % Dorper and 25 % indigenous had higher (P < 0.01) birth weight than 50 % DR and 50 % HH but similar to 50 % DR and 50 % BHO. Weaning weight and pre-weaning live weight gain were higher (P < 0.01) for 3/4DR1/4BHO and 3/4DR1/4HH than 50 % Dorper inheritance. Single-born lambs had higher weight at birth, weaning weight, and pre-weaning average daily gain as compared to twins. Sex comparison is significant (P < 0.05) and male lambs recorded highest pre-weaning growth performance compared to female counterparts. Parity, season, and lambing year significantly (P < 0.01) influenced the pre-weaning growth of crossbred lambs. Therefore, it could be concluded that 50-75 % Dorper inheritance improved pre-weaning growth performance of indigenous breeds of Hararghe Highland and Blackhead Ogaden sheep. The result also suggested culling of ewes older than fourth parity to improve the pre-weaning growth performance of lambs. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Average daily gain; Birth weight; Fixed effects; Weaning weight	Animalia; Ovis aries; animal; animal husbandry; Ethiopia; female; genetics; growth, development and aging; male; sheep; suckling animal; weaning; weight gain; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Ethiopia; Female; Male; Sheep; Weaning; Weight Gain	USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904538961	The effect of non-genetic factors on the reproductive performance of Sanga and Friesian × Sanga crossbred dairy cattle breeds kept under hot and humid environment	Apori S.O., Hagan J.K.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	46	6	10.1007/s11250-014-0604-7	Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Apori, S.O., Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Hagan, J.K., Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	A study was conducted to assess the effect of non-genetic factors on the reproductive performance of Sanga and Friesian × Sanga crossbred dairy cattle kept at Amrahia Dairy Farm, Ghana. Records on 66 crossbred Friesian × Sanga and 105 purebred Sanga cattle from 2005 to 2012 were used. The effect of sex of calf (male or female), season of calving (major, minor and dry), year of calving (2005-2012) and parity (first to third) on birthweight, calving interval and age at first calving were determined. The data were analyzed using the general linear model procedures of GenStat (Discovery Edition). The effect of parity of dam, year of calving, season of calving and sex of calf were considered as fixed effects for evaluating the different reproductive traits. Data on calving and conception rates over the period were 74.3 and 76.1 %, respectively. The overall mean values for birthweight, age at first calving and calving interval obtained were 23.9 ± 1.5 and 22.8 ± 1.4 kg, 38.8 ± 2.5 and 40.2 ± 2.4 months and 390.8 ± 12.5 and 413.6 ± 12.1 days for the crossbred and Sanga, respectively. It was observed that all the major determinants of reproductive performance studied apart from birthweight were significantly influenced by year of birth, parity, season of calving and sex. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Age at first calving; Birthweight; Calving interval; Friesian; Reproductive; Sanga	Animalia; Bos; Friesia; Sanga; animal; birth weight; Bovinae; breeding; cross breeding; dairying; female; fertilization; Ghana; heat; humidity; male; parity; physiology; pregnancy; procedures; reproduction; season; sex difference; statistical model; tropic climate; Animals; Birth Weight; Breeding; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Dairying; Female; Fertilization; Ghana; Hot Temperature; Humidity; Linear Models; Male; Parity; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Factors; Tropical Climate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904612245	Evaluation of growth trends in the short-eared somali goat breed of eastern Ethiopia	Gebreyesus G., Haile A., Dessie T.	2014	Research Journal of Applied Sciences	9	5	None	ILRI, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria, Ethiopia	Gebreyesus, G., ILRI, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Haile, A., ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria, Ethiopia; Dessie, T., ILRI, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to assess the growth performance of the short-eared Somali goat breed in Eastern Ethiopia and quantify the effect of age and production site on these parameters. The quantitative traits recorded from linear body measurements of the adult female population (>3PPI) averaged 21.86±2.89 kg, 56.42±3.53 cm, 65.39±3.68 cm, 60.95±2.82 cm, 7.78±1.18 and 13.89±1.04 cm for body weight, body length, chest girth, height at withers, chest width and pelvic width, respectively. The corresponding values for the male population were 24.17±4.75 kg, 57.36±4.53 cm, 66.78±5.97 cm, 63.6±3.83 cm, 7.8±1.33 cm and 13.66±1.52 cm, respectively. Effects of age (dentition group) on body weight and linear measurements was estimated using least square means to assess the growth trend in male and female animals of the population. © Medwell Journals, 2014.	Body weight; Growth trend; Linear traits; Population; Short-eared somali goats	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877878835	Nutrients intake, performance and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf sheep fed graded levels of toasted Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds as supplement to Panicum maximum	Idowu O.J., Arigbede O.M., Dele P.A., Olanite J.A., Adelusi O.O., Ojo V.O.A., Sunmola A.S.	2013	Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences	16	23	10.3923/pjbs.2013.1806.1810	Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Idowu, O.J., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Arigbede, O.M., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Dele, P.A., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olanite, J.A., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adelusi, O.O., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ojo, V.O.A., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sunmola, A.S., Department of Pasture and Range Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A study was conducted to assess the nutritive value of Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds as supplementary feed for ruminant animals during the dry season when grasses are either not available or of low quality. Matured fruits of E. cyclocarpum were collected, toasted, peeled and then used for the trial. Thirty two West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep aged between 12±2 months with an average body weight of 10±2 kg were used in assessing the nutritive value of graded levels of toasted Enterolobium cyclocarpum seed in a concentrate diets as supplement to Panicum maximum basal diet. The percent compositions of the experimental diets were toasted E. cyclocarpum seeds at various levels of inclusion (0, 10, 20 and 30%) for diets 1, 2, 3 and 4. respectively. The diets (1-4) were consecutively fed to each animal at 50 g kg-1 b.wt. for 12 weeks in a completely randomized design. Parameters taken were weekly body weights, daily feed intake, nutrient utilization and nitrogen balance status for each animal. Diet 2 had the highest significant (p&lt;0.05) nutrients intake being 871.88, 137.13, 147.59, 33.26 and 69.86 g day-1 for DM, CP, CF, EE and ASH respectively. The Dry Matter Digestibility (DMD) coefficients decreased significantly (p&lt;0.05) with increased inclusion levels of toasted E. cyclocarpum seeds supplementation. Sheep fed diet 4 had the lowest feed conversion ratio (8.61) and the highest daily average gain of 58.93 g. However the animals fed Diet 2 had the highest nitrogen retension and converted their feed to flesh. © 2013 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Dry matter intake; Enterolobium cyclocarpum; Nitrogen balance; Nutrient utilization; West African dwarf	nitrogen; vegetable protein; animal; animal food; article; comparative study; diet; diet supplementation; dietary fiber; digestion; eating; Fabaceae; growth, development and aging; metabolism; nutritional status; nutritional value; Panicum; plant seed; season; sheep; time; weight gain; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Eating; Fabaceae; Nitrogen; Nutritional Status; Nutritive Value; Panicum; Plant Proteins; Seasons; Seeds; Sheep; Time Factors; Weight Gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745930524	Reproductive performances of dairy cows in smallholder production system in Selalle, Central Ethiopia	Lobago F., Bekana M., Gustafsson H., Kindahl H.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	4	10.1007/s11250-006-4328-1	Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Swedish Dairy Association, SE-63184 Eskilstuna, Sweden	Lobago, F., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Bekana, M., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gustafsson, H., Swedish Dairy Association, SE-63184 Eskilstuna, Sweden; Kindahl, H., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Clinical Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden	A study was conducted to assess the reproductive performance and factors that influence reproductive efficiency of cows in smallholder dairy farms in Selalle, Central Ethiopia. Three hundred dairy farms (average herd size = 8) were visited and data on reproductive, breeding and management histories were collected and analysed. The overall geometric means for calving to conception interval (n = 382) and duration after last calving (n = 422) were 187 and 201 days in pregnant and non-pregnant cows, respectively. The least-squares mean calving to conception interval was higher (p < 0.05) in mixed crop-livestock production (MCLP) than in small urban dairy production (SUDP) systems and was lower (p < 0.01) in non-suckling than in suckling cows. District significantly influenced (p < 0.01) the least-squares mean duration after last calving and, among the districts, non-pregnant cows in Wuchale-Jida had the highest values, whereas cows in Sululta and Mulo had the lowest values. The overall average number of services per conception (±SD) and the first service conception rate were 1.6 ± 1.0 (n = 382) and 56% (n = 456), respectively. The prevalences of abortion, dystocia (assisted parturition), retained fetal membrane, vulval discharge/endometritis and pre-weaning calf mortality were 1.4%, 1.3%, 5.4%, 2.8% and 17.4%, respectively. The present estimates of extended calving to conception interval and duration after last calving indicate poor reproductive performances of cows in Selalle smallholder dairy farms. The pre-weaning calf mortality rate is highly significant. Accordingly, a further detailed investigation is necessary to identify and quantify the specific reproductive disorders and associated interacting factors attributing to such poor performance and to determine the causes and predisposing factors behind such high calf mortality. © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2006.	Dairy cows; Ethiopia/Selalle; Reproductive performance; Smallholder	animal; animal disease; article; breeding; cattle; cattle disease; dairying; Ethiopia; female; methodology; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; pregnancy rate; puerperal disorder; reproduction; suckling; time; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Ethiopia; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Animal; Puerperal Disorders; Reproduction; Time Factors; Bos taurus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69249096975	Study on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cattle under smallholder conditions in and around Zeway, Ethiopia	Yifat D., Kelay B., Bekana M., Lobago F., Gustafsson H., Kindahl H.	2009	Livestock Research for Rural Development	21	6	None	Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7039, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden	Yifat, D., Hawassa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Kelay, B., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Bekana, M., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Lobago, F., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gustafsson, H., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7039, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Kindahl, H., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Box 7039, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden	A study was conducted to assess the reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows in urban and rural smallholder dairy farms in Zeway Ethiopia and its surrounding. A total of 287 (141 rural and 146 urban) smallholder dairy farms that owned 2-5 crossbred dairy cows were visited and reproductive performance of 503 (244 rural and 259 urban) crossbred dairy cows were studied. The overall mean values (n=503) for age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), gestation length (GL) and number of services per conception (NSPC) were 32.1 months, 412 days, 135 days, 278 days and 1.67, respectively. The mean values of CI and DO were significantly shorter in the urban than in the rural area. Parity number significantly influenced DO and NSPC. While, season of previous calving had significant effect on CI, DO and NSPC of smallholder crossbred dairy cows. In general, the smallholder crossbred dairy cows in the urban area had better reproductive performance than in the rural area. The overall observed reproductive performance of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in this study was good. Thus, the ongoing activities to improve and expand crossbred dairy cattle production at smallholder level in the region should be encouraged.	Calving interval; Gestation; Holstein; Urban; Zebu	Bos; Bos indicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934289768	Comparative studies on growth and evaluation of some harvested parts of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F.) plants	Chukwurah N.F., Eze S.C., Aruah C.B., Onyeonagu C.C., Onyeke C.C.	2015	Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences	25	3	None	National Biotechnology Development Agency, Airport Road, Lugbe, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Chukwurah, N.F., National Biotechnology Development Agency, Airport Road, Lugbe, Abuja, Nigeria; Eze, S.C., Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Aruah, C.B., National Biotechnology Development Agency, Airport Road, Lugbe, Abuja, Nigeria; Onyeonagu, C.C., Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Onyeke, C.C., Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A study was conducted to compare the growth and evaluation of some harvested parts of fluted pumpkin plants. Two field experiments in two planting seasons (2009 and 2010) were used for the study. A total of 500 plants in each planting season were studied at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The results showed that the male fluted pumpkin partitioned large number of their photosyntates in tendril production and subsequently slow growth and low fresh yield while, the female partitioned greater part of their photosyntates in leave production, faster growth and higher fresh yield. The total number of tendrils harvested from males during the first (2009) and second (2010) planting seasons were 261.5 and 251.6 respectively while the total number of tendrils harvested from the females during the first and second planting seasons were 78.2 and 73.1 respectively. On the contrary, number of leaves per plant was harvested from the male less than female plants, while 597.0 and 590.8 leaves per plant were harvested from the male plants during the first and second planting seasons, respectively while 712.9 and 742.3 leaves per plant were harvested from the female counterpart during the first and second planting seasons respectively. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the male and female plants with respect to both number of leaves and tendrils per plant. More vines were also harvested from the female gender than the males. © 2015, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All right reserved.	Photosynthates; Telfairiaoccidentalis; Vegetative growth; Yield evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959670878	Designing self-evaluation instruments for academic programmes: Lessons and challenges	Ansah F.	2010	Evaluation and Research in Education	23	2	10.1080/09500791003717238	Garden City University College, P.O. Box 12775, Kenyasi, Kumasi, KK, Ghana	Ansah, F., Garden City University College, P.O. Box 12775, Kenyasi, Kumasi, KK, Ghana	A study was conducted to design valid and reliable self-evaluation instruments for periodic evaluation of academic programmes of Bolgatanga Polytechnic in Ghana, using evaluation experts and relevant stakeholders of the polytechnic. This paper presents some of the challenges, including those of institutional support, the technical demands of designing the instrument and that of culture. How these challenges were met and the lessons learnt illustrate how selfevaluation was introduced to an institution where previously no course evaluation had been carried out. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.	Academic programmes; Instrument design; Self-evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867687853	Comparative reproductive and growth performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) and its hybrid induced with synthetic hormone and pituitary land of Clarias gariepinus	Ndimele P.E., Owodeinde F.G.	2012	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	12	3	10.4194/1303-2712-v12_3_09	Lagos State University, Faculty of Science, Department of Fisheries, Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria	Ndimele, P.E., Lagos State University, Faculty of Science, Department of Fisheries, Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria; Owodeinde, F.G., Lagos State University, Faculty of Science, Department of Fisheries, Environmental Toxicology and Ecological Restoration, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the comparative reproductive, growth performances and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus and its hybrid "heteroclarias" using ovaprim and pituitary extract of male and female C. gariepinus. The experimental broodstocks consisted of 6 female C. gariepinus (2 each were induced separately with ovaprim, male pituitary of C. gariepinus and female pituitary of C. gariepinus), 3 male C. gariepinus and 3 male Heterobranchus bidorsalis. 2 female C. gariepinus induced with synthetic hormone were crossed separately with male C. gariepinus and male H. bidorsalis. A similar crossing was done for the other two sets of female C. gariepinus induced with male and female pituitary glands. The result shows that there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the treatments in all the reproductive performance, growth and nutrient utilization parameters. The highest percentage fertilization (88.44±5.74%), feed intake (27.48±7.08g), protein intake (15.39±3.96g), feed conversion ratio (1.21±0.12) and protein efficiency ratio (1.68±0.19) were recorded in pure line C. gariepinus induced with ovaprim. Pure breed C. gariepinus also had the highest values in all the reproductive performance and growth parameters. This study has shown that C. gariepinus induced with synthetic hormone (ovaprim) produce offspring with better qualities than those induced with pituitary. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.	Catfish; Growth parameters; Nutrient utilization; Ovaprim; Pituitary extract	None	None
None	None	The effect of maize bran or maize bran mixed with sunflower cake on the performance of smallholder dairy cows in urban and peri-urban area in Morogoro, Tanzania	Mlay P.S., Pereka A.E., Balthazary S.T., Phiri E.C.J., Hvelplund T., Weisbjerg M.R., Madsen J.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	1	None	Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	Mlay, P.S., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Pereka, A.E., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Balthazary, S.T., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Phiri, E.C.J., Dept. Physiol., Biochem., P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. Box 3017, Morogoro, Tanzania; Hvelplund, T., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Weisbjerg, M.R., Dept. of Anim. Sci. and Anim. Health, Roy. Vet. Agric. Univ., Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Madsen, J., Dept. of Anim. Nutr. and Physiology, Danish Inst. of Agric. Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, 8830Tjele, Denmark	A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding milking cows a supplement of maize bran alone (MB) or maize bran mixed with sunflower meal (MBS) during the dry season. Eighteen smallholder farms in urban and peri-urban areas of Morogoro practising complete zero grazing with not less than two milking cows participated in the trial. Forty-eight cows were used with ranges of body weight 232-556 kg, previous milk yield 3-13 litres/day, body condition score 2.5-5, parity 2-5, and 3-6 months post calving. For each farm, both MBS and MB treatments were randomly distributed to the cows. Body weights and body condition scores were taken before, at 6th and 12th week of treatment. Daily milk production was recorded three weeks before, 12 weeks during and 3 weeks after the withdrawal of treatments. Milk samples were collected during the 12th week of treatment and analysed for butterfat (BF), crude protein (CP) and total solids (TS). The economic viability of the dairy enterprises in relation to supplementation was also assessed. MBS fed cows had significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) milk yield compared to MB fed cows. No differences were observed in milk composition parameters, body weights and body condition changes. The economic return for sunflower meal incorporation in MBS was found to be very high. It is concluded that using sunflower meal mixed with maize bran was effective in increasing milk yield during the dry season and was economically profitable compared to maize bran alone.	Dairy cows; Maize bran; Milk yield; Sunflower cake; Supplementation	Bos taurus; Helianthus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960842493	Effect of dietary intervention on the performance and biochemical indices of chicken broilers challenged with Aspergillus flavus	Bolu S.A., Olatunde O.A., Ojo V.	2015	Tropical Agriculture	92	4	None	Dept of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Bolu, S.A., Dept of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Olatunde, O.A., Dept of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria; Ojo, V., Dept of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary interventions of vitamins A and C, methionine and lysine singly and in combination on broilers challenged with Aspergillus flavus. The interventions were Vitamins A+C (A+C), Methionine+Lysine (METH+LYS) and Vitamins A+C+METH+LYS. The experiment which was conducted for 8 weeks employed a completely randomized design. Feed intake, weight gain, nutrient retention and feed conversion efficiency were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary supplementation of the Aspergillus challenged birds. Highest feed intake (42.81g/bird/day) was observe for Aspergillus challenged birds supplemented with A+C+METH+LYS which compared favourably with the positive control birds (42.48g/bird/day). The lowest feed intake was observed for the negative control birds (Aspergillus challenged without dietary intervention). Weight gain was highest for the positive control bird (20.14g/bird/day). This value was similar to the value obtained for Aspergillus challenged birds supplemented with A+C+METH+LYS. Lowest weight gain was observed in the negative control birds (12.44g/bird/day). These birds also recorded significantly (p<0.05) lowest feed conversion efficiency (3.09). Haematological and serum indices showed no significant differences (p>0.05) however, higher lymphocytes values were observed in challenged birds with dietary intervention. As a general immune modulator, vitamins A and C with lysine and methionine may be an attractive alternative to the on-farm use of vaccines in poultry in the management of aspergillosis. © 2015 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Aspergillus challenged birds; Lysine; Methionine; Vitamins A,C	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650994201	Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat sensory evaluation of West African dwarf sheep fed varying levels of maize and cassava hay	Fasae O.A., Adu I.F., Aina A.B.J., Dipeolu M.A.	2011	Tropical Animal Health and Production	43	2	10.1007/s11250-010-9723-y	Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Fasae, O.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adu, I.F., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Aina, A.B.J., Department of Animal Production and Health, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Dipeolu, M.A., College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the growth performance and meat yield and quality of West African dwarf sheep. Twenty rams weighing an average of 15.3 ± 0.79 kg live weight and with an average age of 18 months were allotted at random to five dietary treatments of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% maize hay (MH) for a period of 105 days. Dry matter (DM) intake and growth rate of the rams were improved as the level of cassava hay (CH) increased in the diets. Live weight gain varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the treatments, ranging from 38.8 to 47.9 g/day. The carcass weight of the rams fed 100% MH was significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with the other treatments. Dressing percentage ranged from 56.5% to 61.0% with no significant (P > 0.05) difference observed across the treatments, while the distribution of the slaughtered parts was similar (P > 0.05) regardless of the dietary treatment. Proximate composition of the meat from the loin indicated that the DM, crude protein, fat and ash contents were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatments. Panellists rated the meat to be similar (P > 0.05) in flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability while colour and texture varied significantly (P < 0.05) across the treatments. In conclusion, this study indicated that better growth performance and meat production in West African dwarf sheep can be improved in form of body weight and carcass production when fed 25%MH and 75% CH diet. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Carcass characteristics; Dwarf sheep; Growth; Hay	animal; animal disease; animal food; article; body composition; cassava; diet; growth, development and aging; maize; meat; physiology; sheep; standard; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Diet; Manihot; Meat; Sheep; Zea mays; Manihot esculenta; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879658043	Growth performance, linear body measurements and carcass characteristics of intact and castrated growing pigs	Njoku C.P., Aina A.B.J., Sogunle O.M., Oduguwa O.O.	2013	Indian Journal of Animal Sciences	83	6	None	University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, Nigeria	Njoku, C.P., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, Nigeria; Aina, A.B.J., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, Nigeria; Sogunle, O.M., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, Department of Animal Production and Health, Nigeria; Oduguwa, O.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, Department of Animal Nutrition, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the growth performance, linear body measurements and carcass characteristics of intact and castrated growing pigs. A total of forty-eight Large White male pigs of eight weeks old with initial average weight of 7.16±0.45 were randomly assigned to two treatments with each treatment consisting of three replicates of eight pigs each. Twentyfour of the experimental animals were castrated while the remaining twenty four were left intact. Data were collected weekly and carcass evaluation was carried out at the end of the experiment. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomised Design. Castrated boars recorded better values for final body weight (68.46 kg) and daily feed intake (1.70 kg) when compared to 60.04 kg and 1.37 kg, respectively for the intact boar. The intact boar had better values on feed conversion ratio (4.55), daily feed cost (N97.34) and cost/kg weight gain (N319.25). Height at wither and chest girth had higher values (1.14 and 1.12 cm) recorded by the castrated boar when compared to 0.87 and 0.94 cm of the intact boar. Castrated boar had higher values (73.67, 51.00, 25.50 kg) for final body weight, eviscerated weight and left carcass weight respectively compared to the values (67.00, 43.67, 21.67 kg) respectively obtained by intact boars. Intact boar recorded better value (49.02) for fat free index when compared to 43.46 obtained by the castrated boar. It was concluded that state of boar had effect on growth performance, linear body measurements and carcass parameters of growing pigs.	Carcass; Castrated boars; Growth performance; Intact	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951534213	Effect of dietary lipid sources on production performance of broilers	de Witt F.H., Els S.P., van der Merwe H.J., Hugo A., Fair M.D.	2009	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	39	SUPPL. 1	None	Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	de Witt, F.H., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Els, S.P., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; van der Merwe, H.J., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Hugo, A., Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Fair, M.D., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	A study was conducted to determine the influence of different dietary lipid sources and inclusion levels on production performance of male broilers. Eight isoenergetic (15.1 MJ AME/kg DM) and isonitrogenous (223 g CP/kg DM) diets were formulated, using high oleic sunflower oil (HO), sunflower oil (SO), fish oil (FO) and tallow (T) at a 30 g/kg and 60 g/kg dietary inclusion level. Eight hundred (800), day-old Ross 788 broiler males were randomly allocated to the eight treatments (n = 100) and were further subdivided into four replicates/treatment (n = 25). All birds receive a standard commercial diet for the first 14 days, where-after the experimental diets were fed for 28 days. Feed intake and body weights were recorded weekly, while mortalities were recorded and dead birds weighed daily. Mortalities were brought into consideration during the calculation of average daily feed intake (g feed/bird/day) and feed conversion ratio (g feed/g body weight gain). Contrary to saturated fatty acids (T), the inclusion of unsaturated fatty acids (HO, SO, FO) at a higher level (60 g/kg) resulted in a significantly improved FCR. It seems that the optimum dietary inclusion level of saturated fatty acids is lower (30 g/kg) than that of unsaturated sources. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Fatty acids; Feed efficiency; Inclusion level; Ross 788	Aves; Helianthus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865466015	Performance and stability of seed yield in rainfed sesame genotypes as influenced by plant population density	Adebisi M.A., Ajala M.O.	2006	Tropical Agriculture	83	04-Jan	None	Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Adebisi, M.A., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ajala, M.O., Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the performance and stability of seed yield in 14 sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes which were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at three plant population densities in South-West Nigeria in each of two years. Two stability parameters were obtained (i) as the linear regression (b value) of genotype mean yield in each environment and the deviations from the regression (S 2d). The genotypes evaluated differed significantly for seed yield and genotype x environment (G x E) interactions. Regression coefficients ranged from 0.65-1.25 and were statistically close to unity. One genotype, 530-3, with a regression coefficient value of 1.01 and smaller S2d value and a relatively high seed yield, could be considered the most widely-adapted genotype. Deviations from the regression were significant in all the genotypes. The highest-yielding genotypes appeared less stable than the average of all entries. Three genotypes, Type A, 530-6-1, and Pbtill No. 1 were identified as suitable for cultivation in all the environments. Genotypes E8 and 69B-88Z were identified as desirable genotypes for cultivation in any of the three plant populations. The result pointed out Goza as being most appropriate for cultivation in 133 333 plants ha-1 and 73A-11 and C-K-Z in 266667 plants ha-1, while Domu would be appropriate in 266667 plants ha -1. These genotypes were distinct and therefore deserve a place in commercial seed production and future breeding programmes. ©2006 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Environment; Genotypes; Performance; Plant population density; Stability	Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51149099012	Indigenous chicken flocks of Eastern Uganda: I. Productivity, management and strategies for better performance	Kugonza D.R., Kyarisiima C.C., Iisa A.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	9	None	Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Kugonza, D.R., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kyarisiima, C.C., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Iisa, A., Department of Animal Science, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	A study was conducted to determine the productivity and management of indigenous chickens of Kumi district in Eastern Uganda. Eighty households were randomly selected to respond to a standard questionnaire. The average flock size per household was three cocks, six hens and four chicks. Sexual maturity is attained at 5.5 and 6.5 months among male and female chickens respectively, with age at first egg ranging between 5.5-7 months. Egg hatchability varied widely between farmers with an overall mean of 90%. Clutch sizes ranged between 4-19 eggs per clutch, with a mean of 13 eggs. Chickens were acquired through purchase (65.6%), gifts (26.3%), or in exchange for labour. Scavenging was the major feeding system, seasonally supplemented with cereal grain. The majority of the farmers (87.5%) provided birds with drinking water. Death of chicks was prevalent (73%) and was mainly attributed to Newcastle disease (70%), with most of the mortality being observed during the dry season (62%). Survival of chickens was significantly affected (P<0.001) by feeding level, and strongly correlated (r = 0.83) with the housing system. Housing and feeding had significant effects on duration between laying cycles (P<0.001), how chickens were acquired (P<0.01), and the uses to which the chickens were put (P<0.001). Chickens and eggs are mainly used to generate household income and for home consumption. In some households, chickens are exchanged for goats and subsequently, for cattle. Our findings indicate that the indigenous chicken is a major resource in Teso, Uganda. The performance of these indigenous chickens would significantly improve with better feeding, housing and health management. Chicken farmers should be empowered through training and provision of capital credit, the latter of which should be well informed by data on the chicken production cycle.	Eggs; Feeding; Health households; Nutrition; Rural; Scavenging	Aves; Bos; Capra hircus; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67149131859	Effect of graded level of alphamune g on performance, blood chemistry and histology of cockerel chicks	Bolu S.A., Ojo V., Oluyemi O., Babawale O.I., Awodele O.A.	2009	International Journal of Poultry Science	8	4	10.3923/ijps.2009.397.400	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Bolu, S.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ojo, V., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oluyemi, O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Babawale, O.I., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Awodele, O.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the response of day-old cockerel chicks to graded levels of Alphamune G (0.00, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06%). The experiment which was conducted for 8 weeks employed a completely randomized design. Feed intake and nutrient retention were not significantly influenced (p>0.05) by dietary inclusion levels of Alphamune G. However, weight gain and feed to gain ratio were significantly improved (p<0.05) for cockerel chicks fed 0.06% inclusion level when compared with the control. The values were 7.78 and 4.58 g/bird/week, respectively. Haematology and serum indices did not show any significant effect as a result of the graded levels of dietary Alphamune G. Histological characteristics revealed slight morphological changes in specific organs of birds fed Alphamune G supplemented diet vis-a viz the control diet. Inclusion of Alphamune G at 0.06% in the diets of cockerel chicks gave the best performance. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Alphamune G; Cockerels; Diet	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82755171146	Evaluation of protein and amino acid composition of selected spices grown in the Middle belt region of Nigeria	Aremu M.O., Alade P., Nweze C.C.	2011	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	10	10	None	Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria	Aremu, M.O., Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Alade, P., Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Nweze, C.C., Department of Biochemistry, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B. 1022, Keffi, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the suitability of six different spices (pepper, garlic, ginger, onion, curry leaf and tomatoes) with a view to appraising their nutritive values. For this purpose, crude protein and amino acid composition were determined using standard analytical techniques. The result gave crude protein content in percentage as; pepper (20.11), garlic (19.94), ginger (11.43), onion (10.36), curry leaf (25.67) and tomatoes (19.83). The Total Amino Acid (TAA) of pepper, garlic, ginger, onion, curry leaf and tomatoes were: 48.40, 66.25, 39.21, 40.21, 78.08 and 40.30 g/100g crude protein, respectively. The order of calculated isoelectric point (pI) was curry leaf > garlic > pepper > onion = tomatoes > ginger while that of Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio (P-PER) was garlic > curry leaf > ginger > pepper > onion > tomatoes. The contents of Essential Amino Acid (EAA) in all the spice samples are generally lower than FAO/WHO recommended values except curry leaf which had a balance content of all the EAAs and garlic that was adequate only in Leu and Phe + Tyr based on FAO/WHO provisional pattern. So curry leaf is considered to be a valuable protein source for the human diet. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011.	Amino acids; Crude protein; Nigeria; Spices	amino acid; leucine; phenylalanine; tyrosine; vegetable protein; amino acid analysis; amino acid composition; article; controlled study; food quality; garlic; ginger; isoelectric point; Murraya koenigii; Nigeria; nonhuman; nutritional value; onion; pepper; prediction; protein content; protein diet; tomato	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878843393	Evaluation of fatty acids and physicochemical characteristics of six varieties of bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea L. Verde) seed oils	Aremu M.O., Mamman S., Olonisakin A.	2013	Rivista Italiana delle Sostanze Grasse	90	2	None	Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, PMB1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria	Aremu, M.O., Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, PMB1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Mamman, S., Department of Chemistry, Nasarawa State University, PMB1022, Keffi, Nigeria; Olonisakin, A., Department of Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria	A study was conducted to determine the suitability of six varieties of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde) seed oils, an under-utilized crop grown in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. For this purpose, fatty acid composition of six different seed colours of bambara groundnut was determined using standard analytical techniques. The most concentrated fatty acids were oleic acid (17.54-18.49%) < palmitic acid (21.79-23.27%) < linoleic acid (34.04-35.62%). Arachidic and behenic acids were present in small quantities with none of them recording up to 1.0% in any of the samples. Caprylic, palmitoleic, margarle, capric, lauric, myristic, arachidonic, erucic and lignoceric acids were all determined but not detected. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated in all the samples with an adequate amount of essential fatty acid (linoleic and linolenic acids). Significant differences were observed (p < 0.05) in the fatty acid compositions among the bambara groundnut dehulled seed cultivars. The results of physicochemical properties of bambara groundnut varieties seed oils showed mean range values of the following parameters: saponifications value (174.80-181.02 mg KOH/g); peroxide value (9.10-11.05 meq02/kg); iodine value (111.98-122.22 mg of 1/100g); acid value (1.28-1.40 mg KOH/g); specific gravity at 25°C (0.874-0.881); unsaponifiable matter (2.39-2.47%); flash point (210-220°C); kinetic viscosity at 40°C (2.95-4.94). Generally, the values of the physicochemical parameters showed that the oils may be useful as edible oils due to their stability as frying oils and may also be useful industrially for the manufacture of products such as paints, liquid soaps and shampoos.	Fatty acids; Physicochemical parameters; Seed oils; Vigna subterranea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349173909	Evaluation of variation in susceptibility of three Ethiopian sheep breeds to experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica	Eguale T., Mekonnen G.A., Chaka H.	2009	Small Ruminant Research	82	1	10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.12.017	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	Eguale, T., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, G.A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Chaka, H., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National Animal Health Research Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to determine the variation in susceptibility of three Ethiopian sheep breeds (Arsi, Horro and Menz) to experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica. Arsi and Menz breeds of 16 rams each and Horro breed of 14 rams aged between 6 and 8 months were randomly divided into two groups. All rams in the first groups of each breed were infected with 300 viable metacercariae of F. hepatica while those in the second groups were left as controls. Parameters used to assess the level of resistance was fluke egg count (EPG), change in live weight, packed cell volume (PCV) and percentage of adult flukes recovered 18 weeks after experimental infection. The overall mean EPG of Arsi, Horro and Menz sheep breeds was 416.6, 199.1 and 355.7 while the mean number of flukes recovered at the end of the experiment was 107.0 (34.7%), 67.2 (22.3%) and 68.6 (23%), respectively. Based on these factors Arsi breed is (p < 0.05) more susceptible to the effect of F. hepatica compared to other breeds. The EPG, change in live weight and PCV results showed that Horro breed demonstrated better resistance than the rest groups; nevertheless, in terms of adult parasite recovery, no significant difference (p > 0.05) between Horro and Menz breeds was seen. The present results are good indications for the existence of variation in susceptibility of these sheep breeds to infection with F. hepatica. Further studies on genetic basis of susceptibility differences needs to be carried out. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Arsi; Breeds; Fasciola hepatica; Horro; Menz; Resistance/susceptibility	Fasciola hepatica; Ovis aries; Trematoda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80455174369	Non-genetic factors affecting growth performance and carcass characteristics of two South African pig breeds	Dube B., Mulugeta S.D., van der Westhuizen R.R., Dzama K.	2011	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	41	2	None	Animal Science Programme, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; ARC Livestock Business Division, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Dube, B., Animal Science Programme, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Mulugeta, S.D., Animal Science Programme, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; van der Westhuizen, R.R., ARC Livestock Business Division, Private Bag X2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Dzama, K., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	A study was conducted to establish non-genetic factors affecting growth and carcass traits in Large White and Landrace pigs. This study was based on 20 079 and 12 169 growth and 5 406 and 2 533 carcass data collected on performance tested pigs between 1990 and 2008 from Large White and Landrace breeds respectively. The traits analyzed were backfat thickness (BFAT), test period gain (TPG), lifetime gain (LTG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), age at slaughter (AGES), lean percentage (LEAN), drip-free lean percentage (DLEAN), drip loss (DRIP), dressing percentage (DRESS), carcass length (CRLTH) and eye muscle area (AREA). Significant effects were determined using PROC GLM of SAS. Herd of origin, year of testing and their interaction significantly affected all traits. Most traits were not affected by season of testing in both breeds, while all traits in both breeds were significantly affected by sex. Testing environment (station, farm) affected all growth traits except for LTG. Backfat thickness and AGES increased with increasing total feed intake, while other traits decreased as total feed intake increased. Improved test centre management did not compensate for pre-test underperformance. Castrates produced higher carcass yields of lower quality than females, while performance testing showed the best results when done at testing centres. This study showed the importance of adjusting for fixed effects when performing genetic evaluations in the two pig populations.	Carcass traits; Environmental effects; Growth traits; Landrace; Large white; Swine	Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951521184	Evaluation of models for assessing Medicago sativa L. hay quality	Scholtz G.D.J., van der Merwe H.J., Tylutki T.P.	2009	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	39	SUPPL. 1	None	Department of Animal- Wildlife- and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Agricultural Modeling and Training Systems, 418 Davis Rd Cortland, NY 13045, United States	Scholtz, G.D.J., Department of Animal- Wildlife- and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; van der Merwe, H.J., Department of Animal- Wildlife- and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 399, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Tylutki, T.P., Agricultural Modeling and Training Systems, 418 Davis Rd Cortland, NY 13045, United States	A study was conducted to evaluate current proposed models for assessing Medicago sativa L. hay quality, using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analyses and Cornell Nett Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) milk production prediction as a criterion of accuracy. Application of the theoretically-based summative total digestible nutrients (TDNlig) model of Weiss et al. (1992), using lignin to determine truly digestible NDF, explained almost all of the variation in milk yield (MY) (r 2 = 0.98). However, this model involves high analysis costs to develop and maintain NIRS calibrations and several of its components were poorly predicted by NIRS and therefore, not suited for quality assessment in practice. Current available models (forage quality index (FQI), relative forage quality (RFQ); relative feed value (RFV)) for assessing Medicago sativa L. hay quality revealed lower accuracies (r 2 = 0.83, r 2 = 0.76, r 2 = 0.61, respectively), especially when protein was included in the model (total forage quality index (TFI); r 2 &lt; 0.49). The developed empirical equation named lucerne milk value (LMV), including ADF, ash and lignin (Y = b0 - b1ADF - b2ash - b3lignin) (r 2 = 0.96), proved to be the most practical, simplistic, economical and accurate quality evaluation model for commercial application. © South African Society for Animal Science.	CNCPS; FQI; LMV; Lucerne hay; NIRS; RFQ; RFV; TFI	Lettuce mosaic virus; Medicago sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880673961	Nutritional evaluation of different sources of nitrogen on digestible nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and production of rumen metabolites in growing Yankasa sheep	Abubakar M., Adegbola T.A., Abubakar M.M., Shehu Y., Ngele M.B., Kalla D.J.U.	2010	Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture	22	4	None	Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, School of The Environment and Society, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, Swansea University, United Kingdom	Abubakar, M., Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria, Department of Biological Sciences, School of The Environment and Society, Singleton Park SA2 8PP, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Adegbola, T.A., Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Abubakar, M.M., Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Shehu, Y., Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ngele, M.B., Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kalla, D.J.U., Animal Production Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria	A study was conducted to evaluate digestible nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolites in twenty growing Yankasa rams fed urea and /or sundried broiler litter (SDBL) as a partial or complete replacement for cotton seed cake (CSC) in diets for 90 days. The diets were: 1(CSC; control), 2(urea), 3(urea/SDBL), 4(CSC/urea) and 5(CSC/SDBL). The results indicated difference (P<0.05) in DM intake across diets, with animals fed CSC, urea and CSC/urea having the highest values (543.1, 523.4 and 483.6 g/day respectively), while those fed urea/SDBL and CSC/SDBL ((459.5 and 424.3g/day respectively) had the lowest feed intake. Mean digestible CP intake differed (P<0.001)across the diets and the values were higher for rams fed CSC and urea (75.7 and 72.7g/day) and lowest for those on CSC/SDBL (49.0g/day). However, mean digestible ADF intake was similar among the diets. A positive nitrogen balance was observed for all animals across the treatments, with significant (P<0.05) differences between treatments ranging from 4.3g/day for rams fed CSC/SDBL to 7.5g/day for those on urea. pH decreased with time after feeding. At 3 hrs post feeding, pH was highest (P<0.01) for rams fed CSC/SDBL and CSC/urea (6.9) and lowest for those on urea alone (6.1) and CSC (6.2). There was a gradual increase in the concentrations of both rumen ammonia-N (RAN) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) after feeding. Rams fed urea and urea/SDBL (37.5 and 34.2mg/100ml respectively) had the highest (P<0.001) RAN concentration 3 hrs after feeding, while those on the other diets recorded the lowest. On the other hand, rams fed CSC/SDBL (13.1mmol/100ml) had the highest (P<0.001) VFA concentrations while those on urea the lowest (10.5mmol/100ml). It was concluded from this study that diets containing urea and CSC/urea fed to Yankasa sheep gave results comparable to those fed cotton seed cake (control), which are better than for those fed sundried broiler litterbased diets in terms of digestible nutrients intake, positive nitrogen balance and production of adequate rumen ammonia-N. However, rams fed CSC/SDBL had a better concentration of total volatile fatty acids of rumen fluid after feeding.	Nitrogen balance; Nitrogen sources; Nutrient intake; Rumen metabolites; Yankasa sheep	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952879263	Growth performances of Washera sheep under smallholder management systems in Yilmanadensa and Quarit districts, Ethiopia	Taye M., Abebe G., Gizaw S., Lemma S., Mekoya A., Tibbo M.	2010	Tropical Animal Health and Production	42	4	10.1007/s11250-009-9473-x	Andassa Livestock Research Centre, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 112, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic	Taye, M., Andassa Livestock Research Centre, P.O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Abebe, G., Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Gizaw, S., Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 112, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Lemma, S., Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 112, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Mekoya, A., Debre Berhan Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 112, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia; Tibbo, M., International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic	A study was conducted to evaluate growth performances of Washera sheep under smallholder production systems in the Yilmanadensa and Quarit districts of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Data were collected and analysed on the growth of 690 lambs owned by 110 households from October 2004 to September 2007. Weight (kilograms) of Washera lambs at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was 2.69 ± 0.02, 7.10 ± 0.16, 12.42 ± 0.11, 16.12 ± 0.91, 20.05 ± 0.55 and 23.47 ± 0.68, respectively. Birth weight was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by district, year of birth, parity of the dam, birth type and sex of lamb and by the interaction effect of parity by birth type and parity by sex of lamb. Weaning weight was also affected by year of birth, type of birth and sex of lamb. Yearling weight was affected by only year of birth and sex of birth. The average daily weight gain (ADG; grams) from birth to 30 days, birth to 90 days, 90 to 180 days and birth to 1 year of age was 143.37 ± 13.46, 107.09 ± 2.67, 39.78 ± 9.73 and 60.13 ± 1. 89, respectively. Growth rates from birth to 30 and 90 days of age were significantly (P < 0. 05) affected by birth year, birth type and sex. ADG from birth to 1 year of age was affected by lamb sex and district. The indigenous Washera sheep had faster growth rate than those sheep breeds of Ethiopia extensively studied thus far. Integrated efforts combining improved nutrition, health and participatory community-based breeding would help the smallholder farmers to utilise and conserve this immense sheep genetic resource of Ethiopia. © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Ethiopia; Growth traits; Sheep; Smallholder management system; Washera breed	animal; animal husbandry; article; birth weight; Ethiopia; female; growth, development and aging; male; methodology; multivariate analysis; physiology; pregnancy; rural population; season; sheep; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Birth Weight; Ethiopia; Female; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Pregnancy; Rural Population; Seasons; Sheep; Ovis aries	None
None	None	Effect of breed, season, year and parity on reproductive performance of dairy cattle under smallholder production system in Bukoba district, Tanzania	Asimwe L., Kifaro G.C.	2007	Livestock Research for Rural Development	19	10	None	Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	Asimwe, L., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Kifaro, G.C., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of breed level and non-genetic factors on reproductive performance of dairy cattle under smallholder production system. The study focused on assessing the reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle under smallholder farms in Bukoba district, Tanzania. Data on age at first calving (AFC), calving to first service interval (CFSI), number of services per conception (NSC), days open (DO) and calving interval (CI) were collected from Kagera Dairy Development Trust (KADADET) in Bukoba district. General Linear models procedure of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) computer software was used to analyse the data. The fixed effects considered in the analyses were genetic group, parity, season and period of birth or of calving. The overall mean for AFC was 35.1±9.7 months with a coefficient of variation of 18.6%, for CFSI it was 196.95±1.8 days with a coefficient of variation of 20% while the mean for NSC was 1.66±0.0 with a coefficient of variation of 21%. Further, the mean DO was 205.2±2.6 days with coefficient of variation of 19%, and CI averaged 480.4±2.4 days with a coefficient of variation of 22%. AFC was significantly affected by period of birth (P&lt;0.001), level of exotic blood (P&lt;0.05) and season of birth (P&lt;0.05). Genetic group significantly influenced CFSI, NSC, CI (P&lt;0.05) and DO (P&lt;0.001). F1 crosses performed better than high-grades in all the traits with 34.6 months of AFC, 171 days of CFSI, 182 days of DO, and 455 days of CI. Season of calving significantly influenced CFSI (P&lt;0.01), CI (P&lt;0.001), NSC and DO (P&lt;0.05). Cows calving in the long rain season were superior with 17 days of CFSI, 21 days open and had shorter (by 27 days) CI than those calving in the long dry season. Parity and period of calving significantly affected CFSI (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.001), NSC (P&lt;0.05), DO (P&lt;0.01 and P&lt;0.001), CI (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.001) respectively. For these traits, performance was improving by advancement in age of cows. Milk yield in the first 100 days of lactation had no significant influence on post-calving reproductive traits. It was concluded that reproductive performance was best in the long rain season and that with respect to reproductive traits F1 crosses were better than high grades in Bukoba district.	Age at first calving; Calving interval; Calving to first service interval; Days open; Genetic and non-genetic factors; Number of services per conception	Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955032736	Effects of dietary replacement of maize grain with popcorn waste products on nutrient digestibility and performance by lambs	Nkosi B.D., Meeske R., van der Merwe H.J., Acheampong-Boateng O., Langa T.	2010	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	40	2	None	ARC-LBD: Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Western Cape Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 249, George 6530, South Africa; Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, South Africa; Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa	Nkosi, B.D., ARC-LBD: Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x2, Irene 0062, South Africa; Meeske, R., Western Cape Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 249, George 6530, South Africa; van der Merwe, H.J., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Science, University of the Free State, South Africa; Acheampong-Boateng, O., Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, University of Venda, South Africa; Langa, T., ARC-LBD: Animal Production Institute, P/Bag x2, Irene 0062, South Africa	A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary replacement of maize with popcorn waste (PW) on the intake, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of lambs. Diets replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% maize with PW were formulated and fed ad libitum to 40 South African Mutton Merino lambs (25.0 ± 0.45 kg live-weight). The diets had similar intake and nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Lambs fed the 25 and 50% PW diets had higher intakes of crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy and ether extract compared to the other diets. Growth rate was highest (226 g/d) on the 25% diet and lowest (109 g/d) on the 75% PW diet. Best feed conversion ratio (FCR), of 5.1 (kg feed/kg live weight) was obtained with the 0% PW diet. Improved digestibility of CP and EE occurred in the 25 and 75% PW diets. Higher intake of nitrogen (N) and N retention were obtained in the 25 and 50% PW diets. Dietary replacement of >75% of maize resulted in poor animal performance (ADG < 150 g/d and FCR >7.00). It was concluded that PW can replace up to 50% of the maize in diets for growing lambs. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Average daily gain; By-Products; Lambs; Maize; Popcorn	Animalia; Ovis aries; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868608721	Growth performance of indigenous chickens under intensive management conditions in Northwest Ethiopia	Hassen H., Neser F.W.C., de Kock A., van Marle-Köster E.	2006	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	36	5SUPPL.1	None	Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Hematology and Cell biology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Hassen, H., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Neser, F.W.C., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; de Kock, A., Department of Hematology and Cell biology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; van Marle-Köster, E., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa	A study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of indigenous and Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens under intensive management conditions for 22 weeks using standard commercial diets. Eggs from seven indigenous chicken lines were collected from the respective administrative zones in northwest Ethiopia and hatched. The experimental layout was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Data on feed consumption, body weight and related parameters were recorded up to the age of 22 weeks. The mean total feed intakes at the end of the growth phase were 13799, 15162, 13438, 13249, 13813, 13356, 14112 and 12832 g for the Tilili, Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR, respectively. There was no significant difference in feed consumption among the tested chicken ecotypes. However, a significant difference was observed in the average body weight and body weight gain between the different lines. The mean body weights for Tilili, Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR were 1191, 1186, 1054, 1222, 1038, 1249, 1257 and 1394 g, respectively. Mortality from hatching to end of the growth period was higher for all the indigenous lines in comparison to the RIR. The mortality rates from day old to 22 weeks varied from 18.9% (RIR) to 82.4% (Debre-Ellias), respectively. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Growth performance; Indigenous chickens; Intensive production systems; Mortality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745652456	Studies on the growth performance of native chicken ecotypes and RIR chicken under improved management system in Northwest Ethiopia	Hassen H., Neser F.W.C., Dessie T., De Kock A., Van Marle-Koster E.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	6	None	Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Hematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Department of Animal Science and Grassland Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Hassen, H., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Neser, F.W.C., Department of Animal, Wildlife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Dessie, T., ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; De Kock, A., Department of Hematology and Cell Biology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa; Van Marle-Koster, E., Department of Animal Science and Grassland Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa	A study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of native and RIR chickens under intensive management condition for 22 weeks using a standard commercial ration. Seven native chicken populations were collected from representative administrative zones in northwest Ethiopia. The experimental layout was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Data on feed consumption, body weight and related parameters were collected up to the age of 22 weeks. The mean total feed intake for the seven native chicken ecotypes and RIR chicken lines at the end of their growth phase were 13.80, 15.16, 13.44, 13.25, 13.81, 13.36, 14.11 and 12.83 kg for the native chicken types named as Tilili, Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR, respectively. There was no significant difference in feed consumption among the tested chicken ecotypes. However, a significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in average body weight and body weight gain between the different lines. The average body weights for Tilili , Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR were 1191, 1186, 1054, 1222, 1038, 1249, 1257 and 1394 g respectively. The lowest and highest mean mature body weight at the age of 22 weeks were 1038 g for Gassay and 1257g for Mecha native chicken lines, respectively. Besides, the average mature body weight for Tilili, Gellilia, Debre-Ellias, Mello-Hamusit, Gassay, Guangua, Mecha and RIR was 1191, 1186, 1054, 1222, 1038, 1249, 1257 and 1394 g and their mean daily body weight growth rates were 7.6, 7.5, 6.7, 7.8, 6.6, 7.9, 8.0 and 8.8 g per bird, respectively. The native chicken lines named as Mello-Hamusit, Guangua and Mecha were the fastest growers among the native chicken lines. Mortality from hatching to end of the growth period i.e. at maturity was higher for all the native and RIR chickens used under intensive management condition.	Growth; Intensive; Native chickens; RIR	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78951483932	Performance of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd Provenances in Dryland Savannah of Niger	Larwanou M., Raebild A., Issa R., Kjæer E.D.	2010	Silvae Genetica	59	5	None	Université Abdou Moumouni, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger; University of Copenhagen, Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm Kongevej 11, DK-2970 Hersholm, Denmark; African Forest Forum, C/o World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya	Larwanou, M., Université Abdou Moumouni, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger, African Forest Forum, C/o World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya; Raebild, A., University of Copenhagen, Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm Kongevej 11, DK-2970 Hersholm, Denmark; Issa, R., Université Abdou Moumouni, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger; Kjæer, E.D., University of Copenhagen, Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm Kongevej 11, DK-2970 Hersholm, Denmark	A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 11 Acacia senegal provenances in Niger, West Africa, grown on 2 different soil types. Among the provenances, 6 are from Niger, 4 from Mali and 1 from Sudan. The assessment was carried out with measurements of growth parameters (survival rate, height, diameter and basal area) as well as gum and fruit production at age 15. The results showed significant differences in growth parameters between soil types and provenances. The provenances from Mali perform best, followed by the local Niger provenances. There were no significant differences in gum and fruit production between provenances, but it cannot be excluded that this was a result of limited power in the test of provenance variation in these traits. Survival of the provenances was correlated to the precipitation and the latitude of the origin, whereas basal area was correlated to latitude, and height was correlated to longitude/altitude at the origin. Recommendations could be made for genetic selection of two Mali provenances if growth is a desired character. We conclude that recommendations in terms of gum and fruit production must be based on a relative high number of sample trees as tree to tree variation within provenances may be large. Acacia Senegal,.	Acacia senegal; Clines; Growth; Gum arabic; Niger; Provenance trial	Clines; Growth; Gum arabic; Niger; Provenance trial; Senegal; Adhesives; Soils; Fruits; Acacia; Acacia senegal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747375363	Performance of muscovy ducks under three management systems in South Eastern Nigeria	Etuk I.F., Ojewola G.S., Abasiekong S.F.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	5	10.3923/ijps.2006.474.476	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Etuk, I.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Abasiekong, S.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2667, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Nigerian native muscovy ducks in terms of growth and feed utilization in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under semi intensive system (SI), Intensive system with wallow (IW), and intensive system without wallow (IO). Eighteen males and equal number of female ducklings were allotted to two replicates each of the three treatments and fed from week 5 to week 20 with diet containing 17% CP and 2848.9 kcal/kg energy. Weekly weights were measured and compared using two-way analysis of variance. Final body weights were SI (males: 2507.07g, females: 1733.83g), IW (males: 2466.67g, females: 1641.17g) and IO (males: 2464.84g, females: 1657.67g). Average daily gains of drakes were 16.07g (SI), 16.39g (IW) 15.87g (IO); while those of females were 10.18g, 11.03g and 9.91g respectively. Average daily gain of drakes was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of females (16.11g versus 10.17g). Average feed intake were 128.54g, 130.68g and 131.14g daily in the respective groups while feed conversion ratios were 11.56, 11.44, and 12.16 respectively too. Management systems adopted in this trial did not have significant effect (P>0.05) on performance of muscovy ducks in the region. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Daily gain; Management systems; Muscovy ducks; Wallowing	Cairina moschata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049452618	Influence of housing systems on the performance and reproductive characteristics of wearner rabbits reared in port harcourt, rivers state, Nigeria	Ndor L., Owen O.J., Nyeche V.N.	2010	International Journal of Agriculture and Biology	12	6	None	Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ndor, L., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Owen, O.J., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Nyeche, V.N., Department of Animal Science, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of rabbits reared under three different housing systems; (a) conventional housing system (hutch, control), (b) non conventional housing system (deep litter system) and (c) another non conventional system (bare mud floor). The two non-conventional systems were adopted to conform to methods currently employed by ordinary peasants. The study lasted 28 weeks. A total number of 30 adult rabbits of the medium sized breed category of both sexes aged 5-6 months were assigned randomly to the groups:- A (control: cage system), B (deep litter-cemented floor) C (bare floor) each group comprising 7 females and 3 males. Several observations were made including conception rate, litter size, weight gain etc. Results obtained from the production parameters indicated a higher conception rate in group C (70.63%) over and above the cage system (49.00%) and the deep litter system (60.34%). The mean litter size, kindling rate and average number of animals weaned were also significantly different (P<0.05) in favor of the non-conventional housing systems. There was a significant difference in the age and weight at puberty, mean age between rabbits in the three different systems. Percentage pseudo-pregnancy was higher in the conventional housing system than in the non-conventional housing systems. Adult and litter mortality was higher in the conventional housing system than in the non-conventional housing systems, (cage 15%), deep litter 10% and bare mud floor 5%. Results of the production parameters showed significant difference in body weight (P<0.05) among rabbits reared under the three systems. For instance, average total weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the rabbits in floor system (0.68 kg) as against rabbits placed on deep litter system (0.52 kg) and that of cage system (0.59 kg). Comparative analysis of the production/reproduction parameters vis-â-vis production cost in the 3 groups favoured the non-conventional housing system (bare floor), which is cost effective in terms of production and also guarantees lower mortality and higher production. © 2010 Friends Science Publishers.	Production parameters; Rabbit housing; Rabbit reproduction	Animalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650044883	Evaluation of soil nutrients under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent sub-montane rain forest	Alem S., Woldemariam T., Pavlis J.	2010	Journal of Forestry Research	21	4	10.1007/s11676-010-0097-9	Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood technology, Zemedelska 3/613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Environment and Coffee Forest Forum, P. O. Box 28513, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Alem, S., Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood technology, Zemedelska 3/613 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Woldemariam, T., Environment and Coffee Forest Forum, P. O. Box 28513, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Pavlis, J., Mendel University, Faculty of Forestry and Wood technology, Zemedelska 3/613 00, Brno, Czech Republic	A study was conducted to evaluate the status of soil nutrients under E. grandis plantation in comparison with that in its adjacent submontane rain forest. Twenty sequare plots, with an area of 20 m×20 m for each, were established in both of E. grandis plantation and its adjacent sub-montane rain forest, independently. Soil samples were collected from each square plot, at five points (at the four corners and at the center) of each plot. The collected soil samples were mixed to make a composite and representative sample for each plot, independently. The analyses were done in a soil laboratory following appropriate methods. The analysis result indicated that there were no significance differences between E. grandis plantation and its adjacent sub-montane rain forest in the level of major soil nutrients (total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg), pH and total carbon of soils (p < 0.05). There were significance differences between two sites of forest soils in percentage of clay particles, and exchangeable Na content. E. grandis plantation was found improving soil nutrients and total carbon as compared with that of its adjacent submontane rain forest. © 2010 Northeast Forestry University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Eucalyptus grandis; plantation; rain forest; soil nutrients; sub-montane	calcium; evergreen forest; forest soil; magnesium; plantation forestry; potassium; rainforest; sodium; soil analysis; soil carbon; soil nitrogen; soil nutrient; Eucalyptus; Eucalyptus grandis	None
None	None	Evaluating land cover change and its impact on hydrological regime in Upper Shire river catchment, Malawi	Palamuleni L.G., Ndomba P.M., Annegarn H.J.	2011	Regional Environmental Change	11	4	10.1007/s10113-011-0220-2	North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa; University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Palamuleni, L.G., North West University, Mmabatho, South Africa; Ndomba, P.M., University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Annegarn, H.J., University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	A study was conducted to investigate hydrological impacts of land cover changes in the degradation of the hydrological on flow regimes of the Upper Shire river, Malawi. Remote sensing techniques were used to inventory temporal changes of land cover changes in the catchment. Hydrological data were analyzed to reveal the alterations and trends for two periods; 1989 and 2002. The study revealed significant changes in magnitude and direction that have occurred in the catchment between 1989 and 2002, mainly in areas of human habitation. Trends in land cover change in the Upper Shire river catchment depict land cover transition from woodlands to mostly cultivated/grazing and built-up areas. The land cover mapping showed that 23% of the land was covered by agricultural land in 1989. Subsistence agricultural area has increased by 18%, occupying 41% of the study area in 2002. The effects of the derived land cover changes on river flow in the Upper Shire river were investigated using the semi distributed soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. River flows were found to be highly variable and sensitive to land cover changes. Simulation results show that 2002 land cover data produces higher flow peaks and faster travel times compared to the 1989 land cover data. The changes detected indicate the effects of land use pressure in the catchment. The study highlights the importance of considering effects of land use and land cover changes on ecosystems, and water resources for an informed decision on proper catchment planning and management. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.	Hydrological regimes; Land cover change; Malawi; Mass curves; Shire River	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48249098482	Non-genetic factors influencing post-weaning growth and reproductive performances of Arsi-Bale goats	Dadi H., Duguma G., Shelima B., Fayera T., Tadesse M., Woldu T., Tucho T.A.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	7	None	Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Bako Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box: 3, Bako, Ethiopia	Dadi, H., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Duguma, G., Bako Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box: 3, Bako, Ethiopia; Shelima, B., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Fayera, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Tadesse, M., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Woldu, T., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia; Tucho, T.A., Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center, P. O. Box: 35, Ziway, Ethiopia	A study was conducted to investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on post weaning growth and reproductive performances of Arsi-Bale goats maintained at Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center in the mid Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The fixed effects of year, season, dam parity, sex of kids and litter sizes on post weaning growth traits were investigated while dam age in addition to the above factors, was used in investigating the reproductive performances of does. Year significantly affected (P <0.05 and P <0.001) all traits considered in the study, except for the 18-month live weights of kids. Season did affect only weaning weight (3MW) of kids while parity significantly affected 3MW, 6 months weight (6MW), 6- to 12-months daily weight gain of kids (ADG2) and litter sizes. Its effect increased with increasing parity with heaviest 3MW (8.7kg) and 6MW (10.6kg) and largest litter sizes of 2.1±0.10 being achieved in sixth parity. Sex of kids significantly influenced (P <0.001) all growth traits considered in the current study, except for the 3-to 6-months growth rate of kids (ADG1). Males were heavier and grew faster than females. However, the effect of litter size was only on 3MW, 6MW and yearling weight (12MW). Single born kids were heavier at 3-, 6- and 12-months of age and the litter size effect disappeared thereafter. Dam age significantly affected age at first kidding. The effects of non-genetic factors on both growth and reproductive traits considered were significant and hence will need to be considered in goat breed improvement program.	Age at first kidding; Arsi Bale goat; Ethiopia; Kidding interval; Litter size; Parity; Season; Sex; Year	Capra hircus	None
None	None	Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Usangu wetland and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania	Kashaigili J.J.	2008	Physics and Chemistry of the Earth	33	42595	10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.014	Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Morogoro, Tanzania	Kashaigili, J.J., Department of Forest Mensuration and Management, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3013, Morogoro, Tanzania	A study was conducted to investigate the hydrological impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Great Ruaha River. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to inventory temporal changes of land-use and land-cover changes in the watershed. Hydrological data were analyzed to reveal the alterations and trends for three time periods; pre-1974, 1974-1975, and post-1985. It was revealed that there was a steady increase in cultivated area, from 121.2 km2 to 874.3 km2 between 1973 and 2000 while the woodland area decreased significantly over years. The minimum dry season area of the wetland declined significantly, with major changes occurring between 1984 and 2000. River flows were found to be highly variable within and between the years, and sensitive to land-use and land-cover changes. There was a slight shift of the time peak flows, from April to early February during the post-1985 period. The Q50 flow progressively declined from 19.23 m3 s-1 in the pre-1974 to 16.51 m3 s-1 and 9.04 m3 s-1 for 1974-1975 and post-1985 period. The Q95 (low flow) declined from 2.84 m3 s-1 to 0.11 m3 s-1 and 0.0 m3 s-1 for pre-1974, 1974-1975 and post-1985 period. The study concludes that the modification of the land use and cover has resulted in changes in temporal distribution of runoff. The study highlights the importance of considering effects of land-use and land-cover changes on ecosystems and water resources for an informed decision on proper catchment planning and management. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Flow regime; Land use; Ruaha River; Wetland	Land use; Remote sensing; Rivers; Space optics; Hydrological data; Hydrological impacts; Land use and land-cover (LUIC); On flow; Tanzania; Temporal changes; Time periods; Landforms; catchment; GIS; land cover; land use change; remote sensing; river flow; runoff; temporal distribution; water management; water planning; watershed; wetland; Africa; East Africa; Great Ruaha River; Mbeya [Tanzania]; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Usangu Plains	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45849108294	Performance of indigenous beef cattle under two management systems at Pokuase, Ghana	Baiden R.Y., Duncan L.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	6	None	Animal Research Institute, PO Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana	Baiden, R.Y., Animal Research Institute, PO Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana; Duncan, L., Animal Research Institute, PO Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana	A study was conducted to investigate the performance of a mixture of N'dama x West African Shorthorn (WASH) cattle (6 to 15 weeks old) raised under a traditional management system and an improved system (cut and carry plus supplementation with agro-industrial byproducts) at the Pokuase Research Station of the Animal Research Institute, Ghana, from March 2006 to February 2007. The performance parameters studied were live weight change, feed intake and the economics of production. Calves on the improved system outperformed (P = 0.001) those on the traditional system in terms of live weight gain. Calves in both treatment groups performed at par in terms of live weight change till the first week in September after which those in the traditional system slowed down comparatively. Those on the improved system exhibited a relatively steady gain in live weight. Revenue measured in terms of the product of live weight gain and the prevailing market price per kilogram live weight was higher for the improved system resulting in an overall higher gross margin for the improved system. Nevertheless, considering the return on investment farmers may be tempted to continue using the traditional system. N'dama x WASH calves could be raised indoors under improved nutrition and management practices to enhance live weight gain. This work thus provides a window for landless livestock farmers in creating wealth; as animals could be raised in confinement with some return on investment.	Benefit cost ratio; Live weight change	Animalia; Bos; Dama	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958111905	Nutritional evaluation of sweet orange (citrus sinensis) fruit peel as a feed resource in broiler production	Agu P.N., Oluremi O.I.A., Tuleun C.D.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	7	None	Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria	Agu, P.N., Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria; Tuleun, C.D., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria	A study was conducted with broiler chicks to evaluate the nutritional potential of Sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) peel as a feed resource. Sweet orange peels were sun dried, milled and used as a dietary substitute for maize. Six experimental diets coded as M100P0, M90P10, M80P20, M70P30, M60P40 and M50P50 were compounded such that Sweet Orange Peel Meal (SOPM) substituted maize at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%, respectively in broiler starter and finisher diets. One hundred and eighty (180) day-old Anak titan chicks were randomly divided into six groups and one of each was allotted to a diet of three replicates. The birds which were raised in deep litter pens for sixty-three days were fed ad libitum and had access to fresh cool drinking water daily. Performance data: feed intake, water consumption, body weight, Body Weight Gain (BWG), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were collected during the feeding trial and carcass evaluation was done at the termination of the trial. In both starter and finisher phases, the diets had no effect (p>0.05) on feed intake, water consumption, body BWG and FCR but had significant effect (p<0.01) on the body weight of broilers as the level of the SOPM increased from 0-50%. There was a significant decrease in body weight at SOPM level higher than 20%. Experimental diets had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on dressing percent, drumstick and wing from 30% level of SOPM while other carcass cuts: thigh, breast, back, neck and shoulder were statistically the same (p>0.05) among the dietary groups. The diets had no effect (p>0.05) on kidney, liver, heart, spleen, gall bladder and lung but had significant effect (p<0.01) on proventriculus and gizzard as the SOPM level increased. The organs were normal and there were no observable adverse effects on the health of broilers. SOPM can be a dietary substitute for maize up to 20% level in the diet for broiler. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Broiler; Carcass; Orange peel; Organs; Performance	Aves; Citrus sinensis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349094807	Seed storage evaluation, imbibition capacity assessment and seed pre-sowing treatment studies on Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv) ex bureau	Ehiagbonare J.E., Onyebi H.I.	2009	Scientific Research and Essays	4	5	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Botany, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Ehiagbonare, J.E., Department of Biological Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria; Onyebi, H.I., Department of Botany, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	A study was designed to evaluate seed storage, imbibition capacity and seed pre-sowing treatments on Newbouldia laevis. This was with a view to determining the optimum method(s) of seed storage, enhancement of imbibition capacity and the pre-sowing treatments. In the initial studies these were recognized as impediments to good seed germination. Significantly varied results (P < 0.05) were obtained during the period of storage (12 months). The control, 2 weeks after harvest had 100% viability, 1 month 95% viability while at 12 months 15% viability was obtained. Rapid imbibition was observed in the study; within 24 h moisture gain was 2.0% over the initial. It stabilized at 2.0% moisture gain up to 88 h. Soaking in water under room temperature for 24 h yielded the highest mean value of 60% germination while the control had 10%. Lowest mean value of 40% germination was obtained in hot water pre-sowing treatment. Evidence from the study showed that a maximum storage period of 1 month, imbibition period of 24 h and soaking in water under room temperature for 24 h are optimum for germinating and raising seedlings of N. laevis. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Imbibition; Newbouldia laevis; Pre-sowing treatment; Seed storage	Newbouldia laevis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879778124	Evaluation of high levels of rice milling byproducts in chicken layer diets: Effects on layer performance, egg quality and economic returns	Maina J.G., Kamau W.N., Kabuage L.W.	2013	Livestock Research for Rural Development	25	7	None	University of Nairobi, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P. O. Box 29053, 00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Ministry of Livestock Development, P. O. Box 34188 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Kenyatta University, Department of Agriculture Resource Management, School of agriculture and enterprise development, P. O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Maina, J.G., University of Nairobi, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Production, P. O. Box 29053, 00625, Nairobi, Kenya; Kamau, W.N., Ministry of Livestock Development, P. O. Box 34188 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Kabuage, L.W., Kenyatta University, Department of Agriculture Resource Management, School of agriculture and enterprise development, P. O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	A study was done to evaluate feeds containing high levels of rice-milling by-products fed to layer chicken between 21 - 36 weeks and to determine economic returns to farmers from such diets. The rice based diets were also compared to a control diet based on maize and soybean meal, and a popular commercial layers diet used by poultry farmers. The rice by-products evaluated included Special Coarse Bran, Fine bran and broken rice. Special Coarse Bran is an inexpensive rice milling by-product produced during the rice milling process as a single combined product, consisting of rice bran, rice grains and some hulls. One hundred and sixty ISA brown layers were used for this purpose. They were housed in a battery cages measuring 45 x 45 x 18 inches and fitted with feeding and drinking troughs. Natural lighting system consisting of 12 day hours was used. Birds were vaccinated twice against Guboro on the 10th and 21st day while New Castle and Fowl Pox vaccines were given at twelve and a half weeks respectively. Five diets consisting of a commercial layer diet, a control diet based on maize and soybean meal and 3 test diets were used in the study. The commercial layer diet was a popular layer feed purchased from Unga Feeds Company in Nairobi. The three test diets contained 40% of broken rice, 20% fine bran and other ingredients. Special coarse bran was added at 0, 5, and 10% of the diet respectively to make diets SCB-0, SCB-5 and SCB-10 which contained 60%, 65% and 70% of rice milling by-products respectively. Each diet was fed to 4 replicates of 8 birds making a total of 32 birds on each dietary treatment. Birds fed on the commercial layer diet and the maize soybean control diet gained more weight and produced more eggs than those fed on test diets based on rice milling by-products. However, when economic returns were considered, gross margins were higher with rice based diets than with the commercial and the maize/soybean control diet.	Broken rice; Fine bran; Gross margins; Special coarse bran	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873873667	Formulation and evaluation of a new herbal tablet from the stem bark of Enatia chlorantha	Gbenga B.L., Olabanji O.	2013	International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research	18	1	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria	Gbenga, B.L., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria; Olabanji, O., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria	A study was made of the characterization and formulation of stem bark of Enantia chlorantha into tablet dosage form. Compacts of powdered stem bark of Enantia chlorantha was made with gelatin and polyvinylpyrollidone (PVP) binders; and microcrystalline cellulose and cornstarch disintegrants using direct compression method. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using crushing strength and friability and the crushing strength - friability ratio (CSFR) while drug release properties were evaluated using disintegration and dissolution times. Enantia chlorantha powder possesses good flow properties. It had the least densification compared to cornstarch and cellulose; and it is more porous. It also possesses a relatively high bulk density Tablets formulated with PVP had better mechanical strength than those containing gelatin and the mechanical properties of the tablets were affected by the type and concentration of the binder used. Tablets containing gelatin had lower disintegration times than those formulated with cornstarch. Tablets containing 7. 5% w/w PVP binder and cornstarch had the best release profile with T50 at 60 seconds and T90 at 19 minutes. Results suggest that Enantia chlorantha bark could be formulated into tablet with good mechanical properties and acceptable release profile.	Binder; Drug release profile; Enantia chlorantha; Mechanical properties; Physicochemical properties	gelatin; herbaceous agent; microcrystalline cellulose; povidone; starch; angle of repose; Annonaceae; article; bark; bulk density; crushing strength; crushing strength and friability ratio; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; Enatia chlorantha; mechanical strength; moisture; nonhuman; physical chemistry; powder; tablet compression; tablet disintegration time; tablet formulation; tablet friability; tablet property; weight uniformity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949098904	Comparative evaluation of the binding properties of two species of khaya gum polymer in a paracetamol tablet formulation	Adenuga Y.A., Odeku O.A., Adegboye T.A., Itiola O.A.	2008	Pharmaceutical Development and Technology	13	6	10.1080/10837450802179338	Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adenuga, Y.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Odeku, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adegboye, T.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Itiola, O.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A study was made of the comparative effects of polymers obtained from two species of khaya tree - Khaya senegalensis and Khaya grandifoliola - as binding agents in a paracetamol tablet formulation. The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed using the tensile strength (T), brittle fracture index (BFI) and friability (F) of the tablets while the drug release properties of the tablets were assessed using disintegration and dissolution times. The tensile strength, disintegration and the dissolution times of tablets increased with the increase in binder concentration while F and BFI decreased. K. senegalensis gum produced tablets with stronger mechanical properties with less tendency to laminate, and longer disintegration and dissolution times than K. grandifoliola gum. The results suggest that the polymer gum from K. senegalensis will be more appropriate as a binding agent than the gum from K. grandifoliola when higher mechanical strength and slower release profiles of tablets are desired. Copyright © Informa UK, Ltd.	Binding agent; Drug release properties; Khaya grandifoliola; Khaya gum polymer; Khaya senegalensis; Mechanical properties; Tablets	adhesive agent; Khaya gum polymer; paracetamol; polymer; unclassified drug; article; brittle fracture index; comparative study; concentration response; correlation analysis; drug formulation; drug release; drug screening; drug solubility; Khaya grandifoliola; Khaya senegalensis; parameter; priority journal; tablet; tablet disintegration; tablet disintegration time; tablet friability; tablet property; tensile strength; tree; viscosity; Acetaminophen; Algorithms; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Excipients; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactose; Meliaceae; Plant Gums; Starch; Tablets; Tensile Strength; Viscosity; Water	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946190421	Growth performance, blood metabolic responses, and carcass characteristics of grower and finisher south african windsnyer-type indigenous and large white × landrace crossbred pigs fed diets containing ensiled corncobs	Kanengoni A.T., Chimonyo M., Erlwanger K.H., Ndimba B.K., Dzama K.	2014	Journal of Animal Science	92	12	10.2527/jas2014-8067	Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene, South Africa; Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X 3, Wits, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Proteomics Research and Services Unit, Infruitech-Nietvoorbij Institute, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	Kanengoni, A.T., Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production Institute, Private Bag X2, Irene, South Africa, Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Chimonyo, M., Discipline of Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Erlwanger, K.H., School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X 3, Wits, South Africa; Ndimba, B.K., Agricultural Research Council, Proteomics Research and Services Unit, Infruitech-Nietvoorbij Institute, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa; Dzama, K., Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	A study was taken to evaluate growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood metabolite concentrations when ensiled corncobs were included in indigenous and commercial pig diets. Fifty Large White × Landrace (LW×LR) crossbred pigs and 30 South African Windsnyer-type indigenous pigs (SAWIP) were evaluated. They were fed a control (CON), a low inclusion of ensiled corncob (LMC), and a high inclusion of ensiled corncob (HMC) diet in a completely randomized block design. The LW×LR crosses had greater (P < 0.05) final weight, ADFI, DMI, ADG, and G:F ratios than the SAWIP at both the grower and finisher stages. The SAWIP consumed more feed per metabolic BW (BW0.75) than LW×LR crosses at the grower stage while LW×LR crosses consumed more than SAWIP at the finisher stage (P < 0.05). The finishers’ G:F ratio was greater (P < 0.05) in the CON than in the HMC diet. The LW×LR growers and finishers had greater (P < 0.05) warm carcass weight (WCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), carcass length, drip loss, pH at 24 h, eye muscle area, and lean percent than those of SAWIP growers and finishers. The LW×LR finishers on the CON diet had greater (P < 0.05) WCW and CCW than those on the HMC and LMC diets. There were diet × breed interactions for dorsal fat thickness at first rib (DFT1), dorsal fat thickness at last lumbar vertebra (DFT3), backfat thickness (BFT), and hindquarter weight proportion (HQWP) in the growers. The LW×LR growers and finishers had greater values (P < 0.05) of hindquarter length, hindquarter circumference, HQWP, and shoulder weight proportion than the SAWIP growers and finishers, respectively. The SAWIP growers and finishers had greater values (P < 0.05) of DFT1, dorsal fat thickness at last rib, DFT3, and BFT than the LW×LR growers and finishers, respectively. There were breed × diet interactions (P < 0.05) for alanine aminotransferase and amylase (AMYL). The LW×LR crosses had greater (P < 0.05) values of creatinine, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and AMYL than the SAWIP. The breed of pig influenced most of the growth performance and carcass parameters more than the diet did. There was no clear link between the blood metabolite levels and the diets. Since the inclusion of ensiled corncobs in diets did not affect negatively the selected important commercial pork cuts in South Africa, this could imply that they have a greater role as a pig feed resource. © 2014 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved.	Blood metabolites; Fermentation; Fiber; Pig genotypes; Serum enzymes	Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940703988	Evaluation of genetic parameters and growth traits of Hungarian Simmental cattle breed	Kebede D., Komlosi I.	2015	Livestock Research for Rural Development	27	9	None	Bahir Dar University College, Agriculture and Environmental Science, P.O. Box: 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Debrecen University, P.O. Box: 36, Debrecen, Hungary	Kebede, D., Bahir Dar University College, Agriculture and Environmental Science, P.O. Box: 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Komlosi, I., Debrecen University, P.O. Box: 36, Debrecen, Hungary	A study was undertaken in Hungary with the objectives to evaluate Hungarian Simmental cattle growth traits and estimate genetic parameters. Calving ease, birth weight, weaning weight, weaning age, 205-day weight and average daily gain of Hungarian Simmental calves (n=6552, bulls=1479 , heifers=5073) were evaluated. The effects included in the model for the analysis of growth traits were sex (2 classes), birth year (13 classes), birth month (12 classes) and farm (8 classes). R software program was used to calculate variance analysis and least square means; PEST software was used for data file and pedigree file coding and VCE6 software was used for calculating heritablities and correlations. Sex, year, month and farm significantly influenced CE, BW, WW, WA, 205W and ADG (P<0.001). Birth month and sex of the calf significantly (p<0.05) influenced CE, BW, 205W and ADG. The estimated heritablities of WW, BW, ADG and 205W were 0.26, 0.16, 0.31 and 0.25, respectively. Genetic correlation among weaning weight, birth weight, average daily gain and 205-day weight were positive but with calving ease was negative. Weaning weight had strong genetic correlation with average daily gain (r=0.98). Calving ease also had negative genetic correlation with 205-day weight (r=-0.02). The phenotypic correlation of average daily gain and 205-day weight was strong (0.79). © 2015 Fundacion CIPAV. All rights reserved.	Genetic correlation; Phenotypic correlation; Programmes and assessment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746995856	Evaluation of the sand-trap structures of the Wonji-Shoa sugar estate irrigation scheme, Ethiopia	Paulos T., Yilma S., Ketema T.	2006	Irrigation and Drainage Systems	20	42403	10.1007/s10795-005-9002-7	Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Civil Engineering Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Alemaya University, P.O.Box 45, Alemaya, Ethiopia	Paulos, T., Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, Nazareth, Ethiopia; Yilma, S., Civil Engineering Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ketema, T., Alemaya University, P.O.Box 45, Alemaya, Ethiopia	A study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of sand-traps at Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate, Ethiopia. Inflow and outflow samples from the sand-traps and deposited sediment samples from the sand-traps, main canal, and reservoirs were taken. The samples were analyzed for sediment concentration and particle size distribution. During the study period, the sand-traps were performing satisfactorily in removing a good portion of suspended sediment (as high as 63% in case of sand-trap A and 54% in case of sand-trap B) in the week after flushing and they were performing poor (as low as -40% in case of sand-trap A and 6% in case of sand-trap B) when the sand-trap was running without flushing for about two months. Sediment particle size analyses of the samples indicated that the sand-traps retained almost all the sand fractions (90-95%) greater than 0.15 mm. Fifty to sixty percent of the sediment particles passing the sand-traps into the main canal was smaller than 0.002 mm. Sieve analyses of the bed materials taken from the sand-traps showed that particles up to medium gravel size (6.3-13.2mm) were entering the sand-traps and almost all were trapped. This result shows that performance of the sand-traps under the existing sediment load of Awash River was found to be satisfactory. However, it was observed that performance level of the sand-traps was very much dependent on the flushing interval of deposited sediment. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005.	Irrigation; Sand-trap; Sediment flushing; Trap efficiency	Evaluation; Particle size analysis; Performance; Sand; Sediment traps; Sand-trap; Sediment flushing; Trap efficiency; Irrigation; Evaluation; Irrigation; Particle size analysis; Performance; Sand; Sediment traps; flushing; inflow; irrigation; outflow; particle size; performance assessment; sediment analysis; suspended sediment; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872326699	Where is my daddy? an exploration of the impact of absentee fathers on the lives of young people in Botswana	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae G., Mgutshini T., Nkosi Z.Z.	2012	Africa Development	37	3	None	Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Mgutshini, T., Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa; Nkosi, Z.Z., Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa	A substantial body of research has consistently concluded that children growing up with absentee fathers are at an increased risk of maladjustment. This paper argues that co-parenting can have both direct and indirect or mediated effects on children. Co-parenting has an added benefit of modelling dyadic skills that include proving mutual emotional support, influence, and amicable resolution of disputes. Through qualitative data obtained in 2009 from 45 final year students at the University of Botswana, the authors conclude that African personhood is a larger-than-self conception, which also includes more than the physical being and shows that young people raised in father-absent families view their personhood as inferior, less guarded, and incomplete, relative to that of their counterparts who were born and raised in married-couple families. Living a full quality life eludes youth who were raised by mothers only, affirming the importance of fathers in the personhood of any individual. © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, 2012.	Absentee fathers; Co-parenting; Youth personhood	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244443379	Landslides in Sado Island of Japan: Part I. Case studies, monitoring techniques and environmental considerations	Ayalew L., Yamagishi H., Marui H., Kanno T.	2005	Engineering Geology	81	4	10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.08.005	Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayalew, L., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, Addis Ababa University, Department of Earth Science, P.O. Box 1176, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia; Yamagishi, H., Department of Environmental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Marui, H., Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan; Kanno, T., Kawasaki Geological Engineering Consultant Ltd., Tokyo, Japan	A sufficient knowledge on the kinematics and development of landslides helps to adopt proper measures that can be used to protect slopes and the environment in general. This can be achieved by adequate monitoring programs. This paper presents the findings of intensive monitoring activities carried out on Shiidomari and Katanoo landslides found in Sado Island of Japan. More than one year of observation of the two landslides allowed defining some peculiar futures of their kinematics and style of development. The problem of slope instability in the two areas is generally accredited to various factors. But, both landslides were triggered by heavy rainfalls and snowmelt. Because of the outline of the area and the presence of relict topographic features, the Shiidomari landslide is considered to be a large-scale reactivation of old slope failures. The Katanoo landslide is, however, a first-time case. Geophysical investigations and drilling activities in Shiidomari indicated the presence of two slip planes. The deepest (80-100 m) of these is controlled by existing lineaments. Monitoring data suggests that the body of the landslide has subsided as much as 1.16 m just below the main scarp, but a centimeter in the central region. The toe sector also experienced a significant amount of subsidence, but this was counter-balanced by an uplift on the opposite side of the landslide. Hence, the landslide seems not any more active along the deepest slip surface, although it may extend upward and define a series of shallow shear planes around the crown. In the case of Katanoo, the landform characteristics, differential weathering, the road cut and groundwater fluctuations appeared to contribute much to determine the exact location of the landslide. Extensional cracks that preceded the landslide can be related to heavy rainfalls and the cold and warm cycles thereafter. Subsurface investigations and monitoring works indicated that the landslide has two slide blocks with different slip planes. During the observation period, the upper part of the landslide responded more effectively to rainfall and snowmelt than the middle and lower sections. The corresponding movements, however, appeared to settle about three months after failure. There were also little strain transmissions in boreholes and no significant change in the characteristics of the landslide. The kinematics of deformation of many of the slopes in Sado Island resembles that of Shiidomari landslide. But mass movements along highways and mountain roads are usually similar to Katanoo. Landslides of the type like Shiidomari may not show sudden and drastic failures, but are usually long lasting and can reactivate repeatedly along new, shallow shear planes. Monitoring works and long-term supervisions in these types of landslides are useful to identify impending failures and take the right measures before they brought about large-scale destruction to the environment. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Environment; Landslide; Monitoring; Sado, Japan	Environmental impact; Geophysics; Monitoring; Slope stability; Subsidence; Weathering; Differential weathering; Slope failures; Landslides; kinematics; landslide; monitoring; Asia; Eastern Hemisphere; Eurasia; Far East; Japan; World	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927694447	Growth performance, carcass and non-carcass characteristics of Mubende and Mubende×Boer crossbred goats under different feeding regimes	Asizua D., Mpairwe D., Kabi F., Mutetikka D., Kamatara K., Hvelplund T., Weisbjerg M.R., Mugasi S.K., Madsen J.	2014	Livestock Science	169	C	10.1016/j.livsci.2014.09.010	Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark; Nyakahita Farm, Nyakashashara, Kiruhura, Uganda; Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation, P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda	Asizua, D., Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda, Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, National Agricultural Research Organisation, P. O. Box 219, Arua, Uganda; Mpairwe, D., Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kabi, F., Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Mutetikka, D., Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Kamatara, K., Department of Agricultural Production, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Hvelplund, T., Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark; Weisbjerg, M.R., Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark; Mugasi, S.K., Nyakahita Farm, Nyakashashara, Kiruhura, Uganda; Madsen, J., Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark	A surge in the demand for goats[U+05F3] meat both locally and internationally has prompted many goat farmers in Uganda to venture into commercial goat production. However, goat production is highly challenged by breed characteristics and extreme fluctuations in feed quantity and quality. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing grazing Mubende goats and their crossbreds (Mubende×Boer) with concentrates on growth, carcass and non-carcass characteristics. A 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement was used to randomly allocate 96 pure Mubende and Mubende×Boer castrates (mean±SE; 31.3±2.2. kg initial weight) aged between 9 and 15 months, to three feeding regimes. The feeding regimes included (i) sole grazing (SGZ) as control, (ii) control+concentrate containing molasses (MCM) and (iii) control+concentrate without molasses (MCC). Concentrate dry matter intake was higher (P<0.001) in the crossbreds regardless of concentrate type, however, inclusion of molasses resulted in lower concentrate intake. The Mubende goats were more efficient in utilising concentrate with molasses while the crossbreds utilised concentrate without molasses more efficiently. Average daily gain (ADG) was higher (P<0.001) in the crossbreds and in the supplemented groups. Slaughter weight, empty body weight and hot carcass weight were also higher (P<0.001) in the crossbreds than the pure Mubende. Supplementation reduced gut fill (P<0.001) and increased (P<0.001) hot carcass weight and dressing percentage in both genotypes. Proportion of non-carcass components as percentage of empty body weight did not vary between genotypes but supplementation reduced (P<0.01) proportion of skin with hocks and empty stomach. Kidney fat, omental fat and scrotal fat increased (P<0.001) with supplementation. Therefore, crossbreeding together with supplementation of grazing can considerably improve goat meat production, however, caution should be taken on the level of concentrate supplement offered as tendency for absolute substitution of concentrate for grass/browse by goats was observed in this study. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Boer goat; Grazing; Meat production; Mubende goat; Supplementation	Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751360305	Impact of research findings on the agronomic, sociocultural and economic base of small holder rubber farmers-A case study of two farm settlements in Southern Nigeria	Esekhade T.U., Ogeh J.S., Akpaja E.O.	2006	Journal of Applied Sciences	6	11	10.3923/jas.2006.2496.2500	Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Esekhade, T.U., Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 1049, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogeh, J.S., Department of Soil Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Akpaja, E.O., Department of Botany, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	A survey to evaluate the impact of research findings on the agronomic, socio cultural as well as the economic base of small holder rubber farmers was conducted in two farm settlements on acid soils in Southern Nigeria. The survey was conducted to provide information on the present state of rubber-based cropping systems in the farm settlements with a view to conducting research oriented towards the management of the environmental resource base to ensure sustainability. Data was generated through a single-visit questionnaire survey of a sample of rubber farmers. Results however showed that all the farmers surveyed intercropped arable crops with rubber saplings. Melon/maize/cassava ranked the highest in the choice of cropping pattern in a 1 year cropping cycle. The mean rubber area of 1-5 years with 1.52 ha was the highest in the two farm settlements. Seventy percent of the farmers surveyed use chemical fertilizers. Cash income of N72,000 from rubber at Mbiri farm settlements ranked highest in the two farm settlements. The highest cash income from other crops was N55,000 and from Mbiri farm settlement. Non cash income was highest at Mbiri while mean gross income of N134,000 and mean net income of N42,000 was also highest at Mbiri farm settlements. On cropping pattern basis income that accrued to farmers were N17,000, N26,500 and N15,000 for rubber/melon/maize/cassava (1 year), rubber/melon/maize/yam/cassava (2 years) and rubber/melon/ pineapple (3 years), respectively. The study highlighted the need to take low input technology developed to farmers in the farm settlements. The lack of technical assistance have affected the net earnings of the settlers. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Acid soil; Agronomic; Economic; Farm settlements; Rubber-based cropping systems; Small holder farmer	Acid soils; Agronomic; Chemical fertilizers; Cropping systems; Environmental resources; Questionnaire surveys; Small holder farmer; Technical assistance; Agronomy; Crops; Economics; Fertilizers; Information management; Research; Soils; Surveys; Sustainable development; Rubber	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894552191	Evaluation of smallholder dairy calf rearing systems in Zimbabwe	Matondi G.H.M., Nyamushamba G.B., Motsi T.T., Masama E.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	3	None	Women's University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zimbabwe Open University, Harare, Zimbabwe	Matondi, G.H.M., Women's University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyamushamba, G.B., Women's University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Motsi, T.T., Women's University in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Masama, E., Zimbabwe Open University, Harare, Zimbabwe	A survey was carried out in Wedza and Marirangwe dairy schemes to characterise calf rearing systems in smallholder dairy schemes in Zimbabwe. This was prompted by the reported high calf mortalities and shortage of dairy replacement heifers. A total of 36 farmers participated in the survey. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. The most common dairy breed being used by smallholder farmers in the two areas was the Red Dane. Artificial insemination was used by most farmers in Wedza. Most of the farmers had no calf weighing facilities and did not ensure colostrum management resulting in increased risk of calf death. Calf feeding management was poor, since most farmers used dairy meal instead of calf starter meal. Calves were weaned through separation of paddocks and use of weaner plates. Interna and external parasite control was practised by most farmers. Calf scours and coccidiosis were the major causes of calf mortalities. The majority of farmers reported that feed was the main constraint affecting production.	Breeding; Calf housing; Health; Mortality; Nutrition	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of community animal health delivery systems in Simanjiro, Tanzania	Swai E.S., Masaaza S., Daborn C.J.	2014	Livestock Research for Rural Development	26	8	None	Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania; District Veterinary Office, PO Box 13484, Simanjiro, Tanzania; Tropical Veterinary Services, PO Box 266, Karatu, Tanzania	Swai, E.S., Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania; Masaaza, S., District Veterinary Office, PO Box 13484, Simanjiro, Tanzania; Daborn, C.J., Tropical Veterinary Services, PO Box 266, Karatu, Tanzania	A survey was carried out to characterise community animal health delivery systems in pastoral communities of Simanjiro, northern Tanzania. This was prompted by the reported high disease challenges, remoteness and long term shortage of formal trained state and private veterinary professional staff. The study was conducted during the period of March 2010 through December 2010. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. A total of 88 community animal health workers (CAHWs) from 6, 15 and 36 administrative division, wards and villages, respectively, participated in the survey. The survey revealed that the education level of interviewed CAHWs varied from adult education to certificate (2 years) training in veterinary or animal husbandry and a substantial variation was observed between divisions. Apart from delivering animal / veterinary husbandry services in their respect areas, 83 (95%) of the interviewed CAHWs were reported to be engaged in livestock keeping activities and acknowledged that livestock production (90%) to be their major source of household income. The working relationship and technical link between CAHWs and local government veterinary staff (LFO) was rated to be good. The study established that CAHWs were recognized and respected by the local community for the services they offer. It is, however, seen as an imperative that CAHWs should only operate under the direct supervision of trained and licensed veterinary personnel; receive continuous training and adequate technical support; and require recognition by existing policies, veterinary legislation and laws. Official recognition of CAHWs is long overdue and will be fundamental to facilitate better linkages and information channels between the delivery of community based primary animal health services and government veterinary services and regulatory bodies.	Africa; CAHWs; Livestock; Pastoralists	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955022557	Assessment of village chicken production system and evaluation of the productive and reproductive performance of local chicken ecotype in bure district, North West Ethiopia	Moges F., Mellesse A., Dessie T.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	13	None	Andassa Livestock Research Center, P. O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hawassa University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia	Moges, F., Andassa Livestock Research Center, P. O. Box 27, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mellesse, A., Hawassa University, P. O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia; Dessie, T., International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A survey was conducted in Bure district, North West Ethiopia, from 2007 to 2008 to assess the existing village chicken production system. A participatory rural appraisal and a formal survey were used to collect all the relevant data, using a multi-stage sampling technique. Seven farmer administrative kebeles (two from high land, three from mid altitude and two from low land agro-ecologies) and a total of 280 village chicken owner households were considered for the study. The result revealed that the dominant (83%) chicken production system was an extensive/traditional type of production, using a majority (97%) of local chicken ecotypes, managed mainly on scavenging with seasonal supplementation of home grown grains and household food leftovers. The purposes of chicken production were sale for income (51.4%), egg hatching for replacement (45%), consumption (44.3%), use of birds for cultural and/or religious ceremonies (36.4%) and egg production (40.7%). The average flock size per household was 13 (ranged 1 - 57), with a hen to cock ratio of 3.7:1. Only 22.1% of chicken owners prepared a separate overnight house for birds and the rest (77.9%) kept birds in various night sheltering places. The result revealed that 97.5% of interviewed chicken owners experienced chicken disease problems, mainly Newcastle disease (98.2%). The result indicated that 95% of village chicken owners used only traditional means to treat sick birds. The average age of cockerels at first mating and pullets at first egg were 24.6 weeks and 27.5 weeks, respectively. The average number of eggs laid/clutch was 16 (ranged 8 - 28) and the number of total clutch periods/hen/year was 4 (ranged 2 - 6). The annual egg production performance of local hens, under farmer's management condition, was 60 eggs/hen (ranged 24 -112). The average number of eggs incubated/hen was 13 and 11 chicks, on average, were hatched from them. The average hatchability performance of local hens was 81.7%. However, survivability of young chicks was only 60.5% (ranged 0 -100%). High hatchability performance of local hens (81.7%) and high mortality of young chicks (39.5%) were the two contradictory features for the existing village chicken production system of the district. Seasonal diseases outbreaks (84.3%) and predation (11.4%) were the major causes of chicken loss in the district. Women were the major responsible members of the household involved in various chicken husbandry activities like cleaning bird's house (38.6%), feeding birds (81.7%), selling birds (83%) and selling eggs (54.6%). Only 37.5% of interviewed chicken owners got appropriate extension services related to modern chicken management practices. The result of the study revealed that there is a great interest to boost up the existing village chicken production and productivity. This should be considered as an opportunity and potential to design and implement interventions, aimed at improving production and productivity of village chicken in the district. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Ethiopia; Local chicken ecotypes; Village chicken production system	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28344433134	Technology transfer pathways and livelihood impact indicators in central Ethiopia	Tesfaye A., Jemal I., Ferede S., Curran M.M.	2005	Tropical Animal Health and Production	37	None	10.1007/s11250-005-9011-4	Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	Tesfaye, A., Holetta Research Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jemal, I., Adami Tulu Research Center, Zway, Ethiopia; Ferede, S., Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Curran, M.M., Villardi Consulting, Singapore, Singapore	A survey was conducted in central Ethiopia to elicit information on existing and potential dissemination pathways for technical information on donkey husbandry. A detailed socio-economic survey was also conducted to provide background information on the people and the region, and livelihood indicators were drawn out at the same time. The results showed that there are many opportunities for group dissemination by making use of existing social networks. There are also opportunities for dissemination through extension agents, farmer groups and radio broadcasting. © 2005 Springer.	Central Ethiopia; Donkey; Husbandry	adult; agriculture; animal; animal husbandry; animal welfare; article; economics; education; Ethiopia; female; horse; human; income; interpersonal communication; male; methodology; middle aged; technology; Adult; Agriculture; Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Communication; Equidae; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Income; Male; Middle Aged; Technology Transfer; Equus asinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896536132	Influence of weeds on the vegetative performance and yield of Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) on plantation Mambilla Plateau in Nigeria	Kwaga Y.M., Fredrick C.N.	2014	Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences	5	2	None	Department of Crop, Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria	Kwaga, Y.M., Department of Crop, Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria; Fredrick, C.N., Department of Crop, Science, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria	A survey was conducted on the type of weeds infesting tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze ) plantations on the Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria. .Weeds were sampled from fifty- two randomly selected tea farms in fifteen villages. A weed quadrant Of 0.5m x0.5m (0.25m2) was taken at three different points at each farm.. Crops in the age range of 1-5 years were exhibited the highest weed infestation and had the most frequent weeding. Those in the age range of 11-15 years were given wider weeding interval and yet produced the highest tea leaf yield. The use of herbicide controlled weed better than hoe weeding and produced higher leaf yield.	Weeds survey tea plantation	herbicide; article; Camellia sinensis; controlled study; growth rate; harvest; histogram; intraspecific competition; leaf yield; Nigeria; nonhuman; plant age; plant growth; plant leaf; plant parameters; plantation; vegetation; weed; weed control	None
None	None	The flower industry in Tanzania: Production performance and costs	Msogoya T.J., Maerere A.P.	2006	Journal of Agronomy	5	3	10.3923/ja.2006.478.481	Lordship Science Centre, Writtle College, Chelmsford Essex, CM1 3RR, United Kingdom; Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania	Msogoya, T.J., Lordship Science Centre, Writtle College, Chelmsford Essex, CM1 3RR, United Kingdom; Maerere, A.P., Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3005, Morogoro, Tanzania	A survey was conducted to assess production levels, costs, marketing and policy regulations affecting the flower industry in Tanzania. Results indicated that rose and chrysanthemum were the main ornamental crops produced for export with yield of 908 and 145.6 million flower stems and shoot cuttings per year in 2003, respectively. The surface areas under rose and chrysanthemum cultivation increased by 328.9 and 658.3% and the corresponding production by 316.84 and 666.33% between 1997 and 2003, respectively. Greenhouse construction accounted for 50% while purchase of land and rose planting materials represented 17.7 and 12.3% of the total investment cost, respectively. Interest on loans and freight charges accounted for 19 and 16.0% of the total operational cost, respectively. All chrysanthemum shoot cuttings were directly exported to The Netherlands whereas 90% of total rose flowers were exported to Europe through European middlemen with a marketing commission of 18-30% of sales and 52% of total operational cost. The average selling prices of rose and chrysanthemum were 0.23 and 0.11 US$ per flower stem and shoot tip cutting, respectively. Foreign growers appreciated the provision of tax exemption of five years but considered the National Agricultural Policy of 1997 being too general and not favourable to the flower industry. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Agricultural policy; Marketing; Production costs; Tanzania flower industry	Chrysanthemum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350173092	Impact assessment of water scarcity at Somntongo in the lowveld region of Swaziland	Mijinyawa Y., Dlamini S.S.	2008	Scientific Research and Essays	3	2	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Land Use and Mechanization, University of Swaziland, Luyengo Campus, Swaziland	Mijinyawa, Y., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Dlamini, S.S., Department of Land Use and Mechanization, University of Swaziland, Luyengo Campus, Swaziland	A survey was conducted to assess the impact of water scarcity in Somntongo, in the lowveld region of Swaziland. The study adopted the use of questionnaire, interview schedules and focused group discussions. Information sought included sources of water, distances between water sources and places of residence, and the effect of water scarcity on the various aspects of human activities. The study revealed that only two rivers and five boreholes were the major sources of water while distances of as much as 5 - 20 km were covered in search of water. In about 82% of the homesteads, the water use was about 3.3 litres/head/day and 2.3 litres/livestock/day. These are quite low compared to the minimum standards of 25 litres/head/day, and between 25 and 35 litres/livestock/day. Water scarcity has resulted in the death of livestocks; some cultivated crops have withered while others are not cultivated for lack of irrigation water. In some instances, schools have temporarily been closed due to water shortages. Construction of more boreholes and dams can reduce the water scarcity and promote the standard of living in the community. © 2008 Academic Journals.	Agriculture; Harvesting; Irrigation; Scarcity; Swaziland; Water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960765195	How Mapula fell through the cracks in her community school: A failing environment in a 'high-impact social setting'	Salmon L., Fourie J.	2011	Education as Change	14	SUPPL.1	10.1080/16823206.2010.517939	Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	Salmon, L., Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; Fourie, J., Faculty of Education, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa	As with other schools, there are many casualties on the road of the community school psychology movement in South Africa. This article presents the case of one young girl, Mapula, who may have been spared if school community psychology practice had been established in the inner city where she tried to get an education. The case study tells the story of her school's attempts to meet her educational needs and of her struggle. Mapula's condition deteriorated, parallel with the school's efforts to try and assist her. It urgently required the help of a support team and caring educational psychologists, social workers and public health professionals. None of these were forthcoming in this 'private' school 'for the poor'. We argue for radical community psychology support in schools situated in settings such as these, where social impact is high. It also questions the ability of organisations running such schools, to cope with the full responsibility. © 2010 The University of Johannesburg.	Bullying; Community psychology; Hallucinatory episodes; Inner-city school; Reading problems	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929497624	Low parasitemia in submicroscopic infections significantly impacts malaria diagnostic sensitivity in the highlands of Western Kenya	Lo E., Zhou G., Oo W., Afrane Y., Githeko A., Yan G.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0121763	Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya	Lo, E., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Zhou, G., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Oo, W., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States; Afrane, Y., Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Githeko, A., Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Yan, G., Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States	Asymptomatic malaria infections represent a major challenge in malaria control and elimination in Africa. They are reservoirs of malaria parasite that can contribute to disease transmission. Therefore, identification and control of asymptomatic infections are important to make malaria elimination feasible. In this study, we investigated the extent and distribution of asymptomatic malaria in Western Kenya and examined how varying parasitemia affects performance of diagnostic methods including microscopy, conventional PCR, and quantitative PCR. In addition, we compared parasite prevalence rates and parasitemia levels with respect to topography and age in order to explore factors that influence malaria infection. Over 11,000 asymptomatic blood samples from children and adolescents up to 18 years old representing broad areas of Western Kenya were included. Quantitative PCR revealed the highest parasite positive rate among all methods and malaria prevalence in western Kenya varied widely from less than 1% to over 50%. A significantly lower parasitemia was detected in highland than in lowland samples and this contrast was also observed primarily among submicroscopic samples. Although we found no correlation between parasitemia level and age, individuals of younger age group (aged <14) showed significantly higher parasite prevalence. In the lowlands, individuals of aged 5-14 showed significantly higher prevalence than those under age 5. Our findings highlight the need for a more sensitive and time-efficient assay for asymptomatic malaria detection particularly in areas of low-transmission. Combining QPCR with microscopy can enhance the capacity of detecting submicroscopic asymptomatic malaria infections. © 2015 Lo et al.	None	adolescent; adult; age; Article; child; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; disease severity; disease transmission; false negative result; gender; gene dosage; human; intermethod comparison; Kenya; limit of detection; malaria falciparum; microscopy; parasite load; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; quantitative analysis; school child; sensitivity and specificity	D43TW001505, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R01 A1050243, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R01AI094580, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937046649	Proposal for improved nuclear fuel utilisation and economic performance by utilising thorium	du Toit M., Chirayath S.	2015	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	26	2	None	School for Nuclear Science and Engineering, North West University, South Africa; Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute, Texas A and M University, Nuclear Engineering Department, TAMU, United States	du Toit, M., School for Nuclear Science and Engineering, North West University, South Africa; Chirayath, S., Nuclear Security Science and Policy Institute, Texas A and M University, Nuclear Engineering Department, TAMU, United States	A systematic and strategic nuclear power reactor deployment roadmap has been developed for South Africa within the national strategic plan, utilizing thorium-based fuel. The roadmap was developed through analysis of economical, strategic and historical aspects. The accumulated advantages of thorium-based fuels are summarized, which could form the initiative to implement thorium-based nuclear fuels in South Africa. A timeline (which forms the basis of the roadmap) was constructed and consists of three different phases. Phase 1 starts in 2015 and extends to 2030. Phase 2 starts in 2031 and ends in 2044 whilst Phase 3 is from 2045 to 2060. Each phase is discussed with regard to construction, implementation and research activities. This roadmap starts at current pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and advances to future reactor technologies, using an evolutionary approach. In addition to the results reported in this paper, the economic advantages to introducing thorium as a fertile component in PWR fuels as compared to once-through conventional uranium-only cycles is explored (Du Toit & Cilliers, 2014). The economic evaluation compares uranium fuel to thorium-uranium fuel in terms of the fuel cycle costs, reactor downtime costs due to refuelling and income derived from electricity sales.	Fuel cycle; Nuclear power in South Africa; PWR; Roadmap; Thorium-based fuels	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744589128	Kinetic analysis of non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyser results using a new method for the evaluation of the temperature integral and multi-heating rates	Everson R.C., Neomagus H.W.J.P., Njapha D.	2006	Fuel	85	3	10.1016/j.fuel.2005.07.003	School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2082, South Africa	Everson, R.C., School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Neomagus, H.W.J.P., School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Njapha, D., Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2082, South Africa	A technique using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analyser results was developed for the validation of reaction rate models together with associated parameters suitable for chemically controlled gas-solid reactions. The solution of the temperature integral which occurs in the calculation is achieved by numerical integration with respect to a dimensionless activation energy variable, y=E/RT, following a transformation of the temperature integral equation. The evaluation of the validity of the kinetic model and determination of all the constants is accomplished with a two-step regression procedure with experimental results from several thermogrammes with different linear heating rates. The technique was validated by comparing results obtained for the combustion of two coal-chars with corresponding isothermal results using a shrinking core model with a nth order surface reaction. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Coal-char; Kinetic study; Non-isothermal; Thermogravimetry	Activation energy; Coal; Combustion; Heating; Integral equations; Mathematical transformations; Reaction kinetics; Regression analysis; Surface reactions; Coal-char; Kinetic study; Non-isothermal; Reaction rate; Thermogravimetric analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747104303	The effect of Cirina forda larva meal in rabbit diets on performance, carcass quality and nutrient digestibility	Oluremi O.I.A., Bogbenda M., Mkah T.P.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	7	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Niger	Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Bogbenda, M., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria; Mkah, T.P., Department of Animal Production, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi,Benue State, Nigeria	A ten-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the nutritive potential of Cirina forda larva meal (CFLM) as an animal protein concentrate in rabbit feeding by evaluating growth response, carcass quality and nutrient digestibility. Twenty mixed breed weaner rabbits between 9-11 weeks of age were assigned randomly in groups of five to control diet (CD) and three other diets TD2.5, TD5.0 and TD7.5 containing 2.5. 5.0 and 7.5% CFLM. Rabbit had unrestricted access to drinking water and their respective diets. Diets had significant effects (p&lt;0.01) on feed intake, water consumption and live body weight (LBW). The coefficient of nutrient digestibility, and carcass, visceral and offal indices did not have significant variations (p&gt;0.05) except the forelimb (p&lt;0.05). Rabbit became heavier as feed intake decreased at higher CFLM dietary inclusion, which is an indication of improved feed conversion. The study has shown that CFLM can be used in compounding diets for grower rabbit at 7.5% level of inclusion.	Carcass quality; Cirina forda larva meal; Digestibility; Performance; Rabbit	Animalia; Cirina forda; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958818159	Heavily stocked 5-paddock rotational grazing effect on cross-bred Afrikaner steer performance and herbaceous vegetation dynamics in a semi-arid veld of Zimbabwe	Moyo B., Dube S., Moyo C., Nesamvuni E.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	10	None	Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Natural Resources and the Environment, Ecosystems Dynamics and Processes Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Khulasizwe Trust, P. O. Box QP 23, Queenspark, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Agriculture, Limpopo Province, South Africa	Moyo, B., Matopos Research Station, P. Bag K5137, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, University of Fort Hare, Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, P. Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Dube, S., Natural Resources and the Environment, Ecosystems Dynamics and Processes Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P. O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Moyo, C., Khulasizwe Trust, P. O. Box QP 23, Queenspark, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Nesamvuni, E., Department of Agriculture, Limpopo Province, South Africa	A ten-year high stocking rate trial, mimicking communal areas was initiated at Matopos Research Station, Zimbabwe. Afrikaner steer crosses grazed continuously or rotationally at a high stocking rate (0.4 LU.ha-1) in two 45 ha areas, with one fenced into five 9 ha camps each for the rotational grazing sites, with 30 animals per site. It was hypothesized that, heavily stocked rotation will not improve herbage biomass, decreaser species abundance, basal cover or animal performance. Biomass, basal cover and decreaser species abundance were not (P &gt; 0.05) significantly different between the grazing systems, save for Themeda triandra, Setaria incrassata and Panicum novemnerve, but were significant (P &lt; 0.05) in terms of annual variation. Mean maximum steer weight gain was higher (P &lt; 0.05) under continuous grazing. It was concluded that, the creation of rigid rotational grazing schemes in communal areas without proper stocking rates will not improve animal performance, herbage production, basal cover, but might have an effect on species abundance. In higher rainfall years, heavy stocking has no adverse effects on performance. Hence, any plans of grazing interventions on livestock management in communal areas, should consider stocking rate and rainfall, with a rapid stock reduction strategy in projected low rainfall years. © 2011 Academic Journals.	Basal cover; Communal areas; Grazing system; Herbage biomass; Stocking rate; Weight gain	Animalia; Panicum; Themeda triandra	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-25444492944	Thermodynamic evaluation of viscosity in In-Zn and Sn-Zn liquid alloys	Ilo-Okeke E.O., Anusionwu B.C., Popoola O.	2005	Physics and Chemistry of Liquids	43	4	10.1080/00319100500087964	Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ilo-Okeke, E.O., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anusionwu, B.C., Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Popoola, O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A theoretical formalism that links thermodynamic properties to transport properties has been used to study the viscosity of Sn-Zn and In-Zn liquid alloys at various temperatures. The formalism was succesful at describing the thermodynamic properties of these alloys and showed a better estimation of the viscosity of the Sn-Zn alloy that of the In-Zn alloy. © 2005 Taylor & Francis.	Liquid alloys; Phase-segregation; Viscosity	Diffusion in liquids; Indium alloys; Phase separation; Segregation (metallography); Thermal effects; Thermodynamic properties; Tin alloys; Transport properties; Viscosity of liquids; Zinc alloys; Boltzman constant; Ideal gas constant; Interchange energy; Metallic liquid alloys; Binary alloys; thermodynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925701747	Impact of size and temperature on thermal expansion of nanomaterials	Singh M., Singh M.	2015	Pramana - Journal of Physics	84	4	10.1007/s12043-014-0844-0	Department of Physics and Electronics, National University of Lesotho, Z-Lesotho, South Africa; Department of Physics, Government College, Bageshwar, India	Singh, M., Department of Physics and Electronics, National University of Lesotho, Z-Lesotho, South Africa; Singh, M., Department of Physics, Government College, Bageshwar, India	A theoretical method has been discussed to study the size dependency of thermal expansion of nanomaterials at higher temperature by considering the surface effect. A thermodynamical analysis of the equation of state (EoS) is studied from the knowledge of thermal expansion of nanomaterials based on theoretical thermodynamical relations. It is observed that thermal expansion coefficient increases with decrease in grain size whereas, V/V0 increases with increase in temperature for nanomaterials of different grain sizes. We have studied the size and temperature dependence of thermal expansion of Cu, Ag, Ni, Sn, Se and Zn nanomaterials in different shapes (spherical, nanowire and nanofilm). The available experimental data confirm these theoretical predictions that demonstrate the validity of our work.	Equation of state; Nanomaterials; Size effect; Thermal expansion	Equations of state; Grain size and shape; Nanostructured materials; Nanowires; Temperature distribution; Different shapes; Equation of state; Size effects; Temperature dependence; Theoretical methods; Thermal expansion coefficients; Thermodynamical; Thermodynamical analysis; Thermal expansion	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895778746	Evaluation of urban residential thermal comfort in relation to indoor and outdoor air temperatures in Ibadan, Nigeria	Adunola A.O.	2014	Building and Environment	75	None	10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.02.007	Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	Adunola, A.O., Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria	A thermal comfort survey was conducted in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. Ten percent (12) of the 119 neighbourhoods identified from the metropolitan map were selected by stratified random sampling comprising 2 low, 3 medium and 7 high residential densities. Systematic random sampling was used to select a total of 528 houses within these neighbourhoods for the survey. Indoor and outdoor measurements of air temperature and other relevant climatic elements were carried out in representative buildings within the neighbourhoods. For each selected building, an adult resident filled a questionnaire indicating the indoor thermal response at different periods of the day using the ASHRAE thermal comfort scale. Significant variations of air temperature and thermal response manifested across the residential densities and neighbourhoods. The air temperature variation across the neighbourhoods was found to be influenced by the different neighbourhood characteristics. Maximum values of measured outdoor and indoor temperatures ranged from 34.1°C to 36.9°C and from 32.5°C to 35°C respectively. The reduction in maximum temperatures from outdoor to indoor was in the range of 1.6-1.9°C. The variation of temperature across residential densities was found to affect indoor thermal comfort. It was inferred that the urban microclimate had impact on the indoor comfort of residents. Mean comfort vote was related to indoor and outdoor temperature by linear equations. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Air temperature; Thermal comfort; Tropical climate; Urban microclimate	Housing; Space heating; Surveys; Thermal comfort; Air temperature; Air temperature variations; Indoor and outdoor airs; Indoor thermal comfort; Outdoor measurements; Stratified random sampling; Tropical climates; Urban microclimate; Atmospheric temperature; air temperature; building; indoor air; neighborhood; tropical environment; urban climate; Ibadan; Nigeria; Oyo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907502169	Sonographic evaluation of the carotid intima-media complex thickness in Nigerian chronic kidney disease patients	Ajiboye O.K., Bello B., Adeyomoye A.A., Olowoyeye O.A., Irurhe N.K.	2014	Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography	30	5	10.1177/8756479314545400	Department of Radiology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Ishaga Road, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Radiation Biology, University of Lago	Ajiboye, O.K., Department of Radiology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Ishaga Road, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria; Bello, B., Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Adeyomoye, A.A., Department of Radiology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Ishaga Road, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria; Olowoyeye, O.A., Department of Radiology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Ishaga Road, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos State, Nigeria; Irurhe, N.K., Department of Radiation Biology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Measurement of the carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) is being used by many investigators to detect an increased risk of coronary artery atherosclerotic disease and document treatment effects. This study compares CIMT measurements in 75 patients with chronic kidney disease to a matched cohort of 75 subjects with normal kidney function. In plaque-free arterial segments, the CIMT was measured manually in the longitudinal plane from the far walls of a segment of the common carotid artery 3 cm in length adjacent to the carotid bifurcation. Patients with CKD had a significantly higher mean CIMT compared to those with normal renal function (0.86 ± 0.42 mm vs 0.69 ± 0.21 mm; P <.01). Mean CIMT values did not differ significantly between patients with different stages of CKD (stage 3: 0.88 ± 0.14 mm; stage 4: 0.89 ± 0.18 mm; and stage 5: 0.87 ± 0.14 mm, P = .94). These data indicate that CIMT is significantly higher in patients with CKD compared with controls, regardless of the stage of their disease, and may be a readily available noninvasive means of further assessing cardiovascular risk in CKD patients. © The Author(s) 2014.	carotid artery; chronic kidney disease; intima-media thickness; sonography	adult; arterial wall thickness; Article; cardiovascular risk; carotid artery bifurcation; carotid artery intima media thickness; chronic kidney disease; clinical evaluation; cohort analysis; common carotid artery; female; hospital patient; human; kidney function; major clinical study; male; middle aged; Nigerian	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37849019619	Performance optimization of a membrane assisted passive sampler for monitoring of ionizable organic compounds in water	Chimuka L., Nemutandani T., Cukrowska E., Tutu H.	2008	Journal of Environmental Monitoring	10	1	10.1039/b713072d	School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa	Chimuka, L., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Nemutandani, T., School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; Cukrowska, E., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Tutu, H., School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa	A thin-walled silicone rubber hollow fibre membrane has been developed as a passive sampler. The inside of the tube is filled with an aqueous solution at an appropriate pH. The tube is sealed at both ends and then immersed in a water sample. In order for the ionizable permeating compounds to be trapped in the aqueous receiving phase, the pH is adjusted such that the compounds are ionized and trapped. The major advantages are its simplicity, low cost and high selectivity, since only ionizable organic compounds are trapped. Additionally, the sampler uses no organic solvent. By adjusting the pH of the acceptor phase, it is possible to control the extraction process and whether the sampler is used in the kinetic or equilibrium regime. Since it is very selective, no further clean-up of the extract is required. The membrane assisted passive sampler has been tested for extraction of chlorophenols under laboratory conditions. The extraction process was found to be linear over a 72 h sampling period. Selectivity of the passive sampler in river water was demonstrated and the extraction process was independent of sample concentration, even at lower concentration levels of analytes. However, the sample matrix in some river water samples led to incomplete trapping, thereby reducing the amount trapped in the acceptor phase. Detection limits (three times signal to noise ratio) were dependant on sample matrix and type of detection system and ranged from 0.05 μg L-1 to about 1 μg L-1 with a UV photodiode detector in water samples from one river and 1.0 μg L-1 to 20 μg L-1 in another but with an ordinary UV detector. The enrichment factors in river water were 28 for 2-chlorophenol and 44 for 2,4-dichlorophenol over a 72 h sampling period. 4-chlorophenol was poorly extracted and its enrichment factor was 3. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	2,4 dichlorophenol; 4 chlorophenol; organic compound; river water; aqueous solution; article; extraction; pH; pollution monitoring; priority journal; sampler; water contamination; water pollutant; water pollution; water sampling; Chlorophenols; Environmental Monitoring; Rivers; Silicone Elastomers; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862076582	Bush clearing, tillage methods and the performance of a maize/cassava intercrop on an Ultisol in Southwestern Nigeria	Ndaeyo N.U., Aiyelari E.A.	2009	Tropical Agriculture	86	4	None	Systems Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ndaeyo, N.U., Systems Agronomy, Department of Agronomy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria; Aiyelari, E.A., Agricultural Engineering, Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A three season (1995/96-1997/98) study was conducted on an Ultisol at Epemakinde, a primary forest area of southwestern Nigeria to assess the effects of bush clearing and tillage methods on the growth and yield of a maize/cassava intercrop. A randomized complete block design with plot arrangement and three replicates was used with the bush clearing (bulldozed and windrowed (BW), bulldozed not windrowed (BNW) and Clear-fell, slashed and burnt (CSB)] and tillage methods (conventional (CT), minimum (MT), traditional (TT) and zero (ZT) as the main and sub-treatments, respectively. Results indicated that maize and cassava heights and number of leaves were generally better in CSB than in BW and BNW plots. Cassava storage root yield was better in the BNW plots whereas maize grain yield in the CSB plots was 5-6%, 8-11% and 15-20% better than in BW and BNW plots after the first, second and third cropping cycles, respectively. Among the tillage methods, no definite pattern was shown for crop heights and number of leaves but TT and MT treatments were significantly (P<0.05) better than CT and ZT, except for number of maize leaves. The best crop yields were obtained in MT plots for maize and in TT plots for cassava. The interaction effects of bush clearing and tillage methods were significant for the crop yield with the CSB + ZT or TT combination supporting better crop yields. However since the CSB is slow, inefficient and laborious, it would hardly meet the food demands of the ever-increasing population. Therefore, the adoption of BNW + MT combination would be more appropriate in primary forests of the humid tropics. © 2009 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Bush clearing; Crop yields; Nigeria; Tillage methods	Manihot esculenta; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905509530	Glyphosate-based herbicides on weeds management and maize performance under conservation agriculture practices in eastern Kenya	Micheni A., Mburu D., Kanampiu F., Mugai N., Kihanda F.	2014	International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology	10	3	10.1504/IJARGE.2014.064001	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 27-60100, Embu, Kenya; Faculty of Agriculture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya	Micheni, A., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 27-60100, Embu, Kenya; Mburu, D., Faculty of Agriculture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Kanampiu, F., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; Mugai, N., Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Kihanda, F., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 27-60100, Embu, Kenya	A three-season research study was conducted at Embu Agricultural Research Station farm to determine the effect of glyphosate-based herbicides on weeds management and maize (Zea mays L.) performance under zero-tillage conservation agriculture practice. Glyphosate herbicide sprays were prepared from Roundup Turbo product at the rate of 2.5 L ha-1 and Roundup Weathermax at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0 L ha-1 rates. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in weeds management were observed under the tested rate of Roundup Turbo compared to un-weeded control plots. The average grain yield from conventionally tilled plots was 3.6 t ha-1. This did not differ significantly from those of herbicide-managed plots. Low-grain yield (0.1 t ha-1) was observed from un-weeded plots compared to those from zero-tilled plots that had also exhibited significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher net-benefits. The study concluded that the application of herbicides improves weeds control and maize performance. Copyright © 2014 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.	Agricultural resources; Conventional tillage; Glyphosate herbicide; Maize performance; Net-benefits; Weed control; Zero tillage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956003660	Impacts of Zimbabwe European union micro-project programme (ZIM/EU MPP) in funding smallholder irrigation projects on food security and income levels: A case study of Mopane irrigation scheme in Zvishavane, Midlands province, Zimbabwe	Nhundu K., Gwata C., Mushunje A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	14	None	Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, P. O. Box X1314, South Africa	Nhundu, K., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, South Africa; Gwata, C., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP167, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mushunje, A., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Fort Hare, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, P. O. Box X1314, South Africa	At least 70% of smallholders live in the semi-arid regions IV and V where rainfall is erratic and soils in these regions are derived from granite and generally shallow, light textured and of low fertility. As a result, farmers cannot produce adequate grain to meet their annual household requirements by dry land farming. The Zimbabwe/EU Micro-projects Programme has funded smallholder irrigation projects since 1982 to improve the food security in these marginal areas. In an effort to assess the impacts of the ZIM/EU MPP funded irrigation schemes and justify further investments in smallholder irrigation projects, a case study based on a comparative analysis between irrigators and non-irrigators was done at Mopane Irrigation Scheme. Preliminary results indicated irrigators were more food secure than non-irrigators. Using the Gross Margin Analysis, irrigators were found to be better performers with increased incomes than non-irrigators. A regression analysis to examine factors affecting food security level revealed that household size, off-farm income, draught power to be significant at the 5% confidence interval. The study concluded that irrigators were more food secure and better performers than non-irrigators. The ZIM/EU MPP should continue to invest more resources in smallholder irrigation schemes. The study recommends that governments, public and private institutions and non-governmental organisations are recommended to work together defining and implementing comprehensive strategies for smallholder irrigation development, especially in the smallholder communal areas so as to ensure increased food security, income and employment to the rural population. ©2010 Academic Journals.	Food security; Household; Income; Irrigators; Non-irrigators; Smallholder; ZIM/EU MPP	Colophospermum mopane	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847035098	Studies on the impact of municipal waste dumps on surrounding soil and air quality of two cities in northern Nigeria	Elaigwu S.E., Ajibola V.O., Folaranmi F.M.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	3	None	Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Elaigwu, S.E., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ajibola, V.O., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Folaranmi, F.M., Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Atmospheric pollution from municipal refuse dumps and vehicular traffic are matters of growing interest, often leading to temporary restrictions in urban areas. This study aimed at evaluating bioaccumulation and effects caused by airborne pollutants from refuse dumps. Specimens of the moss Funaria capsularis collected in five sites in the urban areas of Zaria and Kaduna, Nigeria and trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead and zinc) were measured. The overall results of this exploratory study suggest the utility of F. capsularis as a lower plant for biomonitoring the environmental impact of atmospheric pollution in urban areas. The impact of these dump sites on surrounding soils was also studied. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Air pollution; Bioaccumulation; Muncipal dumps; Vehicular exhausts	Airborne pollutants; Atmospheric pollution; Exploratory studies; Muncipal dumps; Municipal refuse dumps; Municipal waste dumps; Northern Nigeria; Surrounding soils; Air pollution; Air quality; Bioaccumulation; Biochemistry; Environmental impact; Copper	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864994968	The performance and egg quality traits of Nigerian local hens fed varying dietary levels of palm kernel cake with added palm oil	Afolabi K.D., Akinsoyinu A.O., Omojola A.B., Abu O.A.	2012	Journal of Applied Poultry Research	21	3	http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2011-00493	Livestock Unit, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Iyanomo, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Afolabi, K.D., Livestock Unit, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Iyanomo, Benin City, Nigeria; Akinsoyinu, A.O., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omojola, A.B., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Abu, O.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A total of 120 local hens at the point of lay were randomly assigned, 2 per cage, with 10 replicates per diet in a completely randomized design, to 6 palm kernel cake (PKC)-based layer diets that contained 20% CP and 2,700 kcal of ME/kg of feed. The PKC was included at levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% in diets 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Diet 1 without PKC served as the control. To make the diets isocaloric, 0.5, 1.48, 3.35, 5.22, 7.11, and 8.98% palm oil was added to diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum for 12 wk. The hen-day production (53.8 to 63.3%) peaked at dietary PKC levels of 20 to 40%. Feed conversion ratio was also the lowest in hens fed the 20 to 40% PKC-based diets, but it was poorer than the control diet for those fed 50% PKC. The least hen-day production was obtained for birds on the 50% PKC-based diet. The albumen height (3.16 to 3.73 mm) was highest for eggs laid by hens fed the control and 10% PKC diets. The egg yolk indexes obtained for hens fed 0 to 10% dietary PKC (0.2) were significantly higher than those obtained for hens fed 20 to 50% PKC (0.13 to 0.15). The yolk color score increased significantly (P < 0.05) across the diets (from 1.0 to 5.9) as the level of palm oil increased. The egg weight, egg circumference, eggshell thickness, egg shape index, and weights of the albumen and yolk were similar across diets. Feeding up to 40% PKC with added palm oil had no adverse effect on the performance of Nigerian local hens and the quality of their eggs. ©2012 Poultry Science Association, Inc.	Egg quality; Local hen; Palm kernel cake; Palm oil; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891160427	Performance of pyroclastic rocks from Abakaliki Metropolis (southeastern Nigeria) in road construction projects	Okogbue C.O., Aghamelu O.P.	2013	Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment	72	04-Mar	10.1007/s10064-013-0489-0	Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Geology and Exploration Geophysics, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Okogbue, C.O., Department of Geology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Aghamelu, O.P., Department of Geology and Exploration Geophysics, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	A total of 15 samples from the Abakaliki pyroclastic rock bodies were subjected to petrographic and mechanical analyses to determine the suitability of the rock type as a road aggregate. Results indicate that the Abakaliki pyroclastic rock yield aggregates with marginal performance in road projects. Although the aggregates meet a number of road stone requirements (i.e., ten percent fines and their ability to absorb water), they fail to meet other key road stone requirements. Whilst their aggregate impact values, Los Angeles abrasion values, and flakiness index are generally above the recommended limits, petrographic analyses reveal appreciable amounts of shaley to muddy lithic fragment and volcanic glassy groundmass. These detrimental constituents and marginal laboratory test results would likely translate to long term poor field performance where the pyroclastic aggregate is used for road construction. This study suggests that utilization of the Abakaliki pyroclastic rock as an aggregate, especially for road construction, requires informed caution, particularly when the material is exposed to climatic extremes (high volume of rainfall and high and fluctuating temperature) as is the case in the tropics. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Abakaliki; Field performance; Geotechnical property; Petrographic analysis; Pyroclastic rock; Road aggregate	Abakaliki; Field performance; Geotechnical properties; Petrographic analysis; Pyroclastic rocks; Road construction; Roads and streets; Rocks; Aggregates; aggregate; geotechnical property; petrography; pyroclastic deposit; road construction; rock mechanics; Abakaliki; California; Ebonyi; Los Angeles [California]; Nigeria; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40949099573	Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) strip for diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis in Hassoba school children, Afar, Ethiopia	Ayele B., Erko B., Legesse M., Hailu A., Medhin G.	2008	Parasite	15	1	None	Carter Center-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 13373, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ayele, B., Carter Center-Ethiopia, P.O. Box 13373, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Erko, B., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hailu, A., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Medhin, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A total of 206 urine samples collected from Hassoba Elementary schoolchildren, Afar, Ethiopia, a low Schistosoma haematobium endemic setting, was diagnosed to evaluate the performance of CCA strip using double references, urine filtration technique and urinalysis dipstick (Combur 10 Test®] that detect schistosome eggs and blood in urine, respectively. The former was used as a gold standard reference method. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for the CCA were 52 %, 63.8 %, 56.7 % and 59 % respectively, with reference to urine filtration technique whereas these parameters were 50.4 %, 62.4 %, 55.6 % and 57.5 % respectively, with reference to Combur 10 Test®. 47 S. haematobium egg-positive children were found negative by CCA strip while 38 egg-negative children were found positive by CCA strip. Moreover, among the pre-tests done in duplicate, inconsistent results were also recorded. Assays were also compared with regard to the cost of equipment and reagents, speed and simplicity of use. Though CCA strip was found to be rapid and could be performed with minimal training, it was found to be expensive (US $ 4.95 per test) to use it for large-scale field use even if its diagnostic value would have been satisfactory. Further development and standardization of the CCA strip are required for its applicability for field use. It is also recommended that its cost per strip should be substantially cut down if it is to be used in poor schistosomiasis endemic countries.	Circulating cathodic antigen strip; Diagnosis; Ethiopia; Urinary schistosomiasis	CCA protein, Schistosoma mansoni; glycoprotein; helminth protein; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; animal; article; child; cost; economics; Ethiopia; female; filtration; human; isolation and purification; male; parasite identification; prediction and forecasting; preschool child; Schistosoma hematobium; sensitivity and specificity; test strip; urine; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Costs and Cost Analysis; Ethiopia; Female; Filtration; Glycoproteins; Helminth Proteins; Humans; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Predictive Value of Tests; Reagent Strips; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Schistosoma; Schistosoma haematobium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650088652	Evaluation of methiorep as a substitute for methionine in broiler diets	Salome I., Dafwang I.I., Bawa G.S.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	8	None	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Agricultural Extension and Research Liason Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Salome, I., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Dafwang, I.I., National Agricultural Extension and Research Liason Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A total of 225 day old broiler chicks were used to evaluate the use of Methiorep, a herbal Methionine product, as a substitute for synthetic Methionine in broiler diets. The experiment lasted from 0-4 weeks of age. The birds were randomly allocated to 5 dietary treatments in 3 replicates of 15 birds each, giving a total of 45 birds per treatment. The 5 dietary treatments comprised diet 1 which was devoid of supplementary Methionine and Methiorep, diet 2 had 0.25% Methionine, while diets 3-5 had graded levels of 0.25, 0.5 and 1% Methiorep respectively. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The results showed that birds fed the Methionine supplemented diet performed significantly (p<0.05) better than other treatments in body weights, weight gains, feed intake, feed to gain and feed cost per kg gain. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on mortality rate. An analysis of the effect of graded levels of Methiorep on growth performance showed that Methiorep significantly improved growth performance up to 1% inclusion level but growth performance even at that level was inferior to that obtained on the 0.25% Methionine supplemented diet. It is concluded from this experiment that Methiorep is not an effective substitute for Methionine under the conditions of this study. © Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Broiler chicks; Herbal methionine; Methionine; Methiorep	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-64849087786	Effect of replacing maize with a mixture of rumen content and blood meal on the performances of growing rabbits: initial study with mash feed	Togun V.A., Farinu G.O., Ojebiyi O.O., Awotunde A.I.	2009	World Rabbit Science	17	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	Togun, V.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Farinu, G.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Ojebiyi, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Awotunde, A.I., Department of Animal Production and Health, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria	A total of 24 cross-bred male weaner rabbits, between 6-8 weeks of age, were fed diets which included a mixture (50:50) of rumen content (RC) and blood meal (BM), containing a crude protein content of 37.6% and crude fibre content of 9.0%, at 0 (control), 10 and 20% levels. The mixture replaced maize and maize bran in the control diet. The 3 experimental diets were restricted to 100 g daily in mash form for a period of 8 weeks to the individually housed rabbits. The inclusion of RC+BM mixture in diet 1 at 10% (RB1O) significantly (P<0.05) worsed final live weight, daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed: gain ratio, while its inclusion at 20% (RB2O) only reduced daily feed intake. Weight gain in controls, RB 10 and RB 20 was 483, 273 and 422 g, respectively. Kidney, spleen and lungs, but not the liver, were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatment. Carcass yield followed a similar response pattern as final live weight, since it was a product of the final live weight. However, left thigh muscle components were not affected by the dietary treatments. This preliminary study indicated that more research is necessary to reduce the negative effect on feed intake when RC-BM mixture (50:50 ratio) is included in growing rabbit diets, which was probably due to the presentation form applied. © WRSA, UPV, 2003.	Blood meal; Growing rabbits; Performance; rumen content	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922553428	Effect of feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of broiler chicken	Olukomaiya O.O., Adeyemi O.A., Sogunle O.M., Abioja M.O., Ogunsola I.A.	2015	Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences	25	1	None	Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abe	Olukomaiya, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeyemi, O.A., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sogunle, O.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Abioja, M.O., Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ogunsola, I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A total of 252 two-week old Marshall broiler chickens were used in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment to determine the effect of feed restriction and ascorbic acid supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of broiler chickens. The birds were weighed and randomly allotted to 12 treatments with 3 replicates of 7 birds each, subjected to 4 feed restriction levels: full feeding (AD), skip a day feeding (SAD), skip two days feeding (S2D) and skip three days feeding every week (S3D) for 24 hours from 15th to 35th day of age and 3 levels of ascorbic acid supplementation (0, 150, 300 mg/kg feed). Feed was provided ad libitum from days 36 to 56. Ascorbic acid supplementation had no effect (p>0.05) on the performance parameters measured during feed restriction. Birds on S3D fed diets containing 300 mg/kg ascorbic acid had the highest (p<0.05) weight gain during realimentation. Ascorbic acid lowered the rectal temperature in birds on S2D and S3D at the end of feed restriction. At the end of realimentation, birds on S3D fed diets containing 150 mg/kg ascorbic acid had the lowest (p<0.05) respiratory rate. Ascorbic acid supplementation at 150 mg/kg feed enhanced weight gain, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of broiler chickens on skip three days feeding every week. © 2015, Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum. All rights reserved.	Ascorbic acid; Broiler performance; Feed restriction; Rectal temperature; Respiratory rate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939877951	Effect of cement dust on reproductive performance and some physiological parameters in albino rats	Odo R.I., Mbegbu E.C., Nwosu K.C., Aba P.E., Aka L.O., Obidike I.R.	2015	Comparative Clinical Pathology	24	3	10.1007/s00580-014-1934-6	Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Odo, R.I., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Mbegbu, E.C., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwosu, K.C., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Aba, P.E., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Aka, L.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Obidike, I.R., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	A total of 30 Albino rats of 12 weeks of age were sourced from Altran Farm in Nsukka and acclimatized for 3 weeks. Five males and five females were exposed to cement dust for 3 months at the Eastern Blocks and Concrete Industries Limited, Nsukka, Nigeria. Ten males and ten females were kept in an environment free from cement dust but within the same climatic zone and were the unexposed. The effect of cement dust was then determined on reproductive performance and some physiological parameters of the rats. The uterus of the exposed females showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in weight (2.19 ± 0.05) when compared to that of the unexposed females (4.09 ± 0.55). The mean epididymal sperm reserve of the exposed males (12.25 ± 2.17) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) when compared to that of the control group (18.46 ± 0.325). The mean testicular weight of the exposed males (1.03 ± 0.09) was significantly reduced when compared to the control (1.42 ± 0.026). The mean fetal weight and crown rump length of the offsprings from the exposed females (4.07 ± 0.17, 3.12 ± 0.09, respectively) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) when compared to those of the offsprings from the unexposed females (5.64 ± 0.10, 5.36 ± 0.17, respectively). The mean number of offsprings from exposed males (6.00 ± 0.45) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) when compared to that from unexposed males (9.80 ± 0.37). The hematological evaluation showed significant reductions (p < 0.05) in mean PCV, HB, RBC, and WBC of the exposed rats (27.50 ± 2.20, 8.31 ± 0.61, 3.61 ± 0.82, 4.70 ± 0.63, respectively) when compared to the unexposed (43.17 ± 3.52, 14.1 ± 0.72, 7.21 ± 0.45, 8.48 ± 0.86, respectively). The results of serum enzyme levels (AST, ALP, and ALT) of the exposed rats (87.12 ± 3.42, 93.87 ± 14.18, 45.06 ± 5.25, respectively) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) when compared to the unexposed rats (56.98 ± 8.38, 24.71 ± 2.11, 25.72 ± 2.96, respectively). © 2014, Springer-Verlag London.	Cement; Hematology; Offspring; Sperm; Uterus	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20844442444	Impact of mass media campaigns on the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant Nigerian women towards HIV/AIDS	Etuk S.J., Ekanem E.I.	2005	Tropical Doctor	35	2	10.1258/0049475054037039	Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	Etuk, S.J., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria; Ekanem, E.I., Department of Obstetrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria	A total of 508 women coming for antinatal care had a structured interview about the risk factors for HIV/AIDS. While most knew about HIV and that it could be transmitted sexually, knowledge of mother-to-child transmission was poor. Only 23% knew that HIV could be transmitted by breast milk. In all, 85% would not care for a relative with AIDS.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attitude; awareness; breast milk; female; health hazard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; mass medium; Nigeria; patient education; pregnancy; prenatal care; sexually transmitted disease; vertical transmission; Adult; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews; Mass Media; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349653788	Evaluation of the efficacy of anthelmintics sold on Ethiopian markets against Haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected Sheep	Chaka H., Eguale T., Lidetu D., Gizaw D.	2009	Tropical Animal Health and Production	41	6	10.1007/s11250-008-9287-2	Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	Chaka, H., Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Eguale, T., Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Lidetu, D., Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia; Gizaw, D., Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia	A total of 54 lambs, aged between 6-8 months were experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus to evaluate the efficacy of different anthelmintic brands sold on Ethiopian markets using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and controlled anthelmintic efficacy trial. Accordingly four different albendazole (Alzole®, Analgon-300®, Albenjung_s® and Ahshialben-300®), two tetramisole (Tetsole® and Ashitetra 600) and two tetramisole-oxyclozanide (Tetraclozan sheep® and Tetraclozash 900®) brands were evaluated at the dosage rates recommended by the manufacturers. Animals were allocated into nine groups of six animals each, and balanced for faecal egg counts (FEC), based on their pre-treatment FEC and treatments were randomized among the groups. One group was kept untreated as a control. Faecal egg count was conducted on day 30 post-infection (day of treatment) and on the 10th day post-treatment. Evaluation of anthelmintics based on FECRT revealed high efficacy (99.55-100% reduction in FEC) for all anthelmintic brands tested against H. contortus. The worm count reduction test using controlled anthelmintic efficacy trial also supported the above finding with 99-100% efficacy of the tested anthelmintics. Therefore, the suspicion on the anthelmintic products as being substandard in quality is not credible, at least, for the brands investigated in this study and it might rather be attributed to under dosing. The need for a good extension system for livestock producers with regard to good anthelmintic usage practices, in light of the inevitable development of anthelminitic resistance, is emphasized. Regular surveillance and laboratory quality evaluation of the anthelmintic products in Ethiopia is indicated. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Anthelmintics; Efficacy; Ethiopia; H. contortus; Sheep	anthelmintic agent; veterinary drug; animal; animal disease; article; comparative study; dose response; evaluation; feces; haemonchosis; Haemonchus; parasitology; sheep; sheep disease; treatment outcome; Animals; Anthelmintics; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Haemonchiasis; Haemonchus; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Veterinary Drugs; Animalia; Haemonchus contortus; Ovis aries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24644484850	Evaluation of haemostatic function in Nigerian Norplant® acceptors after 12 months of use	Aisien A.O., Enosolease M.E., Shobowale M.O.	2005	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	25	4	10.1080/01443610500129266	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynae	Aisien, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 1111, Benin-City, Nigeria; Enosolease, M.E., Department of Haematology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria; Shobowale, M.O., EngenderHealth, Lagos, Nigeria	A total of 55 non-breastfeeding informed volunteers were recruited into a prospective longitudinal study from a family planning clinic between September and December 2002. Blood samples were collected at pre-treatment and at 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up, for packed cell volume, platelet count, prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time. Statistical analysis was with paired t-tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Each subject received a menstrual calendar to chart all bleeding and spotting events. The mean age and weight of acceptors were 32.5 ± 6.1 years and 63.6 ± 9.6 kg, respectively. Mean packed cell volume (PCV) was 35.2 ± 2.9% at pre-insertion. This rose to significant mean ± SD values of 36.5 ± 3.1% p&lt;0.05, 38.5 ± 2.8%; p&lt;0.0001 and 38.4 ± 3.6%; p&lt;0.0001 at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively when compared with the pre-insertion mean value. The mean values of the platelet count showed no significant change at 3 months (238,448 ± 68,618 mm3; p&gt;0.9), compared with pre-treatment value (240,545 ± 96,769 mm 3). There was a significant reduction in mean concentration at 6 months (p&lt;0.009; 191,364 ± 55,531 mm3) and at 12 months (p&lt;0.003; 202,773 ± 81,544 mm3) follow-up. The prothrombin and the partial thromboplastin time did not show significant change over their pre-insertion mean values of 12.0 ± 1.1 s and 36.9 ± 2.9 s, respectively. At 12 months, 79.5% (35) of the users reported an abnormal menstrual pattern, which included 54.5% (24) reduced bleeding pattern, 20.5% (9) increased bleeding and 4.5% (2) of combination of patterns. Only 20.5% (9) had a normal menstrual pattern. The continuation rate was 98%, as one user discontinued because of headaches. Norplant® (the registered trademark of the Population Council for levonorgestrel subdermal implants) had an effect on the bleeding pattern - mainly reduced bleeding. The increase packed cell volume is beneficial in preventing anaemia. There was no detrimental effect as a result of the reduced but normal platelet count and users were not predisposed to clotting abnormalities. © 2005 Taylor &amp; Francis Group Ltd.	None	levonorgestrel; contraceptive agent; adult; anemia; article; blood sampling; body weight; breast feeding; clinical trial; drug induced headache; family planning; female; follow up; health center; hematocrit; hemostasis; hormonal contraception; human; human cell; longitudinal study; menstrual cycle; menstrual irregularity; menstruation; normal human; partial thromboplastin time; priority journal; prospective study; prothrombin time; spotting; statistical analysis; Student t test; thrombocyte count; volunteer; drug effect; mean corpuscular volume; menstruation disorder; Adult; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Hemostasis; Humans; Levonorgestrel; Longitudinal Studies; Menstruation Disturbances; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Platelet Count; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin Time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871394974	Characterization and evaluation of South African sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) LAM) land races	Laurie S.M., Calitz F.J., Adebola P.O., Lezar A.	2013	South African Journal of Botany	85	None	10.1016/j.sajb.2012.11.004	Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Inst., Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Biometry Unit, PO Box 8783, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	Laurie, S.M., Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Inst., Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Calitz, F.J., Agricultural Research Council, Biometry Unit, PO Box 8783, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Adebola, P.O., Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Inst., Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Lezar, A., Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Inst., Private Bag X293, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa	A total of 57 sweet potato accessions, consisting of 51 South African land races and six local cultivars, were subjected to characterization in a glass house and in follow-up field experiments. The accessions were morphologically characterized using the Bioversity International descriptors and, in addition, screened for drought and heat tolerance. Significant differences were observed for the following drought-heat screening parameters: number of days to severe wilting and number of severely wilted plants. A number of land races showed tolerance to both drought and heat, namely A3026, A3027, A2316 and A46. The multivariate cluster analysis and principal component analysis divided the 57 accessions into three groups consisting of 17, 21 and 19 accessions, respectively. The commercial varieties were all allocated to group 3, except the old cultivar Mafutha, which was in group 1. The most important characters for distinction of the accessions were leaf outline, leaf lobe type, leaf lobe number, and shape of the central leaf lobe. The study provided comprehensive information concerning locally available sweet potato germplasm and is of vital importance for advancement in the sweet potato improvement program in South Africa. The information will also be useful to SASHA (a regional network for sweet potato breeding), ensuring wider utilization of these germplasms within Sub-Saharan Africa. © 2012.	Drought screening; Morphological traits; Multivariate cluster analysis; Sweet potato	cluster analysis; cultivar; germplasm; morphology; principal component analysis; root vegetable; tolerance; South Africa; Ipomoea batatas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-19444385244	Evaluation of the F1 and backcrosses of Nigerian local pigs and the Large White for litter characteristics in Southwest Nigeria	Oseni S.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	4	None	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oseni, S., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	A total of 823 farrowing records representing five genetic groups of pigs - Nigerian local pigs (NP), the Large White (LW), NPxLW, (NPxLW) xLW, and (NPxLW) xNP - were used to investigate the effect of pig genotype on litter performance under the humid tropical conditions of Southwestern Nigeria. Past data records spanning a period of 12 years (1979 - 1990) were collected from the Swine Unit of the University Research Farm, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using least squares procedures. Effects in the model included genetic group of litter, year and season of farrowing, and genetic group x season of farrowing interaction. Traits evaluated included litter sizes and weights at farrowing and at weaning, including pre-weaning viability. Results showed significant effect of genetic group for all the litter traits studied. The crossbred groups were superior in most of the litter traits studied except litter birth weight where the LW purebred group recorded the heaviest litter weights. Season of farrowing affected litter performance traits in LWxLW, NPxLW and (NPxLW)xLW groups. In terms of pre-weaning viability, litters from the (NPxLW) xLW had 13.8% and 8.0% greater liveability at 42 days than litters from purebred NP and LW respectively.	Crossbreeding; Large White; Litter traits; Nigerian local pigs; Season	Pieris brassicae; Sus scrofa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053928593	Field evaluation of Ugandan sweetpotato germplasm for yield, dry matter and disease resistance	Yada B., Tukamuhabwa P., Alajo A., Mwanga R.O.M.	2011	South African Journal of Plant and Soil	28	2	None	National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda; Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Yada, B., National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda, Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Tukamuhabwa, P., Department of Crop Science, Makerere University, P.O. Box, 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Alajo, A., National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda; Mwanga, R.O.M., National Agricultural Research Organization, National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box, 7084 Kampala, Uganda	A total of 946 morphologically distinct accessions of sweetpotato {Ipomoea batatas [L] Lam) germplasm collected from Uganda were evaluated along with four released cultivars for root yield, dry matter, sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) and Alternaria bataticola blight disease resistance for two seasons; 2005B (September 2005 to January 2006) and 2006A (April to August 2006) at three sites for selection of superior genotypes. The genotypes differed significantly in yield, dry matter content, SPVD and Alternaria blight resistance (p=0.05). Genotype SPVD severity ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 with an overall mean of 2.6. Alternaria severity scores ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 with an overall mean of 2.2. Total root yields ranged from 0.0 to 52.5 t ha -1 with an overall average of 20.3 t ha -1. Most genotypes had mean total root yields of less than 15.0 t ha -1, low specific gravity values of less than 2.0, and low disease resistance. A positive correlation was observed between SPVD and Alternaria blight (r=0.33), while both diseases were negatively correlated with yield traits. A total of 192 superior genotypes were selected for further evaluation and use for variety development in hybridization schemes.	Alternaria bataticola; Blight; Ipomoea batatas; Specific gravity; SPVD	crop yield; cultivar; disease resistance; disease severity; dry matter; fieldwork; fungal disease; genotype; germplasm; hybridization; morphology; seasonality; yam; Uganda; Alternaria; Alternaria bataticola; Ipomoea batatas	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646418402	Effects of graded levels of palm-kernel cake on performance of grower rabbits	Orunmuyi M., Bawa G.S., Adeyinka F.D., Daudu O.M., Adeyinka I.A.	2006	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	5	1	10.3923/pjn.2006.71.74	Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, F.D., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Daudu, O.M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Adeyinka, I.A., National Animal Production, Research Institute, Ahmadu Bello University, Shika, Zaria, Nigeria	A total of forty (40) growing rabbits with an average initial weight of 921.5g were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% palm kernel cake as replacement for soyabean cake respectively. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (20% CP). The final live weights of the rabbits were higher in the control diet compared to those on palm kernel cake diets. With the exception of the rabbits placed on 40% level of palm kernel cake daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed efficiency values compared favourably with those on control diet. Carcass weight and weight of primal cuts expressed as percentage of carcass weight did not show any significant difference between the treatment means. Animals on 40% palm kernel cake diets had the highest (P<0.05) cost per kg gain compared to those on other dietary treatments. It was concluded that palm kernel cake can be used up to 30% level in a maize - soyabean meal based diet for grower rabbits without adverse effect on the performance of the animals. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Grower rabbits; Growth and carcass characteristics; Palm kernel cake; Soyabean meal	palm oil; animal experiment; animal food; article; carcass; controlled study; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; meat industry; nonhuman; nutrient supply; nutritional health; nutritional value; rabbit; randomization; seed kernel; soybean; test meal; weight gain; Animalia; Glycine max; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958046459	Comparative evaluation of maize and soyabeans as energy sources for broiler chickens	Onuh S.O., Ortserga D.D., Okoh J.J.	2010	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	9	6	None	Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, Yandev, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria	Onuh, S.O., Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, Yandev, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria; Ortserga, D.D., Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, Yandev, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria; Okoh, J.J., Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, Yandev, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria	A total of one hundred and thirty-five (135) unsexed broiler chickens of 5 days of age averaging 72.22±1.11 grams were randomly allocated into 3 dietary treatments designated I, II and III such that full-fat soyabean and maize respectively each predominate (weight for weight) in diets on the one hand while each of the two ingredients were in equal proportions on the other hand. The results at the starter phase show that feed intake and weight gain were not adversely affected (p>0.05) by birds fed all diets. However, the diet which contained the highest level of full-fat soyabean supported insignificantly higher weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization. The results also show that efficiency of feed utilization of birds fed all diets were not significantly affected (p>0.05) while feed cost per unit weight gain of the birds fed the diet where soyabean predominated were significantly better (p<0.05) than birds fed other diets. The results at the finishing phase however show that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization and feed cost per unit weight gain among birds fed diets containing either higher levels of maize or soyabeans. It was observed in the present study that bird fed the diet that contained higher levels of maize had insignificantly (p>0.05) better performance characteristics than those fed the diet that contained higher level of soyabeans. On the basis of the results obtained, it may be recommended that either higher levels of maize or full-fat soyabean may be used as energy sources for broiler starter and finishing broiler chickens without any adverse effect on their performance when prices of each feed ingredients do not differ much. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Broilers; Full-fat soyabean; Maize	animal experiment; animal food; article; broiler; chicken; comparative study; controlled study; energy metabolism; energy resource; food analysis; food composition; food intake; food processing; food quality; lipid diet; maize; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional requirement; nutritional value; soybean; weight change; weight gain; Aves; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859497377	Tocopherol supplementation on stocking density of broiler: Effect on performance characteristics and serum enzymes	Adebiyi O.A.	2011	Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems	14	2	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adebiyi, O.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	A total of two hundred and seventy day-old Arbor Acre strain of broiler chicks were used for this research. Five treatment: T1 - positive control (10 birds/m2), T2 - negative control, T3, T4 and T5 had 20 birds/m2. T1 and T2 had no supplementation with vitamin E (d1-α-tocopheryl acetate). T3, T4 and T5 had 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg vitamin E supplementations respectively. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain and serum enzymes (Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)) were determined. There were no significant changes in the weight gain and final weight of the birds fed the different dietary treatments. The feed intake increased significantly in birds fed T2 (1.91kg) and compared to their counterpart on vitamin E supplementation (from 1.58 to 1.60 kg). However, FCR of birds on diets T1 (2.50), T4 (2.77) and T5 (2.50) was similar (P>0.05). The total protein and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) values were neither affected by increased stocking density nor with or without vitamin E supplementation. However, increased stocking density without vitamin E supplementation (T2) (0.97 U.I/l) resulted in a significant reduction in the albumin values. Although ALT values increased significantly with increase in vitamin E supplementation, the birds on dietary T1 (8.00 U.I/l) had similar level of ALT with their counterpart on T4 (7.50U.I/l) and T5 (8.50 U.I/l). In conclusion broiler chicks could be stocked up to 20 birds/m2 only if the diet is supplemented with 100mg/kg vitamin E.	Broilers; Serum enzymes; Stock density; Vitamin E	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83055181508	Performance of rapid DiaMed OptiMal-IT ® malaria test in an endemic Ghanaian setting	Ayeh-Kumi P.F., Akalifa B.G., Nkrumah N.O., Asmah R.H., Dayie N.T.K.D.	2011	Journal of Parasitic Diseases	35	2	10.1007/s12639-011-0045-4	Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana; University of Ghana School of Allied Health Sciences, P.O. Box KB 143, Accra, Korle-Bu, Ghana	Ayeh-Kumi, P.F., Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana; Akalifa, B.G., Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana; Nkrumah, N.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana; Asmah, R.H., University of Ghana School of Allied Health Sciences, P.O. Box KB 143, Accra, Korle-Bu, Ghana; Dayie, N.T.K.D., Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box 4236, Accra, Ghana	At peripheral health facility levels, the diagnosis of malaria is difficult due to lack of infrastructure. In the study reported here, the diagnostic performance of a batch of 'DiaMed OptiMAL-IT' (Cressier, Switzerland) rapid antigen tests were examined in parallel with routine microscopy for a select population of high risk individuals: 202 pregnant women and 200 children less than 5 years old in an endemic setting in Ghana. Results of both diagnostic methods were compared to that of cross-checking microscopy, taken as gold standard, at the Navrongo Health Research Centre. Of the 402 patients, 218 (54.2%) were confirmed with Plasmodium falciparum infections by cross-checking. All 218 patients (100%) were accurately diagnosed with malaria by routine microscopy. Of these, 151 (69.3%) were positive by DiaMed OptiMAL-IT test (26 false positives, 67 false negatives). DiaMed OptiMAL-IT had the following performance indicators for detection of P. falciparum among pregnant women and children less than 5 years respectively: Sensitivity-50.5% [95% CI (40.6-60.3)], 87.7% [95% CI (78.7-92.1)]; Specificity-82.5% [95% CI (73.1-89.1)], 89.6% [95% CI (80.8-94.8)]; Predictive values for positive tests-75.7% [95% CI (63.7-84.8)], 91.6% [95% CI(85.2-95.8%)]; Predictive values for negative tests-60.6% [95% CI (51.7-68.9)], 83.8% [95% CI (74.5-90.3)]; Likelihood ratio for positive tests-2.88, 10.8; Likelihood ratio for negative tests-0.59, 0.19; Cohens Kappa values-0.33 [95% CI (0.20-0.43), 0.76 [95% CI (0.65-0.83)]. Our results suggest that DiaMed OptiMAL-IT tests should not replace microscopy in our endemic setting. © 2011 Indian Society for Parasitology.	Diagnosis; Ghana; Malaria; Performance; Rapid	antimalarial agent; adult; article; child; controlled study; diagnostic procedure; endemic disease; female; Ghana; health care facility; high risk patient; human; laboratory diagnosis; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; malaria test; male; microscopy; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium vivax; predictive value; pregnant woman; preschool child; priority journal; school child; screening test; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049009948	Evaluation of a traditional decoction made from Psidium guajava and Zingiber officinale for anti bacterial activity	Adebolu T.T., Adeboye P.T., Adegbola N.B.	2007	Research Journal of Microbiology	2	12	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Adebolu, T.T., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adeboye, P.T., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Adegbola, N.B., Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A traditional decoction made from the leaves of Psidium guajava (guava) and rootstalk of Zingiber officinale (ginger) prepared in schnapps (42% v/v ethanol: water) that is widely used in Akoko North community in Ondo State, Nigeria to treat many diseases was evaluated for antibacterial activity on some common bacteria that cause diarrhea in south-west Nigeria. Its activity was compared with that of Psidium guajava leaf extract in schnapps without Zingiber officinale and Psidium guajava leaf extract in water with or without Zingiber officinale. The effect of storage temperature on the antibacterial activity of the extracts was also investigated. All the extracts inhibited the growth of all the test organisms which include Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella tyhpi but the leaf extract in schnapps without Zingiber officinale gave the highest inhibition on the growth of the test organisms with diameter ranging from 7.0-16.0 mm. These values were comparable with the inhibition mediated by most of the antibiotics used. The inhibitory effect reached climax by the third day and declined to zero level for most of the test organisms by the fifth day. The storage temperatures used (4, 20, 28±2°C) did not have significant effect (p≥ 0.05) on the potency of the prepared extracts on the growth of the test organisms. It is being suggested that in the absence of immediate medical attention when one is having running stomach, this decoction may be used as first aid in the treatment of bacterial diarrhea caused by these organisms. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.	Antibacterial effects; Diarrheal bacteria; Ginger rootstalks; Guava leaves; Schnapps	Bacteria (microorganisms); Chamaesyce degeneri; Escherichia coli; Psidium; Psidium guajava; Salmonella; Shigella dysenteriae; Staphylococcus aureus; Zingiber officinale	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906064932	The evaluation of a training programme based on Paulo Freire's views on community practice: A South African example	Nel H.	2014	Social Work (South Africa)	50	2	None	Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Nel, H., Department of Social Work, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	A training programme in personal leadership, directed at facilitators of community practice, based on the principles and methods of Paulo Freire's approach, was applied and evaluated in an African context. The nature of the training programme was student centred, and implemented in a participatory consciousness-raising and experiential way. The purpose of this article is to report on the evaluation of the programme, which was conducted by means of an exploratory, descriptive and contextual strategy of inquiry pursued within a qualitative paradigm. Practice guidelines derived from the findings indicated the importance of facilitation methods that raise consciousness in the process of transformation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-23044501807	Screenhouse evaluation of atrazine for soil residual activity on growth, development and nutritional quality of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) in southwestern Nigeria	Aladesanwa R.D.	2005	Crop Protection	24	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2005.01.022	Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Aladesanwa, R.D., Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Atrazine is still by far the most widely used herbicide for selective weed control in maize in southwestern Nigeria following which vegetable crops may be sown to 'catch' remaining moisture under rainfed multiple cropping. This study examined under screenhouse conditions the effects of soil residual activity of atrazine at the recommended dose of 3.0 kg a.i. ha-1 on the growth, development and nutritional quality of okra at intervals of 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after treatment (WAT). Results indicated that atrazine significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced plant height, total crop leaf area, and pod fresh weight in all the herbicide treatments relative to the control, but leaf number remained unaffected. Plant height, among other yield and nutritional quality indices, was found to be linearly and positively correlated with time interval between atrazine applications (P≤0.001; r=+0.98). The results of proximate analysis and determination of Vitamin C content of matured okra pods showed significant reductions in the levels of protein, fat, ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, Vitamin C, calcium, iron, and moisture content in all the treatments involving atrazine application compared with control. It was concluded that okra should not be sown after maize in which atrazine has been used in order to avoid crop injury and reduced yield of pods with low nutritional value. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Maize; Soil residual activity	herbicide; weed control; Africa; Eastern Hemisphere; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; World; Abelmoschus; Abelmoschus esculentus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78449294239	Effects of fresh or sun-dried cassava foliage on growth performance of goats fed basal diets of Gamba grass or sugar cane stalk	Kounnavongsa B., Phengvichith V., Preston T.R.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	11	None	Livestock Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Kenya; National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 811, 811, Vientiane Laos, Kenya; Finca Ecológica, UTA-Colombia, AA#48, Socorro, Santander, Colombia	Kounnavongsa, B., Livestock Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Kenya; Phengvichith, V., National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 811, 811, Vientiane Laos, Kenya; Preston, T.R., Finca Ecológica, UTA-Colombia, AA#48, Socorro, Santander, Colombia	A trial to measure the growth performance of young goats (Capra spp.) was carried out during a 3 month period at the experimental farm of Livestock Research Center, Vientiane, Laos to study the effect of feeding fresh cassava foliage or sun-dried cassava foliage in diets based on based on Gamba grass or sugar cane stalk. Twenty four goats of which twelve males and twelve females with the average body weight of 10.3 kg and at the age of 6 to 7 month old were randomly allocated to four treatments of six animals according to weight and sex. The experimental feeds were Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus cv. Kent) and sugar cane stalk (Saccharum officinarum) as basal diets, supplemented with fresh cassava foliage or sun-dried cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Feeds were offered ad libitum. DM intake and daily weight gain were higher, and feed conversion better, for goats fed fresh cassava foliage than for those fed sun-dried cassava foliage. There were no differences between Gamba grass and sugar cane in weight gain but feed intake was higher and feed conversion poorer on the Gamba grrass. The cassava foliage was a higher proportion of the total DM intake on the sugar cane diet (53%) than on the Gamba grass diet (32%) and on dry (50%) than on fresh cassava foliage. There were no symptoms of HCN toxicity in the goats fed the fresh cassava foliage. In conclusion, the daily weight gain was highest when using Gamba grass as basal diet supplemented with fresh cassava foliage and the better DM feed conversion was for the treatment using sugar cane supplemented with fresh cassava foliage.	Growth; Local goats	Andropogon; Andropogon gayanus; Animalia; Capra; Capra hircus; Manihot esculenta; Saccharum; Saccharum officinarum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37049023192	Chemical evaluation of the nutrient composition of some unconventional animal protein sources	Ojewola G.S., Udom S.F.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	10	10.3923/ijps.2005.745.747	Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Ojewola, G.S., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Udom, S.F., Department of Non-Ruminant Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Animal Health, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	A trial was conducted to assess the nutrient composition of some novel feed ingredients so as to enhance livestock development and human protein intake. Ten (10) unconventional protein sources which include fish, crayfish, frog, shrimps, crabs, squilla, toads and grasshopper were harvested, processed and analyzed for their proximate and mineral (macro) composition using internationally established procedures. The results showed that the samples had percent crude protein that ranged from 28.14 (crab) to 61.38 (local fish meal). Frog, toad, squilla, crayfish, pellonula and crab respectively recorded appreciable percent ether extract (EE) values of 9.14, 8.74, 7.21, 6.32, 6.26 and 6.02. The gross energy (kcal/g) value was highest for squilla (2.97), followed closely by crayfish (2.87), Pellonula (2.85), mudskipper (2.84) while the others were below 2.0kcal /g. The crab gave the highest percent ash content (39.11) while the local fish meal gave the least value (5.96). Local fishmeal had the highest percentage of calcium (2.56%) followed by Pellonula (1.94%) and Mudskipper (1.89%) while the others had values that were lower than 1%. Percent Phosphorus followed a similar trend as calcium with local fishmeal recording the highest value of 1.92%. The results of this study showed that all the samples possess an appreciable quantities of all the dietary elements tested for, which, more or less could make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Live stock industry; Nutrient composition; Unconventional animal protein	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892996732	Reproductive performance of semi-intensively kept Döhne Merino ewes fed with different protein supplements	Webb E.C., van Niekerk W.A., Lee K., Marais W.J.	2010	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	40	5SUPPL.1	None	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X529, Middelburg, EC, 5900, South Africa	Webb, E.C., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; van Niekerk, W.A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Lee, K., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X529, Middelburg, EC, 5900, South Africa; Marais, W.J., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A trial was conducted to determine the possible effects of an easily digestible nitrogen source in the form of urea compared to an undegradable protein supplement, age and birth status on the reproductive performance (ovulation rate and rate of twinning) of ewes. The weight, age and birth status of Döhne Merino ewes were recorded. A total of 144 Döhne Merino ewes were randomly allocated in two dietary treatment groups (either urea-based or undegradable protein group) synchronised, mated and the ovulation rate (estimated from the number of corpora lutea on the ovaries), foetuses observed on day 55 of gestation, lambs born per ewe and mass of the ewe after lambing were recorded. Dietary protein supplement had no significant effect on ovulation rate, pregnancy status, the number of lambs born per ewe or ewe weight after lambing. The number of lambs born per ewe of the one-year-old (0.99 ± 0.316), two-year-old (1.23 ± 0.134) and seven year old (0.92 ± 0.305) ewes were lower than that of four (1.69 ± 0.222) and six-year-old ewes (1.897 ± 0.248). Ewe age did not influence the ovulation rate of ewes, but the highest number of foetuses counted on day 55 of gestation was observed in 3-year-old ewes (1.68 ± 0.196). The number of lambs born per ewe of single born ewes (1.23 ± 0.104) was lower than that of twin born ewes (1.62 ± 0.106). It was concluded that dietary protein supplementation had no significant effect on ovulation rate or the number of lambs born per ewe mated, while age and birth status influenced the reproductive rate of Döhne Merino ewes. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Lambing status; Ovulation rate; Reproductive rate; Undegradable protein; Urea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936945934	The 2007 Dutch reformed church synod resolution: Impact on gay ministers	van Loggerenberg M.	2015	HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies	71	3	10.4102/hts.v71i3.2894	Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	van Loggerenberg, M., Department of Practical Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa	At the 2007 General Synod of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), a compromise resolution was accepted regarding homosexual members. The resolution, inter alia, requires of gay ministers to remain celibate as a prerequisite to be legitimated. This research is a qualitative inquiry to evaluate the impact this resolution has on the lives of gay ministers and gay candidate ministers. Apart from doing a literature study Narrative and Post-foundational perspectives were obtained by interviewing six gay ministers and/or candidate ministers as co-researchers, and also by engaging in dialogue with interdisciplinary experts from Sociology, Psychology and Law. From the stories told by the gay ministers and/or gay candidate ministers, certain themes emerged, revealing the immense impact caused by the resolution. © 2015, The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548316477	Longitudinal observation on reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in Fitche, Oromia region, central Ethiopia	Lobago F., Bekana M., Gustafsson H., Kindahl H.	2007	Tropical Animal Health and Production	39	6	10.1007/s11250-007-9027-z	Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Swedish Dairy Association, SE-631 84 Uppsala, Sweden	Lobago, F., Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Bekana, M., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Gustafsson, H., Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Swedish Dairy Association, SE-631 84 Uppsala, Sweden; Kindahl, H., Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden	A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in Fitche, central Ethiopia. Twenty-four smallholder dairy farms were monitored and data on reproductive, breeding, lactation and management aspects of crossbred dairy cows (n = 69) were collected and analysed. Moreover, milk samples were collected and analysed for progesterone. The overall Least-squares means for calving interval (CI), calving to conception interval (CCI) and first observed oestrus after calving were 516, 253 and 141 days, respectively. Suckling significantly prolonged these intervals. The mean first onset of luteal activity (OLA) after calving was 52 days, while 67.4% (n = 43) had a delayed (>55 days) return to cyclicity after calving. Suckling and parity number significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the OLA. The mean lactation length was 54.4 weeks. The overall daily mean milk yield for the first 43 weeks of lactation after calving was 11.7 L/day. The estimated daily milk yield increased slowly and reached peak (13.8 L/day) around the 11th week post partum and declined gradually and steadily. Suckling status, season of calving and parity number significantly influenced the estimated daily milk yield. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the smallholder crossbred dairy cows in the study area had prolonged intervals to first oestrus after calving, to conception and to the next calving, and thus their reproductive performance is unsatisfactory. Delayed first onset of luteal activity (postpartum anoestrus) contributed to these extended intervals. Further detailed investigation is suggested to examine the effects of other relevant factors on the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cows for appropriate intervention. © 2007 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.	Crossbred cattle; Ethiopia; Lactation/reproductive performance; Smallholder	progesterone; animal; article; breeding; cattle; chemistry; cross breeding; dairying; estrus; Ethiopia; female; lactation; methodology; milk; parity; physiology; pregnancy; pregnancy rate; reproduction; season; secretion; suckling; time; Animals; Animals, Suckling; Cattle; Crosses, Genetic; Dairying; Estrus; Ethiopia; Female; Lactation; Milk; Parity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Animal; Progesterone; Reproduction; Seasons; Time Factors; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856357730	Assessing the suitability and efficiency of high performance liquid chromatography instrument - A new aproach	Affum A.O., Gyan B.	2011	International Journal of Chemical Sciences	9	4	None	Chemistry Department, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Affum, A.O., Chemistry Department, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Gyan, B., Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana	A unique, cheap, precise and a simple analytical instrument qualification (AIQ) method was developed for a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by using hypoxanthine, a universal nucleobase. This method could be used to determine the suitability of any HPLC that will be used for biomedical, environmental and food sample analysis. The volumetric flow of the mobile phase delivered by the pumps was consistent for given flow rate, with percent relative standard deviation (RSD %) of ± 0.05 % for pump A and B. The hypoxanthine calibration curve for the combined HPLC components in 1% acetonitrile and 0.05 M ammonium phosphate buffer at pH 6, as mobile phase was linear over a concentration range of 4 μM to 20 μM. A correlation coefficient of 0.95 and a sensitivity of 1824.2 AU/μM was obtained. A log-log analysis of the hypoxanthine calibration curve was linear. Column efficiency determined from toluene and biphenyl in 90: 10 % (v/v) methanol/water mixtures at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. was comparable to the results obtained by the manufacturer. In conclusion, it was determined that the HPLC instrument operated within the manufacturer specified and user approved parameters.	Analytical instrument qualification (AIQ); Calibration; Column efficiency; Flow rate; High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Hypoxanthine; Spectrophotometer	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915751055	Impact of eddies on surface chlorophyll in the South Indian Ocean	Dufois F., Hardman-Mountford N.J., Greenwood J., Richardson A.J., Feng M., Herbette S., Matear R.	2014	Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans	119	11	10.1002/2014JC010164	CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Wembley, WA, Australia; CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; LMI ICEMASA, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa; Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, (UMR6523 CNRS IFREMER IRD UBO), Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest, France; CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Hobart, TAS, Australia	Dufois, F., CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Wembley, WA, Australia; Hardman-Mountford, N.J., CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Wembley, WA, Australia; Greenwood, J., CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Wembley, WA, Australia; Richardson, A.J., CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia; Feng, M., CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Wembley, WA, Australia; Herbette, S., LMI ICEMASA, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa, Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, (UMR6523 CNRS IFREMER IRD UBO), Université de Bretagne Occidentale Brest, France; Matear, R., CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Hobart, TAS, Australia	A unique feature of the subtropical South Indian Ocean is the existence of anticyclonic eddies that have higher chlorophyll concentrations than cyclonic eddies. Off Western Australia, this anomalous behavior is related to the seeding of anticyclonic eddies with shelf water enriched in phytoplankton biomass and nutrients. Further off-shore, two mechanisms have been suggested to explain the eddy/chlorophyll relationship: (i) eddies originating from the Australian coast maintain their chlorophyll anomaly while propagating westward; and (ii) eddy-induced Ekman upwelling (downwelling) enhances (dampens) nutrient supply in anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies. Here we describe the relationship between eddies and surface chlorophyll within the South Indian Ocean, and discuss possible mechanisms to explain the anomalous behavior in light of new analyses performed using satellite chlorophyll data. We show that anticyclonic eddies exhibit higher surface chlorophyll concentration than cyclonic eddies across the entire South Indian Ocean basin (from 20 to 28S), particularly in winter. Using Self Organizing Maps we analyze the chlorophyll patterns within anticyclonic eddies and cyclonic eddies and highlight their complexity. Our analysis suggests that multiple mechanisms may underlie the observed eddy/chlorophyll relationship. Based on Argo float data, we postulate the relationship may be partly related to seasonal adjustment of the mixed layer depth within eddies. Deeper mixing in anticyclonic eddies is expected to enhance nutrient supply to the mixed layer, while shallower mixing in cyclonic eddies is expected to reduce it. This could explain why the observed winter surface chlorophyll bloom is stronger in anticyclonic eddies than in cyclonic eddies. © 2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.	chlorophyll; convective mixing; Eddies; eddy-induced Ekman pumping; self-organizing map	anticyclone; Argo; biomass; chlorophyll; eddy; Ekman layer; mixed layer; phytoplankton; satellite data; upwelling; Australia; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean (South); Western Australia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940180314	Effect of growth supporting additives on the performance of Auricularia auricula on Mansonia altissima A. chev sawdust	Adenipekun C.O., Lawal R., Isikhuemhen O.S.	2015	International Food Research Journal	22	5	None	Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Crescent University, Abeokuta, PMB, Sapon, Nigeria; Mushroom Biology and Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, North Carolina A and T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States	Adenipekun, C.O., Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Lawal, R., Crescent University, Abeokuta, PMB, Sapon, Nigeria; Isikhuemhen, O.S., Mushroom Biology and Fungal Biotechnology Laboratory, North Carolina A and T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States	Auricularia auricula (St. Aman's) Berk was cultivated on Mansonia altissima sawdust with various additives (Brewer's grain (BG), Corn chaff (CC), Oil palm fibre (OPF), Sorghum bicolor chaff (SC) and Wheat bran (WB) at different percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%). The study was carried out to determine the effect of additives on the performance of the fungus on the substrate; M. altissima sawdust. The treated and untreated substrates with additives at different percentages were analyzed for lignocelluloses composition, macro element, C-N ratio and proximate composition. The result of this study showed that A. auricula reduced the lignocelluloses composition of M. altissima sawdust. The lignin content reduced from 7.97% (control) to 1.59% in 20%SC treated substrate. The macro elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na) compositions were low in all the treated substrate - additives combination. The least was recorded in Na (25.8 - 84.5ppm), Ca (2.04% in control and 0.50% in 20%SC). The proximate composition showed that the substrate had an average moisture content of 50% - 61%, low protein (4.85-0.60%), high carbohydrate and high ash contents compared to the control. The results of this study showed that A. auricula exhibited an increase in performance with increase in additives, with the most efficient at 20% for all the additives. It can also be concluded that wheat bran was the best out of the five additives used.	Additives; Auricularia auricula; Lignocelluloses composition; Proximate composition	Auricularia auricula-judae; Elaeis; Fungi; Mansonia altissima; Sorghum bicolor; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871483137	Impact of water scarcity in Australia on global food security in an era of climate change	Ejaz Qureshi M., Hanjra M.A., Ward J.	2013	Food Policy	38	1	10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.11.003	CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia; International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Southern Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa; Charles Sturt University, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Future Directions International, Perth, WA, Australia; CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia	Ejaz Qureshi, M., CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, ACT, Australia, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Australia; Hanjra, M.A., International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Southern Africa Office, Pretoria, South Africa, Charles Sturt University, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia, Future Directions International, Perth, WA, Australia; Ward, J., CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia	Australia is a major food exporting country. Recent droughts reduced dryland farming production and the volume of water allocated to irrigated agriculture, with a resulting decline in aggregate agricultural production and exports. This paper analyses the possible impact of increased water scarcity on Australian agricultural production and the magnitude of subsequent impacts on global food security. Using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data on land and water use coupled with a hydro-economic stochastic modelling approach, the impacts of reduced agricultural production in the southern Murray-Darling Basin, and more generally for Australia, are analysed. Changes in agricultural activity, reduction in agricultural exports and altered composition of products exported attributed to the severe 2000-2009 drought are also analysed to highlight the implications for global food security. The impact of climate change on food production is examined. The analysis shows that climate change, when modelled as the extreme case, along with other factors such as land use, will impact Australian food exports. Despite its relatively small contribution to total global food supply, Australia's contribution to international trade in wheat, meat and dairy products is substantial and could affect global food prices. Furthermore, Australia's agricultural exports are of disproportionate importance within the South- and South-East Asian and Oceania region, both in terms of volume and for strategic reasons. Adaptation along with investment in agriculture production is needed to maintain Australian agricultural production and enhance global food security. © 2012.	Australian food exports; Drought; Economic model; Global food security; Water scarcity	agricultural production; agricultural trade; climate change; commodity price; drought; economic analysis; export; food security; international trade; resource scarcity; socioeconomic impact; water resource; Australia; Murray-Darling Basin; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901988360	Performance assessment of three convective parameterization schemes in WRF for downscaling summer rainfall over South Africa	Ratna S.B., Ratnam J.V., Behera S.K., Rautenbach C.J.W., Ndarana T., Takahashi K., Yamagata T.	2014	Climate Dynamics	42	42686	10.1007/s00382-013-1918-2	Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan; Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Earth Simulator Center, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan	Ratna, S.B., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan; Ratnam, J.V., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Behera, S.K., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan, Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Rautenbach, C.J.W., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ndarana, T., South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa; Takahashi, K., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan, Earth Simulator Center, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan; Yamagata, T., Application Laboratory, Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences, JAMSTEC, 3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0001, Japan	Austral summer rainfall over the period 1991/1992 to 2010/2011 was dynamically downscaled by the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model at 9 km resolution for South Africa. Lateral boundary conditions for WRF were provided from the European Centre for medium-range weather (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA) interim data. The model biases for the rainfall were evaluated over the South Africa as a whole and its nine provinces separately by employing three different convective parameterization schemes, namely the (1) Kain-Fritsch (KF), (2) Betts-Miller-Janjic (BMJ) and (3) Grell-Devenyi ensemble (GDE) schemes. All three schemes have generated positive rainfall biases over South Africa, with the KF scheme producing the largest biases and mean absolute errors. Only the BMJ scheme could reproduce the intensity of rainfall anomalies, and also exhibited the highest correlation with observed interannual summer rainfall variability. In the KF scheme, a significantly high amount of moisture was transported from the tropics into South Africa. The vertical thermodynamic profiles show that the KF scheme has caused low level moisture convergence, due to the highly unstable atmosphere, and hence contributed to the widespread positive biases of rainfall. The negative bias in moisture, along with a stable atmosphere and negative biases of vertical velocity simulated by the GDE scheme resulted in negative rainfall biases, especially over the Limpopo Province. In terms of rain rate, the KF scheme generated the lowest number of low rain rates and the maximum number of moderate to high rain rates associated with more convective unstable environment. KF and GDE schemes overestimated the convective rain and underestimated the stratiform rain. However, the simulated convective and stratiform rain with BMJ scheme is in more agreement with the observations. This study also documents the performance of regional model in downscaling the large scale climate mode such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and subtropical dipole modes. The correlations between the simulated area averaged rainfalls over South Africa and Nino3.4 index were -0.66, -0.69 and -0.49 with KF, BMJ and GDE scheme respectively as compared to the observed correlation of -0.57. The model could reproduce the observed ENSO-South Africa rainfall relationship and could successfully simulate three wet (dry) years that are associated with La Niña (El Niño) and the BMJ scheme is closest to the observed variability. Also, the model showed good skill in simulating the excess rainfall over South Africa that is associated with positive subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole for the DJF season 2005/2006. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Convective parameterization schemes; Downscaling; ENSO; Seasonal rainfall; South Africa; WRF regional model	boundary condition; convective system; downscaling; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; ensemble forecasting; La Nina; parameterization; performance assessment; rainfall; summer; thermodynamics; weather forecasting; South Africa	JST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955025455	Autonomy and local capacity: An analysis of the performance profile of EDO state local government councils (June 1999 to December 2006)	Ebohon S.I., Osemwota O., Agbebaku P.	2011	Social Sciences	6	3	10.3923/sscience.2011.235.240	Department of Political Science, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria; Institute of Public Administration and Extension Services, University of Benin, Ekenwan Campus, Benin, Nigeria; Department of Political Science, Ambrose Alii University, Ekpoma, Edo Sta	Ebohon, S.I., Department of Political Science, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria; Osemwota, O., Institute of Public Administration and Extension Services, University of Benin, Ekenwan Campus, Benin, Nigeria; Agbebaku, P., Department of Political Science, Ambrose Alii University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Autonomy and performance are the recurrent themes in contemporary local government discourse. This study examines the revenue profile and capacity disposition of the local government councils in Edo state from 1999-2006. Empirical evidence from the study suggests that capacity for the local government councils to grow even in the face of rising revenue is inhibited by the deployment of centrally and locally derived resources for bureaucratic ends like salaries, wages, training, touring advances and other related overhead expenditure. The study concludes on the basis of empirical evidence that for meaningful autonomy and development to take root, the gap between internally generated revenue and statutory allocation as well as that between recurrent and capital appropriation which are the main features of local government councils in Edo state must be reversed. © Medwell Journals, 2011.	Bureaucratic appropriation; Infra-sovereign; Nigeria; Overdeveloped; Ultra-sovereign; Vertical departmentalist	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899505043	Performance measurements of a medium-current short-pulsed vacuum arc thruster	Lun J., Dobson R.T., Steyn W.H.	2014	Experimental Techniques	38	3	10.1111/j.1747-1567.2012.00811.x	Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Lun, J., Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dobson, R.T., Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Steyn, W.H., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	A vacuum arc thruster, powered by a pulsed capacitive circuit, was built and its thrust measured using direct and indirect thrust techniques. Experimental values of ion velocity, ion arc current, and erosion rate were measured. Knowledge of the ion current density distribution was used to consider interference and plume distribution effects on thrust. Both methods measured thrust levels within the expected thrust range (20-60 mN per pulse). Impulse bits as small as 10 nNs could be measured by the direct thrust setup. It was also found that at arc currents >500 A, ion flow was reduced, which resulted in lower thrust. © 2012, Society for Experimental Mechanics.	Cantilever Beam; Electric Propulsion; Impulse Load; Ion Current; Low Thrust Measurement; Plasma Jet; Plume Distribution; Vacuum Arc Thruster	Cantilever beams; Electric propulsion; Mechanical engineering; Mechanical properties; Plasma jets; Impulse load; Ion currents; Low thrust; Plume Distribution; Vacuum arc thruster; Ions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949445102	Toxicological evaluation of drinking water sources in some rural communities in southern nigeria after mycofiltration treatment	Olorunfemi D., Efechuku U., Esuana J.	2015	Polish Journal of Environmental Studies	24	3	10.15244/pjoes/34672	Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Environmental Science Unit, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Olorunfemi, D., Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Efechuku, U., Environmental Science Unit, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Esuana, J., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Available domestic water in many communities in Nigeria is increasingly polluted on a daily basis. A major issue of national interest is how these polluted drinking water sources could be fully assessed and mitigated. In this study, mycofiltrated domestic water samples obtained from hand-dug wells and boreholes in six rural communities in Ughelli South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria were evaluated for potential cyto-genotoxicity using the Allium cepa bioassay. Data obtained from physicochemical analysis after a 24- hour mycofiltration treatment of the water samples revealed significant (p < 0.05) reduction/total elimination of heavy metals and microbial load in the samples. Results obtained from the 96-hour macroscopic evaluation of A. cepa showed that compared to onions grown in untreated samples, significant (p < 0.05) reduction in root growth inhibition occurred in bulbs cultivated in mycofiltrated samples. Root tips of A. cepa processed for cytological studies by the aceto-orcein squash technique after exposure to the water samples for 48 hours also showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in chromosomal aberrations in onion bulbs grown in mycofiltrated samples. These findings show that mycofiltration technique is an efficient and affordable technology for toxicity reduction in drinking water sources available for rural dwellers in developing countries. © 2015, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. All Rights Reserved.	Allium cepa assay; Domestic water; Microbial Load; Mycofiltration; Physicochemical analysis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646420078	Determination of stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and stigmastanol in oral dosage forms using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection	Nair V.D.P., Kanfer I., Hoogmartens J.	2006	Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis	41	3	10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.030	Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Laboratorium Voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	Nair, V.D.P., Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Kanfer, I., Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics, Rhodes University, Artillery Road, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa; Hoogmartens, J., Laboratorium Voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium	A validated and repeatable high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with online evaporative light scattering (ELSD) was developed for the analysis of two sterols, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and a stanol, stigmastanol, found to be common in many herbal formulations and health care supplements. The method is based on the separation of the three marker compounds on a C8 column (Phenomenex Luna, 5 μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using methanol:water (95:5 v/v) as the mobile phase, and a flow rate of 1 ml/min to separate all the marker compounds within 12 min. Cholesterol (50 μg/ml) was used as internal standard and methanol as the extraction solvent. The ELSD response parameters were optimised and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 2 and 5 μg/ml, respectively, which is more sensitive than obtained by photo diode array detection (5 and 7 μg/ml). Using ELSD, the percentage relative standard deviation (%R.S.D.) of intra-day and inter-day (3 days) precision for each marker was better than 3%, the accuracy data were within 97-103% and the recovery data were found to be within 95-107% for the five commercially available products examined. This method was used to assay commercially available products formulated as oral dosage forms purported to contain African Potato and associated sterols and stanol and proved to be suitable for the routine analysis and quality control of such products. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	β-Sitosterol; African Potato; HPLC-ELSD; Quality control; Stigmastanol; Stigmasterol	carbon; cholesterol; methanol; sitostanol; sitosterol; stigmasterol; water; accuracy; analytic method; article; drug formulation; drug marketing; flow rate; herbal medicine; high performance liquid chromatography; information processing; light scattering; potato; priority journal; quality control; quantitative analysis; supplementation; validation process; Administration, Oral; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dosage Forms; Light; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Scattering, Radiation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61349151743	Mitigating the impact of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods in Southern Africa	Mutangadura G.B., Sandkjaer B.	2009	Development in Practice	19	2	10.1080/09614520802689477	United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Southern Africa Office, Lusaka, Zambia; UNECA, Sustainable Development Division, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mutangadura, G.B., United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Southern Africa Office, Lusaka, Zambia; Sandkjaer, B., UNECA, Sustainable Development Division, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A variety of interventions to mitigate the increasing impact of the HIV and AIDS epidemic on smallholder agricultural production and food security are currently implemented in sub-Saharan Africa. However, documentation and dissemination of such interventions is limited and patchy. Building on emerging experiences from the field, this article seeks to move beyond charting the impacts of HIV and AIDS on rural livelihoods to review existing mitigation policies and programmes, identify the challenges to mitigation, and provide suggestions for future mitigation strategies and policy priorities. The experiences cited in the article are mainly drawn from the hardest-hit regions in Southern and Eastern Africa, but they provide useful lessons for AIDS-affected rural communities in other contexts. The main conclusion is that, as current initiatives are to a large extent ad hoc and localised, there is a need for documentation, dissemination, and scaling up of existing interventions, as well as greater coherence and co-ordination in policies and programmes to extend their reach and make the most of limited resources.	Aid; Civil society; Labour and livelihoods; Social sector; Sub-Saharan Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; civil society; epidemic; food security; health impact; human immunodeficiency virus; policy implementation; rural society; strategic approach; Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925492982	The International Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference on Multimodality Monitoring in Neurocritical Care: Evidentiary Tables: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicin	Le Roux P., Menon D.K., Citerio G., Vespa P., Bader M.K., Brophy G., Diringer M.N., Stocchetti N., Videtta W., Armonda R., Badjatia N., Bösel J., Chesnut R., Chou S., Claassen J., Czosnyka M., De Georgia M., Figaji A., Fugate J., Helbok R., Horowitz D., H	2014	Neurocritical Care	21	2	10.1007/s12028-014-0081-x	Brain and Spine Center, Suite 370, Medical Science Building, Lankenau Medical Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Cambridge, United Kingdom; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; NeuroIntensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, Monza, Italy; Neuro/Critical Care CNS, Mission Hospital, Mission Viejo, CA, United States; Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, United States; Neurocritical Care Section, Washington University, Department of Neurology, Campus Box 8111, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Physiopathology and Transplant, Milan University, Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F Sforza, 35, Milan, Italy; ICU Neurocritical Care, Hospital Nacional ‘Prof. a. Posadas’, El Palomar, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurosurgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Medstar Health, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Ruprect-Karls University, Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany; Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Mailstop 359766, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States; Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, Milstein 8 Center Room 300, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, United Kingdom; University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, United States; University of Cape Town, 617 Institute for Child Health, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr.35, Innsbruck, Austria; University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3701 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Nursing Research, The MetroHealth System, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, United States; Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, The Ohio State University, 395W. 12th Ave, 7th Floor, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg, SOM 710, N Lake Shore Drive, 11th Floor, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, JMH, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Suite 405, Miami, FL, United States; Cerebrovascular Center and Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland, OH, United States; Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Critical Care Medicine, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, ME, United States; Department of Neurosurgery, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston, TX, United States; Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Milstein Hospital 8 Garden South, Suite 331, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, United States; Department of Intensive Care, Laboratoire de Recherche Experimentale, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik, 808, Brussels, Belgium	Le Roux, P., Brain and Spine Center, Suite 370, Medical Science Building, Lankenau Medical Center, 100 East Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, United States; Menon, D.K., Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 93, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Citerio, G., NeuroIntensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Ospedale San Gerardo, Via Pergolesi 33, Monza, Italy; Vespa, P., David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Bader, M.K., Neuro/Critical Care CNS, Mission Hospital, Mission Viejo, CA, United States; Brophy, G., Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA, United States; Diringer, M.N., Neurocritical Care Section, Washington University, Department of Neurology, Campus Box 8111, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, United States; Stocchetti, N., Department of Physiopathology and Transplant, Milan University, Neuro ICU, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F Sforza, 35, Milan, Italy; Videtta, W., ICU Neurocritical Care, Hospital Nacional ‘Prof. a. Posadas’, El Palomar, Pcia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Armonda, R., Department of Neurosurgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Medstar Health, 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, United States; Badjatia, N., Department of Neurology, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S Greene St, Baltimore, MD, United States; Bösel, J., Department of Neurology, Ruprect-Karls University, Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany; Chesnut, R., Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Mailstop 359766, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, United States; Chou, S., Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States; Claassen, J., Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, Milstein 8 Center Room 300, New York, NY, United States; Czosnyka, M., Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Cambridge, United Kingdom; De Georgia, M., University Hospital Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, United States; Figaji, A., University of Cape Town, 617 Institute for Child Health, Red Cross Children’s Hospital, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Fugate, J., Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, United States; Helbok, R., Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care Unit, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstr.35, Innsbruck, Austria; Horowitz, D., University of Pennsylvania Health System, 3701 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Hutchinson, P., Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Kumar, M., Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, United States; McNett, M., Nursing Research, The MetroHealth System, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, United States; Miller, C., Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases and Neurocritical Care, The Ohio State University, 395W. 12th Ave, 7th Floor, Columbus, OH, United States; Naidech, A., Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg, SOM 710, N Lake Shore Drive, 11th Floor, Chicago, IL, United States; Oddo, M., Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine University of Lausanne, CHUV University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Olson, D.W., University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, United States; O’Phelan, K., Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, JMH, 1611 NW 12th Ave, Suite 405, Miami, FL, United States; Javier Provencio, J., Cerebrovascular Center and Neuroinflammation Research Center, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland, OH, United States; Puppo, C., Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Riker, R., Critical Care Medicine, Maine Medical Center, 22 Bramhall Street, Portland, ME, United States; Roberson, C., Department of Neurosurgery, Ben Taub Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1504 Taub Loop, Houston, TX, United States; Schmidt, M., Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Milstein Hospital 8 Garden South, Suite 331, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY, United States; Taccone, F., Department of Intensive Care, Laboratoire de Recherche Experimentale, Erasme Hospital, Route de Lennik, 808, Brussels, Belgium	A variety of technologies have been developed to assist decision-making during the management of patients with acute brain injury who require intensive care. A large body of research has been generated describing these various technologies. The Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) in collaboration with the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), the Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Latin America Brain Injury Consortium (LABIC) organized an international, multidisciplinary consensus conference to perform a systematic review of the published literature to help develop evidence-based practice recommendations on bedside physiologic monitoring. This supplement contains a Consensus Summary Statement with recommendations and individual topic reviews on physiologic processes important in the care of acute brain injury. In this article we provide the evidentiary tables for select topics including systemic hemodynamics, intracranial pressure, brain and systemic oxygenation, EEG, brain metabolism, biomarkers, processes of care and monitoring in emerging economies to provide the clinician ready access to evidence that supports recommendations about neuromonitoring. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Bio-informatics; Biomarkers; Brain metabolism; Brain oxygen; Brain physiology; Clinical guidelines; Clinical trials; Consensus development conference; Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE); Intracranial pressure; Microdi	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954150227	Functional performance of a vertical-shaft centrifugal palm nut cracker	Ndukwu M.C., Asoegwu S.N.	2010	Research in Agricultural Engineering	56	2	None	Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Ndukwu, M.C., Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Umudike, P.M.B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria; Asoegwu, S.N., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	A vertical-shaft centrifugal palm nut cracker was presented and evaluated. The cracker efficiency and kernel breakage ratio are some of the most important parameters for evaluating the cracker performance. From the result of this work, the two parameters are function of cracking speed, moisture content and feed rate. The result showed that for the lowest speed of 1,650 r/min, and the highest feed rate of 880 kg/h and for all moisture contents, the cracking efficiency was not up to 65%, therefore the efficiency increases with an increase in machine speed and a decrease in feed rate. The kernel breakage ratio ranged from 0-0.18 (0-18%) for all feed rates and moisture contents. It increased with moisture content and cracking speed, but decreased with feed rate. All the parameters determined have a linear relationship with moisture content.	Cracking efficiency; Feed rate; Kernel; Kernel breakage; Shaft speed; Throughput capacity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349105019	Thermal performance of a small oil-in-glass tube thermal energy storage system during charging	Mawire A., McPherson M., van den Heetkamp R.R.J.	2009	Energy	34	7	10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.016	Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Priv. Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa; McPherso Academic Consulting, Postnet Suite 194, Private Bag X2230, Mafikeng South 2791, South Africa	Mawire, A., Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Priv. Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa; McPherson, M., McPherso Academic Consulting, Postnet Suite 194, Private Bag X2230, Mafikeng South 2791, South Africa; van den Heetkamp, R.R.J., Department of Physics and Electronics, North West University (Mafikeng Campus), Priv. Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa	A very small oil-in-glass tube thermal energy storage (TES) system is designed to allow for rapid heat transfer experiments. An electrical hot plate in thermal contact with a steel spiral coil (SSC) is used to charge the TES system under different hot plate temperatures and under different average charging flow rates. Thermal performance during charging is presented in terms of the axial temperature distribution, the axial degree of thermal stratification, the total energy stored and the total exergy stored. The energy and exergy delivery rates of the energy delivery device (EDD) are also evaluated in relation to the thermal performance of the storage system. Results of charging the storage system under different hot plate temperatures indicate that there is an optimal charging temperature for optimal thermal performance. The results also indicate that exceeding this optimal temperature leads to a degradation of the thermal performance due to increased heat losses. Charging at the same temperature conditions under different flow rate regimes suggests that there is an optimal charging flow rate. This optimal flow rate is a compromise between achieving a greater heat transfer rate in the EDD and achieving a greater degree of thermal stratification in the TES system. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Charging; Energy; Exergy; Oil-in-glass tube; Thermal energy storage; Thermal performance	Charging; Energy; Energy and exergy; Energy delivery; Glass tubes; Heat transfer rate; Hot plate temperature; Hot plates; Oil-in-glass tube; Optimal flows; Optimal temperature; Spiral coils; Storage systems; Temperature conditions; Thermal contact; Thermal energy storage systems; Thermal performance; Total energy; Exergy; Flow rate; Flywheels; Glass; Heat exchangers; Heat storage; Nanosensors; Optimization; Thermal energy; Thermal stratification; Tubes (components); Mixed convection; design; exergy; heat transfer; performance assessment; steel; storage; thermal power; Helicodiscus bonamicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43249122313	Formulation and evaluation of dehydrated microbiological media from avocado pear (Peasea americana Cmill)	Famurewa O., David O.M.	2008	Research Journal of Microbiology	3	5	10.3923/jm.2008.326.330	Department of Microbiology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Famurewa, O., Department of Microbiology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; David, O.M., Department of Microbiology, University of Ado-Ekiti, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Avocado pear (Peasea amaricana Cmill) has an excellent nutritional quality that can support the growth of microorganisms. Different media were formulated from both defatted and undefatted dehydrated avocado pear. The proximate analyses of the pear flour show that defatted samples were better in term of minerals contents than their corresponding undefatted samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in that order thrived very well in the composed media. The test bacteria grew better in media composed with defatted pear than their corresponding undefatted samples. Undefatted samples seem to support fungal growth than defatted samples. Trichoderma sp. grew better than Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium notatum. Comparing with the performance of conventional bacteriological and mycological media, avocado pear is a good and cheap media material for the cultivation and isolation of both bacteria and fungi. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Avocado pear; Formulated media; Microbial growth; Mineral composition; Pathogens; Proximate composition	Aspergillus flavus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Escherichia coli; Fungi; Penicillium; Penicillium chrysogenum; Persea americana; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyrus; Staphylococcus aureus; Trichoderma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896794938	Evaluation of waste process grease as feedstock for biodiesel production	Marx S., Venter R.	2014	Waste and Biomass Valorization	5	1	10.1007/s12649-013-9218-y	Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Marx, S., Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Venter, R., Focus Area: Energy Systems, School of Chemical and Minerals Engineering, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa	Awareness of the depletion of fossil energy reserves, the rising demand for energy in the world and the problems associated with the burning of fossil fuel encourage researchers to find alternative energy sources, such as biodiesel. The use of inedible and waste oils as feedstock for biodiesel production is an important way of converting waste into valuable energy products. In this study, waste process grease (WPG) was used to produce biodiesel via two processing routes. The traditional twostep alkaline catalyzed transesterification method (route 1) produced biodiesel that did not conform to the SANS1935 biodiesel standard of South Africa with regard to sulfur and phosphorous levels. The WPG in the second process route was modified by saponification with aqueous sodium hydroxide followed by acidulation with hydrochloric acid to be purified by means of column chromatography. A hydrophobic resin with methanol as the mobile phase was used to reduce the non-polar sulfur from the grease. The crude biodiesel produced by means of acid esterification using sulfuric acid as catalyst was purified using silica gel with hexane as the mobile phase. The sulfur level in the biodiesel was reduced to a low enough level to conform to the SANS1935 standard for biodiesel production. It was shown with this study that waste process grease from the metal working industry can be used to produce biodiesel that conforms to the SANS 1935 specification for sulfur and is suitable to be used in biodiesel blending. A preliminary economic assessment shows that owed to the complexity of the second process route, biodiesel produced by this process is not economically viable given the current petroleum diesel prices. With the rising trend in crude oil prices and the limited supply of feedstock for biodiesel, WPG is anticipated to become a viable feedstock for biodiesel production in future. © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013.	Biodiesel feedstock; Chromatography; Feedstock purification; Phosphorous; Sulfur; Waste process grease	Acid esterification; Alternative energy source; Biodiesel feedstock; Biodiesel production; Economic assessments; Economically viable; Phosphorous; Trans-esterification methods; Blending; Chromatography; Feedstocks; Phosphorus; Proven reserves; Purification; Silica gel; Sulfur; Biodiesel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-82255166246	Performance measures for wicket keepers in cricket	Lemmer H.H.	2011	South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation	33	3	None	Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	Lemmer, H.H., Department of Statistics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa	A wicket keeper should not only perform well behind the wickets in terms of taking catches, executing stumpings and limiting the number of byes, but should also perform well as a batsman. The purpose of this study is to combine the dismissal rate (based on the number of catches and stumpings) and a measure of batting performance into measuring wicket-keeping performance. Measures are developed and applied to rank wicket keepers for test matches and for one-day internationals (ODIs) alike. The first two measures are for wicket keepers' test and one-day international careers, and then the necessary modifications are made to make the measures suitable for use after a short series of matches. The measures are easy to apply, which is in contrast to cumbersome methods found on the internet. In the case of test matches the ranking of wicket keepers is Adam Gilchrist, Brad Haddon and Kamran Akmal in the top three positions. In ODIs the ranking is Gilchrist, Haddon and Dhoni, with Boucher and Sangakkara alternating in the fourth and fifth positions.	Batting; Byes; Catches; Cricket; Dismissals; Sport; Stumpings	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745990562	Monitoring and displacements at Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station tunnels	Clayton C.R.I., Van Der Berg J.P., Thomas A.H.	2006	Geotechnique	56	5	10.1680/geot.2006.56.5.323	School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Jones and Wagener, Rivonia, South Africa; Mott MacDonald Ltd., Croydon, United Kingdom	Clayton, C.R.I., School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Van Der Berg, J.P., Jones and Wagener, Rivonia, South Africa; Thomas, A.H., Mott MacDonald Ltd., Croydon, United Kingdom	A wide variety of instrumentation was deployed during the construction of the sprayed-concrete lined tunnels at Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station. This paper presents data from the in-tunnel displacement monitoring system and for settlements above the tunnels, providing data on instrument survival and performance, and an overall summary of the displacements arising from tunnel excavation.	Case history; Tunnels	Concrete construction; Excavation; Geotechnical engineering; Monitoring; Performance; Case history; Heathrow Express Terminal 4 station; Sprayed-concrete lined tunnels; Tunnels; displacement; monitoring; railway construction; tunnel	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77249102050	Performance of low noise fans in power plant air cooled steam condensers	Van Der Spuy S.J., Von Backström T.W., Kröger D.G.	2009	Noise Control Engineering Journal	57	4	10.3397/1.3151851	University of Stellenbosch, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Van Der Spuy, S.J., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Von Backström, T.W., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Kröger, D.G., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Axial fans are often installed in locations where the orientation and surrounding infrastructure can have a detrimental effect on the fan performance indicated by the manufacturer. This paper addresses various aspects of phenomena related to the installation of axial fans, one of these being the use of low-noise fans, and how these can be considered in the CFD performance evaluation of modern air-cooled power plant condensers. © 2009 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.	None	Air-cooled steam condensers; Axial fans; Detrimental effects; Fan performance; Low noise; Performance evaluation; Axial flow turbomachinery; Fans; Steam power plants; Steam condensers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876719611	Synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation of aziridine-(iso)quinoline hybrids and their ring-opening products	Vandekerckhove S., De Moor S., Segers D., De Kock C., Smith P.J., Chibale K., De Kimpe N., D'Hooghe M.	2013	MedChemComm	4	4	10.1039/c3md20377h	Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Medical School, University of Cape Town K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Vandekerckhove, S., Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; De Moor, S., Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Segers, D., Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; De Kock, C., Medical School, University of Cape Town K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Medical School, University of Cape Town K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Chibale, K., Department of Chemistry, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; De Kimpe, N., Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; D'Hooghe, M., Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Aziridine-(iso)quinoline hybrid systems were prepared as novel synthetic intermediates en route to functionalized (iso)quinolines with potential antimalarial activity. Various quinolinecarboxaldehydes were converted into quinoline-aziridine-pyrazole, -pyridazinone or -pyrimidinone hybrids, and the three-membered azaheterocyclic moiety in these compounds was finally subjected to ring opening by either methanol or water to provide the corresponding functionalized quinolines. In addition, 5-hydroxyisoquinoline was used for the preparation of isoquinoline-aziridine chimeras, which were further transformed into a variety of functionalized isoquinolines via regioselective aziridine ring opening by various nucleophiles. Antiplasmodial evaluation of these new aziridine-(iso)quinoline hybrids and their ring-opening products revealed micromolar potency (0.22-30 μM) for all representatives against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The six most potent compounds also showed micromolar activity against a chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum with IC<inf>50</inf>-values ranging between 1.02 and 17.58 μM. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	5 hydroxyisoquinoline; antimalarial agent; aziridine(iso)quinoline derivative; chloroquine; methanol; quinoline derivative; unclassified drug; water; antimalarial activity; article; controlled study; drug potency; drug resistance; drug synthesis; IC 50; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; priority journal; Plasmodium falciparum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52649159267	Evaluation of the effect of azo group on the biological activity of 1-(4-Methylphenylazo)-2-naphthol	Mkpenie V., Ebong G., Obot I.B., Abasiekong B.	2008	E-Journal of Chemistry	5	3	None	Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Department of Science and Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria	Mkpenie, V., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Ebong, G., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Obot, I.B., Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, P. M. B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria; Abasiekong, B., Department of Science and Technology, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, P.M.B. 200, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria	Azo-2-naphthol and 2-naphthol were tested against five microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus faecalis. 2-Naphthol was slightly active while azo-2-naphthol was highly active against all the bacteria species tested. The presence of azo group contributed more than 60% of the antibacterial activities exhibited by azo-2-naphthol on all the bacteria tested.	2-Naphthol; Antibacterial activity; Azo compound; p-Toluidine	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449627465	Preliminary evaluation of the BrEMA1 gene as a tool for associating Babesia rossi genotypes and clinical manifestation of canine babesiosis	Matjila P.T., Carcy B., Leisewitz A.L., Schetters T., Jongejan F., Gorenflot A., Penzhorn B.L.	2009	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	47	11	10.1128/JCM.01110-08	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, UMR 5235-CNRS-UMI/UMII, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, BP 14491, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Parasitology R and D Department, Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, P.O. Box 315830, AA Boxmeer, Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases (UCTD), Utrecht, Netherlands	Matjila, P.T., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Carcy, B., Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, UMR 5235-CNRS-UMI/UMII, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, BP 14491, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Leisewitz, A.L., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Schetters, T., Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, UMR 5235-CNRS-UMI/UMII, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, BP 14491, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, Parasitology R and D Department, Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, P.O. Box 315830, AA Boxmeer, Netherlands; Jongejan, F., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht Centre for Tick-Borne Diseases (UCTD), Utrecht, Netherlands; Gorenflot, A., Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire, UMR 5235-CNRS-UMI/UMII, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, BP 14491, F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Penzhorn, B.L., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa	Babesia rossi, an intraerythrocytic protozoan, causes a severe, often life-threatening disease of domestic dogs. Dogs treated early for B. rossi infection usually recover from the disease, but dogs left untreated or treated at a later stage of infection seldom survive. Dogs infected with B. rossi have varied clinical manifestations that can be categorized as uncomplicated (with a good prognosis) or complicated (with a poor prognosis). One hundred twenty-one blood samples were collected from dogs presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital and diagnosed with babesiosis by the use of a thin blood smear. An additional 20 samples were obtained from Babesia-infected dogs from private clinics around the Onderstepoort, Johannesburg, Durban, White River, and Cape Town areas. The samples were screened by PCR targeting the Babesia rossi erythrocyte membrane antigen gene (BrEMA1) and by sequencing of the polymorphic region (i.e., region with a variable number of hexapeptide repeats). Analysis of PCR products revealed 11 different gene profiles, visualized by gel electrophoresis. Twelve distinct BrEMA1 genotypes were identified by sequencing, but the numbers of hexapeptide repeats varied from 6 to 31 (classified as genotype6 to genotype31). The genotypes were retrospectively compared to the clinical case data. The most frequently encountered B. rossi parasites were those attributed to genotype19 (36.2%), genotype28 and genotype29 (20.6% each), and genotype11 (12.7%). These genotypes were also the ones associated with the poorest prognosis. This preliminary finding suggests clinically important differences between the various B. rossi genotypes identified. Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	article; Babesia; Babesia rossi; babesiosis; blood sampling; blood smear; brema1 gene; controlled study; gel electrophoresis; gene; gene identification; gene sequence; genetic variability; genotype; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesiosis; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Protozoan; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genotype; Molecular Epidemiology; Molecular Sequence Data; Parasitology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; South Africa; Babesia; Babesia rossi; Canis familiaris; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929253592	The impact of maternal infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the infant response to bacille Calmette–Guérin immunization	Mawa P.A., Nkurunungi G., Egesa M., Webb E.L., Smith S.G., Kizindo R., Akello M., Lule S.A., Muwanga M., Dockrell H.M., Cose S., Elliott A.M.	2015	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	370	1671	10.1098/rstb.2014.0137	MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Entebbe Hospital, PO Box 29, Entebbe, Uganda; Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda	Mawa, P.A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, Uganda Virus Research Institute, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nkurunungi, G., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Egesa, M., Makerere University College of Health Sciences, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Webb, E.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Smith, S.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Kizindo, R., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Akello, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Lule, S.A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanga, M., Entebbe Hospital, PO Box 29, Entebbe, Uganda; Dockrell, H.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Cose, S., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Elliott, A.M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, PO Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunization provides variable protection against tuberculosis. Prenatal antigen exposure may have lifelong effects on responses to related antigens and pathogens. We therefore hypothesized that maternal latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI) influences infant responses to BCG immunization at birth. We measured antibody (n = 53) and cellular (n = 31) responses to M. tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD) in infants of mothers with and without LTBI, in cord blood and at one and six weeks after BCG. The concentrations of PPD-specific antibodies declined between birth (median [interquartile range (IQR)]) 5600 ng ml-1 [3300–11 050] in cord blood) and sixweeks (0.00 ng ml-1 [0–288]). Frequencies of PPD-specific IFN-γ-expressing CD4+T cells increased at one week and declined between one and six weeks (p = 0.031). Frequencies of IL-2- and TNF-α-expressing PPD-specific CD4+T cells increased between one and six weeks (p = 0.019, p = 0.009, respectively). At one week, the frequency of PPD-specific CD4+T cells expressing any of the three cytokines, combined, was lower among infants of mothers with LTBI, in crude analyses (p = 0.002) and after adjusting for confounders (mean difference, 95% CI 20.041% (20.082, 20.001)). In conclusion, maternal LTBI was associated with lower infant anti-mycobacterial T-cell responses immediately following BCGimmunization. These findings are being explored further in a larger study. © 2015 The Author(s).	Bacilli Calmette–Guérin; Immunization; Maternal infection; Mycobacteria; Purified protein derivative; Tuberculosis	antibody; blood; gene expression; immunization; maternal effect; protein; tuberculosis; vaccination; Bacilli (class); Corynebacterineae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548513592	Evaluation of pre-harvest Bacillus licheniformis sprays to control mango fruit diseases	Silimela M., Korsten L.	2007	Crop Protection	26	10	10.1016/j.cropro.2006.12.011	Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Silimela, M., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; Korsten, L., Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa	Bacillus licheniformis was evaluated as a pre-harvest spray treatment either on its own or alternated with copper oxychloride to control mango fruit diseases. Prior to initiating the spray trials, in vitro and in vivo studies were done to determine the effect of stickers, spreaders, a biostimulant and a copper fungicide on the biocontrol agent's ability to effectively attach to and colonise the mango leaf surface. Bioboost, Nufilm-P, Biofilm and Agral 90 did not affect antagonist growth in vitro. However, copper oxychloride and Supafilm inhibited the in vitro growth of B. licheniformis, more pronouncedly after 8 h. The in vivo study showed that stickers and spreaders did not improve the ability of B. licheniformis to attach to and colonise the leaf surface. Pre-harvest B. licheniformis applications alone and alternated with copper sprays applied at 3-weekly intervals from flowering until harvest controlled moderate levels of anthracnose, bacterial black spot and soft rot. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Antagonists; Anthracnose; Bacterial black spot; Biocontrol; Soft rot	antagonism; anthracnose; bacterial disease; bacterium; biocontrol agent; biofilm; biological control; biopesticide; copper compound; crop improvement; disease control; fruit; fungicide; inhibition; Bacillus licheniformis; Bacteria (microorganisms)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865552016	The impact of orphanhood on food security in the high-HIV context of Blantyre, Malawi	Rivers J., Mason J.B., Rose D.D., Eisele T.P., Gillespie S., Mahy M., Monasch R.	2011	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	32	None	None	Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Geneva, Switzerland; UNICEF, New York, United States; UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe	Rivers, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Mason, J.B., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Rose, D.D., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Eisele, T.P., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Gillespie, S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Geneva, Switzerland; Mahy, M., UNICEF, New York, United States; Monasch, R., UNICEF, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background. A 2004 UNICEF/UNAIDS/USAID survey in Blantyre, Malawi, examined methods to improve monitoring and evaluation of interventions aimed at orphans and vulnerable children. Objective. A derivative of this larger study, the present study utilized the household data collected to assess differences in food security status among orphan households with the aim of helping food security programmers focus resources on the households most affected. Methods. Orphan households were classified by number and type of orphans supported. Descriptive analyses and logistic regressions were performed to assess differential vulnerability to food insecurity according to these classifications. Results. Multiple-orphan households and multipleorphan households that cared for at least one foster child were 2.42 and 6.87 times more likely to be food insecure, respectively, than nonorphan households. No other category of orphan household was at elevated risk. Conclusions. The food security impact of caring for orphans varied significantly among orphan households, requiring food security planners to focus resources on the households most heavily impacted by HIV/AIDS, including multiple-orphan households, rather than focusing on conventional designations of vulnerability, such as orphans and vulnerable children. © 2010, The United Nations University.	Food security; HIV; Malawi; Orphans	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; data acquisition; food policy; food security; household survey; human immunodeficiency virus; monitoring; orphan; resource management; risk assessment; vulnerability; Blantyre; Malawi; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848846123	Evaluation of male anterior urethral strictures by ultrasonography compared with retrograde urethrography	Akano A.O.	2007	West African Journal of Medicine	26	2	None	Department of Radiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria	Akano, A.O., Department of Radiology, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria	Background: Abnormality of the male anterior urethra is common and is routinely assessed by contrast X-ray retrograde urethrogram (RUG). There is paucity of knowledge about the efficacy or findings at ultrasound of the anterior urethra in patients with urethral stricture in our setting. Objective: To compare the efficacy of ultrasound to that of RUG in male patients diagnosed as having urethral strictures. Method: In order to compare the efficacy of ultrasound to that of RUG thirteen male patients diagnosed as having urethral strictures were prospectively examined using high resolution sonourethrography (SUG) and X-ray retrograde urethrogram between June and November 2004. Results: The ages of the patients ranged from 32 to 66 years (with a mean of 49.8). All the 13 patients scanned showed abnormalities of the anterior urethra, 11(84.6%) of which had strictures. Ten out of the 11 strictures were detected on both sonourethrograpby and RUG. One patient who was negative on RUG showed a stricture only 2.3 mm thick on SUG. The urethral mucosa, thickness of the urethral wall at the stricture level and the lengths of the strictures were well assessed on sonourethrography SUG. Conclusion: Ultrasound is as efficacious as retrograde urethrogram in the assessment of the male anterior urethra in patients with urethral stricture and may be recommended in the evaluation of this disease, in view of its efficacy, non-invasiveness, ready-availability and lack of exposure to radiation. It may also serve as baseline for other similar studies in our environment.	Male urethra; Retrograde urethrography; Sonourethrograph; Stricture	adult; age distribution; aged; article; clinical article; clinical effectiveness; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic value; echography; human; image analysis; intermethod comparison; male; non invasive measurement; prospective study; ultrasound scanner; urethra stricture; urethrography; Adult; Aged; Humans; Male; Male Urogenital Diseases; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Urethral Diseases; Urethral Stricture	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930390769	Impact of active coping, religion and acceptance on quality of life of patients with breast cancer in the department of radiotherapy, UCH, Ibadan	Elumelu T.N., Asuzu C.C., Akin-Odanye E.O.	2015	BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care	5	2	10.1136/bmjspcare-2012-000409	Department of Radiotherapy, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Elumelu, T.N., Department of Radiotherapy, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Asuzu, C.C., Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Akin-Odanye, E.O., Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Background: A breast cancer diagnosis as well as the treatment that follows has considerable consequences on women's physical functioning, psychological health and overall well-being, resulting in significant interference with patients' quality of life (QoL). Purpose: The study seeks to assess the impact of active coping, religion and acceptance on the QoL of patients with breast cancer. Participants: This study, which is descriptive in nature, assessed the QoL and coping mechanism of 110 patients with breast cancer receiving treatment at the radiotherapy clinic in the University College Hospital (UCH). The patients had an age range of 25-75, an average age of 46.82 and an SD of 10.55. Male patients were 4 (3.60%), while 106 (96.40%) were female. Currently married participants were 84 (76.40%), while 26 (23.60%) were not. Methods: Data was collected using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B) V.4 QoL questionnaire and Carver's Brief Cope questionnaire. Results: Analysis of data showed that significant differences were found between participants who used active coping, religious coping and acceptance more than those who did not in the overall QoL (p < 0.05) as well as in some of the QoL dimensions. Conclusions: Significant differences exist in the QoL of patients with breast cancer based on the coping style they adopt. Patients with breast cancer should be helped to adopt coping styles that would enhance their QoL.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894501778	Impacts of insecticide treated bed nets on Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Mbita district and Suba district, Western Kenya	Futami K., Dida G.O., Sonye G.O., Lutiali P.A., Mwania M.S., Wagalla S., Lumumba J., Kongere J.O., Njenga S.M., Minakawa N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-63	Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; School of Public Health, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Futami, K., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Dida, G.O., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, School of Public Health, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Sonye, G.O., ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Lutiali, P.A., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwania, M.S., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Wagalla, S., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Lumumba, J., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Kongere, J.O., NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Minakawa, N., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan	Background: Abundance and species composition of sympatric malaria vector species are the important factors governing transmission intensity. A widespread insecticidal bed net coverage may replace endophagic species with exophagic species. However, unique local environments also influence a vector population. This study examined the impacts of insecticidal bed nets on An. gambiae s.l populations in Mbita District and Suba District. Methods. The species compositions of An. gambiae s.l. larvae were compared between 1997, 2009 and 2010 and between geographical areas. The abundance and species composition of An. gambiae s.l. females resting indoors were compared between 1999, 2008 and 2010 and between geographical areas. Bed net coverage was also examined temporally and spatially, and its relationships with vector abundance and species composition were examined. Results: The relative abundance of An. gambiae s.s. larvae was 31.4% in 1997, decreasing to 7.5% in 2008 and 0.3% in 2010. The density of indoor resting An. gambiae s.l. females decreased by nearly 95%, and the relative abundance of An. gambiae s.s. females decreased from 90.6% to 60.7% and 72.4% in 2008 and 2010, respectively. However, the species composition of indoor resting An. gambiae s.l. females changed little in the island villages, and An. gambiae s.s. remained dominant in the western part of the study area. The density of house resting females was negatively associated with the number of bed nets in a retrospective analysis, but the effect of bed nets on species composition was not significant in both retrospective and cross-sectional analyses. Conclusion: An increase in bed net coverage does not necessarily replace endophilic species with exophilic species. The effect of bed nets on An. gambiae s.l. populations varies spatially, and locally unique environments are likely to influence the species composition. © 2014 Futami et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; ITN; Malaria; Species composition	Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Female; Geography; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Larva; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Population Dynamics	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922625230	Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous extract of Acalypha wilkesiana in Wistar albino rats	Olukunle J.O., Jacobs E.B., Ajayi O.L., Biobaku K.T., Abatan M.O.	2015	Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine	12	1	10.1515/jcim-2013-0066	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokut	Olukunle, J.O.; Jacobs, E.B., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ajayi, O.L., Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Biobaku, K.T., Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Abatan, M.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of IbadanOyo State, Nigeria	Background: Acalypha wilkesiana (Euphorbiaceae) is highly accepted for traditional treatment of human plasmodiasis in Africa. Methods: The toxicological effects of the aqueous leaf extract of A. wilkesiana were studied in 45 male and female Wistar albino rats. An acute toxicity testing was done using 21 rats divided into seven groups and LD50 determined. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was administered orally over a period of 28 days to rats in three groups with doses of 400mg kg-1, 800mg kg-1 and 1,600 mg kg-1, respectively, and the fourth group administered with water served as control. Blood samples were collected for hematological and serum biochemical analysis; organs of the animals were harvested for histopathological examination. Results: The acute toxicity testing showed that the extract was non-toxic at doses up to 3,000mg kg-1 and the LD50 was calculated to be 2,828.34mg kg-1. The study showed that at 1,600mg kg-1 dose, the extract caused a decrease in the level of neutrophils (NEUT) while lymphocytes (LYMP) were statistically significantly increased. The administration of the extract also resulted in varying significant dose dependent increase in the levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). There were also significant increases in the level of total protein (TP), urea (URN) and albumin (GLB) especially at 1,600mg kg-1 dosage. Histopathology showed that the extract caused mild to severe significant lesions that are dose dependent in the liver and kidney when compared with the control group. Conclusions: Prolonged administration of high dose of A. wilkesiana extract has tendency to cause organ toxicity. © 2015, walter de gruyter gmbh. All rights reserved.	Acalypha wilkesiana; Hematology; Histopathology; Serum biochemistry; Toxicity	Acalypha wilkesiana extract; alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; plant extract; protein; unclassified drug; urea; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; plant extract; urea; Acalypha wilkesiana; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; animal model; Article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; controlled study; disease severity; dose response; histopathology; LD 50; liver toxicity; lymphocyte; nephrotoxicity; neutrophil; nonhuman; plant leaf; protein blood level; rat; urea blood level; Wistar rat; Acalypha; adverse effects; animal; blood; drug effects; enzymology; female; kidney; liver; male; metabolism; toxicity testing; Acalypha; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Female; Kidney; Liver; Male; Plant Extracts; Rats, Wistar; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Urea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940488699	The impact of a community awareness strategy on caregiver treatment seeking behaviour and use of artemether-lumefantrine for febrile children in rural Kenya	Wasunna B., Okiro E.A., Webster J., Todd J., Snow R.W., Jones C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0130305	Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Social Science Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya	Wasunna, B., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Okiro, E.A., Department of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Webster, J., Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Todd, J., Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Snow, R.W., Department of Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Jones, C., Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Health Systems and Social Science Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya	Background: Access to prompt and effective treatment is the cornerstone for malaria control. Population Services International in collaboration with the Ministry of Health launched a malaria behaviour change communication intervention in Nyanza province, Kenya. The initiative aimed to improve: symptom recognition and prompt access to government health facilities for febrile children; effective treatment with the recommended first-line drug artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in public health facilities and adherence to the AL regimen. Methods: Pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional household surveys were used to evaluate the impact of the intervention on prompt and correct use of AL for febrile children below five years of age. The primary outcome was the proportion of children below five years of age with fever in the last 14 days accessing AL within 48 hours of fever onset. Results: There was an increase from 62.8% pre-intervention to 79.4% post-intervention (95% CI: 11.1, 22.1) in caregivers who reported seeking formal treatment promptly (on the same day, or next day) for their febrile children. However, there was a decrease in the use of government health facilities in the post-intervention period. There was a small increase in the proportion of children accessing AL within 48 hours of fever onset [18.4% vs 23.5% (0.1-10.0)]. Conclusion: The findings of this evaluation demonstrate that interventions that target only one sector may have a limited impact on improvements in prompt and effective treatment where multiple sources of treatments are sought for febrile illness. Additionally, the context in which an intervention is implemented is likely to influence the process and outcomes. © 2015 Wasunna et al.	None	amodiaquine; artemether plus benflumetol; chloroquine; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; Article; behavior change; caregiver; child; childhood disease; community care; cross-sectional study; female; fever; health care access; health care facility; health care utilization; health promotion; help seeking behavior; human; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; male; medication compliance; outcome assessment; patient compliance; rural area	092654, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-66949134549	Factors impacting on organisational learning in three rural health districts	Vermaak K.P., Reid S.J., Horwood C.M.	2009	South African Family Practice	51	2	None	Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Vermaak, K.P., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Reid, S.J., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Horwood, C.M., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: Access to quality health care in rural areas may be compromised not only by the inadequate numbers of skilled professional staff, but also by the lack of skills of the health professionals who are employed in rural facilities, due to inadequate continual professional learning and staff development. The objective of this paper is to examine the factors impacting on professional staff attendance of informal learning sessions in rural district hospitals and primary healthcare clinics. Methods: Structured, self-administered surveys, adapted from the Dimensions of a Learning Organization Questionnaire, were completed by professional staff on duty during data collection in 18 rural hospitals and their associated primary healthcare services facilities in three rural districts. The impacts of characteristics of staff, such as age, gender, professional experience and length of service, staffing levels, and the dimensions of a learning organisation, viz leadership, culture of change and teamwork, on attendance of learning sessions were considered. Results: Among professional nurses, attendance of learning sessions was significantly associated with the number of years of professional experience, length of service at the health facility, and scores on the teamwork dimension. While in the case of professional nurses attendance was not correlated with the staffing levels, the percentage of posts filled at the respective facilities and the assessment of hospital leadership as being supportive of learning were significant predictors of attendance among doctors. Conclusions: Despite severe staff shortages in these rural districts, at facilities where there was a perception of leadership and teamwork the professional staff generally attended learning sessions.	Leadership; Organisational learning; Teamwork	adult; article; female; health care access; health care facility; health care organization; health care personnel; health care quality; health service; health survey; human; learning; male; medical staff; physician; professional practice; public hospital; questionnaire; rural health care; skill; teamwork	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949108139	Evaluation of commercial hiv test kits used in Nigeria	Banwat E.B., Peter J.Y., Egah D.Z.	2009	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	12	1	None	Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria	Banwat, E.B., Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria; Peter, J.Y., Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria; Egah, D.Z., Department of Medical Microbiology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Nigeria, Nigeria	Background: Accurate and reliable diagnosis of HIV plays a central role in any effective HIV intervention. We decided to evaluate 4 commercial HIV test kits to determine their reliability for use in developing countries. Methods: Serum samples obtained from clients accessing tertiary health services at the STI clinic, Jos University Teaching Hospital were used to evaluate Sdbioline, Diaspot, Determine and DIALAB Elisa kits. A Western blot was used as the reference kit. Results: DETERMINE kit gave 34 positive and 58 negative reactions and the positive sera were all confirmed by Western blot while DIASPOT kit gave 27 false negative results, which was at variance with the reference kit result. Other kits were SDBIOLINE with 5 false positive and DIALAB Elisa kit, which gave one false positive, and one false negative result. Conclusion: We conclude that Determine, SDbioline and DIALAB Elisa kits are reliable for HIV antibody testing in Nigeria and other developing countries.	HIV; Nigeria; Test kits	article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; developing country; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Nigeria; prediction and forecasting; reproducibility; serodiagnosis; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Developing Countries; HIV Infections; Humans; Nigeria; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952209176	Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: Implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests	Baker J., Ho M.-F., Pelecanos A., Gatton M., Chen N., Abdullah S., Albertini A., Ariey F., Barnwell J., Bell D., Cunningham J., Djalle D., Echeverry D.F., Gamboa D., Hii J., Kyaw M.P., Luchavez J., Membi C., Menard D., Murillo C., Nhem S., Ogutu B., Onyor	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-129	Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Malaria Drug Resistance a	Baker, J., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Ho, M.-F., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Pelecanos, A., Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia, Malaria Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia; Gatton, M., Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia, Malaria Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia; Chen, N., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Abdullah, S., Bagamoyo/Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Albertini, A., Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland; Ariey, F., Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Barnwell, J., Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Bell, D., Foundation for Innovative and New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Cunningham, J., UNICEF, UNDP, Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland; Djalle, D., Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic; Echeverry, D.F., Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia; Gamboa, D., Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru, Departamento de Bioquimica, Biologia Moleculary Farmacologia, Facultad de Cienciasy Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru; Hii, J., Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health Organization, Solomon Islands; Kyaw, M.P., Department of Medical Research, Lower Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar; Luchavez, J., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Philippines; Membi, C., Bagamoyo/Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Menard, D., Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Madagascar; Murillo, C., Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Medicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia; Nhem, S., Pasteur Institute of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Ogutu, B., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Onyor, P., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Oyibo, W., College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Odoaraba, Lagos, Nigeria; Wang, S.Q., Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, Hainan, China; McCarthy, J., Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Cheng, Q., Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane, Australia, Malaria Drug Resistance and Chemotherapy Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia	Background. Accurate diagnosis is essential for prompt and appropriate treatment of malaria. While rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) offer great potential to improve malaria diagnosis, the sensitivity of RDTs has been reported to be highly variable. One possible factor contributing to variable test performance is the diversity of parasite antigens. This is of particular concern for Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2)-detecting RDTs since PfHRP2 has been reported to be highly variable in isolates of the Asia-Pacific region. Methods. The pfhrp2 exon 2 fragment from 458 isolates of P. falciparum collected from 38 countries was amplified and sequenced. For a subset of 80 isolates, the exon 2 fragment of histidine-rich protein 3 (pfhrp3) was also amplified and sequenced. DNA sequence and statistical analysis of the variation observed in these genes was conducted. The potential impact of the pfhrp2 variation on RDT detection rates was examined by analysing the relationship between sequence characteristics of this gene and the results of the WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: Round 1 (2008), for 34 PfHRP2-detecting RDTs. Results. Sequence analysis revealed extensive variations in the number and arrangement of various repeats encoded by the genes in parasite populations world-wide. However, no statistically robust correlation between gene structure and RDT detection rate for P. falciparum parasites at 200 parasites per microlitre was identified. Conclusions. The results suggest that despite extreme sequence variation, diversity of PfHRP2 does not appear to be a major cause of RDT sensitivity variation. © 2010 Baker et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	histidine; histidine rich protein 2; histidine rich protein 3; unclassified drug; HRP 2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; HRP-2 antigen, Plasmodium falciparum; parasite antigen; protozoal DNA; protozoal protein; article; diagnostic test; DNA isolation; DNA sequence; exon; gene structure; genetic variability; human; malaria falciparum; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity analysis; sequence analysis; analytical equipment; animal; genetic variability; genetics; immunoassay; immunology; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; methodology; parasitology; sensitivity and specificity; standard; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; DNA, Protozoan; Genetic Variation; Humans; Immunoassay; Malaria, Falciparum; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Proteins; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA	None
None	None	Field evaluation of the photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primers (PET) real-time PCR for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania	Talundzic E., Maganga M., Masanja I.M., Peterson D.S., Udhayakumar V., Lucchi N.W.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-31	Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States	Talundzic, E., Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States; Maganga, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Masanja, I.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Peterson, D.S., Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Udhayakumar, V., Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States, Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States; Lucchi, N.W., Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Accurate diagnosis of malaria infections remains challenging, especially in the identification of submicroscopic infections. New molecular diagnostic tools that are inexpensive, sensitive enough to detect low-level infections and suitable in laboratory settings of resource-limited countries are required for malaria control and elimination programmes. Here the diagnostic potential of a recently developed photo-induced electron transfer fluorogenic primer (PET) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) called PET-PCR was investigated. This study aimed to (i) evaluate the use of this assay as a method for the detection of both Plasmodium falciparum and other Plasmodium species infections in a developing country's diagnostic laboratory; and, (ii) determine the assay's sensitivity and specificity compared to a nested 18S rRNA PCR. Methods. Samples used in this study were obtained from a previous study conducted in the region of Iringa, Tanzania. A total of 303 samples from eight health facilities in Tanzania were utilized for this evaluation. All samples were screened using the multiplex PET-PCR assay designed to detect Plasmodium genus and P. falciparum initially in laboratory in Tanzania and then repeated at a reference laboratory at the CDC in the USA. Microscopy data was available for all the 303 samples. A subset of the samples were tested in a blinded fashion to find the sensitivity and specificity of the PET-PCR compared to the nested 18S rRNA PCR. Results: Compared to microscopy, the PET-PCR assay was 59% more sensitive in detecting P. falciparum infections. The observed sensitivity and specificity were 100% (95% confidence interval (CI0.95) = 94-100%) and (CI0.95 = 96-100%), respectively, for the PET-PCR assay when compared to nested 18S rRNA PCR. When compared to 18S rRNA PCR, microscopy had a low sensitivity of 40% (CI0.95 = 23-61%) and specificity of 100% (CI0.95 = 96-100%). The PET-PCR results performed in the field laboratory in Tanzania were in 100% concordance with the results obtained at the reference laboratory in the USA. Conclusion: The PET-PCR is a new molecular diagnostic tool with similar performance characteristics as commonly used PCR methods that is less expensive, easy to use, and amiable to large scale-surveillance studies in developing country settings. © 2014 Talundzic et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Asymptomatic malaria; Malaria; Molecular test; PET-PCR; Tanzania	DNA Primers; DNA, Protozoan; Fluorescent Dyes; Malaria, Falciparum; Microscopy; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Plasmodium falciparum; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943741633	The evaluation of accuracy of serial rapid HIV test algorithm in the diagnosis of HIV antibodies among pregnant women in south east Nigeria Pregnancy and Childbirth	Mbachu I.I., Udigwe G., Joseph I., John O., Samuel U.O., Joseph U., Ngozi M.C.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1454-8	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Mbachu, I.I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Udigwe, G., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Joseph, I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; John, O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Samuel, U.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Joseph, U., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ngozi, M.C., Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, PMB 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background: Accurate HIV testing in pregnancy is critical to the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV infection and linkages to other preventive strategies. Aims and objectives: This study determined the sensitivity, specificity negative and positive predictive value of serial rapid testing of HIV among pregnant women in Nnewi, south east Nigeria. Methodology: This was a comparative descriptive study conducted over a 4-month period. Serial rapid testing algorithm was compared with conventional ELISA testing after obtaining informed consents from the pregnant women. All positive and discordant results were confirmed with western blot HIV test. Participants also completed a questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 166 pregnant women participated in this study. The mean age of the participants was 29 ± 4.3 years. The HIV prevalence was highest in the 25-29 years category. This was also the modal age category. Majority of the women were multiparous. The prevalence of HIV infection was 12 %. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value of serial rapid HIV testing was 95, 100, 99.3 and 100 % respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity of the serial rapid test algorithm was high but still lower than the WHO recommended 99 % and above. The 100 % specificity and positive predictive value makes it a good diagnostic test strategy. There is need for regular review of HIV test kits and policy. © 2015 Mbachu et al.	Accuracy; Pregnant women; Rapid HIV test; Serial algorithm	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859860280	Evaluation of portable point-of-care CD4 counter with high sensitivity for detecting patients eligible for antiretroviral therapy	Manabe Y.C., Wang Y., Elbireer A., Auerbach B., Castelnuovo B.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0034319	Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Core Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Manabe, Y.C., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Core Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wang, Y., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Elbireer, A., Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Clinical Core Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Auerbach, B., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Castelnuovo, B., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Accurate, inexpensive point-of-care CD4+ T cell testing technologies are needed that can deliver CD4+ T cell results at lower level health centers or community outreach voluntary counseling and testing. We sought to evaluate a point-of-care CD4+ T cell counter, the Pima CD4 Test System, a portable, battery-operated bench-top instrument that is designed to use finger stick blood samples suitable for field use in conjunction with rapid HIV testing. Methods: Duplicate measurements were performed on both capillary and venous samples using Pima CD4 analyzers, compared to the BD FACSCalibur (reference method). The mean bias was estimated by paired Student's t-test. Bland Altman plots were used to assess agreement. Results: 206 participants were enrolled with a median CD4 count of 396 (range; 18-1500). The finger stick PIMA had a mean bias of -66.3 cells/μL (95%CI -83.4-49.2, P<0.001) compared to the FACSCalibur; the bias was smaller at lower CD4 counts (0-250 cells/μL) with a mean bias of -10.8 (95%CI -27.3-+5.6, P = 0.198), and much greater at higher CD4 cell counts (>500 cells/μL) with a mean bias of -120.6 (95%CI -162.8, -78.4, P<0.001). The sensitivity (95%CI) of the Pima CD4 analyzer was 96.3% (79.1-99.8%) for a <250 cells/ul cut-off with a negative predictive value of 99.2% (95.1-99.9%). Conclusions: The Pima CD4 finger stick test is an easy-to-use, portable, relatively fast device to test CD4+ T cell counts in the field. Issues of negatively-biased CD4 cell counts especially at higher absolute numbers will limit its utility for longitudinal immunologic response to ART. The high sensitivity and negative predictive value of the test makes it an attractive option for field use to identify patients eligible for ART, thus potentially reducing delays in linkage to care and ART initiation. © 2012 Manabe et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; aged; analyzer; article; blood sampling; capillary blood; CD4 counter; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; drug indication; female; human; human cell; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; measurement; patient assessment; point of care testing; prediction; reliability; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Student t test; venous blood; adolescent; CD4 lymphocyte count; evaluation; fluorescent antibody technique; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; middle aged; Pima; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Point-of-Care Systems; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926137605	Benchmarking health system performance across districts in Zambia: A systematic analysis of levels and trends in key maternal and child health interventions from 1990 to 2010	Colson K.E., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Achoki T., Fullman N., Schneider M., Mulenga P., Hangoma P., Ng M., Masiye F., Gakidou E.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0308-5	University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, United States; University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Ministry of Health of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; USAID, Washington, DC, United States; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Bergen, Department of Economics, Bergen, Norway; University of Zambia, Department of Economics, Lusaka, Zambia	Colson, K.E., University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley), Berkeley, CA, United States; Dwyer-Lindgren, L., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Achoki, T., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States, Ministry of Health of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Fullman, N., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Schneider, M., USAID, Washington, DC, United States; Mulenga, P., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Lusaka, Zambia; Hangoma, P., University of Bergen, Department of Economics, Bergen, Norway, University of Zambia, Department of Economics, Lusaka, Zambia; Ng, M., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States; Masiye, F., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States, University of Zambia, Department of Economics, Lusaka, Zambia; Gakidou, E., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Achieving universal health coverage and reducing health inequalities are primary goals for an increasing number of health systems worldwide. Timely and accurate measurements of levels and trends in key health indicators at local levels are crucial to assess progress and identify drivers of success and areas that may be lagging behind. Methods: We generated estimates of 17 key maternal and child health indicators for Zambia's 72 districts from 1990 to 2010 using surveys, censuses, and administrative data. We used a three-step statistical model involving spatial-temporal smoothing and Gaussian process regression. We generated estimates at the national level for each indicator by calculating the population-weighted mean of the district values and calculated composite coverage as the average of 10 priority interventions. Results: National estimates masked substantial variation across districts in the levels and trends of all indicators. Overall, composite coverage increased from 46% in 1990 to 73% in 2010, and most of this gain was attributable to the scale-up of malaria control interventions, pentavalent immunization, and exclusive breastfeeding. The scale-up of these interventions was relatively equitable across districts. In contrast, progress in routine services, including polio immunization, antenatal care, and skilled birth attendance, stagnated or declined and exhibited large disparities across districts. The absolute difference in composite coverage between the highest-performing and lowest-performing districts declined from 37 to 26 percentage points between 1990 and 2010, although considerable variation in composite coverage across districts persisted. Conclusions: Zambia has made marked progress in delivering maternal and child health interventions between 1990 and 2010; nevertheless, substantial variations across districts and interventions remained. Subnational benchmarking is important to identify these disparities, allowing policymakers to prioritize areas of greatest need. Analyses such as this one should be conducted regularly and feed directly into policy decisions in order to increase accountability at the local, regional, and national levels. © Colson et al.	Coverage; Indicators; Inequalities; Maternal and child health; Subnational benchmarking; Zambia	Rotavirus vaccine; BCG vaccine; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; Article; BCG vaccination; breast feeding; child; child health; controlled study; female; health care system; human; immunization; malaria control; maternal welfare; measles vaccination; poliomyelitis; population research; prenatal care; quality control; scale up; social status; spatiotemporal analysis; task performance; Zambia; child welfare; family; health service; infant; information processing; maternal welfare; pregnancy; public health; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; child health care; diphtheria; geographic distribution; health care disparity; health care policy; health care quality; health survey; integrated health care system; maternal care; measles; pertussis; poliomyelitis; public health service; quality control; systematic review; tetanus; traditional birth attendant; trend study; tuberculosis; vaccination; Benchmarking; Child; Child Welfare; Data Collection; Family; Female; Humans; Infant; Maternal Health Services; Maternal Welfare; National Health Programs; Pregnancy; Socioeconomic Factors; Zambia	None
WoS	WOS:000315374500001	Perspectives and concerns of clients at primary health care facilities involved in evaluation of a national mental health training programme for primary care in Kenya	Aruwa, Julyan,Jenkins, Ben,Jenkins, Rachel,Okeyo, Stephen,Othieno, Caleb,Wallcraft, Jan	2013	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEMS	7	None	10.1186/1752-4458-7-5	Kings College London, University of Birmingham, University of London, University of Nairobi, Great Lakes Univ, Zacchaeus 2000 Trust	"Jenkins, Rachel: Kings College London","Jenkins, Rachel: University of London","Othieno, Caleb: University of Nairobi","Wallcraft, Jan: University of Birmingham",	Background: A cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a national Kenyan mental health primary care training programme demonstrated a significant impact on the health, disability and quality of life of clients, despite a severe shortage of medicines in the clinics (Jenkins et al. Submitted 2012). As focus group methodology has been found to be a useful method of obtaining a detailed understanding of client and health worker perspectives within health systems (Sharfritz and Roberts. Health Transit Rev 4:81-85, 1994), the experiences of the participating clients were explored through qualitative focus group discussions in order to better understand the potential reasons for the improved outcomes in the intervention group. Methods: Two ninety minute focus groups were conducted in Nyanza province, a poor agricultural region of Kenya, with 10 clients from the intervention group clinics where staff had received the training programme, and 10 clients from the control group where staff had not received the training during the earlier randomised controlled trial. Results: These focus group discussions suggest that the clients in the intervention group noticed and appreciated enhanced communication, diagnostic and counselling skills in their respective health workers, whereas clients in the control group were aware of the lack of these skills. Confidentiality emerged from the discussions as a significant client concern in relation to the volunteer cadre of community health workers, whose only training comes from their respective primary care health workers. Conclusion: Enhanced health worker skills conferred by the mental health training programme may be responsible for the significant improvement in outcomes for clients in the intervention clinics found in the randomised controlled trial, despite the general shortage of medicines and other health system weaknesses. These findings suggest that strengthening mental health training for primary care staff is worthwhile even where health systems are not strong and where the medicine supply cannot be guaranteed.	,ATTITUDES,DISORDERS,DISTRICT,ILLNESS,"INTEGRATED APPROACH",PREVALENCE,"PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS",RISK-FACTORS,"URBAN TANZANIA",WORKERS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919329559	Severity and impact of acne vulgaris on the quality of life of adolescents in Nigeria	Ogedegbe E.E., Henshaw E.B.	2014	Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology	7	None	10.2147/CCID.S73302	Cedarcrest Hospital, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of CalabarCross river state, Nigeria	Ogedegbe, E.E., Cedarcrest Hospital, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria; Henshaw, E.B., Department of Medicine, University of CalabarCross river state, Nigeria	Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition, which affects most adolescents at some point in their lives. It has been found to have a signifcant impact on their psychological well-being and has been associated with depression and suicide ideation. Many studies have assessed the impact of acne vulgaris on the quality of life (QoL) in different population subgroups around the world, but there is a dearth of reports from the African subcontinent. This study thus seeks to assess the severity of acne vulgaris and determine its effect on the QoL of adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria.Methods: In a cross-sectional survey employing a two-stage sampling method, the severity of acne vulgaris and its impact on the QoL of adolescents attending a senior secondary school in Lagos, Nigeria was assessed using the Global Acne Grading Scale (GAGS) and the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI), respectively. The correlation between the results of the GAGS and CADI was also determined.Results: One hundred and sixty adolescent students with acne were recruited, with males accounting for 51.9% and females 48.1%. The mean and standard deviation of the GAGS severity scores were 11.3±5.4 for males and 11.9±5.4 for females. Only one student had severe acne vulgaris (GAGS, 31–38), 10% moderate (GAGS, 19–30), and 89.4% mild (GAGS, 1–18). The overall CADI score was 3.4±3.0, which suggests mild impairment in QoL; however, the solitary student with severe acne had severe QoL impairment. There was a weak positive correlation between the GAGS and the CADI score.Conclusion: Most adolescents in our study had mild acne vulgaris, and the overall impact on their QoL was mild. However, the correlation between the psychosocial impact and acne severity was weak. There is a need for similar studies in other parts of the country and for further studies to determine the adequacy of the existing instruments in assessing the impact of acne vulgaris in Nigerian adolescents © 2014 Ogedegbe and Henshaw.	CADI; GAGS; Psychosocial impact; Skin disease; Teenage dermatosis	steroid; acne vulgaris; adolescent; Article; Cardiff Acne Disability Index; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disease severity; emotion; female; Global Acne Grading Scale; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; psychological aspect; quality of life; scoring system; sex difference; social interaction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58049090543	Ecological thresholds in the Savanna landscape: Developing a protocol for monitoring the change in composition and utilisation of large trees	Druce D.J., Shannon G., Page B.R., Grant R., Slotow R.	2008	PLoS ONE	3	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0003979	Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa	Druce, D.J., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Shannon, G., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Page, B.R., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Grant, R., Scientific Services, Kruger National Park, Skukuza, South Africa; Slotow, R., Amarula Elephant Research Programme, Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa	Background: Acquiring greater understanding of the factors causing changes in vegetation structure - particularly with the potential to cause regime shifts - is important in adaptively managed conservation areas. Large trees (≥5 m in height) play an important ecosystem function, and are associated with a stable ecological state in the African savanna. There is concern that large tree densities are declining in a number of protected areas, including the Kruger National Park, South Africa. In this paper the results of a field study designed to monitor change in a savanna system are presented and discussed. Methodology/Principal Findings: Developing the first phase of a monitoring protocol to measure the change in tree species composition, density and size distribution, whilst also identifying factors driving change. A central issue is the discrete spatial distribution of large trees in the landscape, making point sampling approaches relatively ineffective. Accordingly, fourteen 10 m wide transects were aligned perpendicular to large rivers (3.0-6.6 km in length) and eight transects were located at fixed-point photographic locations (1.0-1.6 km in length). Using accumulation curves, we established that the majority of tree species were sampled within 3 km. Furthermore, the key ecological drivers (e.g. fire, herbivory, drought and disease) which influence large tree use and impact were also recorded within 3 km. Conclusions/Significance: The technique presented provides an effective method for monitoring changes in large tree abundance, size distribution and use by the main ecological drivers across the savanna landscape. However, the monitoring of rare tree species would require individual marking approaches due to their low densities and specific habitat requirements. Repeat sampling intervals would vary depending on the factor of concern and proposed management mitigation. Once a monitoring protocol has been identified and evaluated, the next stage is to integrate that protocol into a decision-making system, which highlights potential leading indicators of change. Frequent monitoring would be required to establish the rate and direction of change. This approach may be useful in generating monitoring protocols for other dynamic systems. © 2008 Druce et al.	None	article; conservation biology; controlled study; ecosystem restoration; environmental planning; environmental protection; landscape ecology; nonhuman; plant density; plant ecology; population size; savanna; species distribution; tree; animal; biodiversity; chemistry; ecosystem; elephant; environmental monitoring; environmental protection; evaluation; geography; health care quality; methodology; physiology; population density; South Africa; tree; Animals; Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Elephants; Environmental Monitoring; Geography; Population Density; Program Evaluation; South Africa; Trees	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649254989	Prevalence and impact of headache and migraine among secondary school students in Nigeria	Ofovwe G.E., Ofili A.N.	2010	Headache	50	10	10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01776.x	Department of Child Health, University of Benin, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Ofovwe, G.E., Department of Child Health, University of Benin, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, P. M. B. 1111, Benin City, Nigeria; Ofili, A.N., Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Background.- A cross-sectional descriptive study to determine the overall, age and gender specific prevalence, trigger factors and impact of headache and migraine on quality of life of students attending secondary schools in Benin City, Nigeria. Methods.- Six secondary schools were randomly selected from which students were randomly selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used to screen those with frequent headache, defined as at least 2 episodes of headache unrelated to fever or any underlying disease within the last 12 months or at least 1 episode in the last 6 months preceding the date questionnaire was administered. Another questionnaire based on the ICHD-2 criteria for diagnosis of migraine was then administered to those with frequent headaches. Data analysis was with SPSS 13.0 for Windows. Results.- One thousand six hundred and seventy-nine students aged 11-18 years were recruited. The overall prevalence of headache was 19.5%. The prevalence of migraine was 13.5%. Migraine was more common in girls than in boys at all ages. The most common trigger factors included emotional stress, sunlight or bright light, sleep deprivation, and hunger. Inability to participate in outdoor activities, household chores, and school absenteeism were the common impacts on the quality of life of among 76.8% of the migrainuers. Conclusion.- Migraine is common and underdiagnosed among secondary school students in Benin City, Nigeria, and negatively impacts on the quality of life including school absenteeism. © 2010 American Headache Society.	Benin City; impact; migraine; Nigeria; prevalence; schoolchildren	absenteeism; adult; article; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic error; emotional stress; female; headache; high school; household; human; hunger; major clinical study; male; migraine; Nigeria; prevalence; priority journal; quality of life; risk assessment; school child; sleep deprivation; sunlight; Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Cluster Headache; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Headache; Humans; Male; Migraine Disorders; Migraine with Aura; Migraine without Aura; Nigeria; Schools; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Students; Tension-Type Headache	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897830380	Performance of three rapid screening methods in the detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school-age children in Southeastern Nigeria	Caroline Okeke O., Obiageli Ubachukwu P.	2014	Pathogens and Global Health	108	2	10.1179/2047773214Y.0000000128	Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Parasitology Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Caroline Okeke, O., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Parasitology Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Obiageli Ubachukwu, P., Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Parasitology Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: A cross-sectional study of primary school children was conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of some rapid screening methods in the detection of Schistosoma haematobium infection in Nigeria Cement Factory (NigerCem) and Nike Lake areas of Southeastern Nigeria. Methods: Urine samples of school children were examined for macro-haematuria and tested for microhaematuria and proteinuria using reagent strips followed by egg microscopy. Self-reported haematuria was assessed using simple questionnaire. The performances of these rapid diagnoses singly and in combination were calculated using egg microscopy as gold standard. Results: The prevalence of the infection was 26.6% in NigerCem and 5.1% in Nike Lake area, classifying these areas as moderate- and low-prevalence areas (MPA and LPA); while in the subsample used for selfreported haematuria, the prevalence was 27.2 and 4.2% in MPA and LPA, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of micro-haematuria was comparable in MPA (55.26%) and LPA (57.89%). Overall PPV of macro-haematuria was 87.50% in MPA and 66.70% in LPA while in the detection of heavy infection; PPV was higher in LPA (75%) than in MPA (66.67%). In LPA and MPA, combination of micro-haematuria and proteinuria, and concomitant presence of macro-haematuria, micro-haematuria, and proteinuria had PPV of 83.33 and 63.16%, and 100 versus 66.67%, respectively. Generally, the rapid screening tests had lower negative predictive values (NPVs) in MPA than in LPA. The use of simple questionnaire increased the PPV of heavy infection in MPA (77.78%). This was further increased to 80% when self-reported haematuria was combined with micro-haematuria. Conclusion: The result suggests that in MPA with chronic infections, combination of self-reported haematuria and micro-haematuria may reduce the chance of missing those who should be treated. © W. S. Maney & Son Ltd 2014.	Macro-haematuria; Predictive values; Questionnaire method; Reagent strip; Schistosoma haematobium	praziquantel; test strip; adolescent; article; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; gold standard; hematuria; human; microscopy; Nigeria; parasite identification; predictive value; preschool child; prevalence; proteinuria; questionnaire; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis haematobia; school child; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; urinalysis; urine reagent strip test; animal; epidemiology; female; isolation and purification; male; mass screening; parasitology; reproducibility; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis haematobia; test strip; urine; Adolescent; Animals; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Nigeria; Parasite Egg Count; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Proteinuria; Questionnaires; Reagent Strips; Reproducibility of Results; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-24144474579	Measuring the impact of HIV and STIs in a community in a coal mining town, Mpumalanga, South Africa	Hurkchand H., Makuluma H., Molefe N., Molapo M.	2005	Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy	105	6	None	CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Hurkchand, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Makuluma, H., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molefe, N., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa; Molapo, M., CSIR Mining Technology, South Africa	Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2001 to establish the prevalence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea) in a coalmining town in Mpumalanga. Methods: 155 adults were recruited (79 males and 76 females), by holding community meetings, and by door-to-door recruitment. Saliva and urine specimens were collected for the analysis of HIV and STI prevalence, respectively. Results: The mean age for males was 31.35 years (min = 19 yrs and max = 50 yrs) and the mean age of the female participants was 31.90 years (min = 17 yrs, max = 49 yrs). The prevalence of HIV was found to be 22.78% [95% CI (14.09-33.59)] in the males vs. 47.37% [95% CI (35.79-55.16)] in the females, [p = 0.001, OR = 3.05, 95%CI (1.49-6.26)]. The prevalence of C trachomatis was 7.90% [95% CI (2.95-16.39)] in the males vs. 12.86% [95% CI (6.05-23.00)] in the females, p = 0.324. The prevalence of N. gonorrhoea was 3.79% [95% CI (0.79-1.08)] in the males vs. 9.86% [95% CI (4.06-19.26)] in the females, p = 0.137. HIV was significantly associated with C. trachomatis, [p = 0.032, OR = 3.18, 95% CI (1.04-9.72)], but was not significant when stratified by gender. HIV was not significantly associated with N.gonorrhoea (p = 0.072) but it was significantly associated when stratified by gender, p = 0.001 for females. There were no significant associations between HIV and age (p = 0.408), even upon stratification by gender. Conclusions: HIV prevalence in this community is high, and corresponds to national figures. However, the prevalence of STIs is surprisingly low as it would be expected to be high in a migrant population. Although communities are exposed to expanding peer-education activities that encourage behaviour change, the prevalence of HIV in this group. There is an urgent need for interventions designed to treat or prevent HIV infection in women generally and in women at high risk. © The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2005.	Antenatal; HIV prevalence; Mining; STI prevalence	Antenatal; HIV prevalance; STI prevalance; Disease control; Population statistics; Social aspects; Viruses; Coal mines	None
None	None	Monitoring, characterization and control of chronic, symptomatic malaria infections in rural Zambia through monthly household visits by paid community health workers	Hamainza B., Moonga H., Sikaala C.H., Kamuliwo M., Bennett A., Eisele T.P., Miller J., Seyoum A., Killeen G.F.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-128	Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Partnership for Appropriate Technology (PATH), Health Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Chainama Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania	Hamainza, B., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Moonga, H., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Sikaala, C.H., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Kamuliwo, M., Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, off Great East road, Lusaka, Zambia; Bennett, A., Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Eisele, T.P., Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Miller, J., Partnership for Appropriate Technology (PATH), Health Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Chainama Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Seyoum, A., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Killeen, G.F., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Biology Department, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Centre for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States, Ifakara Health Institute, Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania	Background: Active, population-wide mass screening and treatment (MSAT) for chronic Plasmodium falciparum carriage to eliminate infectious reservoirs of malaria transmission have proven difficult to apply on large national scales through trained clinicians from central health authorities. Methodology. Fourteen population clusters of approximately 1,000 residents centred around health facilities (HF) in two rural Zambian districts were each provided with three modestly remunerated community health workers (CHWs) conducting active monthly household visits to screen and treat all consenting residents for malaria infection with rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). Both CHWs and HFs also conducted passive case detection among residents who self-reported for screening and treatment. Results: Diagnostic positivity was higher among symptomatic patients self-reporting to CHWs (42.5%) and HFs (24%) than actively screened residents (20.3%), but spatial and temporal variations of diagnostic positivity were highly consistent across all three systems. However, most malaria infections (55.6%) were identified through active home visits by CHWs rather than self-reporting to CHWs or HFs. Most (62%) malaria infections detected actively by CHWs reported one or more symptoms of illness. Most reports of fever and vomiting, plus more than a quarter of history of fever, headache and diarrhoea, were attributable to malaria infection. The minority of residents who participated >12 times had lower rates of malaria infection and associated symptoms in later contacts but most residents were tested <4 times and high malaria diagnostic positivity (32%) in active surveys, as well as incidence (1.7 detected infections per person per year) persisted in the population. Per capita cost for active service delivery by CHWs was US$5.14 but this would rise to US$10.68 with full community compliance with monthly testing at current levels of transmission, and US$6.25 if pre-elimination transmission levels and negligible treatment costs were achieved. Conclusion: Monthly active home visits by CHWs equipped with RDTs were insufficient to eliminate the human infection reservoir in this typical African setting, despite reasonably high LLIN/IRS coverage. However, dramatic impact upon infection and morbidity burden might be attainable and cost-effective if community participation in regular testing could be improved and the substantial, but not necessarily prohibitive, costs are affordable to national programmes. © 2014 Hamainza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community health worker; Malaria; Passive and active case detection; Rapid diagnostic tests; Surveillance; Treatment with ACT	artemether plus benflumetol; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; article; bed net; cost effectiveness analysis; coughing; diarrhea; fever; headache; health auxiliary; health care cost; health care facility; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; microscopy; practice guideline; professional practice; remuneration; rural area; symptom; thorax pain; vector control; vomiting; Zambia; Community Health Workers; Delivery of Health Care; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Incidence; Malaria; Mass Screening; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Rural Population; Time Factors; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925084162	The impact of acute preoperative beta-blockade on perioperative cardiac morbidity and all-cause mortality in hypertensive South African vascular surgery patients	Moodley Y., Biccard B.M.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	6	10.7196/SAMJ.8856	Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Moodley, Y., Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biccard, B.M., Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background. Acute β-blockade has been associated with poor perioperative outcomes in non-cardiac surgery patients, probably as a result of β-blocker-induced haemodynamic instability during the perioperative period, which has been shown to be more severe in hypertensive patients. Objective. To determine the impact of acute preoperative β-blockade on the incidence of perioperative cardiovascular morbidity and allcause mortality in hypertensive South African (SA) patients who underwent vascular surgery at a tertiary hospital. Methods. We conducted two separate case-control analyses to determine the impact of acute preoperative β-blockade on the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs, a composite outcome of a perioperative troponin-I leak or all-cause mortality) and perioperative troponin-I leak alone. Case and control groups were compared using χ2, Fisher’s exact, McNemar’s or Student’s t-tests, where applicable. Binary logistic regression was used to determine whether acute preoperative β-blocker use was an independent predictor of perioperative MACEs/troponin-I leak in hypertensive SA vascular surgery patients. Results. We found acute preoperative β-blockade to be an independent predictor of perioperative MACEs (odds ratio (OR) 3.496; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.948 - 6.273; p<0.001) and troponin-I leak (OR 5.962; 95% CI 3.085 - 11.52; p<0.001) in hypertensive SA vascular surgery patients. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that acute preoperative β-blockade is associated with an increased risk of perioperative cardiac morbidity and all-cause mortality in hypertensive SA vascular surgery patients. © 2015, South African Medical Journal. All right reserved.	None	atenolol; carvedilol; labetalol; troponin I; adult; Article; beta adrenergic receptor blocking; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular mortality; case control study; controlled study; female; human; hypertension; incidence; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; perioperative period; preoperative period; scoring system; vascular surgery	D43TW000231, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925878225	Evaluation of adherence measures of antiretroviral prophylaxis in HIV exposed infants in the first 6 weeks of life	Desmond A.C., Moodley D., Conolly C.A., Castel S.A., Coovadia H.M.	2015	BMC Pediatrics	15	1	10.1186/s12887-015-0340-9	Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa-CAPRISA, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Maternal Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Desmond, A.C., Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa-CAPRISA, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Moodley, D., Center for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa-CAPRISA, Women's Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Conolly, C.A., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Castel, S.A., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Coovadia, H.M., Maternal Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Adherence to an antiretroviral regimen is imperative for treatment success in both HIV infected adults and children. Likewise, adherence to antiretroviral prophylaxis is critical in HIV prevention. Studies on pediatric adherence are limited, particularly the prophylactic use of antiretroviral drugs and treatment adherence in very young infants. The HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 046 study (Clinical Trial Registration NCT00074412) determined the safety and efficacy of an extended regimen of nevirapine suspension in infants born to HIV-1 infected women for the prevention of vertical HIV transmission during breastfeeding. As per protocol, adherence to nevirapine prophylaxis was measured by maternal verbal reports. In addition, the pharmacy assessed the unused returned suspension. The aim of this sub-study was to determine the reliability of maternal verbal reports in measuring adherence to antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants in the first 6 weeks of life and evaluating the unused returned nevirapine as an alternative method of measuring adherence. Methods: Maternal verbal reports and pharmacy returns indicative of "missed&lt;2 doses" were evaluated against a plasma nevirapine concentration of &gt;100 ng/ml in a subgroup of infants at 2, 5 and 6 weeks of age. Plasma nevirapine concentration of &gt;100 ng/ml was used as a marker of adherence (10 times the in vitro IC50 against HIV). Results: Adherence was 87.7% (maternal verbal report) and 71.3% (unused returned medication), as compared to 85.6% by plasma nevirapine concentration. Evaluated against plasma nevirapine concentration &lt;100 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of maternal verbal reports to detect a missed dose in the last 3 days were 75% and 78% (p=0.03) respectively. Overall, among infants who were classified as adherent based on missed doses by maternal verbal reports and unused returned medication, 88.4% and 87.4% of infants attained a nevirapine concentration above 100 ng/ml respectively. Conclusion: Maternal verbal reports are a reliable measure of adherence to infant antiretroviral prophylaxis in the first 6 weeks of life and could be useful in assessing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in infants younger than 6 weeks. In the absence of resources or expertise to determine plasma drug concentration, we would recommend random assessments of unused returned medication. © Desmond et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Adherence measures; Antiretroviral prophylaxis; Infants; Maternal verbal report; Pharmacy returns	nevirapine; adult; antibiotic prophylaxis; Article; breast feeding; diagnostic test accuracy study; drug blood level; drug efficacy; drug safety; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; IC50; infant; maternal verbal report; measurement; medication compliance; patient compliance; sensitivity and specificity; verbal communication; vertical transmission	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870589160	Poor academic performance among adolescents with epilepsy in Kaduna, northern Nigeria: A case-control study	Nuhu F.T., Yusuf A.J., Sheikh T.L., Eseigbe E.E.	2012	SAJCH South African Journal of Child Health	6	4	10.7196/SAJCH.512	Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Nuhu, F.T., Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria; Yusuf, A.J., Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Sheikh, T.L., Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria; Eseigbe, E.E., Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Background. Adolescents with epilepsy experience significant academic difficulties. However, little is known about the effects of epilepsy on the academic performance of adolescents with the disorder in Northern Nigeria. Objective. To assess the academic performance of adolescents with epilepsy and factors associated with poor performance in this population in a Northern Nigerian setting. Methods. The socio-demographic/clinical characteristics of 77 consecutive adolescents (aged 12 - 17 years) with epilepsy attending the Child and Adolescent Clinic of Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kaduna, North-West, between March 2008 and September 2010 and the socio-demographic characteristics of 76 controls (matched for age and sex) were recorded. Information concerning school attendance and academic performance of the subjects and the controls were obtained from the adolescents and their parents or caregivers. Results. The mean ages of the subjects and the controls were 15.1 (standard deviation (SD) 2.1) and 14.7 (SD 1.7) years, respectively (p>0.05), the mean duration of illness was 6.1 (SD 4.6) years, the mean seizure-free period was 16.8 (SD 15.6) weeks, and 64.9% of the subjects and 57.9% of the controls were males. Forty-six subjects (59.7%) and 12 controls (15.8%) had poor academic performance (p<0.001). Long duration of illness, short seizure-free periods and irregular school attendance were significantly associated with poor academic performance (p<0.05). Conclusions. Poor academic performance is common among adolescents with epilepsy and is associated with early onset, poor seizure control and missing school. Efforts should be made to control seizures and educate society about the illness.	None	academic achievement; adolescent; adolescent health; article; case control study; child; clinical assessment; controlled study; demography; disease association; disease control; disease duration; disease free interval; epilepsy; female; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; onset age; population research; school child; social status	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of four mosquitoes sampling methods in rice irrigation schemes of lower moshi, northern Tanzania	Kweka E.J., Mahande A.M.	2009	Malaria Journal	8	1	10.1186/1475-2875-8-149	Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Mabogini Field Station, Moshi, Tanzania	Kweka, E.J., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Disease Vector Control, P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania; Mahande, A.M., Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Mabogini Field Station, Moshi, Tanzania	Background. Adult malaria vector sampling is the most important parameter for setting up an intervention and understanding disease dynamics in malaria endemic areas. The intervention will ideally be species-specific according to sampling output. It was the objective of this study to evaluate four sampling techniques, namely human landing catch, pit shelter, indoor resting collection and odour-baited entry trap. Methodology. These four sampling methods were evaluated simultaneously for thirty days during October 2008, a season of low mosquitoes density and malaria transmission. These trapping methods were performed in one village for maximizing homogeneity in mosquito density. The cattle and man used in odour-baited entry trap were rotated between the chambers to avoid bias. Results. A total of 3,074 mosquitoes were collected. Among these 1,780 (57.9%) were Anopheles arabiensis and 1,294 (42.1%) were Culex quinquefasciatus. Each trap sampled different number of mosquitoes, Indoor resting collection collected 335 (10.9%), Odour-baited entry trap-cow 1,404 (45.7%), Odour-baited entry trap-human 378 (12.3%), Pit shelter 562 (18.3%) and HLC 395 (12.8%). General linear model univariate analysis method was used, position of the trapping method had no effect on mosquito density catch (DF = 4, F = 35.596, P = 0.78). Days variation had no effect on the collected density too (DF = 29, F = 4.789, P = 0.09). The sampling techniques had significant impact on the caught mosquito densities (DF = 4, F = 34.636, P < 0.0001). The Wilcoxon pair-wise comparison between mosquitoes collected in human landing catch and pit shelter was significant (Z = -3.849, P < 0.0001), human landing catch versus Indoor resting collection was not significant (Z = -0.502, P = 0.615), human landing catch versus odour-baited entry trap-man was significant (Z = -2.687, P = 0.007), human landing catch versus odour-baited entry trap-cow was significant (Z = -3.127, P = 0.002). Conclusion. Odour-baited traps with different baits and pit shelter have shown high productivity in collecting higher densities of mosquitoes than human landing catch. These abilities are the possibilities of replacing the human landing catch practices for sampling malaria vectors in areas with An. arabiensis as malaria vectors. Further evaluations of these sampling methods need to be investigated is other areas with different species. © 2009 Kweka and Mahande; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	animal trapping; Anopheles; article; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; disease transmission; intermethod comparison; irrigation (agriculture); malaria; malaria control; nonhuman; Tanzania; animal; cattle; comparative study; Culex; disease carrier; environmental monitoring; epidemiology; human; instrumentation; methodology; mosquito; odor; rice; season; Animals; Anopheles; Cattle; Culex; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Odors; Oryza sativa; Sampling Studies; Seasons; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900513802	Evaluation of the acute flacid paralysis (AFP) surveillance System in Bikita district Masvingo Province 2010	Pomerai K.W., Mudyiradima R.F., Tshimanga M., Muchekeza M.	2014	BMC Research Notes	7	1	10.1186/1756-0500-7-252	Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Provincial Medical Directorate, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe	Pomerai, K.W., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudyiradima, R.F., Provincial Medical Directorate, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe; Tshimanga, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muchekeza, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, P O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: AFP is a rare syndrome and serves as a proxy for poliomyelitis. The main objective of AFP surveillance is to detect circulating wild polio virus and provide data for developing effective prevention and control strategies as well planning and decision making. Bikita district failed to detect a case for the past two years. Findings. A total of 31 health workers from 14 health centres were interviewed. Health worker knowledge on AFP was low in Bikita. The system was acceptable, flexible, and representative but not stable and not sensitive since it missed1 AFP case. The system was not useful to the district since data collected was not locally used in anyway. The cost of running the system was high. The district had no adequate resources to run the system. Reasons for not reporting cases was that the mothers were not bringing children with AFP and ignorance of health workers on syndromes captured under AFP. Conclusion: Health worker's knowledge on AFP was low and all interviewed workers needed training surveillance. The system was found to be flexible but unacceptable. Reasons for failure to detect AFP cases could be, no cases reporting to the centres, lack of knowledge on health workers hence failure to recognise symptoms, high staff turnover. © 2014 Pomerai et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Acute flacid paralysis; Bikita; Surveillance	acute disease; adult; attitude to health; complication; demography; economics; epidemiology; female; health care cost; health care personnel; health survey; human; male; muscle hypotonia; paralysis; Zimbabwe; Acute Disease; Adult; Demography; Female; Health Care Costs; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Muscle Hypotonia; Paralysis; Population Surveillance; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849188684	Growth performance of rats fed raw and extruded African breadfruit-based complementary diets: A response surface analysis	Nwabueze T.U.	2008	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	88	3	10.1002/jsfa.3116	Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	Nwabueze, T.U., Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P. M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: African breadfruit, from which diverse food forms are produced, is popular in most West African tropical regions. The present study is part of a larger research project aimed at developing appealing, processed, nutritious products from blends of breadfruit, corn and defatted soybean by utilising extrusion cooking using response surface analysis. The study describes the ability or otherwise of raw and extruded African breadfruit-based diets, similar to weaning diets simulated with rats, to support growth of children and infants. RESULTS: Maximum protein efficiency and net protein ratios of 2.22 and 3.69, respectively, were obtained with rats fed diets made from 40 g 100 g -1 African breadfruit + 5 g 100 g-1 corn + 55 g 100 g -1 soybean extradates at 18 mL 100 mL-1 feed moisture and 140 rpm screw speed. It compared favourably with a casein standard and was 54-69% and 42-55% higher than those fed raw diets. CONCLUSION: Extrusion cooking significantly improved the nutritional quality of African bread-fruit-corn- defatted soybean as reflected in their protein efficiency and net protein values. The superiority in protein quality of diet 1 (containing 40 g 100 g -1 breadfruit, 5 g 100 g-1 corn and 55 g 100 g -1 defatted soybean) over the other experimental diets has serious nutritional implication in dietary diversification to address protein-energy malnutrition prevalent in Nigeria and other West African countries especially where African breadfruit is known to be highly cultivated as a food resource. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.	African breadfruit; Central composite design; Complementary diets; Extrusion cooking; Net protein ratio; Nutritional study; Protein efficiency ratio; Response surface analysis; Single-screw extruder; Soybean; Treculia africana	Artocarpus altilis; Glycine max; Rattus; Treculia africana; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910682831	The impact of polio eradication on routine immunization and primary health care: A mixed-methods study	Closser S., Cox K., Parris T.M., Landis R.M., Justice J., Gopinath R., Maes K., Amaha H.B., Mohammed I.Z., Mohammed Dukku A., Omidian P.A., Varley E., Tedoff P., Koon A.D., Nyirazinyoye L., Luck M.A., Pont W.F., Neergheen V., Rosenthal A., Nsubuga P., Tha	2014	Journal of Infectious Diseases	210	None	10.1093/infdis/jit232	Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, 201 Munroe Hall, Middlebury, VT, United States; ISciences, Burlington, VM, United States; Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California at San Francisco, United St	Closser, S., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, 201 Munroe Hall, Middlebury, VT, United States; Cox, K., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, 201 Munroe Hall, Middlebury, VT, United States; Parris, T.M., ISciences, Burlington, VM, United States; Landis, R.M., ISciences, Burlington, VM, United States; Justice, J., Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California at San Francisco, United States; Gopinath, R., Freelance Consultant, Secunderabad, India; Maes, K., Department of Anthropology, Oregon State University, United States; Amaha, H.B., Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Mohammed, I.Z., Department of Sociology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Mohammed Dukku, A., Department of Sociology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Omidian, P.A., Independent Consultant, Corvallis, OR, United States; Varley, E., MNCH-RH Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan; Tedoff, P., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, 201 Munroe Hall, Middlebury, VT, United States; Koon, A.D., Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Nyirazinyoye, L., National University of Rwanda School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Luck, M.A., ISciences, Burlington, VM, United States; Pont, W.F., ISciences, Burlington, VM, United States; Neergheen, V., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, 201 Munroe Hall, Middlebury, VT, United States; Rosenthal, A., Department of Biomedical Ethics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Nsubuga, P., Global Public Health Solutions, Decatur, GA, United States; Thacker, N., Deep Children Hospital and Research Centre, Gandhidham, India; Jooma, R., Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Nuttall, E., Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Middlebury College, 201 Munroe Hall, Middlebury, VT, United States	Background. After 2 decades of focused efforts to eradicate polio, the impact of eradication activities on health systems continues to be controversial. This study evaluated the impact of polio eradication activities on routine immunization (RI) and primary healthcare (PHC).Methods: Quantitative analysis assessed the effects of polio eradication campaigns on RI and maternal healthcare coverage. A systematic qualitative analysis in 7 countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa assessed impacts of polio eradication activities on key health system functions, using data from interviews, participant observation, and document review.Results: Our quantitative analysis did not find compelling evidence of widespread and significant effects of polio eradication campaigns, either positive or negative, on measures of RI and maternal healthcare. Our qualitative analysis revealed context-specific positive impacts of polio eradication activities in many of our case studies, particularly disease surveillance and cold chain strengthening. These impacts were dependent on the initiative of policy makers. Negative impacts, including service interruption and public dissatisfaction, were observed primarily in districts with many campaigns per year.Conclusions: Polio eradication activities can provide support for RI and PHC, but many opportunities to do so remain missed. Increased commitment to scaling up best practices could lead to significant positive impacts. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. © 2014 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2014. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.	eradication; health systems; poliomyelitis; routine immunization	Africa south of the Sahara; Article; disease surveillance; eradication therapy; health care policy; health program; human; immunization; insurance; poliomyelitis; primary health care; qualitative analysis; South Asia; disease eradication; immunization; poliomyelitis; primary health care; procedures; Southeast Asia; utilization; poliomyelitis vaccine; Africa South of the Sahara; Asia, Southeastern; Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Primary Health Care	None
None	None	Design, implementation and evaluation of a national campaign to distribute nine million free LLINs to children under five years of age in Tanzania	Bonner K., Mwita A., McElroy P.D., Omari S., Mzava A., Lengeler C., Kaspar N., Nathan R., Ngegba J., Mtung'E R., Brown N.	2011	Malaria Journal	10	None	10.1186/1475-2875-10-73	National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; President's Malaria Initiative, American Embassy, PO Box 9123, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; ITN Cell, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box 3430, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Health Interventions Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; World Vision Tanzania, PO Box 6399, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Population Services International, PO Box 33500, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Bonner, K., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwita, A., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; McElroy, P.D., President's Malaria Initiative, American Embassy, PO Box 9123, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Omari, S., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, ITN Cell, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box 3430, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mzava, A., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, ITN Cell, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box 3430, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lengeler, C., Health Interventions Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Kaspar, N., President's Malaria Initiative, American Embassy, PO Box 9123, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nathan, R., Ifakara Health Institute, PO Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ngegba, J., World Vision Tanzania, PO Box 6399, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mtung'E, R., Population Services International, PO Box 33500, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Brown, N., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, PO Box 9083, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, ITN Cell, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, PO Box 3430, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: After a national voucher scheme in 2004 provided pregnant women and infants with highly subsidized insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), use among children under five years (U5s) in mainland Tanzania increased from 16% in 2004 to 26.2% in 2007. In 2008, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare planned a catch-up campaign to rapidly and equitably deliver a free long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) to every child under five years in Tanzania. Methods. The ITN Cell, a unit within the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), coordinated the campaign on behalf of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Government contractors trained and facilitated local government officials to supervise village-level volunteers on a registration of all U5s and the distribution and issuing of LLINs. The registration results formed the basis for the LLIN order and delivery to village level. Caregivers brought their registration coupons to village issuing posts during a three-day period where they received LLINs for their U5s. Household surveys in five districts assessed ITN ownership and use immediately after the campaign. Results: Nine donors contributed to the national campaign that purchased and distributed 9.0 million LLINs at an average cost of $7.07 per LLIN, including all campaign-associated activities. The campaign covered all eight zones of mainland Tanzania, the first region being covered separately during an integrated measles immunization/malaria LLIN distribution in August 2008, and was implemented one zone at a time from March 2009 until May 2010. ITN ownership at household level increased from Tanzania's 2008 national average of 45.7% to 63.4%, with significant regional variations. ITN use among U5s increased from 28.8% to 64.1%, a 2.2-fold increase, with increases ranging from 22.1-38.3% percentage points in different regions. Conclusion: A national-level LLIN distribution strategy that fully engaged local government authorities helped avoid additional burden on the healthcare system. Distribution costs per net were comparable to other public health interventions. Particularly among rural residents, ITN ownership and use increased significantly for the intended beneficiaries. The upcoming universal LLIN distribution and further behaviour change communication will further improve ITN ownership and use in 2010-2011. © 2011 Bonner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	measles vaccine; article; bed net; caregiver; child care; financial management; government; health care cost; health care planning; health program; health survey; human; immunization; long lasting insecticidal net; malaria; measles; prevalence; registration; Tanzania; bed; economics; evaluation; female; health care policy; health care survey; instrumentation; malaria; methodology; mosquito; organization and management; preschool child; Tanzania; utilization review; Bedding and Linens; Child, Preschool; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Policy; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Ownership; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929151683	Evaluation of serum antioxidants in age-related hearing loss	Lasisi T.J., Lasisi A.O.	2015	Aging Clinical and Experimental Research	27	3	10.1007/s40520-014-0282-3	Departments of Physiology and Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P. O. Box 22040, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Lasisi, T.J., Departments of Physiology and Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P. O. Box 22040, Ibadan, Nigeria; Lasisi, A.O., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) has been linked to the shift in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant ratio. Our objectives were to assess serum levels of retinol and zinc among the elderly individuals and to correlate the levels with hearing threshold.Methods: Prospective study of apparently healthy individuals aged ≥60 years of age. Participants had complete clinical history, physical examination and pure tone average conducted. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum levels of retinol and zinc. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare retinol and zinc values. Pearson’s correlation test was used to determine the relationship between hearing threshold and serum levels of retinol and zinc.Results: Among 126 elderly participants with mean age 67 ± 2.7 years; the mean pure tone average for air conduction was 29.3 ± 1.6 dBHL while the mean bone conduction was 36.5 ± 1.8 dBHL. The median values of serum retinol and zinc levels in the elderly participants who had hearing loss in the speech frequencies were 52 and 83.3 μg/L, respectively, while among participants with normal hearing threshold, values were 50 and 89.9 μg/L, respectively (p = 0.59 and 0.99, respectively). For the high frequencies, the median value of serum retinol and zinc levels among the elderly participants with normal hearing threshold was 70.3 and 99.9 μg/L, while among those with hearing loss, it was 46.9 and 83.2 μg/L, respectively (p = 0.000 and 0.005, respectively).Conclusion: Serum retinol and zinc levels were significantly lower among elderly with hearing loss involving the high frequencies. This is added evidence to extant literature on the possible role of antioxidants in the development of ARHL and suggests further study on the effect of antioxidants supplementation in the control of ARHL which is presently controversial and inconclusive. © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Age related hearing loss; Antioxidants; Elderly; Hearing threshold; Retinol; Zinc	retinol; zinc; adult; age related hearing loss; aged; air conduction; Article; auditory threshold; blood sampling; bone conduction; correlation coefficient; female; hearing impairment; human; major clinical study; male; pure tone audiometry; rank sum test; speech articulation; zinc blood level	None
None	None	Evaluation of the burden of unsuspected pulmonary tuberculosis and co-morbidity with non-communicable diseases in sputum producing adult inpatients	Bates M., O'Grady J., Mwaba P., Chilukutu L., Mzyece J., Cheelo B., Chilufya M., Mukonda L., Mumba M., Tembo J., Chomba M., Kapata N., Rachow A., Clowes P., Maeurer M., Hoelscher M., Zumla A.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0040774	Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany	Bates, M., Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; O'Grady, J., Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mwaba, P., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Chilukutu, L., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mzyece, J., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Cheelo, B., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Chilufya, M., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mukonda, L., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Mumba, M., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Tembo, J., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Chomba, M., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia; Kapata, N., Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia; Rachow, A., Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania; Clowes, P., Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania; Maeurer, M., Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Hoelscher, M., Mbeya Medical Research Programme (MMRP), Mbeya, Tanzania, Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Zumla, A., Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Univ. of Zambia and University College London Medical School (UNZA-UCLMS) Res. and Training Project, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia	Background: A high burden of tuberculosis (TB) occurs in sub-Saharan African countries and many cases of active TB and drug-resistant TB remain undiagnosed. Tertiary care hospitals provide an opportunity to study TB co-morbidity with non-communicable and other communicable diseases (NCDs/CDs). We evaluated the burden of undiagnosed pulmonary TB and multi-drug resistant TB in adult inpatients, regardless of their primary admission diagnosis, in a tertiary referral centre. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this prospective study, newly admitted adult inpatients able to produce sputum at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia, were screened for pulmonary TB using fluorescent smear microscopy and automated liquid culture. The burden of pulmonary TB, unsuspected TB, TB co-morbidity with NCDs and CDs was determined. Sputum was analysed from 900 inpatients (70.6% HIV infected) 277 (30.8%) non-TB suspects, 286 (31.8%) TB suspects and 337 (37.4%) were already receiving TB treatment. 202/900 (22.4%) of patients had culture confirmed TB. TB co-morbidity was detected in 20/275 (7.3%) NCD patients, significantly associated with diabetes (P = 0.006, OR 6.571, 95%CI: 1.706-25.3). 27/202 (13.4%) TB cases were unsuspected. There were 18 confirmed cases of MDR-TB, 5 of which were unsuspected. Conclusions/Significance: A large burden of unsuspected pulmonary TB co-morbidity exists in inpatients with NCDs and other CDs. Pro-active sputum screening of all inpatients in tertiary referral centres in high TB endemic countries is recommended. The scale of the problem of undiagnosed MDR-TB in inpatients requires further study. © 2012 Bates et al.	None	isoniazid; rifampicin; adult; aged; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterium culture; bronchus secretion; clinical evaluation; communicable disease; comorbidity; diabetes mellitus; disease association; disease course; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory automation; liquid culture; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; screening; sputum analysis; sputum smear; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Sputum; Tertiary Care Centers; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744914994	Usefulness of histological evaluation of excised nasopharyngeal tumour in a 12-year-old Nigerian boy mimicking adenoids	Alabi B.S., Rafindadi A.H., Saeed N., Anka A.	2006	International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Extra	1	2	10.1016/j.pedex.2006.02.001	Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Departments of Surgery and ENT, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau	Alabi, B.S., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Rafindadi, A.H., Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Saeed, N., Departments of Surgery and ENT, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria; Anka, A., Departments of Surgery and ENT, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria	Background/aim: Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is the commonest benign nasopharyngeal tumour, which tends to bleed is found exclusively in male adolescents. This case was seen at the Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Nigeria, a relatively new tertiary health institution in North Western Nigeria in May 2005, this is to stress the importance of excision biopsy for tumours rather than incisional biopsy in an environment with limited facilities. Results: This 12-year-old male Nigerian boy presented with nasal obstruction, obstructive sleep apnoea and nasal speech previously treated by the native doctors. The tumour was diagnosed based on clinical, posterior rhinoscopy and plain radiological findings and it was surgically excised via a transpalatal approach and histological evaluation of the excised tumour revealed juvenile angiofibroma. Conclusions: The management is discussed with reference to the literature and the limitation of diagnostic facilities is highlighted in a developing country setting and the need for complete surgical excision rather than incisional biopsy especially in the unwary. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Histology; Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma; Male adolescents; Posterior rhinoscopy; Transpalatal approach	adenoid; article; biopsy technique; case report; clinical feature; computer assisted tomography; developing country; diagnostic value; ear nose throat surgery; endoscopy; excision; health care facility; histopathology; human; intermethod comparison; male; medical literature; nasopharynx fibroma; nasopharynx tumor; Nigeria; nose obstruction; school child; sleep apnea syndrome; surgical approach; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889087057	Evaluation of the microbial community, acidity and proximate composition of akamu, a fermented maize food	Obinna-Echem P.C., Kuri V., Beal J.	2014	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	94	2	10.1002/jsfa.6264	School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria	Obinna-Echem, P.C., School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, PMB 5080, Nigeria; Kuri, V., School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom; Beal, J., School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND: Akamu is a lactic acid-fermented cereal-based food that constitutes a major infant complementary food in most West African countries. The identities of LAB populations from DGGE analysis and conventionally isolated LAB and yeasts from traditionally fermented akamu were confirmed by PCR sequencing analysis. The relationships between pH, acidity and lactic acid levels and proximate composition of the akamu samples were investigated. RESULTS: The LAB communities in the akamu samples comprised mainly Lactobacillus species, including Lb. fermentum, Lb. plantarum, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Lb. helveticus, as well as Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris. Identified yeasts were Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Clavispora lusitaniae and Saccharomyces paradoxus. Low pH (3.22-3.95) was accompanied by high lactic acid concentrations (43.10-84.29 mmol kg-1). Protein (31.88-74.32 g kg-1) and lipid (17.74-36.83 g kg-1) contents were negatively correlated with carbohydrate content (897.48-926.20 g kg-1, of which ≤1 g kg-1 was sugars). Ash was either not detected or present only in trace amounts (≤4 g kg-1). Energy levels ranged from 17.29 to 18.37 kJ g-1. CONCLUSION: The akamu samples were predominantly starchy foods and had pH &lt; 4.0 owing to the activities of fermentative LAB. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.	Acidity; Akamu; Lactic acid bacteria; Proximate composition; Yeasts	Bacteria (microorganisms); Candida albicans; Candida tropicalis; Clavispora lusitaniae; Lactobacillus; Lactococcus lactis; Saccharomyces paradoxus; Zea mays; lactic acid; acidity; akamu; article; bacterial count; chemistry; diet; fermentation; food control; genetics; human; lactic acid bacterium; Lactobacillus; maize; microbiology; microflora; pH; plant seed; polymerase chain reaction; proximate composition; yeast; acidity; akamu; lactic acid bacteria; proximate composition; yeasts; Colony Count, Microbial; Diet; Fermentation; Food Microbiology; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lactic Acid; Lactobacillus; Microbiota; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Seeds; Yeasts; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883544683	Qualitative evaluation of the Teenage Mothers Project in Uganda: A community-based empowerment intervention for unmarried teenage mothers	Leerlooijer J.N., Bos A.E., Ruiter R.A., Van Reeuwijk M.A., Rijsdijk L.E., Nshakira N., Kok G.	2013	BMC Public Health	13	1	10.1186/1471-2458-13-816	Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Rutgers WPF, Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands; Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Windesheim Honours College, Zwolle, Netherlands; Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Kampala, Uganda	Leerlooijer, J.N., Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands, Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Bos, A.E., School of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, Netherlands; Ruiter, R.A., Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Van Reeuwijk, M.A., Rutgers WPF, Utrecht, Netherlands; Rijsdijk, L.E., Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Windesheim Honours College, Zwolle, Netherlands; Nshakira, N., Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Kampala, Uganda; Kok, G., Department of Work and Social Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands	Background: A large proportion of unmarried teenage mothers in Uganda face physical, psychological, and social problems after pregnancy and childbirth, such as obstetric complications, lack of education, and stigmatisation in their communities. The Teenage Mothers Project (TMP) in Eastern Uganda empowers unmarried teenage mothers to cope with the consequences of early pregnancy and motherhood. Since 2000, 1036 unmarried teenage mothers, their parents, and community leaders participated in economic and social empowerment interventions. The present study explored the changes resulting from the TMP as well as factors that either enabled or inhibited these changes. Methods. Semi-structured interviews (N = 23) were conducted with former teenage mothers, community leaders, and project implementers, and lifeline histories were obtained from former teenage mothers (N = 9). Quantitative monitoring data regarding demographic and social characteristics of teenage mother participants (N = 1036) were analysed. Results: The findings suggest that, overall, the TMP seems to have contributed to the well-being of unmarried teenage mothers and to a supportive social environment. It appears that the project contributed to supportive community norms towards teenage mothers' position and future opportunities, increased agency, improved coping with early motherhood and stigma, continued education, and increased income generation by teenage mothers. The study findings also suggest limited change in disapproving community norms regarding out-of-wedlock sex and pregnancy, late active enrolment of teenage mothers in the project (i.e., ten months after delivery of the child), and differences in the extent to which parents provided support. Conclusions: It is concluded that strengths of the community-based TMP seem to be its socio-ecological approach, the participatory planning with community leaders and other stakeholders, counselling of parents and unmarried teenage mothers, and the emphasis on education and income generation. The project can improve by earlier active participation of unmarried pregnant adolescents and increased support for parents. © 2013 Leerlooijer et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Agency; Community; Empowerment; Qualitative evaluation; Social change; Stigma; Teenage pregnancy	adaptive behavior; adolescent; adolescent behavior; adolescent pregnancy; article; behavior; community care; developing country; evaluation study; family size; female; health education; human; intervention study; maternal behavior; mental stress; organization and management; pregnancy; psychological aspect; risk assessment; self help; single parent; socioeconomics; statistics; Uganda; young adult; Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Community Health Services; Developing Countries; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Health Education; Humans; Intervention Studies; Maternal Behavior; Power (Psychology); Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Risk Assessment; Self-Help Groups; Single Parent; Single Person; Socioeconomic Factors; Stress, Psychological; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953701394	Neuropsychological performance of South African treatment-naïve adolescents with alcohol dependence	Ferrett H.L., Carey P.D., Thomas K.G.F., Tapert S.F., Fein G.	2010	Drug and Alcohol Dependence	110	42371	10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.019	Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, 7505 Cape Town, Tygerberg, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Neurobehavioral Research Inc, 1585 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1030, Honolulu, HI 90814, United States	Ferrett, H.L., Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, 7505 Cape Town, Tygerberg, South Africa; Carey, P.D., Stellenbosch University, Department of Psychiatry, 7505 Cape Town, Tygerberg, South Africa; Thomas, K.G.F., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Tapert, S.F., University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Fein, G., Neurobehavioral Research Inc, 1585 Kapiolani Blvd., Suite 1030, Honolulu, HI 90814, United States	Background: Alcohol dependence (AD) in developmentally vulnerable adolescents is ubiquitous and confers a risk for long-term neurocognitive sequelae, yet comorbid substance use disorders and psychopathology can complicate interpretations. Here, we compare cognitive functioning in adolescents with and without AD, who are free from comorbid disorders. Methods: English- and Afrikaans-speaking adolescents (13-15 years) of mixed ancestry and low socio-economic status were recruited from the Cape Town region of South Africa. Adolescents with psychiatric, developmental, or other substance use disorders (SUDs) were excluded.AD (n=26) and control (n=26) groups were matched on age, gender, language, and level of education. Neuropsychological testing in participants' home language followed detailed medical/psychiatric evaluation. Results: Although our sample included participants who smoked tobacco, lifetime dosage of other drugs was negligible. When tobacco and other drug use as well as demographic variables were controlled, adolescents with AD performed more poorly on measures of Verbal Story Memory, Self-Monitoring, and Psychomotor Speed and Coordination. Conclusions: These preliminary results, although relatively subtle, suggest that adolescents with AD may be at increased risk for failure to reach optimal levels of neuromaturation, and may be susceptible to cognitive problems associated with protracted alcohol consumption. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	Adolescents; Alcohol; Health effects; Neuropsychology	adolescent; alcoholism; article; clinical article; cognition; comorbidity; controlled study; education; ethnic group; female; human; language; male; neuropsychological test; neuropsychology; priority journal; scoring system; social status; South Africa; substance abuse; verbal memory; Adolescent; Alcoholism; Cognition Disorders; Executive Function; Female; Humans; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Neuropsychological Tests; Problem Solving; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychomotor Performance; Regression Analysis; Social Class; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders; Verbal Learning; Nicotiana tabacum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960981190	Evaluation of the LTK63 adjuvant effect on cellular immune responses to measles virus nucleoprotein	Erume J., Partidos C.D.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	2	None	Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pathology and Infectious diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1, United Kingdom	Erume, J., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Microbiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Partidos, C.D., Department of Pathology and Infectious diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1, United Kingdom	Background: A lot of pathogens enter the body via the nasal route. The construction of non-toxic mutants of heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT), which is a potent mucosal adjuvant, represents a major breakthrough for the development of mucosal vaccines. Objective: This study was undertaken to critically evaluate the adjuvanticity of the mutant of LT (LTK63) on the cellular immune responses to intranasally co-administered recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein (rMVNP). Methods: Groups of CBA mice were immunized intranasally with rMVNP with or without LT or LTK63 as adjuvants. Another group was immunized subcutaneously with rMVNP in Freund's adjuvant. rMVNP and measles virus (MV) were used in a proliferation assay to test the LTK63 potentiating ability to induce T cell responses. Subsequently MVNP synthetic peptides spanning the length of the N protein were used with a proliferation assay to identify the T cell epitopes. Results: Splenocytes from mice immunized intranasally with rMVNP plus LT or LTK63, showed strong dose dependent proliferative responses to both the MVNP and MV. However, proliferative responses from the latter group were significantly lower than the former group (P < 0.05). Splenocytes tested recognized peptides 20, 21, 28, 31, 39, 40 and 50, suggesting these to be among important epitopes. Subcutaneous route was not effective in priming for T cell responses to rMVNP. Conclusion: These data further demonstrate the great potential of LTK63 as a safe mucosal vaccine adjuvant.	Adjuvant; Cellular; Evaluation; Immunity; LTK63; Mice	epitope; Escherichia coli enterotoxin; Freund adjuvant; immunological adjuvant; ltk 63; mutant protein; recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein; unclassified drug; virus nucleoprotein; animal cell; animal experiment; antigen recognition; article; cellular immunity; controlled study; dose response; female; lymphocyte proliferation; measles; Measles virus; nonhuman; spleen cell; T lymphocyte; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Proliferation; Enterotoxins; Epitopes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Female; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Mucosal; Measles virus; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Nucleoproteins; Spleen; Vaccines; Viral Proteins	None
WoS	WOS:000289424600001	Evaluation of the impact of the voucher and accreditation approach on improving reproductive health behaviors and status in Kenya	Abuya, Timothy,Askew, Ian,Bellows, Ben,Njue, Rebecca,Obare, Francis,Sunday, Joseph,Warren, Charlotte	2011	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-177	None	None	Background: Alternatives to the traditional 'supply-side' approach to financing service delivery are being explored. These strategies are termed results-based finance, demand-side health financing or output-based aid which includes a range of interventions that channel government or donor subsidies to the user rather than the provider. Initial pilot assessments of reproductive health voucher programs suggest that, they can increase access and use, reducing inequities and enhancing program efficiency and service quality. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing how the programs function in different settings, for various reproductive health services. Population Council, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, intends to generate evidence around the 'voucher and accreditation' approaches to improving the reproductive health of low income women in Kenya. Methods/Design: A quasi-experimental study will investigate the impact of the voucher approach on improving reproductive health behaviors, reproductive health status and reducing inequities at the population level; and assessing the effect of vouchers on increasing access to, and quality of, and reducing inequities in the use of selected reproductive health services. The study comprises of four populations: facilities, providers, women of reproductive health age using facilities and women and men who have been pregnant and/or used family planning within the previous 12 months. The study will be carried out in samples of health facilities - public, private and faith-based in: three districts; Kisumu, Kiambu, Kitui and two informal settlements in Nairobi which are accredited to provide maternal and newborn health and family planning services to women holding vouchers for the services; and compared with a matched sample of non-accredited facilities. Health facility assessments (HFA) will be conducted at two stages to track temporal changes in quality of care and utilization. Facility inventories, structured observations, and client exit interviews will be used to collect comparable data across facilities. Health providers will also be interviewed and observed providing care. A population survey of about 3000 respondents will also be carried out in areas where vouchers are distributed and similar locations where vouchers are not distributed.	"Out-put based approach",vouchers	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650709477	The clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of routine, voluntary HIV screening in South Africa	Walensky R.P., Wood R., Fofana M.O., Martinson N.A., Losina E., April M.D., Bassett I.V., Morris B.L., Freedberg K.A., Paltiel A.D.	2011	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	56	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181fb8f24	Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Fofana, M.O., General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Martinson, N.A., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; Losina, E., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; April, M.D., Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Bassett, I.V., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Morris, B.L., General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background:: Although 900,000 HIV-infected South Africans receive antiretroviral therapy, the majority of South Africans with HIV remain undiagnosed. Methods: We use a published simulation model of HIV case detection and treatment to examine 3 HIV screening scenarios, in addition to current practice as follows: (1) one-time; (2) every 5 years; and (3) annually. South African model input data include the following: 16.9% HIV prevalence, 1.3% annual incidence, 49% test acceptance rate, HIV testing costs of $6.49/patient, and a 47% linkage-to-care rate (including 2 sequential antiretroviral therapy regimens) for identified cases. Outcomes include life expectancy, direct medical costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness. Results: HIV screening one-time, every 5 years, and annually increase HIV-infected quality-adjusted life expectancy (mean age 33 years) from 180.6 months (current practice) to 184.9, 187.6, and 197.2 months. The incremental cost-effectiveness of one-time screening is dominated by screening every 5 years. Screening every 5 years and annually each have incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $1570/quality-adjusted life year and $1720/quality-adjusted life year. Screening annually is very cost-effective even in settings with the lowest incidence/prevalence, with test acceptance and linkage rates both as low as 20%, or when accounting for a stigma impact at least four-fold that of the base case. Conclusions: In South Africa, annual voluntary HIV screening offers substantial clinical benefit and is very cost-effective, even with highly constrained access to care and treatment. © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	antiretrovirus agent; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; proteinase inhibitor; adult; article; clinical article; cost benefit analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; female; health care access; health care cost; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; life expectancy; male; priority journal; quality adjusted life year; screening; simulation; South Africa; treatment outcome; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Costs and Cost Analysis; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; HIV Infections; Humans; Life Expectancy; Mass Screening; Models, Theoretical; Social Stigma; South Africa; Time Factors; Voluntary Programs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053630188	Pilot evaluation of the psychometric properties of a self-medication Risk Assessment Tool among elderly patients in a community setting	Lubinga S.J., Millar I., Babigumira J.B.	2011	BMC Research Notes	4	None	10.1186/1756-0500-4-398	Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Global Medicines Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Lubinga, S.J., Department of Pharmacy, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Millar, I., Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Babigumira, J.B., Global Medicines Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Although community pharmacists in the United Kingdom are expected to assess elderly patients' needs for additional support in managing their medicines, there is limited data on potentially useful assessment tools. We sought to evaluate a 13-item assessment instrument among community dwelling elderly patients, 65 years and above. The instrument is composed of a cognitive risk sub-scale of 6 items and a physical risk sub-scale of 7 items. Findings. The instrument was administered to elderly patients in a survey performed in a community to the west of Glasgow, Scotland. The survey recruited 37 participants, 31 from 4 community pharmacies and 6 patients whose medication management tasks were managed by the West Glasgow Community Health and Care Partnership (managed patients). Community pharmacists independently rated 29 of the 37 participants' comprehension of, and dexterity in handling their medicines. We assessed scale reliability, convergent validity and criterion validity. In sub-analyses, we assessed differences in scores between the managed patients and those recruited from the community pharmacies, and between multi-compartment compliance aid users and non-users. The instrument showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.792 for 13-item scale). There was significant strong negative correlation between the cognitive risk sub-scores and community pharmacists' assessment of comprehension ( = -0.546, p = 0.0038); and physical risk sub-scores and community pharmacists' assessment of dexterity ( = -0.491, p = 0.0093). The Area Under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (AUC SE; 95%CI) showed that the instrument had good discriminatory capacity (0.86 0.07; 0.68, 0.96). The best cut-off (sensitivity, specificity) was 4 (65%, 100%). In the sub-analyses, managed patients had significantly higher cognitive risk sub-scores (6.5 versus 4.0, p = 0.0461) compared to non-managed patients. There was a significant difference in total risk score (4 versus 2, p = 0.0135) and cognitive risk sub-score (4 versus 1.5, p = 0.0029) between users and non-users of multi-compartment compliance aids. Conclusions: This instrument shows potential for use in identifying elderly patients who may have problems managing their own medicines in the community setting. However, more robust validity and reliability assessments are needed prior to introduction of the tool into routine practice. © 2011 Lubinga et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of gravid traps for the collection of Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis in Tanzania	Irisha S.R., Moorea S.J., Deruac Y.A., Brucea J., Camerona M.M.	2013	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	107	1	10.1093/trstmh/trs001	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania	Irisha, S.R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Moorea, S.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Deruac, Y.A., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Brucea, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Camerona, M.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background: Although several studies have suggested that gravid traps might be useful for collection of mosquitoes, particularly Culex quinquefasciatus, to monitor transmission of the nematode Wuchereria bancrofti (xenomonitoring), there has not been a study to see which of the currently available gravid traps is most effective in endemic areas. The present study evaluated the comparative efficacy for collection of Cx quinquefasciatus of four commercially available gravid traps: the CDC, Frommer Updraft, Reiter-Cummings and Harris County traps. Method: Trap evaluations were conducted in two locations in Tanzania, Ifakara and Tanga. Mosquitoes collected were identified to species, sex, and gonotrophic status. Results: In both locations, the CDC gravid trap collected the highest number of mosquitoes, the highest number of Cx quinquefasciatus, and the highest proportion of gravid mosquitoes. Although it damaged the highest proportion of mosquitoes as they passed through the trap fan, the CDC gravid trap also contained the highest number of living mosquitoes, when the traps were collected in the morning. The CDC gravid traps collected significantly more phlebotomine sandflies than the other traps and in Tanga, where they were more frequent, the highest number of biting midges. Conclusion: The effectiveness of all four gravid traps should encourage the sampling of Cx quinquefasciatus where it is an important disease vector or nuisance mosquito. The unexpected collection of phlebotomine sandflies and biting midges indicates that gravid traps might usefully collect other insects, including those of medical importance. © Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2012. All rights reserved.	Culex quinquefasciatus; Gravid trap; Lymphatic filariasis; Tanzania	animal experiment; animal trapping; article; CDC gravid trap; clinical effectiveness; Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; female; Frommer Updraft gravid trap; gravid trap; Harris County gravid trap; intermethod comparison; lymphatic filariasis; male; nonhuman; Phlebotomus; protective equipment; Reiter Cummings gravid trap; Tanzania; vector control; animal; Culex; equipment; evaluation; methodology; mosquito; Poaceae; organic compound; plant extract; Animals; Culex; Mosquito Control; Organic Chemicals; Plant Extracts; Poaceae; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947282157	The impact of malaria control on perceptions of tourists and tourism operators concerning malaria prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, 1999/2000 versus 2002/2003	Maartens F., Sharp B., Curtis B., Mthembu J., Hatting I.	2007	Journal of Travel Medicine	14	2	10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00086.x	Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control, South African National Department of Health, Jozini, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Malaria Control Programme, South African National Department of Health, Richards Bay, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa	Maartens, F., Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, 491 Ridge Road, Overport, Durban 4001, South Africa; Sharp, B., Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Curtis, B., Malaria Lead Programme, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mthembu, J., KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Malaria Control, South African National Department of Health, Jozini, South Africa; Hatting, I., KwaZulu-Natal Malaria Control Programme, South African National Department of Health, Richards Bay, South Africa	Background. Although the regional approach to malaria control between South Africa, Swaziland, and Mozambique has significantly decreased malaria risk in the Lubombo corridor, many facility owners' and tourists' malaria risk perception has remained unchanged. A large percentage are still unaware of the extensive malaria control efforts in the region and subsequent malaria reductions in the Lubombo corridor. Methods. A questionnaire-based follow-up survey was carried out in northern KwaZulu-Natal in the 1999/2000 and 2002/2003 malaria seasons. Tourists and tourist facility owners/managers were interviewed on their perceptions pertaining to malaria risk. Results. In the 1999/2000 malaria season, 18% of tourist facilities in northern KwaZulu-Natal were in areas where 5 to 25 malaria cases per 1,000 population were recorded, and 68% were in areas where <5 malaria cases per 1,000 population were recorded. A major reduction in malaria cases was achieved by the end of the 2002/2003 malaria season. None (0%) of the tourist facilities were in areas where 5 to 25 malaria cases per 1,000 population were recorded, and 98% were in areas where malaria cases were lower than five cases per 1,000 population. Conclusion. The survey of local and international tourists and tourist facility operators in northern KwaZulu-Natal revealed that there was a discrepancy between perceived and actual malaria risk. The perceived malaria risk among both local and international tourists and facility operators needs to be addressed by distributing updated malaria risk information on an annual basis. © 2007 International Society of Travel Medicine.	None	artemisinin; chloroquine; fansidar; article; follow up; health survey; human; infection risk; malaria; malaria control; questionnaire; tourism; Attitude; Climate; Data Collection; Humans; Information Dissemination; Malaria; Prevalence; Public Opinion; South Africa; Travel	None
WoS	WOS:000338472600001	Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: realist evaluation of the Leadership Development Programme for district manager decision-making in Ghana	Agyepong, Irene Akua,Kwamie, Aku,van Dijk, Han	2014	HEALTH RESEARCH POLICY AND SYSTEMS	12	None	10.1186/1478-4505-12-29	University of Ghana, Wageningen Univ, Wageningen University & Research Center	"Agyepong, Irene Akua: University of Ghana",	Background: Although there is widespread agreement that strong district manager decision-making improves health systems, understanding about how the design and implementation of capacity-strengthening interventions work is limited. The Ghana Health Service has adopted the Leadership Development Programme (LDP) as one intervention to support the development of management and leadership within district teams. This paper seeks to address how and why the LDP 'works' when it is introduced into a district health system in Ghana, and whether or not it supports systems thinking in district teams. Methods: We undertook a realist evaluation to investigate the outcomes, contexts, and mechanisms of the intervention. Building on two working hypotheses developed from our earlier work, we developed an explanatory case study of one rural district in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Data collection included participant observation, document review, and semi-structured interviews with district managers prior to, during, and after the intervention. Working backwards from an in-depth analysis of the context and observed short-and medium-term outcomes, we drew a causal loop diagram to explain interactions between contexts, outcomes, and mechanisms. Results: The LDP was a valuable experience for district managers and teams were able to attain short-term outcomes because the novel approach supported teamwork, initiative-building, and improved prioritisation. However, the LDP was not institutionalised in district teams and did not lead to increased systems thinking. This was related to the context of high uncertainty within the district, and hierarchical authority of the system, which triggered the LDP's underlying goal of organisational control. Conclusions: Consideration of organisational context is important when trying to sustain complex interventions, as it seems to influence the gap between short-and medium-term outcomes. More explicit focus on systems thinking principles that enable district managers to better cope with their contexts may strengthen the institutionalisation of the LDP in the future.	"Continuous quality improvements","district health systems","realist evaluation","systems thinking",CARE,MODELS,"TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT",UGANDA,WORKERS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84951266195	Evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in Ethiopia	Yimer M., Hailu T., Mulu W., Abera B.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1822-4	Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Yimer, M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Hailu, T., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mulu, W., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Abera, B., Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia	Background: Although the sensitivity of Wet mount technique is questionable, it is the major diagnostic technique for routine diagnosis of intestinal parasitosis in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from May to June 2013. Single stool sample was processed for direct, Formol ether concentration (FEC) and Kato Katz methods. The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of diagnostic tests were calculated in terms of the "Gold" standard method (the combined result of the three methods altogether). Results: A total of 422 school age children were participated in this study. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was high (74.6 %) with Kato Katz technique. The sensitivity of Wet mount, FEC and Kato Katz tests against the Gold standard test was 48.9, 63.1 and 93.7 %, respectively. Kato Katz technique revealed a better NPV 80.4 (80.1-80.6) as compared to the Wet mount (33.7 %) and FEC techniques (41.3 %). Conclusion: In this study, the Kato Katz technique outperformed the other two methods but the true values for sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic values are not known. Moreover, it is labor intensive and not easily accessible. Hence, it is preferable to use FEC technique to complement the Wet mount test. © 2015 Yimer et al.	Ethiopia; FEC; Kato Katz; NPV; Sensitivity; Wet mount	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875892886	Comparative evaluation of warfarin utilisation in two primary healthcare clinics in the Cape Town area	Njovane X.W., Fasinu P.S., Rosenkranz B.	2013	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	24	2	10.5830/CVJA-2012-072	Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Njovane, X.W., Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Fasinu, P.S., Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Rosenkranz, B., Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Although warfarin remains the anticoagulant drug of choice in a wide range of patients, its narrow therapeutic window makes patients susceptible to a high risk of bleeding complications or failure to prevent clotting. This has necessitated therapeutic monitoring in warfarinised patients. Factors that could be responsible for the fluctuating responses to warfarin vary from pharmacogenetic to concomitant morbidity, diet and medication. In order to assess the quality of management of warfarin treatment in a local primary-care setting, the current study evaluated warfarin utilisation and monitoring records in two hospitals with different patient groups. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken in the specialised warfarin clinics at Wesfleur and Gugulethu hospitals (Western Cape, South Africa) covering all warfarin-related therapy records over a 12-month period. Data extracted from the patients' folders included age, gender, race, weight, address, concurrent chronic illnesses, treatment and medication, indication for warfarin and INR history. Results: A total of 119 patients' folders were analysed. Attendance at the clinics reflects the demographics and racial distribution of the host location of the hospitals. While all the patients were maintained above the minimum international normalised ratio (INR) value of 2, about 50% had at least one record of INR above the cut-off value of 3.5. However, over a third of the patients (32.2%) had at least one record of INR greater than 3.5 in Gugulethu Hospital, compared to over half (58.3%) in Wesfleur Hospital. In total, atrial fibrillation was the most common indication for warfarinisation while hypertension was the most common concurrent chronic condition in warfarinised patients. All patients who received quinolone antibiotics had INR values above the cut-off point of 3.5 within the same month of the initiation of antibiotic therapy, suggesting drug-induced warfarin potentiation. Other co-medications, including beta-lactam antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and anti-ulcer drugs appeared to alter warfarin responses as measured by recorded INR values. Conclusion: The study found inter-individual variability in the response to warfarin therapy, which cut across racial classifications. It also confirms the possible influence of concomitant morbidity on patient response to anticoagulant therapy.	Anticoagulant; Drug monitoring; International normalised ratio; Warfarin; Warfarinisation	antiulcer agent; beta lactam antibiotic; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; quinoline derived antiinfective agent; warfarin; adult; age; antibiotic therapy; arthritis; article; comorbidity; comparative study; diabetes mellitus; drug indication; drug utilization; female; gender; heart atrium fibrillation; hospital; human; hypertension; international normalized ratio; major clinical study; male; obstructive airway disease; peptic ulcer; primary health care; race; retrospective study; weight; Adult; Anticoagulants; Chi-Square Distribution; Comorbidity; Drug Interactions; Drug Monitoring; Drug Utilization; Drug Utilization Review; Female; Humans; International Normalized Ratio; Male; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Physician's Practice Patterns; Polypharmacy; Primary Health Care; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Treatment Outcome; Warfarin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866993559	Rapid point-of-care CD4 testing at mobile HIV testing sites to increase linkage to care: An evaluation of a pilot program in South Africa	Larson B.A., Schnippel K., Ndibongo B., Xulu T., Brennan A., Long L., Fox M.P., Rosen S.	2012	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	61	2	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825eec60	Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Department of International Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Larson, B.A., Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Department of International Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Schnippel, K., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ndibongo, B., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Xulu, T., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brennan, A., Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Department of International Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Long, L., Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Department of International Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Fox, M.P., Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Department of International Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States, Department of International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rosen, S., Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Department of International Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	BACKGROUND: A mobile HIV counseling and testing (HCT) program around Johannesburg piloted the integration of point-of-care (POC) CD4 testing, using the Pima analyzer, to improve linkages to HIV care. We report results from this pilot program for patients testing positive (n = 508) from May to October 2010. METHODS: We analyzed 3 primary outcomes: assignment to testing group (offered POC CD4 or not), successful follow-up (by telephone), and completed the referral visit for HIV care within 8 weeks after HIV testing if successfully followed up. Proportions for each outcome were calculated, and relative risks were estimated using a modified Poisson approach. RESULTS: Three hundred eleven patients were offered the POC CD4 test, and 197 patients were not offered the test. No differences in patient characteristics were observed between the 2 groups. Approximately 62.7% of patients were successfully followed up 8 weeks after HIV testing, with no differences observed between testing groups. Among those followed up, 54.4% reported completing their referral visit. Patients offered the POC CD4 test were more likely to complete the referral visit for further HIV care (relative risk 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.00 to 1.57). CONCLUSIONS: In this mobile HCT setting, patients offered POC CD4 testing as part of the HCT services were more likely to visit a referral clinic after testing, suggesting that rapid CD4 testing technology may improve linkage to HIV care. Future research can evaluate options for adjusting HCT services if POC CD4 testing was included permanently and the cost-effectiveness of the POC CD4 testing compared with other approaches for improving linkage of care. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.	linkage to care; mobile HIV counseling and testing (HTC); point-of-care CD4 testing; South Africa	adult; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cost effectiveness analysis; female; follow up; health care delivery; health program; health service; HIV test; human; major clinical study; male; mobile phone; outcome assessment; patient care; patient counseling; patient referral; point of care testing; priority journal; South Africa; telephone; Adult; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mobile Health Units; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Point-of-Care Systems; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883700146	Evaluation and comparison of in-vitro dissolution profiles for different brands of amoxicillin capsules	Kassaye L., Genete G.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	2	10.4314/ahs.v13i2.25	Food and Medicine quality Control Laboratory, Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kassaye, L., Food and Medicine quality Control Laboratory, Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Genete, G., Food and Medicine quality Control Laboratory, Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Amoxicillin is an oral semi-synthetic, β-lactam antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections caused by susceptible micro organisms. It is usually prepared in capsule, tablet and powder for oral suspension form. Solid dosage forms for oral administration pose bioavailability problems related to the absorption process The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted the use of generic brands in order to make the cost of medicines affordable. Generic substitution could be considered when a generic copy of a reference drug contains identical amounts of the same active ingredient in the same dose formulation and route of administration. However, the presences of generic products those are not interchangeable with that of the innovator and/or with each others have been reported. Objective: To evaluate and compare the in-vitro dissolution profiles of different generic brands of amoxicillin capsules with the innovator that are available in Ethiopian market. Methods: Dissolution profiles for nine brands of amoxicillin capsules contained amoxicillin 500 mg which are available in Ethiopian market were determined using a method from the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP, 2009). The obtained dissolution profile data of the eight brands were evaluated and compared with the innovator brand (Amoxil™) using two different statistical methods: the fit factors (f1 & f2) and the dissolution efficiency (D.E.) model. Most generic brands of amoxicillin capsules (62.5% of the tested brands) are not interchangeable with the innovator brand. Results: The calculated f1 factor for Brand A and Brand G are 10.1 and 1.1 respectively. However, for the rest six brands the f1 factors are greater than 15. The f2 factor for Brand G is 74.1 and for Brand A is 48.5 which is near to 50. Similarly, the f2 factors for the six brands are less than 50 which support the result of the f1 factors for the dissimilarity of these brands with the innovator brand. The mean dissolution efficiencies as well as the 95% confidence intervals are within ±10% only for two brands, Brand F and Brand G. Conclusion: Most generic brands of amoxicillin capsules (62.5%) are not interchangeable with the innovator brand (Amoxil™).	Amoxicillin; Dissolution profile; Evaluation and comparison	amoxicillin; generic drug; article; comparative study; controlled study; drug capsule; drug solubility; drug structure; in vitro study; tablet disintegration time; amoxicillin; Dissolution profile; evaluation and comparison; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Capsules; Ethiopia; Solubility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845395990	Impact of urbanisation on bionomics and distribution of malaria vectors in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria	Oyewole I.O., Awolola T.S.	2006	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	43	4	None	Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria	Oyewole, I.O., Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Awolola, T.S., Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria	Background &amp; objectives: The patterns of annual, rainfall as well as average daily temperature have not changed drastically in the study area since 1960 when detailed baseline entomological surveys were carried out. However, the increase in human population from 1.2 to 10 million has resulted in both expansion of land and tremendous ecological and environmental change. This has led to drastic changes in vectors' densities as well as species' composition while the preferred larval habitat of malaria vectors has shifted to water reservoirs. A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the impact of urbanisation on bionomics and distribution of malaria vectors in Lagos, a mega city in Nigeria. Methods: Mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors using WHO standard techniques in the selected areas between January and December 2000. Specimens were identified using the morphological keys and PCR assays. ELISA tests were used for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection. Results: The Anopheles gambiae species-specific PCR identified 56% (435/777) of the An. gambiae s.l. as An. gambiae s.s. and 44% (342/777) as An. arabiensis. The molecular M and S forms represented 35.3 and 64.7% of the An. gambiae s.s. population, respectively. The An. funestus species-specific PCR identified 60% (239/401) of the An. funestus group as An. funestus s.s. and 40% (162/401) as An. rivulorum. The biting activity of An. funestus s.s. both indoors and outdoors attained a peak at 0200 and 2200 hrs, respectively, with a significant increase in the "pre-bed time" collections indoors (χ2 = 6.15, df = 1, p &lt; 0.05) and outdoors (χ2 = 6.28, df = 1, p &lt; 0.05). The overall outdoor collection was significantly higher (χ2 = 28.23, df =3, p &lt; 0.05) than that recorded indoors. The overall sporozoite rates for An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis and An. funestus were significantly different in both localities (χ2 = 0.58, df = 2, p &lt; 0.01). Infection rates in both indoor and outdoor collections were also different statistically (χ2 = 0.67, df = 2, p &lt; 0.01). Interpretation &amp; conclusion: Large number and species of anopheline mosquitoes collected in the study area may be associated with the availability of aquatic breeding sites. A phenomenon leading to an increase in man-vector contact and a high level of risk to the crowded urban population is observed.	Anopheles mosquitoes; Nigeria; Urbanisation	anopheles arabiensis; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Anopheles rivolurum; article; climate change; controlled study; ecology; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; geographic distribution; infection rate; malaria; morphology; mosquito; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasite vector; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; urbanization; world health organization; Animals; Anopheles; Anopheles gambiae; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Malaria, Falciparum; Nigeria; Species Specificity; Urbanization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949194749	Possible biochemical impact of malaria infection in subjects with HIV co-infection in Anambra state, Nigeria	Onyenekwe C.C., Ukibe N., Meludu S.C., Ifeanyi M., Ezeani M., Onochie A., Ofiaeli N., Aboh N., Ilika A.	2008	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	45	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of I	Onyenekwe, C.C., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ukibe, N., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Meludu, S.C., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ifeanyi, M., Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ezeani, M., Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Onochie, A., HIV Laboratory Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ofiaeli, N., VCT Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Aboh, N., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ilika, A., Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background &amp; objectives: The present study was designed to determine possible contributory impact of malaria infection on some biochemical markers in subjects with HIV co-infection in order to know if they are adverse or protective. Methods: Participants were recruited at the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Unit, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria and grouped into: (i) Malaria and HIV co-infection group (n = 45); and (ii) HIV infected group without concurrent malaria infection (n = 57). Standard laboratory methods were used for the HIV and Plasmodium falciparum antigen screening, malaria parasite density, CD4 + T-cell count, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, serum iron and albumin concentrations. Results: The results showed that serum iron and albumin were significantly reduced and raised respectively in 'Malaria-HIV co-infection group' compared with 'HIV infection group' (p &lt;0.05 and p &lt;0.05). A positive association was observed between age and serum iron concentration in malaria and HIV co-infected group (r = 0.580; p &lt;0.05) while negative associations were observed between PCV and serum iron (r = -0.388; p &lt;0.05) and between CD4 + T-cells and serum iron concentration (r = -0.362; p&lt;0.05) in malaria and HIV co-infected group. The CD4 + T-cell count, WBC count, PCV were not significantly different between the Malaria-HIV co-infection group and HIV infection group. Interpretation &amp; conclusion: In the present study serum iron and albumin concentrations were the most sensitive indicators that showed the contributory impact of malaria infection on biochemical index in HIV co-infected subjects. The findings suggest that at the defined stage of HIV infection in the present study, malaria co-infection may moderate the impact of HIV infection on iron metabolism and hepatic synthesis of albumin.	Biochemical-index; HIV; Malaria co-infection	biochemical marker; iron; serum albumin; adult; age; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; female; hematocrit; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; iron blood level; iron metabolism; leukocyte count; major clinical study; malaria; male; mixed infection; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; protein synthesis; Adult; Animals; Biological Markers; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Comorbidity; Female; Hematocrit; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Iron; Leukocyte Count; Malaria; Male; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; Serum Albumin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929942748	Performance of Ethiopia's health system in delivering integrated community-based case management	Marsh D.R., Tesfaye H., Degefie T., Legesse H., Abebe H., Teferi E., Ashenafi A., Ameha A., Kebede H.	2014	Ethiopian Medical Journal	52	None	None	Save the ChildrenCT, United States; Save the Children, Awassa, Ethiopia; UNICEF, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Integrated Family Health Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; John Snow Incorporated, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Marsh, D.R., Save the ChildrenCT, United States; Tesfaye, H., Save the Children, Awassa, Ethiopia; Degefie, T., UNICEF, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, H., UNICEF, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebe, H., Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teferi, E., Integrated Family Health Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ashenafi, A., John Snow Incorporated, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ameha, A., John Snow Incorporated, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kebede, H., Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background. Analyzing complex health programs by their components and sub-components serves design, documentation, evaluation, research, and gap identification and prioritization. In 2012, we developed a rapid methodology to characterize integrated community case management (iCCM) programs by assessing benchmarks for eight health system components in three program phases. Objective. To assess iCCM benchmarks in Ethiopia three years after scale-up commenced, and to compare the benchmarks across the geographical region. Methods. Six national iCCM experts scored each of 70 benchmarks (no, partial, or yes) and then were facilitated to reach consensus. Results. Overall, iCCM benchmark achievement in Ethiopia was high (87.3%), highest for pre-introduction (93.0%), followed by introduction (87.9%) and scale-up (78.1%) phases. Achievement by system component was highest for coordination and policy (94.2%) and lowest for costing and finance (70.3%). Six regional countries' benchmark assessments, including two from Ethiopia 14 months apart, were highly correlated with program duration at scale (correlation coefficient: +0.88). Conclusion. Ethiopia has a mature, broad-based iCCM program. Despite limitations, the method described here rapidly, systematically, and validly characterized a complex program and highlighted areas for attention through government or partners.	Benchmarks; Child health; Community case management; Community health worker; Ethiopia; Health system	case management; community care; Ethiopia; health care quality; human; integrated health care system; quality control; standards; Benchmarking; Case Management; Community Health Services; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Ethiopia; Humans; Process Assessment (Health Care)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928650473	Evaluation of the invitro anti-oxidant activity of Alternanthera brasiliana leaves	Enechi O.C., Odo C.E., Wuave C.P.	2013	Journal of Pharmacy Research	6	9	10.1016/j.jopr.2013.09.006	Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Enechi, O.C., Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Odo, C.E., Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Wuave, C.P., Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Background and aim: Alternanthera brasiliana belongs to the family, Amaranthaceae and is popularly known as Brazilian joyweed. It is a medicinal plant famous for its therapeutic effects in Brazil, South Africa and Nigeria amongst other countries. In the present study, the ethanol extract of the leaves of A. brasiliana was evaluated for its potential anti-oxidant activity. Methods: This was carried out by determining the concentration of total phenols in the extract as well as using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging, iron (II)-chelating, nitric oxide radical-scavenging, ferrous sulphate and carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation assays. Results: The results show that the concentration of total phenols in the extract was 0.031±0.006μg/ml of the extract. In addition, the percentage inhibition of DPPH radical exhibited by the increasing concentrations of the extract, iron (II)-chelating and nitric oxide radical-scavenging activities (in percent), percentage inhibitions of ferrous sulphate and carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation by the extract ranged from 96.29% to 99.59%, 51.43% to 78.78%, 53.43% to 94.85%, 25.00% to 37.90% and 96.26% to 99.50% respectively. Results of the assays were comparable to those of the standard anti-oxidant (ascorbic acid). Conclusion: The above data provide evidences that the ethanol extract of the leaves of A. brasiliana is rich in natural anti-oxidants and thus justify its use in folk medicine especially in the management of free radical-mediated disorders. © 2013 JPR Solutions.	Alternanthera brasiliana; Anti-oxidants; Ethanol; Free radical and lipid peroxidation	1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl; Alternanthera brasiliana extract; antioxidant; ascorbic acid; carbon tetrachloride; ferrous sulfate; iron chelating agent; nitric oxide; phenol derivative; plant extract; scavenger; unclassified drug; Alternanthera brasiliana; Amaranthaceae; antioxidant activity; Article; drug determination; drug synthesis; in vitro study; lipid peroxidation; male; medicinal plant; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; solvent extraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867177735	Rheumatic mitral repair versus replacement in a threshold country: The impact of commissural fusion	Geldenhuys A., Koshy J.J., Human P.A., Mtwale J.F., Brink J.G., Zilla P.	2012	Journal of Heart Valve Disease	21	4	None	Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Geldenhuys, A., Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Koshy, J.J., Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Human, P.A., Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Mtwale, J.F., Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Brink, J.G., Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Zilla, P., Christiaan Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background and aim of the study: In developing countries rheumatic heart disease is the predominant indication for cardiac surgery. As the disease tends to progress, reoperation rates for mitral valve repairs are high. Against this background, the predictors of failure were assessed and the overall performance of repairs compared with replacements in a 10-year cohort of rheumatic single mitral valve procedures. Methods: Between 2000 and 2010, a total of 646 consecutive adult (aged >15 years) patients underwent primary, single mitral valve procedures. All 87 percutaneous balloon valvuloplasties (100%) were rheumatic, compared to 280 of the 345 primary mitral valve replacements (81%) and 69 of the 215 primary mitral valve repairs (32%). As the study aim was to compare the outcome of mitral valve repair versus replacement in rheumatic patients of a threshold country, all 69 repair patients were propensity-matched with 69 of the replacement patients. Based on propensity score analysis, Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis with log-rank testing was used to evaluate survival and morbidity. Results: The follow up was 100% complete (n = 138), and ranged from 0.6 to 132 months (mean 53.3 ± 36.5 months). Actuarial freedom from valve-related mortality was 96 ± 3% and 92 ± 4% at five years, and 96 ± 3% and 80 ± 11% at 10 years for repairs and replacements, respectively (p = NS). Actuarial freedom from all valve-related events (deaths, reoperations and morbidity) was 80 ± 6% and 86 ± 5% at five years, and 70 ± 8% and 69 ± 11% at 10 years (p = NS). Actuarial freedom from all valve-related events was 57 ± 11% and 96 ± 3% at five years (p =0.0008), and 42 ± 12% and 96 ± 3% at 10 years (p <0.001) for those mitral valve repairs with and without commissural fusion, respectively (p = 0.0002 overall). Conclusion: The long-term results for mitral valve replacement in an indigent, rheumatic heart disease population of a developing country were better than generally perceived. Notwithstanding, mitral valve repair has a superior long-term outcome in those patients who do not show commissural fusion at operation. © Copyright by ICR Publishers 2012.	None	adult; article; female; follow up; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; mitral valve repair; mitral valve replacement; morbidity; priority journal; reoperation; rheumatic heart disease; survival; transluminal valvuloplasty; treatment failure; adolescent; aged; child; community care; comparative study; developing country; heart atrium fibrillation; heart valve replacement; Kaplan Meier method; methodology; middle aged; mitral annuloplasty; mitral valve regurgitation; mortality; South Africa; statistics; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Child; Developing Countries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Mitral Valve Annuloplasty; Mitral Valve Insufficiency; Morbidity; Reoperation; Rheumatic Heart Disease; South Africa; Uncompensated Care; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866512350	The performance of DGT versus conventional soil phosphorus tests in tropical soils - An isotope dilution study	Six L., Pypers P., Degryse F., Smolders E., Merckx R.	2012	Plant and Soil	359	02-Jan	10.1007/s11104-012-1192-9	Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Ins. of the Intl. Centre for Tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia	Six, L., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Pypers, P., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Ins. of the Intl. Centre for Tropical Agriculture (TSBF-CIAT), P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Degryse, F., School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; Smolders, E., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Merckx, R., Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Soil and Water Management, K.U.Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium	Background and aims: A soil test that samples nutrients only from fractions that are accessible to plants will predict availability and uptake more robustly than empirical tests. This can be tested by comparison of the isotope ratios (specific activity, SA) of the nutrient between plant and the soil extract. This study was set up to assess this requirement for the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT), recently proposed as a soil P test, in comparison with conventional soil P tests viz. Olsen, Colwell, Bray-1, Mehlich-3, ammonium oxalate, anion exchange membranes (AEM) and 0. 01 M CaCl 2 solution. Methods: Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in two P-deficient soils from western Kenya with contrasting P sorption characteristics, amended with a low and a high P rate and labelled with 33P. Results: The SA in the plant shoot corresponded with that of the extracts of the different soil tests, except for CaCl 2 and ammonium oxalate extracts, at the low P rate in the soil with low P sorption capacity, Teso soil. For the high P rate on this soil, differences in SA between maize shoot and soil test were small for all established soil tests, but significant for the Colwell, Bray-1, Mehlich-3 and AEM tests. The SA in the soil extracts was significantly smaller than that in the maize shoot for Sega the strongly P-sorbing soil at both P rates for all conventional tests, including AEM. This indicates that these tests extracted P from a pool that is not accessible to the plant. For the DGT test, however, there was no difference in SA between the maize shoot and the soil test, for any of the treatments. Conclusions: Most conventional soil tests can extract a fraction of P which is not available to maize. The DGT technique, however, only samples P from the plant-accessible pool. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Isotopically exchangeable phosphate; Phosphorus deficiency; Soil fertility	chloride; dilution; fractionation; growth rate; ion exchange; isotopic analysis; maize; oxalate; performance assessment; phosphorus; soil fertility; sorption; tropical soil; Kenya; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38549166141	Screening for diabetic retinopathy in primary care with a mobile fundal camera - Evaluation of a South African pilot project	Mash B., Powell D., du Plessis F., van Vuuren U., Michalowska M., Levitt N.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	12 I	None	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Eye Care Services, Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Mash, B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Powell, D., Eye Care Services, Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; du Plessis, F., Eye Care Services, Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; van Vuuren, U., Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Michalowska, M., Cape Town Metropolitan District Health Services, South Africa; Levitt, N., Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background and aims. In South Africa diabetes makes a significant contribution to the burden of disease. Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of adult blindness, and screening can reduce the incidence. This project aimed to implement and evaluate a new service for retinal screening that uses a non-mydriatic mobile fundal camera in primary care. This is the first time such a service has been evaluated in an African primary care context. Methods. The service was implemented as an operational research study at three community health centres and data were collected to evaluate the operational issues, screening, reporting and referral of patients. Results. Out of 400 patients screened 84% had a significantly reduced visual acuity, 63% had retinopathy (22% severe non-proliferative, 6% proliferative and 15% maculopathy), 2% of eyes could not be screened and 14% of patients required dilatation. Referral was necessary in 27% of cases for cataracts, in 7% for laser treatment and in 4% for other specialist services. Repeat photography was needed in 8% and urgent follow-up in 12%. A SWOT analysis of the pilot project was completed and recommendations were made on how to integrate it into the district health system. Conclusion. Screening with a fundal camera improved the quality of care for diabetic patients and is feasible in the South African public sector, primary care setting. A single technician should be able to photograph almost 10 000 patients a year.	None	adult; article; cataract; controlled study; diabetic retinopathy; disease severity; feasibility study; female; follow up; health care quality; health center; human; low level laser therapy; major clinical study; male; medical specialist; mobile fundal camera; ophthalmoscopy; patient referral; pilot study; primary medical care; retina maculopathy; screening test; South Africa; visual acuity; Adult; Diabetic Retinopathy; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Equipment Design; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Photography; Pilot Projects; Primary Health Care; Reproducibility of Results; Retina; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904727279	Evaluation of waist-to-height ratio to predict 5 year cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan African adults	Ware L.J., Rennie K.L., Kruger H.S., Kruger I.M., Greeff M., Fourie C.M.T., Huisman H.W., Scheepers J.D.W., Uys A.S., Kruger R., Van Rooyen J.M., Schutte R., Schutte A.E.	2014	Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases	24	8	10.1016/j.numecd.2014.02.005	Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Centre for Lifespan and Chronic Illness Research, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa; Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa	Ware, L.J., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Rennie, K.L., Centre for Lifespan and Chronic Illness Research, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; Kruger, H.S., Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa; Kruger, I.M., Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa; Greeff, M., Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research (AUTHeR), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, South Africa; Fourie, C.M.T., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Huisman, H.W., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Scheepers, J.D.W., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Uys, A.S., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Kruger, R., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Van Rooyen, J.M., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Schutte, R., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa; Schutte, A.E., Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, 2520, South Africa	Background and aims: Simple, low-cost central obesity measures may help identify individuals with increased cardiometabolic disease risk, although it is unclear which measures perform best in African adults. We aimed to: 1) cross-sectionally compare the accuracy of existing waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC) thresholds to identify individuals with hypertension, pre-diabetes, or dyslipidaemia; 2) identify optimal WC and WHtR thresholds to detect CVD risk in this African population; and 3) assess which measure best predicts 5-year CVD risk. Methods and results: Black South Africans (577 men, 942 women, aged &gt;30years) were recruited by random household selection from four North West Province communities. Demographic and anthropometric measures were taken. Recommended diagnostic thresholds (WC &gt; 80 cm for women, &gt;94 cm for men; WHtR &gt; 0.5) were evaluated to predict blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, lipids, and glycated haemoglobin measured at baseline and 5 year follow up. Women were significantly more overweight than men at baseline (mean body mass index (BMI) women 27.3 ± 7.4 kg/m2, men 20.9 ± 4.3 kg/m2); median WC women 81.9 cm (interquartile range 61-103), men 74.7 cm (63-87 cm), all P &lt; 0.001). In women, both WC and WHtR significantly predicted all cardiometabolic risk factors after 5 years. In men, even after adjusting WC threshold based on ROC analysis, WHtR better predicted overall 5-year risk. Neither measure predicted hypertension in men. Conclusions: The WHtR threshold of &gt;0.5 appears to be more consistently supported and may provide a better predictor of future cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan Africa. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Dyslipidaemia; Hypertension; Risk factors; Sub-saharan Africa; Waist circumference; Waist-to-height ratio	glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; cholesterol; glucose blood level; glucosylated hemoglobin A; glycosylated hemoglobin; triacylglycerol; adult; anthropometric parameters; article; blood pressure monitoring; body mass; cardiometabolic risk; cardiovascular risk; clinical evaluation; dyslipidemia; evaluation and follow up; female; human; major clinical study; male; middle aged; priority journal; prospective study; receiver operating characteristic; sensitivity and specificity; waist circumference; waist to height ratio; Africa south of the Sahara; analogs and derivatives; Black person; blood; blood pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; cross-sectional study; demography; diabetes mellitus; Dyslipidemias; family size; follow up; glucose blood level; hypertension; metabolism; prevalence; risk factor; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; African Continental Ancestry Group; Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Demography; Diabetes Mellitus; Dyslipidemias; Family Characteristics; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; ROC Curve; Triglycerides; Waist Circumference; Waist-Height Ratio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84953358220	Long-term impacts of season of grazing on soil carbon sequestration and selected soil properties in the arid Eastern Cape, South Africa	Talore D.G., Tesfamariam E.H., Hassen A., Du Toit J.C.O., Klumpp K., Soussana J.F.	2015	Plant and Soil	397	42371	10.1007/s11104-015-2625-z	Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private bag 0083, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Private bag 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Middelburg, Eastern Cape, South Africa; INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research (UR874), Chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont Ferrand Cedex 2, France; French National Institute for Agronomic Research, INRA, Paris, France	Talore, D.G., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private bag 0083, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Tesfamariam, E.H., Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Private bag 0002, Pretoria, South Africa; Hassen, A., Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private bag 0083, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa; Du Toit, J.C.O., Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Middelburg, Eastern Cape, South Africa; Klumpp, K., INRA, Grassland Ecosystem Research (UR874), Chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont Ferrand Cedex 2, France; Soussana, J.F., French National Institute for Agronomic Research, INRA, Paris, France	Background and aims: The Karoo biomes of South Africa are major feed resources for livestock farming, yet soil nutrient depletion and degradation is a major problem. The objective of this study was to assess impacts of long-term (&gt;75 years) grazing during spring (SPG), summer (SUG), winter (WG) and exclosure (non-grazed control) treatments on soil nutrients, penetration resistance and infiltration tests. Methods: A soil sampling campaign was carried out to collect soil to a depth of 60 cm to analyse bulk density, soil physical and chemical parameters as well as soil compaction and infiltration. Results: Generally, grazing treatments reduced soil organic C (SOC) stocks and C:N ratios, and modified soil properties. There was higher SOC stock (0.128 Mg ha−1 yr−1) in the exclosure than in the SPG (0.096 Mg ha−1 yr−1), SUG (0.099 Mg ha−1 yr−1) and WG (0.105 Mg ha−1 yr−1). The C:N ratios exhibited similar pattern to that of C. From the grazing treatments, the WG demonstrated 7 to 10 % additional SOC stock over the SPG and SUG, respectively. Conclusions: Short period animal exclusion could be an option to be considered to improve plant nutrients in sandy soils of South Africa. However, this may require a policy environment which supports stock exclusion from such areas vulnerable to land degradation, nutrient and C losses by grazing-induced vegetation and landscape changes. © 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.	Arid ecosystem; Exclosure; Grazing season; Organic matter; Soil organic carbon; Total nitrogen	Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951165515	Evaluation of renal volume by ultrasonography in patients with essential hypertension in ile-ife, south western Nigeria	Egberongbe A.A., Adetiloye V.A., Adeyinka A.O., Afolabi O.T., Akintomide A.O., Ayoola O.O.	2010	Libyan Journal of Medicine	5	1	10.3402/ljm.v5i0.4848	Department of Radiology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Staff Clini	Egberongbe, A.A., Department of Radiology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adetiloye, V.A., Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adeyinka, A.O., Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Afolabi, O.T., Staff Clinic, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Akintomide, A.O., Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ayoola, O.O., Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background and aims: To determine renal volume in adult patients with essential hypertension and correlate it with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA) and duration of hypertension. Patients and methods: A total of 150 patients (75 males, 75 females) with essential hypertension and normal renal status were evaluated sonographically in this prospective study. Fifty healthy individuals (25 males, 25 females) without hypertension were also evaluated as control. Renal volume was then calculated from the kidney's length, width and anterio-posterior diameter using the formula L × W × AP × 0.523. Results: The range of renal volume obtained was 51.65-205.02 cm3, with a mean of 114.06±29.78 cm3 for the left kidney and 47.37-177.50 cm3 with a mean of 106.14±25.42 cm3 for the right kidney. The mean volumes of the right and left kidneys in males (112.98±25.56 cm3 and 123.11±32.49 cm3, respectively), were significantly higher than in females (99.31±23.07 cm3 and 105.01±23.77 cm3, respectively). Renal volume correlated significantly with BSA and BMI, but decreased with age. The renal volume showed no correlation with duration of hypertension. Conclusion: Renal volume is higher in the left than the right kidney in hypertensive patients of both sexes and female hypertensive patients have smaller kidney size compared to males. The study also shows that volume of both kidneys decreases with age and positive correlation between renal volume, BSA and BMI. However, there is no correlation between renal size and duration of hypertension. © 2010 Adedeji A. Egberongbe et al.	Essential hypertension; Renal volume; Ultrasonography	adult; age distribution; aged; article; body mass; body surface; controlled study; disease duration; echography; essential hypertension; female; human; kidney size; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; sex difference	None
WoS	WOS:000296164100006	Impact of learning HIV status on contraceptive use in the MIRA trial	Blanchard, Kelly,Bostrom, Alan,Chipato, Tsungai,de Bruyn, Guy,Holt, Kelsey,Montgomery, Elizabeth T.,Padian, Nancy S.,Ramjee, Gita,van der Straten, Ariane	2011	JOURNAL OF FAMILY PLANNING AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE	37	4	10.1136/jfprhc-2011-0109	University of California Berkeley, University of California San Francisco, University of California System, University of Zimbabwe, Ibis Reprod Hlth, MRC, Perinatal HIV Res Unit, RTI Int	"Bostrom, Alan: University of California San Francisco","Bostrom, Alan: University of California System","Chipato, Tsungai: University of Zimbabwe","Padian, Nancy S.: University of California Berkeley","Padian, Nancy S.: University of California System",	Background and methodology We examined the effect of becoming HIV-positive on contraceptive practices in a Phase III randomised controlled trial of the diaphragm for HIV prevention. We coded self-reported contraceptive use into seven categories of methods in order of effectiveness. We compared the proportion using each category of contraception at baseline and last visit between women who did and did not become HIV-positive. We compared changes in the proportion using each category of contraception from baseline to last visit and calculated the percentage of women that moved to a more or less effective method category or stayed the same. We examined immediate and long-term changes in contraceptive use category after learning HIV-positive status. Results A total of 4645 women remained HIV-negative and 309 became HIV-positive. The proportion using each category of contraception was similar between groups at baseline and last visit. In both groups approximately one-fifth changed to a less effective method category between baseline and last visit. Few women reported using long-acting methods. Among HIV-positive women, shorter-term changes in the proportion using each category of contraception were similar to longer-term changes, though somewhat more women were using a method in the same category 3 months after seroconversion. Discussion and conclusions Learning about HIV-positive status did not appear to significantly change patterns of use of effective contraceptives or the probability of switching to a more or less effective method. Information about, and access to, long-acting methods should receive more attention and be a routine part of family planning programmes and prevention trials.	,WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879668773	Evaluation of spinous process wiring techniques for accidental canal penetration	Adeolu A.A., Azeez A.L.	2013	Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice	4	2	10.4103/0976-3147.112748	Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P.O. Box 40476, Dugbe, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Neurological Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adeolu, A.A., Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, P.O. Box 40476, Dugbe, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Neurological Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Azeez, A.L., Department of Neurological Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background and Objective: Accidental canal penetration with attendant complications constitutes one of the reasons for abandoning the use of wires for posterior spinal fusion techniques. However, there is dearth of information on this risk when the wire is introduced through the base of spinous process as against sublaminar passage. This study was designed to evaluate hardware-related postoperative complications, especially canal penetration, in our patients who had spinal process wiring in two types of posterior wiring techniques. Materials and Methods: Patients who had either of two spinous process wiring techniques formed the population for the study. The clinical records were reviewed and the following data were extracted: Age, sex, diagnosis, operation (fusion type), preoperative neurological status, postoperative neurologic deterioration, other postoperative complication and radiologic evidence of canal encroachment. Results: One hundred and seventy four spinous processes were instrumented in 42 patients. The age of the patients ranged from 11 to 78 years while male to female ratio was 2.5:1. Majority of the spinal wiring were for trauma (29 patients; 69.0) while the remaining were tumor (6; 14.3%), degenerative diseases (4; 9.5%) and infections (3; 7.1%). The Rogers technique was performed in 16 (38.1%) patients while 26 (61.9%) underwent Adeolu et al. technique. One patient (2.3%) had neurologic deterioration while 5 patients (11.1%) had varying type of complications from wound infection to fracture of spinous processes. There was no patient with radiological or clinical evidence of canal compromise. Conclusion: Spinous process wiring techniques for posterior spinal stabilization appears to be safe as demonstrated in this study.	Canal penetration; spinous process; wiring	accidental canal penetration; adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; clinical article; degenerative disease; female; human; male; medical record; mental deterioration; postoperative complication; postoperative period; preoperative period; priority journal; school child; sex ratio; spine fracture; spine fusion; spine injury; spine tumor; spinous process wiring technique; surgical technique; surgical wire; wound infection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930061414	Evaluation of the diagnostic performance and operational characteristics of four rapid immunochromatographic syphilis tests in burkina faso	Bocoum F.Y., Ouédraogo H., Tarnagda G., Kiba A., Tiendrebeogo S., Bationo F., Liestman B., Diagbouga S., Zarowsky C., Traoré R.O., Kouanda S.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	2	10.4314/ahs.v15i2.8	Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Free Afrik, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine (CRTS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Université de Ouagadougou, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie	Bocoum, F.Y., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Free Afrik, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Ouédraogo, H., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Tarnagda, G., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Kiba, A., Centre Régional de Transfusion Sanguine (CRTS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Tiendrebeogo, S., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Bationo, F., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Liestman, B., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States; Diagbouga, S., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Zarowsky, C., University of Western Cape, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Traoré, R.O., Université de Ouagadougou, Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie; Kouanda, S., Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Département biomédical et santé publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso	Background and objective: Little information is available on the rapid diagnostic testing for syphilis in Burkina Faso. The objectives of the study were (i) to assess the sensitivity and specificity of four on site rapid tests in comparison with Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) as a gold standard and (ii) to evaluate the operational characteristics of those tests among health workers in a maternity unit. Methods: Four rapid syphilis tests commercially available in Burkina Faso were evaluated using archived serum samples and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) as the gold standard. Blood samples were collected between November 2011 and June 2012 from blood donors at the Regional Blood Transfusion Center of Ouagadougou. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests were calculated. Evaluation of operational characteristics such as clarity of pamphlet, complexity of technique, duration, was conducted in a first-level healthcare center with health workers in maternity unit. Results: Alere DetermineTM Syphilis was the most sensitive of the four rapid syphilis tests evaluated. It was followed by SD Bioline Syphilis 3.0, Cypress Diagnostics Syphilis Quick test and Accu-Tell ® Rapid Anti-TP, which was the least sensitive. The four tests demonstrated a good diagnostic specificity for syphilis (95–98%), and healthcare workers found them easy to use. Conclusions: The study allowed confirming the good performance of three of four rapid syphilis tests in Burkina Faso. More research will be conducted to assess the feasibility of introducing selected rapid tests for syphilis in antenatal care services. © 2015 Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Burkina Faso; Performance; Rapid test; Syphilis	Article; blood sampling; Burkina Faso; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; cypress diagnostics syphilis quick test; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; human; intermethod comparison; rapid anti Treponema pallidum test; SD bioline syphilis 3.0 test; sensitivity analysis; sensitivity and specificity; syphilis; syphilis rapid test; syphilis Treponema pallidum test; Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34848821622	Evaluation of a rapid screening test for rifampicin resistance in re-treatment tuberculosis patients in the Eastern Cape	Albert H., Trollip A.P., Seaman T., Abrahams C., Mole R.J., Jordaan A., Victor T., Hoosain E.	2007	South African Medical Journal	97	9	None	Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Albert, H., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Cape Town, South Africa; Trollip, A.P., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Seaman, T., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Abrahams, C., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Mole, R.J., Biotec Laboratories Ltd., Somerset Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Jordaan, A., Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Victor, T., Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, W Cape, South Africa; Hoosain, E., Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, Port Elizabeth, South Africa	Background and objectives. Patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) are at high risk of treatment failure. It is anticipated that early identification of MDR-TB and appropriate treatment will improve patient outcome and disease control. We evaluated the rapid detection of rifampicin resistance in previously treated TB patients, directly from acid-fast bacilli (AFB)-positive sputum using a phage-based test, FASTPlaque-Response (Biotec Laboratories Ltd, Ipswich, UK). The ability of rifampicin resistance to predict MDR-TB was also determined. Design. A prospective study was done comparing performance of the rapid phage test with conventional culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) in AFB-positive TB patients. Setting. Five primary health clinics and one TB referral centre in the Port Elizabeth Metropolitan area, Eastern Cape. Outcome measures. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the phage test were determined compared with gold standard culture and DST. Discrepant results were resolved by molecular detection of mutations conferring rifampicin resistance. The proportion of rifampicin-resistant strains that were MDR was also determined. Results. Previously treated patients were at a high risk of MDR-TB (35.7%). Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of FASTPlaque-Response for rifampicin resistance determination were 95.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 91.0-99.8%), 97.2% (95% CI: 94.5-99.9%) and 96.5% (95% CI: 94.1-98.9%) respectively compared with conventional DST (unresolved), calculated for specimens that had both FASTPlaque-Response and conventional DST results available. FASTPlaque-Response results were available in 2 days instead of 28-85 days with conventional DST. However, only 70.6% of FASTPlaque-Response results were interpretable compared with 86.3% of conventional DST results. The majority (95.5%) of rifampicin-resistant strains were MDR-TB. Conclusions. Rapid detection of rifampicin resistance using FASTPlaque-Response could contribute to improved management of patients at risk of MDR-TB, such as previously treated patients. However, improvement in control of specimen-related contamination is needed to ensure that a higher proportion of FASTPlaque-Response results are interpretable. Where indicated, early modification of therapy could improve patient prognosis and reduce disease transmission.	None	isoniazid; rifampicin; acid fast bacterium; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bacterial strain; bacteriophage typing; bacterium culture; bacterium isolate; bacterium isolation; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; drug treatment failure; human; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; multicenter study; multidrug resistance; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; outcome assessment; prognosis; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; sputum analysis; tuberculosis control; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteriophage Typing; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Retreatment; Rifampin; South Africa; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956665238	Evaluation of the effect of duration of diabetes mellitus on peripheral neuropathy using the United Kingdom Screening Test Scoring System, Bio-thesiometry and Aesthesiometry	Oguejiofor O.C., Odenigbo C.U., Oguejiofor C.B.N.	2010	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	13	3	None	Department of Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; General Outpatient Department, Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Oguejiofor, O.C., Department of Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Odenigbo, C.U., Department of Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Oguejiofor, C.B.N., General Outpatient Department, Teaching Hospital, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background and Objectives: Risk factors predisposing to foot ulceration in diabetic subjects are multiple. Long duration of diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor, likewise peripheral neuropathy (PN), which globally, is recognized as the commonest risk factor for foot disease in diabetic subjects. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of duration of diabetes mellitus on peripheral neuropathy using the United Kingdom Screening Test (UKST) Scoring System, Bio-thesiometry and Aesthesiometry, in Nigerian diabetic subjects without current or previous foot ulceration. Subjects and methods: One hundred and twenty (120) diabetes mellitus (DM) subjects with and without symptoms of peripheral neuropathy receiving care at the medical outpatient department (MOPD) and the diabetic clinic of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria, were recruited consecutively as they presented. Data collected included subjects age (years), gender, age at first diagnosis of DM, duration of DM (years) and baseline fasting venous plasma glucose. The United Kingdom Screening Test (UKST) symptom score was used to separate the participants into two groups those with symptoms of PN and those without and the subjects further assessed by three methods the UKST Signs score, Bio-thesiometry and Aesthesiometry to determine the presence ofPN. Results: Among the 120 diabetic participants, 83(69.2%) had neuropathic symptoms (the symptomatic participants) while 37(30.8%) were asymptomatic (the asymptomatic participants). The different methods of diagnosing PN increasingly detected PN with increasing duration of diabetes. For the symptomatic group, the UKST method detected PN least in those with duration of DM <5 years (73.9%) and 100.0% in those with duration of DM > 15 years while for the asymptomatic group, it detected PN in 25.0% of those with duration of DM <5 years, and 100.0% for those with duration of DM >15 years. For the symptomatic group, Aesthesiometry detected PN in 65.2% of those with duration of DM <5 years and 91.7% in those with duration of DM >15 years. For the asymptomatic group, it detected PN in 29.2% of those with duration of DM <5 years and 100.0% in those with duration of DM >15 years. Likewise, for the symptomatic group, Bio-thesiometry detected PN in 47.8% of those with duration of DM <5 years and 100.0% in those with duration of DM >15 years. For the asymptomatic group, it detected PN in 16.7% of those with duration of DM <5 years and 100.0% in those with duration of DM > 15 years. Conclusion: Long duration of diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy are risk factors for foot complication in Nigerians with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic subjects with long duration of diabetes (>10 years) almost always have associated peripheral neuropathy, and should be recognized as a special group at high risk for foot disease from DM. Specific preventive programs should target this group to reduce the rate of avoidable loss of limbs to diabetes.	Aesthesiometry; Biothesiometry; Diabetic foot ulceration; Peripheral neuropathy; United Kingdom Screening Test	adult; aged; article; diabetic foot; diabetic neuropathy; evaluation; glucose blood level; hospitalization; human; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; male; middle aged; Nigeria; perceptive threshold; physiology; risk factor; time; touch; vibration; Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetic Foot; Diabetic Neuropathies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sensory Thresholds; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Touch Perception; Vibration	None
WoS	WOS:000265364500010	EVALUATION OF "CARE OF THE FOOT" AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DIABETIC FOOT ULCERATION: THE ROLE OF INTERNAL PHYSICIANS	Odenigbo, C. U.,Oguejiofor, O. C.,Oli, J. M.	2009	NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE	12	1	None	University of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univ	"Oli, J. M.: University of Nigeria",	Background and Objectives: Several risk factors predispose the diabetic patient to foot ulceration, including "inadequate care of the foot". This risk factor for foot ulceration has not been previously evaluated among Nigeria diabetic patients and is the objective of this study. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twenty (120) diabetic patients with and without symptoms of peripheral neuropathy receiving care at the medical outpatient department (MOPD) and the diabetic clinic of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi were recruited consecutively as they presented. They were administered structured questionnaires to assess some variables concerning care of their feet as provided to them by their physicians. Results: Among the 120 diabetic participants, 83(69.2%) had neuropathic symptoms (the symptomatic participants) while 37(30.8%) were asymptomatic (the asymptomatic participants). Eighty (80; 96.4%) of the symptomatic vs 36(97.3%) of the asymptomatic participants had never had their feet examined by their physician. Also, 26(31.3%) of the symptomatic vs 12(32.4%) of the asymptomatic participants had never received any form of advice on how to take special care of their feet by their physician, and 26(31.3%) of the symptomatic vs 6(16.2%) of the asymptomatic participants walked unshod most times in their immediate surroundings. Conclusion: Physicians do not provide adequate care to the feet of their diabetic patients irrespective of the presence or absence of neuropathic symptoms, making this variable a critical risk factor for diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. Continuing medical education to health care providers emphasizing adequate "care of the foot" of the diabetic patient, will reduce avoidable loss of limbs to diabetes.	"diabetic foot ulceration","PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY","United Kingdom Screening Test",EPIDEMIOLOGY,MELLITUS,PREVALENCE,"SENSORY NEUROPATHY"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84958012809	Impact of a short biostatistics course on knowledge and performance of postgraduate scholars: Implications for training of African doctors and biomedical researchers	Chima S.C., Nkwanyana N.M., Esterhuizen T.M.	2015	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	18	7	10.4103/1119-3077.170818	Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Nursing and Public Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Chima, S.C., Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Nursing and Public Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Nkwanyana, N.M., Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Nursing and Public Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Esterhuizen, T.M., Programme of Bio and Research Ethics and Medical Law, School of Nursing and Public Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background and Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of a short biostatistics course on knowledge and performance of statistical analysis by biomedical researchers in Africa. It is recognized that knowledge of biostatistics is essential for understanding and interpretation of modern scientific literature and active participation in the global research enterprise. Unfortunately, it has been observed that basic education of African scholars may be deficient in applied mathematics including biostatistics. Materials and Methods: Forty university affiliated biomedical researchers from South Africa volunteered for a 4-day short-course where participants were exposed to lectures on descriptive and inferential biostatistics and practical training on using a statistical software package for data analysis. A quantitative questionnaire was used to evaluate participants' statistical knowledge and performance pre- and post-course. Changes in knowledge and performance were measured using objective and subjective criteria. Data from completed questionnaires were captured and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Participants' pre- and post-course data were compared using nonparametric Wilcoxon signed ranks tests for nonnormally distributed variables. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Baseline testing of statistical knowledge showed a median score of 0, with 75th percentile at 28.6%, and a maximum score of 71.4%. Postcourse evaluation revealed improvement in participants' core knowledge with the median score increasing to 28.5%; and the 75th percentile score to 85.7%; signifying improved understanding of statistical concepts and ability to carry out data analyses. Conclusions: This study just showed poor baseline knowledge of biostatistics among postgraduate scholars and health science researchers in this cohort and highlights the potential benefits of short-courses in biostatistics to improve the knowledge and skills of biomedical researchers and scholars in Africa. © 2015 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.	Africa; Biostatistics; Doctors; Medical ethics; Research; Researchers; Students	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46249128527	The evolving impact of HIV/AIDS on outpatient health services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Parikh A., Veenstra N.	2008	South African Medical Journal	98	6	None	Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Parikh, A., Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Veenstra, N., Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background and objective. The high HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) places immense pressure on the health system. The burden of HIV/AIDS on health services is evolving as the epidemic progresses and as antiretroviral treatment becomes more widely available. For health policy makers and managers, timely and appropriate information is needed to facilitate adaptive management of health services. Through longitudinal research covering outpatient health services in KZN we examined the dynamics of the evolving HIV/AIDS burden and the resource implications of this burden, necessary for resource allocation decisions. Methods. Data were collected between 2004 and 2005 in outpatient services across six health facilities in the province. The burden of HIV/ AIDS was measured by assessing the proportion of outpatients presenting as HIV positive, determined by a clinical diagnosis (and test result where available). The burden was also measured by looking at the types of diseases presenting at outpatient facilities. Moreover, the study assessed the burden experienced by health care workers and financial implications for health facilities. Results and conclusions. The study demonstrates that the burden on outpatient services is significant but has not been increasing over time, suggesting that people are not accessing care if and when they need it. However, in terms of resources, this burden has been increasing and shifting from tertiary services to more primary services. In order to accommodate the demands of HIV/AIDS, our focus therefore needs to turn towards outpatient services, in particular at the primary care level.	None	antiretrovirus agent; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; caregiver burden; controlled study; drug cost; female; health care access; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; information processing; laboratory diagnosis; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; outpatient; outpatient care; primary medical care; resource allocation; South Africa; tertiary health care; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Community Health Services; Female; Health Policy; Health Resources; Health Services Accessibility; Health Services Needs and Demand; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Prevalence; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941550684	Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of yoruba version of the short-form 36 health survey	Mbada C.E., Adeogun G.A., Ogunlana M.O., Adedoyin R.A., Akinsulore A., Awotidebe T.O., Idowu O.A., Olaoye O.A.	2015	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	13	1	10.1186/s12955-015-0337-y	Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; University of Ibadan, Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, Nigeri	Mbada, C.E., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; Adeogun, G.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Ogunlana, M.O., University of Ibadan, Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, Nigeria, Nigeria; Adedoyin, R.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Akinsulore, A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Mental Health, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Awotidebe, T.O., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria; Idowu, O.A., Department of Physiotherapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Olaoye, O.A., Obafemi Awolowo University, Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Ile - Ife, Nigeria	Background and objective: The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a valid quality of life tool often employed to determine the impact of medical intervention and the outcome of health care services. However, the SF-36 is culturally sensitive which necessitates its adaptation and translation into different languages. This study was conducted to cross-culturally adapt the SF-36 into Yoruba language and determine its reliability and validity. Methods: Based on the International Quality of Life Assessment project guidelines, a sequence of translation, test of item-scale correlation, and validation was implemented for the translation of the Yoruba version of the SF-36. Following pilot testing, the English and the Yoruba versions of the SF-36 were administered to a random sample of 1087 apparently healthy individuals to test validity and 249 respondents completed the Yoruba SF-36 again after two weeks to test reliability. Data was analyzed using Pearson's product moment correlation analysis, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, multi trait scaling analysis and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) at p < 0.05. Results: The concurrent validity scores for scales and domains ranges between 0.749 and 0.902 with the highest and lowest scores in the General Health (0.902) and Bodily Pain (0.749) scale. Scale-level descriptive result showed that all scale and domain scores had negative skewness ranging from -2.08 to -0.98. The mean scores for each scales ranges between 83.2 and 88.8. The domain scores for Physical Health Component and Mental Health Component were 85.6 ± 13.7 and 85.9 ± 15.4 respectively. The convergent validity was satisfactory, ranging from 0.421 to 0.907. Discriminant validity was also satisfactory except for item '1'. The ICC for the test-retest reliability of the Yoruba SF-36 ranges between 0.636 and 0.843 for scales; and 0.783 and 0.851 for domains. Conclusion: The data quality, concurrent and discriminant validity, reliability and internal consistency of the Yoruba version of the SF-36 are adequate and it is recommended for measuring health-related quality of life among Yoruba population. © 2015 Mbada et al.	Cultural adaptation; Health-related quality of life; Psychometric properties; Translation; Yoruba SF-36	adult; Article; concurrent validity; convergent validity; correlation coefficient; cultural factor; cultural psychiatry; discriminant validity; female; General Health Questionnaire; health status; human; internal consistency; major clinical study; male; mental health; middle aged; practice guideline; psychometry; quality of life; scoring system; Short Form 36; social adaptation; test retest reliability; translational research; validation study; Yoruba (people); aged; cultural factor; health status; health status indicator; Nigeria; outcome assessment; pain; psychometry; publication; questionnaire; reproducibility; standards; young adult; Adult; Aged; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Health Status; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Pain; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires; Translations; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44449167177	Evaluation of an operational malaria outbreak identification and response system in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa	Coleman M., Coleman M., Mabuza A.M., Kok G., Coetzee M., Durrheim D.N.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-69	School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mpumalanga Department of Health, 66 Anderson Street, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia	Coleman, M., School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Coleman, M., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Mabuza, A.M., Mpumalanga Department of Health, 66 Anderson Street, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Kok, G., Mpumalanga Department of Health, 66 Anderson Street, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Vector Control Reference Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, 2131 Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Durrheim, D.N., Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 10, Wallsend, NSW 2287, Australia	Background and objective. To evaluate the performance of a novel malaria outbreak identification system in the epidemic prone rural area of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, for timely identification of malaria outbreaks and guiding integrated public health responses. Methods. Using five years of historical notification data, two binomial thresholds were determined for each primary health care facility in the highest malaria risk area of Mpumalanga province. Whenever the thresholds were exceeded at health facility level (tier 1), primary health care staff notified the malaria control programme, which then confirmed adequate stocks of malaria treatment to manage potential increased cases. The cases were followed up at household level to verify the likely source of infection. The binomial thresholds were reviewed at village/town level (tier 2) to determine whether additional response measures were required. In addition, an automated electronic outbreak identification system at town/village level (tier 2) was integrated into the case notification database (tier 3) to ensure that unexpected increases in case notification were not missed. The performance of these binomial outbreak thresholds was evaluated against other currently recommended thresholds using retrospective data. The acceptability of the system at primary health care level was evaluated through structured interviews with health facility staff. Results. Eighty four percent of health facilities reported outbreaks within 24 hours (n = 95), 92% (n = 104) within 48 hours and 100% (n = 113) within 72 hours. Appropriate response to all malaria outbreaks (n = 113, tier 1, n = 46, tier 2) were achieved within 24 hours. The system was positively viewed by all health facility staff. When compared to other epidemiological systems for a specified 12 month outbreak season (June 2003 to July 2004) the binomial exact thresholds produced one false weekly outbreak, the C-sum 12 weekly outbreaks and the mean + 2 SD nine false weekly outbreaks. Exceeding the binomial level 1 threshold triggered an alert four weeks prior to an outbreak, but exceeding the binomial level 2 threshold identified an outbreak as it occurred. Conclusion. The malaria outbreak surveillance system using binomial thresholds achieved its primary goal of identifying outbreaks early facilitating appropriate local public health responses aimed at averting a possible large-scale epidemic in a low, and unstable, malaria transmission setting. © 2008 Coleman et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Africa; article; binomial distribution; controlled study; education program; evaluation research; follow up; health care facilities and services; health care facility; health survey; high risk population; human; infection control; major clinical study; malaria; medical staff; parasite identification; primary health care; retrospective study; risk factor; urban population; epidemic; evaluation; health survey; malaria; methodology; questionnaire; rural population; season; South Africa; statistical model; Disease Notification; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Malaria; Models, Statistical; Population Surveillance; Questionnaires; Rural Population; Seasons; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33747196960	Validation study of the Siriraj stroke score in African Nigerians and evaluation of the discriminant values of its parameters: A preliminary prospective CT scan study	Kolapo K.O., Ogun S.A., Danesi M.A., Osalusi B.S., Odusote K.A.	2006	Stroke	37	8	10.1161/01.STR.0000229893.02732.02	Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria; West African Post Graduate Medical College, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria; Departme	Kolapo, K.O., Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ogun, S.A., Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, P.O.Box 1333, Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria; Danesi, M.A., Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria; Osalusi, B.S., Department of Medicine, Ogun State University Teaching Hospital Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Odusote, K.A., West African Post Graduate Medical College, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria	BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE - CT scanning is important to identify stroke pathology and exclude mimics. Its poor availability in our environment makes the search for simple, reliable clinical-score imperative. This study aims to validate the Siriraj Stroke score (SSS) and determine the discriminant values of its parameters in the black population of African-Nigerians. METHODS - A prospective multicenter study was carried out on patients that presented with stroke and had brain CT scan done within 14 days of onset. An interviewer structured questionnaire was administered and SSS computed. The stroke-type was classified and compared with CT diagnosis. Data were analyzed using Epi-info-2002. RESULTS - 1122 patients presented with clinical features of stroke, of which only 101 (9%) could afford the cost of CT scan. Of these, 90 had CT-scan features consistent with acute stroke, 5 had cortical atrophy and 1 was normal. Thus, 96 patients were analyzed, of which 68 (71%) had cerebral ischemia and 28 (29%) had intracerebral hemorrhage. The 6 patients with no visible infarct on CT were regarded as cerebral infarction. The correlation between SSS, headache, vomiting, loss-of-consciousness and CT diagnosis achieved statistical significance, whereas atheroma markers and diastolic blood pressure did not. The SSS has an overall predictive accuracy of 80%. CONCLUSIONS - This preliminary study has shown that only 9% of our hospital stroke population had benefit of CT scan. The limited number of patients studied and their potential lack of representativeness, represent a funding issue to properly establish the performance of clinical scoring systems and assist in descriptive epidemiology of hospital and community-based stroke studies in resource-poor settings. However, in this study, the SSS diagnosis correlates significantly with CT diagnosis. © 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.	Clinical studies; CT; Stroke	adult; aged; article; atheroma; brain atrophy; brain hemorrhage; brain infarction; brain ischemia; clinical feature; clinical trial; community; comparative study; computer assisted tomography; consciousness level; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; diastolic blood pressure; discriminant validity; female; headache; health care cost; hospital; human; interview; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; Negro; prediction; priority journal; prospective study; questionnaire; statistical significance; stroke; validation process; vomiting; brain hemorrhage; brain infarction; cerebrovascular accident; computer assisted tomography; differential diagnosis; discriminant analysis; economics; hospitalization; middle aged; Negro; Nigeria; pathophysiology; radiography; sensitivity and specificity; statistics; validation study; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Cerebral Infarction; Cerebrovascular Accident; Diagnosis, Differential; Discriminant Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890198153	Comparative lung function performance of stroke survivors and age-matched and sex-matched controls	Ezeugwu V.E., Olaogun M., Mbada C.E., Adedoyin R.	2013	Physiotherapy Research International	18	4	10.1002/pri.1547	University of Abuja Teaching Hospital - Physiotherapy, Phase 3 Gwagwalada, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, 900001, Nigeria; Obafemi Awolowo University - Medical Rehabilitation, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria	Ezeugwu, V.E., University of Abuja Teaching Hospital - Physiotherapy, Phase 3 Gwagwalada, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, 900001, Nigeria; Olaogun, M., Obafemi Awolowo University - Medical Rehabilitation, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Mbada, C.E., Obafemi Awolowo University - Medical Rehabilitation, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Adedoyin, R., Obafemi Awolowo University - Medical Rehabilitation, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria	Background and Purpose: Reduced endurance and excessive fatigue in stroke survivors (SS) during exercise may be linked to impairment of lung function and breathing mechanics, but little is known about lung function of SS. The purpose of this study is to determine lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], FEV1/FVC ratio and peak expiratory flow [PEF]) and influence of anthropometrics on lung function in SS compared with healthy controls (CG). Methods: In this case-control, cross-sectional study, we recruited 70 participants (42 males, 28 females), comprising 35 SS and 35 CG (range 34-73years). Anthropometrics were measured using standard instruments and procedure. Chest excursion was measured at the axilla, xiphoid and lower costal levels. Lung function indices were measured using a micro-computerized spirometer. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Results/Findings: Compared with the CG, the SS had significantly lower values for FEV1 (1.99±0.66 vs. 2.36±0.45L, p=0.004), FVC (2.55±0.70 vs. 2.90±0.54L, p=0.014), PEF (3.88±1.38 vs. 5.24±1.30Lsecond-1, p=0.001) and chest excursion (3.0±0.71 vs. 3.5±0.91 cm, p=0.018). Correlations between chest excursion, FEV1, FVC and PEF were not significant (p&gt;0.05). Discussion: The weakness of respiratory muscles associated with stroke may have contributed to decreases in lung function observed. There was a significant reduction in chest excursion of SS compared with CG. Chest excursion has been used as an indicator of respiratory muscle function because the range of motion of the thorax serves the respiration. Movements of the thorax influence the content of the thorax cavity, leading to alterations in lung volumes. Implications for Physiotherapy Practice: Stroke survivors have lower lung function when compared with CG; this has implications for clinicians in stroke rehabilitation, underscoring the importance for inclusion of interventions to improve lung function. © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.	Lung function; Spirometry; Stroke survivors	adult; aged; article; breathing mechanics; case control study; cerebrovascular accident; cross-sectional study; forced expiratory volume; human; lung; lung function; lung function test; male; middle aged; pathophysiology; peak expiratory flow; physiology; spirometry; stroke survivors; survivor; thoracic cavity; vital capacity; lung function; spirometry; stroke survivors; Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Mechanics; Stroke; Survivors; Thoracic Cavity; Vital Capacity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-71149095909	Periodontal status, tooth loss and self-reported periodontal problems effects on oral impacts on daily performances, OIDP, in pregnant women in Uganda: A cross-sectional study	Wandera M.N., Engebretsen I.M., Rwenyonyi C.M., Tumwine J., Åstrøm A.N.	2009	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	7	None	10.1186/1477-7525-7-89	Institute of Clinical Odontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Dentistry, Makerere University, Uganda; Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Wandera, M.N., Institute of Clinical Odontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway, Department of Dentistry, Makerere University, Uganda, Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway; Engebretsen, I.M., Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway; Rwenyonyi, C.M., Department of Dentistry, Makerere University, Uganda; Tumwine, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Åstrøm, A.N., Institute of Clinical Odontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway, Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway	Background: An important aim of antenatal care is to improve maternal health- and well being of which oral health is an important part. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP) during pregnancy, using a locally adapted OIDP inventory, and to document how periodontal status, tooth-loss and reported periodontal problems are related to oral impacts. Methods: Pregnant women at about 7 months gestational age who were members of a community based multi-center cluster randomized community trial: PROMISE EBF: Safety and Efficacy of Exclusive Breast feeding in the Era of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa, were recruited in the district of Mbale, Eastern Uganda between January 2006 and June 2008. A total of 877 women (participation rate 877/886, 98%, mean age 25.6, sd 6.4) completed an interview and 713 (participation rate 713/886, 80.6%, mean age 25.5 sd 6.6) were examined clinically with respect to tooth-loss and according to the Community Periodontal Index, CPI. Results: Seven of the original 8 OIDP items were translated into the local language. Cronbach's alpha was 0.85 and 0.80 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of oral impacts was 25% in the urban and 30% in the rural area. Corresponding estimates for CPI>0 were 63% and 68%. Adjusted ORs for having any oral impact were 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7), 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-3.1), 1.7 (1.1-2.7) and 2.0 (0.9-4.4) if having respectively, CPI>0, at least one tooth lost, tooth loss in molars and tooth loss in molar-and anterior regions. The Adjusted ORs for any oral impact if reporting periodontal problems ranged from 2.7(95% CI 1.8-4.2) (bad breath) through 8.6(95% CI 5.6-12.9) (chewing problem) to 22.3 (95% CI 13.3-35.9) (toothache). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of pregnant women experienced oral impacts. The OIDP impacts were most and least substantial regarding functional- and social concerns, respectively. The OIDP varied systematically with tooth loss in the molar region, reported chewing-and periodontal problems. Pregnant women's oral health should be addressed through antenatal care programs in societies with limited access to regular dental care facilities. © 2009 Wandera et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; breast feeding education; clinical trial; community care; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; cross-sectional study; dental care; female; gestational age; halitosis; health program; human; interview; major clinical study; mastication; molar tooth; multicenter study; oral impacts on daily performances; periodontal disease; periodontics; pregnant woman; prenatal care; prevalence; rural area; scoring system; self report; tooth pain; Uganda; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879805047	Monitoring and evaluating the impact of national school-based deworming in Kenya: Study design and baseline results	Mwandawiro C.S., Nikolay B., Kihara J.H., Ozier O., Mukoko D.A., Mwanje M.T., Hakobyan A., Pullan R.L., Brooker S.J., Njenga S.M.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-198	Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Mwandawiro, C.S., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Nikolay, B., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Kihara, J.H., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya, Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Ozier, O., Development Research Group, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Mukoko, D.A., Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwanje, M.T., Division of Vector-borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, P.O. Box 19982-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Hakobyan, A., Children's Investment Fund Foundation, London, United Kingdom; Pullan, R.L., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Brooker, S.J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control (ESACIPAC), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O Box 54840-00200, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: An increasing number of countries in Africa and elsewhere are developing national plans for the control of neglected tropical diseases. A key component of such plans is school-based deworming (SBD) for the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and schistosomiasis. Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of national programmes is essential to ensure they are achieving their stated aims and to evaluate when to reduce the frequency of treatment or when to halt it altogether. The article describes the M&E design of the Kenya national SBD programme and presents results from the baseline survey conducted in early 2012. Methods. The M&E design involves a stratified series of pre- and post-intervention, repeat cross-sectional surveys in a representative sample of 200 schools (over 20,000 children) across Kenya. Schools were sampled based on previous knowledge of STH endemicity and were proportional to population size. Stool (and where relevant urine) samples were obtained for microscopic examination and in a subset of schools; finger-prick blood samples were collected to estimate haemoglobin concentration. Descriptive and spatial analyses were conducted. The evaluation measured both prevalence and intensity of infection. Results: Overall, 32.4% of children were infected with at least one STH species, with Ascaris lumbricoides as the most common species detected. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 2.1%, while in the Coast Province the prevalence of S. haematobium was 14.8%. There was marked geographical variation in the prevalence of species infection at school, district and province levels. The prevalence of hookworm infection was highest in Western Province (25.1%), while A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura prevalence was highest in the Rift Valley (27.1% and 11.9%). The lowest prevalence was observed in the Rift Valley for hookworm (3.5%), in the Coast for A. lumbricoides (1.0%), and in Nyanza for T. trichiura (3.6%). The prevalence of S. mansoni was most common in Western Province (4.1%). Conclusions: The current findings are consistent with the known spatial ecology of STH and schistosome infections and provide an important empirical basis on which to evaluate the impact of regular mass treatment through the school system in Kenya. © 2013 Mwandawiro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Kenya; Monitoring and evaluation; Schistosomiasis; School-based deworming; Soil-transmitted helminths	hemoglobin; adult; article; Ascaris lumbricoides; blood sampling; child; deworming; endemic disease; female; health program; hemoglobin blood level; hookworm; hookworm infection; human; Kenya; major clinical study; male; microscopy; monitoring; nonhuman; population size; preschool child; prevalence; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; school child; skin tingling; Adolescent; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epidemiological Monitoring; Feces; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Kenya; Male; Microscopy; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Prevalence; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Schools; Topography, Medical; Urine; Ancylostomatoidea; Ascaris lumbricoides; Schistosoma; Schistosoma mansoni; Trichuris trichiura; Vermes	Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861888055	Impact of a performance management system in a South African retail pharmacy on the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients	Cassim L., Dludlu D.	2012	SA Pharmaceutical Journal	79	4	None	UNISA Graduate School of Business Leadership, South Africa	Cassim, L., UNISA Graduate School of Business Leadership, South Africa; Dludlu, D., UNISA Graduate School of Business Leadership, South Africa	Background: An investigation was undertaken to determine whether pharmacists at one independently owned retail pharmacy were compliant with Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) standards for the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients. It was hypothesised that the pharmacy's performance management system (PMS) undermines compliance with these standards, and thus the provision of pharmaceutical care. Method: A triangulation approach was used. The quantitative research method involved 200 patients who completed a questionnaire. The qualitative research method involved conducting individual, semi-structured interviews with all four dispensary employees. Results: At least 50% of patients perceived that only two out of 10 pharmaceutical care services were always provided. All pharmacists agreed that the provision of pharmaceutical care was a key performance area, and there were several commendable aspects of the PMS. However, nine key weaknesses in the PMS were identified. These included inadequacies relating to the pharmacy's vision and mission statement; poor awareness of GPP standards; the absence of fundamental documentation, such as job descriptions, and performance appraisals; confusion regarding performance objectives; inadequate training and development; and misunderstandings regarding remuneration. Prominent findings are that time pressures contributed to difficulties in providing pharmaceutical care, and that a key performance target was to serve customers as quickly and efficiently as possible. Conclusion: These weaknesses in the PMS may have undermined compliance with GPP standards. Non-compliance increased the potential for patient harm, and posed operational risks that could have undermined the business's financial performance.	Compliance; Good pharmacy practice; Performance management system; Pharmaceutical care	allied health education; article; documentation; female; human; job performance; major clinical study; male; management; performance management system; pharmaceutical care; pharmacist; professional practice; qualitative research; quantitative study; questionnaire; salary; semi structured interview; South Africa; training	None
None	None	Measuring adherence to antiretroviral therapy in northern Tanzania: Feasibility and acceptability of the Medication Event Monitoring System	Lyimo R.A., Van Den Boogaard J., Msoka E., Hospers H.J., Van Der Ven A., Mushi D., De Bruin M.	2011	BMC Public Health	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-92	Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P.O.Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Maastricht University, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Netherlands; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Community Health Department, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Wageningen University, Communication Science, Netherlands	Lyimo, R.A., Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P.O.Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania; Van Den Boogaard, J., Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Msoka, E., Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, P.O.Box 2236, Moshi, Tanzania; Hospers, H.J., Maastricht University, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Netherlands; Van Der Ven, A., Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Mushi, D., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Community Health Department, P.O.Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; De Bruin, M., Wageningen University, Communication Science, Netherlands	Background: An often-used tool to measure adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS), an electronic pill-cap that registers date and time of pill-bottle openings. Despite its strengths, MEMS-data can be compromised by inaccurate use and acceptability problems due to its design. These barriers remain, however, to be investigated in resource-limited settings. We evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of using MEMS-caps to monitor adherence among HIV-infected patients attending a rural clinic in Tanzania's Kilimanjaro Region. Methods. Eligible patients were approached and asked to use the MEMS-caps for three consecutive months. Thereafter, qualitative, in-depth interviews about the use of MEMS were conducted with the patients. MEMS-data were used to corroborate the interview results. Results: Twenty-three of the 24 patients approached agreed to participate. Apart from MEMS-use on travel occasions, patients reported no barriers regarding MEMS-use. Unexpectedly, the MEMS-bottle design reduced the patients' fear for HIV-status disclosure. Patients indicated that having their behavior monitored motivated them to adhere better. MEMS-data showed that most patients had high levels of adherence and there were no bottle-openings that could not be accounted for by medication intake. Non-adherence in the days prior to clinic visits was common and due to the clinic dispensing too few pills. Conclusion: MEMS-bottle use was readily accepted by patients. Although the MEMS-bottle was used accurately by most patients, patients need to be more explicitly instructed to continue MEMS-use when travelling. Even HIV-clinics with sufficient staff and free medication may impose structural adherence barriers by supplying an insufficient amount of pills. © 2011 Lyimo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; article; drug packaging; electronics; evaluation; feasibility study; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; male; methodology; middle aged; patient compliance; statistics; Tanzania; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Drug Packaging; Electronics; Feasibility Studies; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880922843	Comparison of MR and fluoroscopic mucous fistulography in the pre-operative evaluation of infants with anorectal malformation: A pilot study	Alves J.C.G., Sidler D., Lotz J.W., Pitcher R.D.	2013	Pediatric Radiology	43	8	10.1007/s00247-013-2653-x	Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zyl Avenue, Parow Valley, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Department of Surgical Sciences, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Alves, J.C.G., Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zyl Avenue, Parow Valley, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Sidler, D., Department of Surgical Sciences, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Lotz, J.W., Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zyl Avenue, Parow Valley, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Pitcher, R.D., Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zyl Avenue, Parow Valley, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	Background: Anorectal malformations are often associated with rectal pouch fistulas. Surgical correction requires accurate evaluation of the presence and position of such fistulas. Fluoroscopy is currently the chosen modality for the detection of fistulas. The role of MRI is unexplored. Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of MR versus fluoroscopic fistulography in the pre-operative evaluation of infants with anorectal malformation. Materials and methods: We conducted a pilot study of infants requiring defunctioning colostomy for initial management of anorectal malformation. Dynamic sagittal steady-state free-precession MRI of the pelvis was acquired during introduction of saline into the mucous fistulas. Findings were compared among MR fistulography, fluoroscopic fistulography and intraoperative inspection. Results: Eight children were included. Median age at fistulography was 15 weeks, inter-quartile range 13-20 weeks; all were boys. There was full agreement among MR fistulography, fluoroscopic fistulography and surgical findings. Conclusion: The pilot data suggest that MR fistulography is promising in the pre-operative evaluation of children with anorectal malformation. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Anorectal malformation; Child; Fluoroscopic fistulography; MR fistulography; Preoperative evaluation	anorectal malformation; article; clinical article; colostomy; comparative effectiveness; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic imaging; diagnostic test accuracy study; fistulography; fluoroscopy; human; infant; intermethod comparison; male; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; nuclear magnetic resonance scanner; pilot study; preoperative evaluation; priority journal; prospective study; urethra fistula; Anus, Imperforate; Female; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Mucosa; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pilot Projects; Preoperative Care; Prognosis; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349123725	Evaluation of immunoglobulin purification methods and their impact on quality and yield of antigen-specific antibodies	Bergmann-Leitner E.S., Mease R.M., Duncan E.H., Khan F., Waitumbi J., Angov E.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-129	US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya	Bergmann-Leitner, E.S., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Mease, R.M., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Duncan, E.H., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Khan, F., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Waitumbi, J., Walter Reed Project, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Angov, E., US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, United States	Background. Antibodies are the main effectors against malaria blood-stage parasites. Evaluation of functional activities in immune sera from Phase 2a/b vaccine trials may provide invaluable information in the search for immune correlates of protection. However, the presence of anti-malarial-drugs, improper collection/storage conditions or concomitant immune responses against other pathogens can contribute to non-specific anti-parasite activities when the sera/plasma are tested in vitro. Purification of immunoglobulin is a standard approach for reducing such non-specific background activities, but the purification method itself can alter the quality and yield of recovered Ag-specific antibodies. Methods. To address this concern, various immunoglobulin (Ig) purification methods (protein G Sepharose, protein A/G Sepharose, polyethylene glycol and caprylic acid-ammonium sulphate precipitation) were evaluated for their impact on the quality, quantity and functional activity of purified rabbit and human Igs. The recovered Igs were analysed for yield and purity by SDS-PAGE, for quality by Ag-specific ELISAs (determining changes in titer, avidity and isotype distribution) and for functional activity by in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay (GIA). Results. This comparison demonstrated that overall polyethylene glycol purification of human serum/plasma samples and protein G Sepharose purification of rabbit sera are optimal for recovering functional Ag-specific antibodies. Conclusion. Consequently, critical consideration of the purification method is required to avoid selecting non-representative populations of recovered Ig, which could influence interpretations of vaccine efficacy, or affect the search for immune correlates of protection. © 2008 Bergmann-Leitner et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	ammonium sulfate; immunoglobulin; macrogol; octanoic acid; protein A; protein G; sepharose; animal experiment; antigen antibody complex; article; blood salvage; drug efficacy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; growth inhibition; human; immunity; malaria; nonhuman; parasite; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; precipitation; protein purification; rabbit	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942249582	Variable piperaquine exposure significantly impacts protective efficacy of monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for the prevention of malaria in Ugandan children	Sundell K., Jagannathan P., Huang L., Bigira V., Kapisi J., Kakuru M.M., Savic R., Kamya M.R., Dorsey G., Aweeka F.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0908-8	Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health SciencesKampala, Uganda	Sundell, K., Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Jagannathan, P., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Huang, L., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Bigira, V., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Kapisi, J., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Kakuru, M.M., Infectious Diseases Research CollaborationKampala, Uganda; Savic, R., Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutics, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health SciencesKampala, Uganda; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Aweeka, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States	Background: Anti-malarial chemoprevention with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA/PQ) is a promising tool for malaria control, but its efficacy in children may be limited by inadequate drug exposure. Methods: Children were enrolled in a non directly-observed trial of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in a high transmission setting in Uganda. Children were randomized at 6 months of age to no chemoprevention (n = 89) or monthly DHA/PQ (n = 87) and followed through 24 months of age, with pharmacokinetic sampling performed at variable times following monthly dosing of DHA/PQ. A previously published pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate piperaquine (PQ) exposure in each child, and associations between PQ exposure and the protective efficacy (PE) of DHA/PQ were explored. Results: The incidence of malaria was 6.83 and 3.09 episodes per person year at risk in the no chemoprevention and DHA/PQ arms, respectively (PE 54 %, 95 % CI 39-66 %, P < 0.001). Among children randomized to DHA/PQ, 493 pharmacokinetic samples were collected. Despite nearly 100 % reported adherence to study drug administration at home, there was wide variability in PQ exposure, and children were stratified into three groups based on average PQ exposure during the intervention that was determined by model generated percentiles (low, n = 40; medium, n = 37, and high, n = 10). Gender and socioeconomic factors were not significantly associated with PQ exposure. In multivariate models, the PE of DHA/PQ was 31 % in the low PQ exposure group (95 % CI 6-49 %, P = 0.02), 67 % in the medium PQ exposure group (95 % CI 54-76 %, P < 0.001), and 97 % in the high PQ exposure group (95 % CI 89-99 %, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The protective efficacy of DHA/PQ chemoprevention in young children was strongly associated with higher drug exposure; in children with the highest PQ exposure, monthly DHA/PQ chemoprevention was nearly 100 % protective against malaria. Strategies to ensure good adherence to monthly dosing and optimize drug exposure are critical to maximize the efficacy of this promising malaria control strategy. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials Identifier NCT00948896 © 2015 Sundell et al.	Chemoprevention; Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics; Plasmodium falciparum	dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; area under the curve; Article; child; controlled study; drug efficacy; drug half life; female; human; infection prevention; malaria; male; medication compliance; oral clearance; patient compliance; randomized controlled trial (topic); socioeconomics; Ugandan; volume of distribution	5R01HD068174-05, NICHD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 5R01HD068174-05, NIH, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; K23 AI100949, NIAID, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; K23 AI100949,
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880335035	Evaluation of the impact of immediate versus WHO recommendations-guided antiretroviral therapy initiation on HIV incidence: The ANRS 12249 TasP (Treatment as Prevention) trial in Hlabisa sub-district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Study protocol for a clus	Iwuji C.C., Orne-Gliemann J., Tanser F., Boyer S., Lessells R.J., Lert F., Imrie J., Bärnighausen T., Rekacewicz C., Bazin B., Newell M.-L., Dabis F.	2013	Trials	14	1	10.1186/1745-6215-14-230	Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; University Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, ISPED, Centre Inserm U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, UMR912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France; UMR-S912, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Observ. Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; INSERM U1018, CESP, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France; University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018 Villejuif, Paris, France; Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Research Department of Infection and Population, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States; Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom	Iwuji, C.C., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Orne-Gliemann, J., University Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France, INSERM, ISPED, Centre Inserm U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Boyer, S., INSERM, UMR912 (SESSTIM), Marseille, France, UMR-S912, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France, ORS PACA, Observ. Régional de la Santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France; Lessells, R.J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lert, F., INSERM U1018, CESP, Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, UMRS 1018 Villejuif, Paris, France; Imrie, J., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Research Department of Infection and Population, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Bärnighausen, T., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, United States; Rekacewicz, C., Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Bazin, B., Agence nationale de recherches sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; Dabis, F., University Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France, INSERM, ISPED, Centre Inserm U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France	Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV viral load in all body compartments and so limits the risk of HIV transmission. It has been suggested that ART not only contributes to preventing transmission at individual but potentially also at population level. This trial aims to evaluate the effect of ART initiated immediately after identification/diagnosis of HIV-infected individuals, regardless of CD4 count, on HIV incidence in the surrounding population. The primary outcome of the overall trial will be HIV incidence over two years. Secondary outcomes will include i) socio-behavioural outcomes (acceptability of repeat HIV counselling and testing, treatment acceptance and linkage to care, sexual partnerships and quality of life); ii) clinical outcomes (mortality and morbidity, retention into care, adherence to ART, virologic failure and acquired HIV drug resistance), iii) cost-effectiveness of the intervention. The first phase will specifically focus on the trial's secondary outcomes.Methods/design: A cluster-randomised trial in 34 (2 × 17) clusters within a rural area of northern KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), covering a total population of 34,000 inhabitants aged 16 years and above, of whom an estimated 27,200 would be HIV-uninfected at start of the trial. The first phase of the trial will include ten (2 × 5) clusters. Consecutive rounds of home-based HIV testing will be carried out. HIV-infected participants will be followed in dedicated trial clinics: in intervention clusters, they will be offered immediate ART initiation regardless of CD4 count and clinical stage; in control clusters they will be offered ART according to national treatment eligibility guidelines (CD4 <350 cells/μL, World Health Organisation stage 3 or 4 disease or multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis). Following proof of acceptability and feasibility from the first phase, the trial will be rolled out to further clusters.Discussion: We aim to provide proof-of-principle evidence regarding the effectiveness of Treatment-as-Prevention in reducing HIV incidence at the population level. Data collected from the participants at home and in the clinics will inform understanding of socio-behavioural, economic and clinical impacts of the intervention as well as feasibility and generalizability. © 2013 Iwuji et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; HIV infections; Prevention; South Africa	nevirapine; zidovudine; anemia; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; counseling; health impact assessment; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; kidney dysfunction; liver dysfunction; morbidity; mortality; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; outcome assessment; phase 1 clinical trial; practice guideline; quality of life; randomized controlled trial; rural area; South Africa; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Clinical Protocols; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Costs; Drug Resistance, Viral; Feasibility Studies; Guideline Adherence; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Medication Adherence; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Predictive Value of Tests; Quality of Life; Research Design; Rural Health Services; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; World Health Organization; Young Adult	Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861231752	Exploring the potential impact of a reduction in partnership concurrency on HIV incidence in Rural Uganda: A modeling study	McCreesh N., O'Brien K., Nsubuga R.N., Shafer L.A., Bakker R., Seeley J., Hayes R.J., White R.G.	2012	Sexually Transmitted Diseases	39	6	10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318254c84a	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	McCreesh, N., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; O'Brien, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Nsubuga, R.N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Shafer, L.A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Bakker, R., Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Seeley, J., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom; Hayes, R.J., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; White, R.G., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background: A number of African countries have planned campaigns against concurrency. It will not be possible to separate the effects of a reduction in concurrency from other behavior changes when evaluating these campaigns. This modeling study explores the potential impact of an intervention to reduce partnership concurrency on HIV incidence in contemporary rural Uganda, keeping incidence of sex acts and partnerships in the population constant. Methods: Data on demography, sexual behavior, and HIV prevalence from Uganda were used to parameterize an individual-based HIV transmission model. Three baseline model scenarios were simulated, representing the best estimate of concurrency prevalence in this population, and low and high plausible bounds. Interventions that reduced concurrency by 20% and 50% between 2010 and 2020 were simulated, and the impact on HIV incidence in 2020 was calculated. Results: Data showed 9.6% (7.9%-11.4%) of men and 0.2% (0.0%-0.4%) of women reported concurrency in 2008. Reducing concurrency had a nonlinear impact on HIV incidence. A 20% reduction in concurrency reduced HIV incidence by 4.1% (0.3%-5.7%) in men and 9.2% (2.1%-16.8%) in women; a 50% reduction in concurrency reduced HIV incidence by 6.0% (1.4%-10.8%) in men and 16.2% (6.3%-23.4%) in women. Conclusions: Interventions against concurrency have the potential to reduce HIV incidence and may have a higher impact in women than in men. In rural Uganda, overall impact was modest, and this study does not provide strong support for the prioritization of concurrency as a target for behavior change interventions. However, it may be more useful in higher concurrency settings and for reducing HIV incidence in women. © 2012 American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association All rights reserved.	None	adolescent; adult; article; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; major clinical study; male; rural area; rural population; sexual transmission; sexually transmitted disease; stochastic model; Uganda; virus transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893204534	Identifying perceived barriers to monitoring service quality among substance abuse treatment providers in South Africa	Myers B., Petersen Z., Kader R., Koch J.R., Manderscheid R., Govender R., Parry C.D.H.	2014	BMC Psychiatry	14	1	10.1186/1471-244X-14-31	Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors, Washington DC, United States; Department of Sociology, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Myers, B., Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Petersen, Z., Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Kader, R., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Koch, J.R., Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Manderscheid, R., National Association of County Behavioral Health and Developmental Disability Directors, Washington DC, United States; Govender, R., Department of Sociology, Centre for Social Science Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Parry, C.D.H., Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: A performance measurement system is planned for South African substance abuse treatment services. Provider-level barriers to implementing these systems have been identified in the United States, but little is known about the nature of these barriers in South Africa. This study explored the willingness of South African substance abuse treatment providers' to adopt a performance measurement system and perceived barriers to monitoring service quality that would need to be addressed during system development.Methods: Three focus group discussions were held with treatment providers from two of the nine provinces in South Africa. These providers represented the diverse spread of substance abuse treatment services available in the country. The final sample comprised 21 representatives from 12 treatment facilities: eight treatment centres in the Western Cape and four in KwaZulu-Natal. Content analysis was used to extract core themes from these discussions.Results: Participants identified barriers to the monitoring of service quality that included outdated modes of collecting data, personnel who were already burdened by paperwork, lack of time to collect data, and limited skills to analyse and interpret data. Participants recommended that developers engage with service providers in a participatory manner to ensure that service providers are invested in the proposed performance measurement system.Conclusion: Findings show that substance abuse treatment providers are willing to adopt a performance measurement system and highlight several barriers that need to be addressed during system development in order to enhance the likelihood that this system will be successfully implemented. © 2014 Myers et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Performance measurement; Service monitoring; Service quality; South Africa; Substance abuse treatment	adult; article; female; health care facility; health care personnel; health care quality; health service; human; information processing; job stress; male; middle aged; patient monitoring; performance measurement system; physician; psychologist; social participation; social worker; South Africa; substance abuse; health care personnel; perception; psychology; Substance-Related Disorders; task performance; Adult; Female; Focus Groups; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Perception; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders; Task Performance and Analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149387943	Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: The pneumococcal global serotype project	Johnson H.L., Deloria-Knoll M., Levine O.S., Stoszek S.K., Hance L.F., Reithinger R., Muenz L.R., O'Brien K.L.	2010	PLoS Medicine	7	10	10.1371/journal.pmed.1000348	International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md, United States; Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; US Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Johnson, H.L., International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md, United States; Deloria-Knoll, M., International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md, United States; Levine, O.S., International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md, United States; Stoszek, S.K., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Hance, L.F., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; Reithinger, R., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States, US Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Muenz, L.R., Westat, Rockville, MD, United States; O'Brien, K.L., International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md, United States	Background: Approximately 800,000 children die each year due to pneumococcal disease and > 90% of these deaths occur in developing countries where few children have access to life-saving serotype-based vaccines. Understanding the serotype epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children is necessary for vaccine development and introduction policies. The aim of this study was to systematically estimate the global and regional distributions of serotypes causing IPD in children < 5 years of age. Methods and Findings: We systematically reviewed studies with IPD serotype data among children < 5 years of age from the published literature and unpublished data provided by researchers. Studies conducted prior to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction, from 1980 to 2007, with ≥ 12 months of surveillance, and reporting ≥ 20 serotyped isolates were included. Serotype-specific proportions were pooled in a random effects meta-analysis and combined with PD incidence and mortality estimates to infer global and regional serotype-specific PD burden. Of 1,292, studies reviewed, 169 were included comprising 60,090 isolates from 70 countries. Globally and regionally, six to 11 serotypes accounted for ≥70% of IPD. Seven serotypes (1, 5, 6A, 6B, 14, 19F, 23F) were the most common globally; and based on year 2000 incidence and mortality estimates these seven serotypes accounted for ≥300,000 deaths in Africa and 200,000 deaths in Asia. Serotypes included in both the 10- and 13-valent PCVs accounted for 10 million cases and 600,000 deaths worldwide. Conclusions: A limited number of serotypes cause most IPD worldwide. The serotypes included in existing PCV formulations account for 49%-88% of deaths in Africa and Asia where PD morbidity and mortality are the highest, but few children have access to these life-saving vaccines. © 2010 Johnson et al.	None	Pneumococcus vaccine; Africa; age; article; Asia; bacterium isolate; causal attribution; child; disease surveillance; geographic distribution; human; incidence; mortality; nonhuman; pneumococcal infection; preschool child; serotype; Streptococcus pneumoniae; systematic review; Child, Preschool; Disease Progression; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Internationality; Pneumococcal Infections; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Vaccines, Conjugate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930613407	Implementation of an electronic monitoring and evaluation system for the antiretroviral treatment programme in the Cape Winelands District, South Africa: A qualitative evaluation	Myburgh H., Murphy J.P., Van Huyssteen M., Foster N., Grobbelaar C.J., Struthers H.E., McIntyre J.A., Hurter T., Peters R.P.H.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0127223	Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape Province, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa	Myburgh, H., Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Murphy, J.P., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa; Van Huyssteen, M., School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Foster, N., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Grobbelaar, C.J., Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Struthers, H.E., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa; McIntyre, J.A., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Hurter, T., Anova Health Institute, Paarl, Western Cape Province, South Africa, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa; Peters, R.P.H., Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa	Background: A pragmatic three-tiered approach to monitor the world's largest antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme was adopted by the South African National Department of Health in 2010. With the rapid expansion of the programme, the limitations of the paper-based register (tier 1) were the catalyst for implementation of the stand-alone electronic register (tier 2), which offers simple digitisation of the paper-based register. This article engages with theory on implementation to identify and contextualise enabling and constraining factors for implementation of the electronic register, to describe experiences and use of the register, and to make recommendations for implementation in similar settings where standardisation of ART monitoring and evaluation has not been achieved. Methods: We conducted a qualitative evaluation of the roll-out of the register. This comprised twenty in-depth interviews with a diverse sample of stakeholders at facility, sub-district, and district levels of the health system. Facility-level participants were selected across five sub-districts, including one facility per sub-district. Responses were coded and analysed using a thematic approach. An implementation science framework guided interpretation of the data. Results & Discussion: We identified the following seven themes: 1) ease of implementation, 2) perceived value of an electronic M&E system, 3) importance of stakeholder engagement, 4) influence of a data champion, 5) operational and logistical factors, 6) workload and role clarity, and 7) importance of integrating the electronic register with routine facility monitoring and evaluation. Interpreting our findings through an implementation theory enabled us to construct the scaffolding for implementation across the five facility-settings. This approach illustrated that implementation was not a linear process but occurred at two nodes: at the adoption of the register for roll-out, and at implementation at facility-level. Conclusion: In this study we found that relative advantage of an intervention and stakeholder engagement are critical to implementation. We suggest that without these aspects of implementation, formative and summative outcomes of implementation at both the adoption and coalface stages of implementation would be negatively affected. © 2015 Myburgh et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; Article; catalyst; conceptual framework; electronic medical record; health care; human; public health service; qualitative analysis; register; South Africa; standardization; thematic analysis	AID-674-A-12-00015, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-77957164487	Multi-centred mixed-methods PEPFAR HIV care & support public health evaluation: Study protocol	Harding R., Simms V., Penfold S., McCrone P., Moreland S., Downing J., Powell R.A., Mwangi-Powell F., Namisango E., Fayers P., Curtis S., Higginson I.J.	2010	BMC Public Health	10	None	10.1186/1471-2458-10-584	King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom; King's College London, Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry Box P024, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Futures Group One Thomas Circle, NW, Washington, DC 20005, United States; African Palliative Care Association, PO Box 72518, Kampala, Uganda; University of Aberdeen Department of Public Health, School of Medicine Polwarth Building Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; MEASURE Evaluation Project Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8120 Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States	Harding, R., King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom; Simms, V., King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom; Penfold, S., King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom; McCrone, P., King's College London, Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry Box P024, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; Moreland, S., Futures Group One Thomas Circle, NW, Washington, DC 20005, United States; Downing, J., African Palliative Care Association, PO Box 72518, Kampala, Uganda; Powell, R.A., African Palliative Care Association, PO Box 72518, Kampala, Uganda; Mwangi-Powell, F., African Palliative Care Association, PO Box 72518, Kampala, Uganda; Namisango, E., African Palliative Care Association, PO Box 72518, Kampala, Uganda; Fayers, P., University of Aberdeen Department of Public Health, School of Medicine Polwarth Building Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom; Curtis, S., MEASURE Evaluation Project Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 8120 Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Higginson, I.J., King's College London, Cicely Saunders Institute Department of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation School of Medicine at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom	Background: A public health response is essential to meet the multidimensional needs of patients and families affected by HIV disease in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to appraise curret provision of HIV care and support in East Africa, and to provide evidence-based direction to future care programming, and Public Health Evaluation was commissioned by the PEPFAR programme of the US Government. Methods/Design: This paper described the 2-Phase international mixed methods study protocol utilising longitudinal outcome measurement, surveys, patient and family qualitative interviews and focus groups, staff qualitative interviews, health economics and document analysis. Aim 1) To describe the nature and scope of HIV care and support in two African countries, including the types of facilities available, clients seen, and availability of specific components of care [Study Phase 1]. Aim 2) To determine patient health outcomes over time and principle cost drivers [Study Phase 2]. The study objectives are as follows. 1) To undertake a cross-sectional survey of service configuration and activity by sampling 10% of the facilities being funded by PEPFAR to provide HIV care and support in Kenya and Uganda (Phase 1) in order to describe care currently provided, including pharmacy drug reviews to determine availability and supply of essential drugs in HIV management. 2) To conduct patient focus group discussions at each of these (Phase 1) to determine care received. 3) To undertake a longitudinal prospective study of 1200 patients who are newly diagnosed with HIV or patients with HIV who present with a new problem attending PEPFAR care and support services. Data collection includes self-reported quality of life, core palliative outcomes and components of care received (Phase 2). 4) To conduct qualitative interviews with staff, patients and carers in order to explore and understand service issues and care provision in more depth (Phase 2). 5) To undertake document analysis to appraise the clinical care procedures at each facility (Phase 2). 6) To determine principle cost drivers including staff, overhead and laboratory costs (Phase 2). Discussion: This novel mixed methods protocol will permit transparent presentation of subsequent dataset results publication, and offers a substantive model of protocol design to measure and integrate key activities and outcomes that underpin a public health approach to disease management in a low-income setting. © 2010 Harding et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; clinical trial; cost; cross-sectional study; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; interview; Kenya; methodology; multicenter study; outcome assessment; public health; social support; Uganda; Costs and Cost Analysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Focus Groups; HIV Infections; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Kenya; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Public Health; Research Design; Social Support; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746456905	The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in sub-Saharan Africa	Williams B.G., Lloyd-Smith J.O., Gouws E., Hankins C., Getz W.M., Hargrove J., De Zoysa I., Dye C., Auvert B.	2006	PLoS Medicine	3	7	10.1371/journal.pmed.0030262	World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Policy, Evidence, and Partnerships Department, Geneva, Switzerland; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa; World Health Organization, Family and Community Health, Geneva, Switzerland; INSERM, Saint Maurice, France; University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, Faculté de Médecine, Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, Saint Maurice, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, Boulogne, France	Williams, B.G., World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Lloyd-Smith, J.O., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Gouws, E., Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Policy, Evidence, and Partnerships Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Hankins, C., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Getz, W.M., Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Hargrove, J., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa; De Zoysa, I., World Health Organization, Family and Community Health, Geneva, Switzerland; Dye, C., World Health Organization, Stop TB Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Auvert, B., INSERM, Saint Maurice, France, University of Versailles-Saint Quentin, Faculté de Médecine, Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, Saint Maurice, France, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, Boulogne, France	Background: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) has shown that male circumcision (MC) reduces sexual transmission of HIV from women to men by 60% (32%-76%; 95% CI) offering an intervention of proven efficacy for reducing the sexual spread of HIV. We explore the implications of this finding for the promotion of MC as a public health intervention to control HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and Findings: Using dynamical simulation models we consider the impact of MC on the relative prevalence of HIV in men and women and in circumcised and uncircumcised men. Using country level data on HIV prevalence and MC, we estimate the impact of increasing MC coverage on HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, and HIV-related deaths over the next ten, twenty, and thirty years in sub-Saharan Africa. Assuming that full coverage of MC is achieved over the next ten years, we consider three scenarios in which the reduction in transmission is given by the best estimate and the upper and lower 95% confidence limits of the reduction in transmission observed in the RCT. MC could avert 2.0 (1.1-3.8) million new HIV infections and 0.3 (0.1-0.5) million deaths over the next ten years in sub-Saharan Africa. In the ten years after that, it could avert a further 3.7 (1.9-7.5) million new HIV infections and 2.7 (1.5-5.3) million deaths, with about one quarter of all the incident cases prevented and the deaths averted occurring in South Africa. We show that a) MC will increase the proportion of infected people who are women from about 52% to 58%; b) where there is homogenous mixing but not all men are circumcised, the prevalence of infection in circumcised men is likely to be about 80% of that in uncircumcised men; c) MC is equivalent to an intervention, such as a vaccine or increased condom use, that reduces transmission in both directions by 37%. Conclusions: This analysis is based on the result of just one RCT, but if the results of that trial are confirmed we suggest that MC could substantially reduce the burden of HIV in Africa, especially in southern Africa where the prevalence of MC is low and the prevalence of HIV is high. While the protective benefit to HIV-negative men will be immediate, the full impact of MC on HIV-related illness and death will only be apparent in ten to twenty years. © 2006 Williams et al.	None	Africa; article; circumcision; condom; health care; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; infection control; mathematical analysis; mortality; prevalence; public health service; sexual behavior; sexual transmission; vaccination; Africa south of the Sahara; circumcision; cultural anthropology; disease transmission; female; forecasting; male; randomized controlled trial (topic); South Africa; statistics; theoretical model; utilization review; Africa South of the Sahara; Circumcision, Male; Culture; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Female; Forecasting; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Models, Theoretical; Prevalence; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sexual Behavior; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865576650	The Impact of Asymptomatic Helminth Co-Infection in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis in North-West Ethiopia	Abate E., Belayneh M., Gelaw A., Idh J., Getachew A., Alemu S., Diro E., Fikre N., Britton S., Elias D., Aseffa A., Stendahl O., Schön T.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0042901	Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Medical Faculty, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Radiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Odense, Denmark; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden	Abate, E., Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia, Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Belayneh, M., Medical Faculty, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gelaw, A., Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Idh, J., Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Getachew, A., Department of Radiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Alemu, S., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Diro, E., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Fikre, N., Department of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Britton, S., Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Elias, D., University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Odense, Denmark; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Stendahl, O., Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Schön, T., Department of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden	Background: Areas endemic of helminth infection, tuberculosis (TB) and HIV are to a large extent overlapping. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of asymptomatic helminth infection on the immunological response among TB patients with and without HIV, their house hold contacts and community controls. Methodology: Consecutive smear positive TB patients (n = 112), their household contacts (n = 71) and community controls (n = 112) were recruited in Gondar town, Ethiopia. Stool microscopy, HIV serology, serum IgE level, eosinophil and CD4 counts were performed and tuberculosis patients were followed up for 3 months after initiation of anti-TB treatment. Results: Helminth co-infection rate was 29% in TB patients and 21% in both community control and household contacts (p = 0.3) where Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent parasite. In TB patients the seroprevalence of HIV was 47% (53/112). Eosinophilia and elevated IgE level were significantly associated with asymptomatic helminth infection. During TB treatment, the worm infection rate of HIV+/TB patients declined from 31% (10/32) at week 0 to 9% (3/32) at week 2 of TB treatment, whereas HIV-/TB patients showed no change from baseline to week 2, 29% (13/45) vs. 22.2% (10/45). This trend was stable at week 8 and 12 as well. Conclusion: One third of smear positive TB patients were infected with helminths. Eosinophilia and elevated IgE level correlated with asymptomatic worm infection, indicating an effect on host immunity. The rate of worm infection declined during TB treatment in HIV+/TB co-infected patients whereas no decline was seen in HIV-/TB group. © 2012 Abate et al.	None	immunoglobulin E; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; adult; aged; article; Ascaris lumbricoides; asymptomatic infection; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; endemic disease; eosinophilia; Ethiopia; feces analysis; female; helminth; helminthiasis; human; immune response; infection rate; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; prevalence; serology; seroprevalence; tuberculosis; worm infection; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antigens, CD4; Coinfection; Communicable Disease Control; Comorbidity; Ethiopia; Female; Helminthiasis; Helminths; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Infectious Disease Medicine; Male; Middle Aged; Time Factors; Tuberculosis; Ascaris lumbricoides; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905229482	Remote evaluation of video-otoscopy recordings in an unselected pediatric population with an otitis media scale	Lundberg T., Biagio L., Laurent C., Sandström H., Swanepoel D.W.	2014	International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology	78	9	10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.06.018	Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden; Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia; Ear Sciences Centre, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia	Lundberg, T., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden; Biagio, L., Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Laurent, C., Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Clinical Sciences, Otorhinolaryngology, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden; Sandström, H., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden; Swanepoel, D.W., Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, Australia, Ear Sciences Centre, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia	Background: A recently validated image-based grading scale for acute otitis media (OMGRADE) can be used to assess tympanic membrane (TM) status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of this scale for remote assessments of TM status using video-otoscopy recordings in an unselected pediatric population. Method: Children 2-16 years attending a South African primary health clinic were offered an ear examination by an otologist using otomicroscopy. An ear and hearing telehealth facilitator then made video-otoscopy recordings (9-33. s) of the ears and uptakes were uploaded to a secure server for remote assessments in Sweden by an otologist and general practitioner at four- and eight-weeks post onsite assessment. TM appearance was judged according to the OMGRADE scale. Concordance between onsite otomicroscopy and asynchronous assessments of video-otoscopy recordings was calculated together with intra- and inter-rater agreements. Results: One hundred and eighty ears were included. Concordance of TM classifications using the OMGRADE scale was found to be substantial (weighted kappa range 0.66-0.79). Intra- and inter-rater agreement (test-retest) was found to be substantial to almost perfect (weighted kappa range 0.85-0.88 and 0.69-0.72, respectively). Conclusion: The OMGRADE scale can be used to accurately assess the normal TM and secretory otitis media (SOM) remotely using video-otoscopy recordings in an unselected pediatric population. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	Grading; Otitis media; Tympanic membrane; Video-otoscopy	acute otitis media; adolescent; article; child; chronic suppurative otitis media; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; disease classification; eardrum; female; general practitioner; human; major clinical study; male; microscope; microscopy; OMGRADE scale; otitis media; otomicroscopy; otoscope; otoscopy; pediatrics; preschool child; priority journal; rating scale; reliability; school child; secretory otitis media; sensitivity and specificity; standard; Sweden; validity; video otoscopy; infant; otitis media; otoscopy; pathology; procedures; reproducibility; South Africa; telemedicine; videorecording; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Otitis Media; Otoscopy; Pediatrics; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa; Telemedicine; Tympanic Membrane; Video Recording	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903195977	Comparative impacts over 5 years of artemisinin-based combination therapies on Plasmodium falciparum polymorphisms that modulate drug sensitivity in Ugandan children	Conrad M.D., LeClair N., Arinaitwe E., Wanzira H., Kakuru A., Bigira V., Muhindo M., Kamya M.R., Tappero J.W., Greenhouse B., Dorsey G., Rosenthal P.J.	2014	Journal of Infectious Diseases	210	3	10.1093/infdis/jiu141	Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Conrad, M.D., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; LeClair, N., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Arinaitwe, E., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Wanzira, H., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kakuru, A., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Bigira, V., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Muhindo, M., Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Tappero, J.W., Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Greenhouse, B., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Background. Artemisinin-based combination therapies, including artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP), are recommended to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Sensitivities to components of AL and DP are impacted by polymorphisms in pfmdr1 and pfcrt. We monitored changes in prevalences of polymorphisms in Tororo, Uganda, from 2008 to 2012. Methods. Polymorphic loci in pfmdr1 and pfcrt were characterized in samples from 312 children randomized to AL or DP for each episode of uncomplicated malaria (50 samples per arm for each 3-month interval) utilizing a fluorescent microsphere assay. Treatment outcomes and impacts of prior therapies were also characterized. Results. Prevalence increased significantly over time for pfmdr1 N86 (AL: odds ratio [OR], 2.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.83-2.38]; DP: 1.41 [95% CI, 1.25-1.57]), pfmdr1 D1246 (AL: 1.46 [95% CI, 1.29-1.64]; DP: 1.36 [95% CI, 1.23-1.50]), and pfcrt K76 (AL: 3.37 [95% CI, 1.85-6.16]; DP: 5.84 [95% CI, 1.94-17.53], and decreased for pfmdr1 Y184 (AL: 0.78 [95% CI, .70-.86]; DP: 0.84 [95% CI, .76-1.50]); changes were consistently greater in the AL arm. Recent AL treatment selected for pfmdr1 N86, D1246, and 184F in subsequent episodes; DP selected for the opposite alleles. Conclusions. Genotypes with decreased sensitivity to AL components increased over time. This increase was greater in children receiving AL, suggesting that the choice of treatment regimen can profoundly influence parasite genetics and drug sensitivity. © The Author 2014.	Artemether-lumefantrine; Dihydroartemisinin- piperaquine; Pfcrt; Pfmdr1; Plasmodium falciparum	artemether plus benflumetol; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; allele; article; child; clinical trial; comparative effectiveness; copy number variation; drug efficacy; drug sensitivity; ethnic group; female; gene; gene frequency; gene locus; genetic identification; genetic polymorphism; genotype; human; longitudinal study; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; Pfcrt gene; pfmdr1 gene; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; priority journal; treatment outcome; Ugandan; artemether-lumefantrine; dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine; pfcrt; pfmdr1; Plasmodium falciparum; Alleles; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymorphism, Genetic; Uganda	CDC, National Institutes of Health; DDCF, National Institutes of Health; AI075045, NIH, National Institutes of Health; AI089674, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884369563	Impact of retreatment with an artemisinin-based combination on malaria incidence and its potential selection of resistant strains: Study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial	Muhindo Mavoko H., Nabasumba C., Tinto H., D'Alessandro U., Grobusch M.P., Lutumba P., Van Geertruyden J.-P.	2013	Trials	14	1	10.1186/1745-6215-14-307	Département de Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 747 Kin XI, Democratic Republic Congo; Epicentre Mbarara Reasearch Base, P. O. Box 930, Mbarara, Uganda; Centre Muraz, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, P. O. Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, P. O. Box 273, Banjul, Gambia; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; International Health Unit, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium	Muhindo Mavoko, H., Département de Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 747 Kin XI, Democratic Republic Congo; Nabasumba, C., Epicentre Mbarara Reasearch Base, P. O. Box 930, Mbarara, Uganda; Tinto, H., Centre Muraz, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, P. O. Box 545, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; D'Alessandro, U., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, P. O. Box 273, Banjul, Gambia; Grobusch, M.P., Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Lutumba, P., Département de Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Kinshasa, B.P. 747 Kin XI, Democratic Republic Congo; Van Geertruyden, J.-P., International Health Unit, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium	Background: Artemisinin-based combination therapy is currently recommended by the World Health Organization as first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Recommendations were adapted in 2010 regarding rescue treatment in case of treatment failure. Instead of quinine monotherapy, it should be combined with an antibiotic with antimalarial properties; alternatively, another artemisinin-based combination therapy may be used. However, for informing these policy changes, no clear evidence is yet available. The need to provide the policy makers with hard data on the appropriate rescue therapy is obvious. We hypothesize that the efficacy of the same artemisinin-based combination therapy used as rescue treatment is as efficacious as quinine + clindamycin or an alternative artemisinin-based combination therapy, without the risk of selecting drug resistant strains.Design: We embed a randomized, open label, three-arm clinical trial in a longitudinal cohort design following up children with uncomplicated malaria until they are malaria parasite free for 4 weeks. The study is conducted in both the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda and performed in three steps. In the first step, the pre-randomized controlled trial (RCT) phase, children aged 12 to 59 months with uncomplicated malaria are treated with the recommended first-line drug and constitute a cohort that is passively followed up for 42 days. If the patients experience an uncomplicated malaria episode between days 14 and 42 of follow-up, they are randomized either to quinine + clindamycin, or an alternative artemisinin-based combination therapy, or the same first-line artemisinin-based combination therapy to be followed up for 28 additional days. If between days 14 and 28 the patients experience a recurrent parasitemia, they are retreated with the recommended first-line regimen and actively followed up for another 28 additional days (step three; post-RCT phase). The same methodology is followed for each subsequent failure. In any case, all patients without an infection at day 28 are classified as treatment successes and reach a study endpoint. The RCT phase allows the comparison of the safety and efficacy of three rescue treatments. The prolonged follow-up of all children until they are 28 days parasite-free allows us to assess epidemiological-, host- and parasite-related predictors for repeated malaria infection.Trial registration: NCT01374581 and PACTR201203000351114. © 2013 Muhindo Mavoko et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Artemether-lumefantrine; Artemisinin-based combination treatment; Artesunate-amodiaquine; Clindamycin; Democratic Republic of Congo; Malaria; Quinine; Randomized trial; Uganda	amodiaquine plus artesunate; artemether plus benflumetol; clindamycin; co arsucam; doxycycline; hemoglobin; quinamax; quinine; tetracycline; unclassified drug; winthrop; adverse outcome; article; body weight; child; childhood disease; clinical protocol; cohort analysis; Congo; controlled study; drug comparison; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug treatment failure; female; fever; follow up; genotype; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; hospitalization; human; hypothesis; insurance; liver function; longitudinal study; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; male; monotherapy; multicenter study; multidrug resistance; open study; outcome assessment; parasite clearance; parasite incidence; parasitemia; pharmacoepidemiology; phase 3 clinical trial; Plasmodium; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; recurrent infection; reinfection; retreatment; treatment duration; tympanic temperature; Uganda; unspecified side effect; world health organization; Amodiaquine; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Clindamycin; Clinical Protocols; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethanolamines; Female; Fluorenes; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Quinine; Recurrence; Research Design; Retreatment; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000268766900003	Do the socioeconomic impacts of antiretroviral therapy vary by gender? A longitudinal study of Kenyan agricultural worker employment outcomes	Bii, Margret,Fox, Mathew P.,Larson, Bruce A.,McCoy, Kelly,Rosen, Sydney,Sawe, Fredrick,Shaffer, Douglas,Sigei, Carolyne,Simon, Jonathan L.,Wasunna, Monique	2009	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	9	None	10.1186/1471-2458-9-240	Boston University, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Walter Reed Project	None	Background: As access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has grown in Africa, attention has turned to evaluating the socio-economic impacts of ART. One key issue is the extent to which improvements in health resulting from ART allows individuals to return to work and earn income. Improvements in health from ART may also be associated with reduced impaired presenteeism, which is the loss of productivity when an ill or disabled individual attends work but accomplishes less at his or her usual tasks or shifts to other, possibly less valuable, tasks. Methods: Longitudinal data for this analysis come from company payroll records for 97 HIV-infected tea estate workers (the index group, 56 women, 41 men) and a comparison group of all workers assigned to the same work teams (n = 2485, 1691 men, 794 women) for a 37-month period covering two years before and one year after initiating ART. We used nearest neighbour matching methods to estimate the impacts of HIV/AIDS and ART on three monthly employment outcomes for tea estate workers in Kenya - days plucking tea, days assigned to non-plucking assignments, and kilograms harvested when plucking. Results: The female index group worked 30% fewer days plucking tea monthly than the matched female comparison group during the final 9 months pre-ART. They also worked 87% more days on non-plucking assignments. While the monthly gap between the two groups narrowed after beginning ART, the female index group worked 30% fewer days plucking tea and about 100% more days on non-plucking tasks than the comparison group after one year on ART. The male index group was able to maintain a similar pattern of work as their comparison group except during the initial five months on therapy. Conclusion: Significant impaired presenteeism continued to exist among the female index group after one year on ART. Future research needs to explore further the socio-economic implications of HIV-infected female workers on ART being less productive than the general female workforce over sustained periods of time.	,ADULTS,HIV/AIDS,HIV-INFECTION,ILLNESS,PERFORMANCE,PRESENTEEISM,PREVALENCE,SECTOR,SICK,SOUTH-AFRICA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000279725600004	TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN RESEARCH ETHICS EVALUATION AMONG RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEE MEMBERS IN THREE AFRICAN COUNTRIES: CAMEROON, MALI AND TANZANIA	Ateudjieu, Jerome,Baume, Cedric,Hirtle, Marie,Ikingura, Joyce,Niare, Alassane,Sprumont, Dominique,Williams, John	2010	DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS	10	2	10.1111/j.1471-8847.2009.00266.x	University of Fribourg, University of Geneva, University of Neuchatel, University of Ottawa, University of Yaounde I, Malaria Res & Training Ctr	"Ateudjieu, Jerome: University of Yaounde I","Sprumont, Dominique: University of Neuchatel","Williams, John: University of Ottawa",	Background: As actors with the key responsibility for the protection of human research participants, Research Ethics Committees (RECs) need to be competent and well-resourced in order to fulfil their roles. Despite recent programs designed to strengthen RECs in Africa, much more needs to be accomplished before these committees can function optimally. Objective: To assess training needs for biomedical research ethics evaluation among targeted countries. Methods: Members of RECs operating in three targeted African countries were surveyed between August and November 2007. Before implementing the survey, ethical approvals were obtained from RECs in Switzerland, Cameroon, Mali and Tanzania. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire in English and in French. Results: A total of 74 respondents participated in the study. The participation rate was 68%. Seventy one percent of respondents reported having received some training in research ethics evaluation. This training was given by national institutions (31%) and international institutions (69%). Researchers and REC members were ranked as the top target audiences to be trained. Of 32 topics, the top five training priorities were: basic ethical principles, coverage of applicable laws and regulations, how to conduct ethics review, evaluating informed consent processes and the role of the REC. Conclusion: Although the majority of REC members in the targeted African countries had received training in ethics, they expressed a need for additional training. The results of this survey have been used to design a training program in research ethics evaluation that meets this need.	Africa,CURRICULUM,"ETHICS COMMITTEES",RESEARCH,"TRAINING PROGRAM"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907567195	Baseline health conditions in selected communities of northern Sierra Leone as revealed by the health impact assessment of a biofuel project	Winkler M.S., Knoblauch A.M., Righetti A.A., Divall M.J., Koroma M.M., Fofanah I., Turay H., Hodges M.H., Utzinger J.	2014	International Health	6	3	10.1093/inthealth/ihu031	Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland; SHAPE Consulting Ltd, Pretoria, South Africa; Northern Polytechnic, P.O. Box 32, Makeni, Sierra Leone; Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 369, Freetown, Sierra Leone	Winkler, M.S., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland; Knoblauch, A.M., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland; Righetti, A.A., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland; Divall, M.J., SHAPE Consulting Ltd, Pretoria, South Africa; Koroma, M.M., Northern Polytechnic, P.O. Box 32, Makeni, Sierra Leone; Fofanah, I., Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 369, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Turay, H., Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 369, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Hodges, M.H., Helen Keller International, P.O. Box 369, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Utzinger, J., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland	Background: As biofuel projects may be associated with positive and negative effects on people's health and wellbeing, a health impact assessment was performed for the Addax Bioenergy Sierra Leone (ABSL) project. We present data from the baseline health survey, which will provide a point of departure for future monitoring and evaluation activities. Methods: In December 2010, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in eight potentially affected communities. A broad set of clinical and parasitological indicators were assessed using standardised, quality-controlled procedures, including anthropometry and prevalence of anaemia, Plasmodium falciparum and helminth infections. Results: Complete datasets were obtained from 1221 individuals of 194 households and eight schools. Of children aged <5 years (n=586), 41.8% were stunted, 23.2% were underweight and 4.8% were wasted. Very high prevalences of anaemia and P. falciparum were found in children aged 6-59 months (n=571; 86.1% and 74.0%, respectively). Overall, 73.7% of women of reproductive age (n=395) were anaemic. In school-aged children (n=240), 27.9% had light- to moderate-intensity hookworm infections, whereas Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Schistosoma mansoni were rare (<3% each). Conclusions: The detailed description of the baseline health conditions, in combination with future health surveys, will deepen the understanding of how a biofuel project impacts on community health in a rural setting in sub-Saharan Africa. © The Author 2014.	Anaemia; Health impact assessment; Helminth infection; Malaria; Nutritional status; Sierra Leone	albendazole; amodiaquine; artemether; praziquantel; biofuel; adolescent; adult; anemia; anthropometry; Article; Ascaris lumbricoides; child; cross-sectional study; female; health impact assessment; health survey; helminthiasis; hookworm infection; human; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; Plasmodium falciparum; prevalence; public health; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; Sierra Leone; Trichuris trichiura; underweight; anemia; animal; ascariasis; Child Nutrition Disorders; health impact assessment; health status; infant; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Malaria, Falciparum; malnutrition; middle aged; nutritional status; preschool child; procedures; regression analysis; rural population; schistosomiasis mansoni; statistics and numerical data; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Animals; Ascariasis; Biofuels; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Impact Assessment; Health Status; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Malnutrition; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Regression Analysis; Rural Population; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Sierra Leone; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866134258	Economic evaluation of task-shifting approaches to the dispensing of anti-retroviral therapy	Foster N., McIntyre D.	2012	Human Resources for Health	10	None	10.1186/1478-4491-10-32	Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Foster, N., Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; McIntyre, D., Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: A scarcity of human resources for health has been identified as one of the primary constraints to the scale-up of the provision of Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART). In South Africa there is a particularly severe lack of pharmacists. The study aims to compare two task-shifting approaches to the dispensing of ART: Indirectly Supervised Pharmacist's Assistants (ISPA) and Nurse-based pharmaceutical care models against the standard of care which involves a pharmacist dispensing ART.Methods: A cross-sectional mixed methods study design was used. Patient exit interviews, time and motion studies, expert interviews and staff costs were used to conduct a costing from the societal perspective. Six facilities were sampled in the Western Cape province of South Africa, and 230 patient interviews conducted.Results: The ISPA model was found to be the least costly task-shifting pharmaceutical model. However, patients preferred receiving medication from the nurse. This related to a fear of stigma and being identified by virtue of receiving ART at the pharmacy.Conclusions: While these models are not mutually exclusive, and a variety of pharmaceutical care models will be necessary for scale up, it is useful to consider the impact of implementing these models on the provider, patient access to treatment and difficulties in implementation. © 2012 Foster and McIntyre; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anti-retroviral therapy; Pharmaceutical care models; Skills mix; Task-shifting	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879496709	Seroepidemiological and parasitological evaluation of the heterogeneity of malaria infection in the Gambia	Oduro A.R., Conway D.J., Schellenberg D., Satoguina J., Greenwood B.M., Bojang K.A.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-222	Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana	Oduro, A.R., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana; Conway, D.J., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Schellenberg, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Satoguina, J., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia; Greenwood, B.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Bojang, K.A., Medical Research Council Unit, Atlantic Road, Fajara, Gambia	Background: As countries make progress in malaria control, transmission may be reduced to such an extent that few cases occur, and identification of the remaining foci of transmission may require a combination of surveillance tools. The study explored the usefulness of parasite prevalence, seroprevalence and model-estimated seroconversion rates for detecting local differences in malaria transmission in a West African country. Methods. Age-stratified cross-sectional surveys were conducted during the wet season in 2008 and the following dry season in 2009 in The Gambia. In each season, 20 village communities were sampled from six diverse areas throughout the country. A total of 7,586 participants were surveyed, 51% (3,870) during the wet season. Parasites were detected by thick film slide microscopy, and anti-MSP1-19 antibodies were detected by ELISA using eluted dried blood from filter papers. Results: Overall parasite prevalence was 12.4% in the wet season and 2.2% in the dry season, with village-specific parasite prevalence ranging from 1.4 to 45.9% in the wet season and from 0.0 to 13.2% in the dry season. Prevalence was highest in the eastern part of the country. Serological indices also varied between villages, indicating local heterogeneity in transmission, and there was a high correlation between wet and dry season estimates across the villages. The overall prevalence of anti-MSP119 antibodies was similar in the wet (19.5%) and in the dry (19.6%) seasons. Conclusion: The study illustrates the utility of measuring both parasite prevalence and serological indices for monitoring local variation in malaria transmission, which are more informative than single measures as control intensifies and malaria declines. Measurements of seropositivity have the logistical advantage of being relative stable seasonally so that sampling at any time of year may be conducted. © 2013 Oduro et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Evaluation; Microheterogeneity; Parasite prevalence; Plasmodium falciparum; Serology; The Gambia	adolescent; adult; age distribution; Anopheles gambiae; article; axilla temperature; blood analysis; body weight; child; correlation analysis; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; environmental temperature; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; ethnic difference; female; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; parasite prevalence; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; school child; seasonal variation; seroconversion; seroepidemiology; seroprevalence; sporozoite; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Protozoan; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Gambia; Geography; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Plasmodium; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886892798	Evaluation of structurally related 3-substituted 4-amino-2-arylquinolines and 2-aryl-4-methoxyquinolines for potential antimycobacterial activity	Labuschagné A., Lall N., Mphahlele M.J.	2013	International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents	3	2	10.3823/728	Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Labuschagné, A., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Lall, N., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mphahlele, M.J., Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa	Background: A series of structurally related 2-aryl-4-(amino/methoxy)quinoline derivatives were evaluated for potential antimycobacterial activity against Myco-bacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Methods: The chemical compounds were tested against a drug sensitive and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis using rapid radiometric techniques. The selected derivatives were tested for their intracellular activity against TB- infected macrophages. Two 4-amino-2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives were investigated for their immune modulatory effect with regard to to Th1 and Th2-subset cytokines Results: A complete inhibition of a drug sensitive strain of M. tuberculosis was observed at 20.0 μg/mL for 4-amino-2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinoline 3b, 4-amino-3-iodo-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinoline 5d, 4-amino-2,3-diphenylquinoline 6a, 4-ami-no-2-(4-fuorophenyl)-3-phenylquinoline 6b and 4-amino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylquinoline 6d. These derivatives were further evaluated for activity against a multidrug resistant strain of M. tuberculosis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against a two drug-resistant strain was found to be ≥5.0≤20.0 μg/mL. Systems 6a and 6b were, in turn, subjected to cytotoxicity assay using U937 human macrophages and their subsequent intracellular antimycobacterial activity was determined. Intracellular M. tuberculosis growth was inhibited with 64 and 61% by compounds 6a and 6b, at concentrations of 18.00 and 14.00 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, these two 4-amino-2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives were also investigated for their immune modulatory effect according to Th1 and Th2-subset cytokines. System 6b indicated activity that stimulated multi-effector macrophages with a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile. Conclusions: The presence of a primary amino group at C-4 and phenyl ring at C-3 and the accompanying increased basicity of the quinoline ring as well as electronic effect and lipophilicity of the substituent on the para position of the 2-phenyl ring seem to be critical for the antimycobacterial activity of the 2,3-diarylquinoline derivatives. Overall, the production of cytokines from this specifc experiment gives an idea of the amount of individual cytokines produced daily instead of a cumulative response to the test samples during infection. Compound 6a holds potential to modulate the functionality of M. tuberculosis infected macrophages. © Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.	2-aryl-4-methoxyquinolines; 4-amino-2-arylquinolines; Antimycobacterial activity; Immunomod-ulation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649375119	Impact of socioeconomic status on sexual maturation of Nigerian boys living with sickle cell anaemia	Uchendu U.O., Ikefuna A.N., Nwokocha A.R.C., Emodi I.J.	2010	Hematology	15	6	10.1179/102453310X12647083621209	Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States	Uchendu, U.O., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Pediatrics, Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Ikefuna, A.N., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Nwokocha, A.R.C., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Emodi, I.J., Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: Assessment of sexual maturation of children continues to have great relevance in monitoring their overall development. The interplay between innate disease characteristics and environmental modifiers such as socioeconomic status is not clearly understood among children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Objective: To evaluate impact of socioeconomic status on sexual development of children living with sickle cell anaemia. Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study evaluating sexual maturation of male patients with SCA (subjects) compared with non-SCAs (controls) was done. Tanner staging and testicular volume (TV) assessment were used for evaluating sexual maturation among both groups matched for age and socioeconomic status. Pattern of sexual maturation was related to socioeconomic status. Results: Subjects demonstrated delay in onset and completion of sexual maturation compared to controls. Testicular volumes of subjects were smaller than controls but when related to Tanner staging showed no significant difference between both groups. Onset of puberty was earlier in children from higher socioeconomic classes though this was very modest and not statistically significant. Similarly children of higher classes showed slightly larger TVs compared with those from lower classes. Conclusion: SCA patients continue to demonstrate delay in sexual maturation compared with controls with normal haemoglobin genotype. Higher socioeconomic status showed a slight improvement on sexual maturation. This should provide a strong basis for advocacy to improve the welfare of families of children living with SCA as a worthwhile measure to improve their development and overall outlook. A larger study of a prospective nature is highly indicated. © 2010 Maney Publishing.	Sexual maturity; sickle cell anaemia; socioeconomic status; testicular volume	hemoglobin; adolescent; adult; article; child; child welfare; controlled study; cross-sectional study; genotype; health education; health status; human; major clinical study; male; men's health; Nigeria; preschool child; priority journal; puberty; school child; sexual maturation; sickle cell anemia; social status; testis size; Adolescent; African Continental Ancestry Group; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Case-Control Studies; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Sexual Maturation; Social Class	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946210961	Contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods in a district of southeastern Uganda endemic for bovine parasitic diseases: An economic evaluation	Okello W.O., Muhanguzi D., MacLeod E.T., Welburn S.C., Waiswa C., Shaw A.P.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1191-9	Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, Zoersel, Belgium	Okello, W.O., Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Muhanguzi, D., Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; MacLeod, E.T., Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Welburn, S.C., Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Waiswa, C., Department of Biomolecular and Biolaboratory Sciences, School of Biosecurity, Biotechnical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Shaw, A.P., Avia-GIS, Risschotlei 33, Zoersel, Belgium	Background: A study was conducted in Tororo District in eastern Uganda to assess the socio-economic contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods. The aim of the study was to empirically quantify the economic value of draft cattle thus contributing to understanding the impact of endemic parasitic diseases of cattle on livestock productivity and subsequently household income, labor and food security. Method: A total of 205 draft cattle keeping households (n = 205) were randomly selected and structured household questionnaires were administered, focusing on work oxen use, productivity, inputs and outputs. The data obtained was analyzed using standard statistical methods and used to calculate the gross margin from the draft cattle enterprise. Secondary data were obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews and these were analyzed using Bayesian methods. Results: The study showed that, apart from being labor saving, the use of animal traction is highly profitable with the gross margin per year from the use of draft cattle amounting to 245 United States dollars per work oxen owning household. The cash obtained from hiring out draft animals was equivalent to nearly a quarter of the average local household's monetary receipts. It also revealed that endemic bovine parasitic diseases such as trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases reduced draft cattle output by 20.9 % and potential household income from the use of draft oxen by 32.2 %. Conclusion: The presence of endemic cattle diseases in rural Uganda is adversely affecting the productivity of draft cattle, which in turn affects household income, labor and ultimately food security. This study highlights the contribution of draft cattle to rural livelihoods, thus increasing the expected impact of cost-effective control strategies of endemic production limiting livestock diseases in Uganda. © 2015 Okello et al.	Animal traction; Draft cattle; Gross margin analysis; Household income; Trypanosomiasis; Uganda	Article; bovine; cost; economic evaluation; female; livestock; male; nonhuman; parasitosis; profit; rural area; structured questionnaire; tick borne disease; trypanosomiasis; Uganda; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865180945	Toxicity study and evaluation of biochemical markers towards the identification of the causative agent for an outbreak of liver disease in Tahtay Koraro Woreda, Tigray	Debella A., Abebe D., Tekabe F., Mamo H., Abebe A., Tsegaye B., Ayana G., Degefa A., Negussie P., Yimer E., Challa F., Lemma E., Tefera A., Mekonnen Y., Afework N., Mudie K., Tadele A., Kidanemariam T., Muchie B., Dadi N.	2012	Ethiopian Medical Journal	50	None	None	Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Drug Administration and Control Authority, Quality Control and Toxicology Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Debella, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebe, D., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tekabe, F., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mamo, H., Drug Administration and Control Authority, Quality Control and Toxicology Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Abebe, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tsegaye, B., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayana, G., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Degefa, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Negussie, P., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Yimer, E., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Challa, F., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lemma, E., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tefera, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, Y., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Afework, N., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mudie, K., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tadele, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kidanemariam, T., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, P. O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Muchie, B., Drug Administration and Control Authority, Quality Control and Toxicology Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dadi, N., Drug Administration and Control Authority, Quality Control and Toxicology Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: A team of experts of the Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University reported the emergence of unidentified fatal liver disease in Tahtay Koraro Woreda, Tigray in the mid of December 2005. The EHNRI has been then instructed to investigate the possible etiological agent that are likely to be responsible in triggering the health problem and a field survey team consisting of experts were went to the affected area to investigate the situations surrounding the disease. Objectives: This investigation was conducted to determine the possible etiological agent(s) for the stated health problem in the affected village. Method: Acute toxicity study was performed on animal model for the various samples used in human consumption, which was followed by histopathological examination of the liver of the sacrificed laboratory animals. In order to facilitate the elucidation of the causative agent for the alleged health problem further tests for clinical markers and antigens were also performed on the serum collected from affected persons. Result: Neither death nor toxic symptoms manifestations were observed on laboratory animals when feeding the consumable samples for a period of two weeks, however histopathological examination of the liver of the sacrificed animals that were given the unprotected pond water and Tela samples from the affected village as a drink revealed severe hepatoic necrosis. Biochemical test results of the serum samples revealed raised level of some clinical markers that are highly significant for detecting liver abnormality of toxic origin. Serological test for surface antigen ruled out the possible causes of infectious origin such as viral hepatitis. Conclusion: The overall results confirmed that the causative agent for the outbreak of the liver disease was of toxic origin rather than due to infectious agent and this was found to be associated with consumption of contaminated water as well as Tela.	Acute toxicity; Clinical markers; Etiological agent; Histopathogy; Liver disease	biological marker; animal; animal model; article; epidemic; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; human; liver disease; male; statistics; water pollution; Animals; Biological Markers; Disease Outbreaks; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Liver Diseases; Male; Models, Animal; Water Pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891552822	The impact of left main coronary artery morphology on the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in its branches	Ajayi N.O., Lazarus L., Vanker E.A., Satyapal K.S.	2013	Folia Morphologica (Poland)	72	3	10.5603/FM.2013.0033	Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; St. Augustine's Hospital, Chelmsford Medical Centre, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa	Ajayi, N.O., Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Lazarus, L., Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Vanker, E.A., St. Augustine's Hospital, Chelmsford Medical Centre, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa; Satyapal, K.S., Department of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa	Background: Atherosclerotic occlusion of a coronary vessel is the commonest cause of ischaemic heart disease. The distribution of atherosclerotic lesions is not random, with stenoses preferentially situated at branch ostia, bifurcation points, and the proximal segments of daughter vessels. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the intrinsic anatomical properties of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) on the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in its branches. Materials and methods: A retrospective review of 170 consecutive coronary angiograms obtained from the cardiac catheterisation laboratories of private hospitals in the eThekwini Municipality area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa was performed. The LMCA was absent in 19/170 (11.2%). The remaining angiograms (n = 151) were divided into two groups: normal 63/151 (41.7%) and those with coronary artery disease (CAD) 88/151 (58.3%). The CAD group was sub-divided into proximal 42/88 (47.7%), mixed (proximal and distal) 26/88 (29.6%) and distal 20/88 (22.7%) sub-groups based on the location of atherosclerotic lesions in the branches of the LMCA. Results and Conclusions: The mean length, diameter and angle of division of the LMCA were as follows: Total angiograms: 10.4 mm, 3.8 mm and 86.2o; normal group: 10.5 mm, 3.9 mm and 85.7o, CAD group: 10.2 mm, 3.7 mm and 86.3o; proximal sub-group: 10.9 mm, 3.7 mm and 91.6o, mixed sub-group - 9.8 mm, 3.7 mm and 85o and distal sub-group - 9.1 mm, 3.8 mm and 79.4o, respectively. The vessels with proximally located lesions were recorded to have longer lengths and wider angles of division than vessels with distal lesions. Coronary angiographic delineation of the LMCA anatomy may be predictive of a coronary arterial arrangement that may favour the progression of proximally located lesions. Copyright © 2013 Via Medica.	Atherosclerosis; Distribution; Left main coronary artery; Left main coronary artery branches	anatomy and histology; angiocardiography; coronary artery disease; coronary blood vessel; human; pathology; radiography; retrospective study; article; coronary artery disease; coronary blood vessel; histology; pathology; radiography; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Vessels; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Vessels; Humans; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940206658	The development of a scoring tool for the measurement of performance in managing hypotension and intra-operative cardiac arrest during spinal Anaesthesia for caesarean section	Horsten G., Wise R., Ramroop S., Rodseth R.	2015	Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia	21	3	10.1080/22201181.2015.1054617	Discipline of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Department of Anaesthetics, Critical Care and Pain Management, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Clinical Unit, Critical Care, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Discipline of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Perioperative Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Statistics and Biometry, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Clinical Unit, Anaesthesia, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	Horsten, G., Discipline of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Wise, R., Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Department of Anaesthetics, Critical Care and Pain Management, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Clinical Unit, Critical Care, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Discipline of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Perioperative Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ramroop, S., Department of Statistics and Biometry, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rodseth, R., Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Department of Anaesthetics, Critical Care and Pain Management, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Discipline of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Perioperative Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Clinical Unit, Anaesthesia, Greys Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	Background: At level one hospitals in South Africa a high annual number of maternal deaths occur due to the unrecognised/ untreated complications of spinal anaesthesia. The authors developed a clinical scenario and scoring system to measure intern performance in managing hypotension and cardiac arrest during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on a human patient simulator. This system was then subjected to tests of validity and reliability. Methods: The simulator-based clinical scenario was developed by two specialist anaesthesiologists. A modified Delphi technique was used to achieve consensus among 10 anaesthetic specialists regarding a standardised scoring system. A total of 20 medical officers with a Diploma in Anaesthesiology and 20 interns completed the scenario and were scored by two senior anaesthesiologists. Results: Medical officers scored an average of 252 and 246 points, whereas interns scored an average of 216 and 215 points (p = 0.005 and p = 0.013, respectively). The scoring instrument demonstrated high inter-assessor reliability with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.983. Conclusions: The scoring tool was shown to be valid and reliable. It offers a standardised assessment process and may be used to refine institutional intern training programmes, with a view to improving anaesthesia skills in community service medical officers. © 2015 The Author(s).	Anaesthesia spinal; Caesarean section; Internship; Residency; Simulation; Simulator	Article; assessment of humans; cesarean section; computerised mannequin; Delphi study; diagnostic value; general medical device; heart arrest; human; hypotension; maternal mortality; medical education; medical personnel; reliability; simulation; simulator; simulator based clinical scenario; spinal anesthesia; validation process; validity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36349013100	Psychosocial impact of sickle cell disease on mothers of affected children seen at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria	Tunde-Ayinmode M.F.	2007	East African Medical Journal	84	9	None	Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 693, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Tunde-Ayinmode, M.F., Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 693, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria	Background: Attention paid to psychological disorders of mothers or families of children suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD) in Nigeria has been inadequate. Objective: To assess the psychosocial impact of SCD on mothers of affected children and two control samples. Design: A cross-sectional controlled study. Setting: University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria. Subjects: One hundred mothers of SCD affected children (SCD children) were the study sample while the controls were made of 75 mothers of children with bronchial asthma (asthmatics) and 75 mothers of children with some acute medical illness (AMI). Results: The mothers of children with SCD (SCD mothers) were significantly likely to report burden in the areas of finance, time consumption and hindrance from enjoyment of live and were also more likely to over-protect their children. A total of 28% of SCD mothers were identified as probable cases with psychological problems on SRQ compared to 20% and 25% of mothers of asthmatics and AMI children respectively, this differences were, however, not statistically significant. Conclusion: As a result of the prevalent psychosocial impact of this disease on mothers it is strongly suggested that special consideration in terms of routine psychosocial assessment and treatment be incorporated into the various levels of health care system. There is also the need to encourage the establishment of more social organisations like SCD clubs where affected families can interact and counsel one another.	None	adaptive behavior; adult; article; caregiver; cross-sectional study; female; health survey; human; mother; mother child relation; Nigeria; parent; psychologic test; psychological aspect; questionnaire; sickle cell anemia; socioeconomics; teaching hospital; university hospital; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Caregivers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Surveys; Hospitals, Teaching; Hospitals, University; Humans; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Nigeria; Parents; Psychological Tests; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894040025	Clinical utility and impact of autopsies on clinical practice among doctors in a large teaching hospital in Ghana	Tette E., Yawson A.E., Tettey Y.	2014	Global Health Action	7	1	10.3402/gha.v7.23132	Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Office of the Provost, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana	Tette, E., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Yawson, A.E., Department of Community Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana; Tettey, Y., Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana, Office of the Provost, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana	Background: Autopsies can provide a good indication of the quality of patient care, in terms of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and the quality of treatment given. Designs: This was a cross-sectional study among clinicians at theKorle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in 2012. Data were collected with a 69-item, self-administered, structured questionnaire. A total of 215 questionnaires were sent out and 119 clinicians responded. Data were collected on the benefits and utility of autopsies for medical practice, care of patients, and management of clinical wards. Survey data were analyzed by simple descriptive statistics (i.e. proportions, ratios, and percentages). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Objective: This study examined the views of clinicians regarding the utility of autopsies and their influence on clinical practice in a large teaching hospital in Ghana. Results: Overall, clinicians in KBTH agreed that autopsy reports are useful in answering clinical questions (55/119; 46.2%), confirming or verifying clinical diagnoses (54/119; 45.4%), providing information on unsuspected diagnoses (40/119; 33.6%), and for medical education (90/119; 75.6%). Overall, 70/119 (58.8%) of clinicians agreed that autopsy findings improve completeness and reliability of death certification and provide information on clinical effectiveness of treatment and patient management. However, only 23/119 (19.3%) of sampled clinicians had personal interactions with a pathologist during autopsy processes and 93/ 119 (78.2%) had not attended any autopsy demonstrations in the past 6 months. Attendance of pathologists at clinicopathological meetings of clinical departments of KBTH was minimal. Unfortunately, the use of autopsy reports for auditing clinical diagnostic performance was not seen as essential. Conclusion: Strengthening the interaction between doctors and pathologists is essential in improving the autopsy process and utilization in the hospital. KBTH should create opportunities for doctors to attend autopsy demonstrations and for pathologists to attend clinicopathological meetings in the hospital. © 2014 Edem Tette et al.	Autopsy; Clinical utility; Clinicians; Ghana; Teaching hospital	article; autopsy; clinical practice; clinical utility; clinicians; cross-sectional study; female; Ghana; health personnel attitude; human; male; medical education; medical staff; physician; psychological aspect; questionnaire; statistics; teaching hospital; autopsy; clinical utility; clinicians; Ghana; teaching hospital; Attitude of Health Personnel; Autopsy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ghana; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Internship and Residency; Male; Medical Staff, Hospital; Physician's Practice Patterns; Physicians; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954069396	Impact of care and social support on wellbeing among people living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria	Adedimeji A.A., Alawode O.O., Odutolu O.	2010	Iranian Journal of Public Health	39	2	None	Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Dept. of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Live Vanguards, Osogbo, Nigeria and World Bank Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria	Adedimeji, A.A., Centre for Global Health, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Alawode, O.O., Dept. of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom; Odutolu, O., Live Vanguards, Osogbo, Nigeria and World Bank Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria	Background: Availability of antiretroviral therapies has transformed AIDS into a manageable chronic condition and improved well-being among people living with HIV/AIDS (PHA) in developed countries. In developing countries however, such transformations are yet to occur due to socio-economic, systemic and environmental constraint. This study examined the impact of social, economic, psychological and environmental factors on health and wellbeing among PHA living in southwest Nigeria. Methods: Using qualitative participatory methodology, 50 HIV positive people, 8 health personnel and 32 care providers were interviewed to explore how care and social support affect wellbeing among PHA in view of constraints to accessing antiretroviral drugs. Analysis of data used the grounded theory (GT) approach to identify themes, which are considered crucial to the wellbeing of PHA. Results: The findings highlight several factors, apart from antiretroviral drugs, that impact the wellbeing of PHA in southwest Nigeria. These include concerns about deteriorating physical health, family and children's welfare, pervasive stigma, financial pressures and systemic failures relating to care among others. We describe how psychosocial and social support structures can considerably contribute to improving health outcomes among them because of how they affect the functioning of immune system, self-care activities and other illness behaviours. Conclusion: We recommend that interventions should address the psychosocial, socio-economic and other systemic issues that negatively influence the wellbeing of PHA and governments need to strengthen the policy environment that empowers PHA support groups.	Care support; HIV/AIDS; Nigeria; Social support	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892411070	Physiological and performance responses of elite North African and European endurance runners to a traditional maximal incremental exercise	Santos-Concejero J., Granados C., Irazusta J., Bidaurrazaga-Letona I., Zabala-Lili J., Badiola A., Gil S.M.	2013	International SportMed Journal	14	4	None	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain	Santos-Concejero, J., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Granados, C., Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Irazusta, J., Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; Bidaurrazaga-Letona, I., Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Zabala-Lili, J., Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Badiola, A., Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Gil, S.M., Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain	Background: A variety of studies have been undertaken on East and South African athletes to identify the factors that underlie the superior performance of African runners. However, the physiological response of North African runners to exercise remains unknown. Research question: Investigate the physiological response to exercise in North African and European runners. Type of study: Descriptive study. Methods: Eight North African and 13 European runners completed a maximal incremental running test, starting at 9 km·h-1 and speed increased by 1.5 km·h-1 every 4 minutes, with 1 minute of recovery between workloads. Respiratory parameters were measured and blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Results: North African and European runners achieved similar maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) (20.5 ± 1.7 vs. 19.9 ± 1.3 km·h-1, respectively) and peak treadmill velocity (PTV) (20.8 ± 0.7 vs. 20.7 ± 1.1 km·h-1). However, MAV was slower than PTV in the European runners (p &lt; 0.05), but not in North Africans. North African runners presented a lower respiratory exchange ratio at 16.5 km·h-1 (1.03 ± 0.03 vs. 1.07 ± 0.05) and 18 km·h-1 (1.07 ± 0.03 vs. 1.12 ± 0.06) and a lower RPE at 18 km·h-1 (3.9 ± 0.8 vs. 5.1 ± 1.2) than the European runners (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that North African runners were able to maintain a higher MAV relative to PTV and lower RPE than the European runners. However, the absence of differences in variables such as VO2max or running economy suggest that the success of North African runners cannot be explained by differences in metabolic efficiency.	Ethnicity; Maximal aerobic velocity; Performance; RPE; Running economy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899407753	Evaluation of the visual prostate symptom score in a male population with great language diversity and limited education: A study from Namibia	Heyns C.F., Steenkamp B.A., Chiswo J., Stellmacher G.A., Förtsch H.E.A., van Der Merwe A.	2014	South African Medical Journal	104	5	10.7196/SAMJ.7917	Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Urology, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia	Heyns, C.F., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Steenkamp, B.A., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Chiswo, J., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Stellmacher, G.A., Department of Urology, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia; Förtsch, H.E.A., Department of Urology, Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia; van Der Merwe, A., Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. A visual prostate symptom score (VPSS) using pictograms was developed to assess the force of the urinary stream, urinary frequency, nocturia and quality of life (QoL). Objective. To compare the VPSS with the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and maximum (Qmax) and average (Qave) urinary flow rates in men from diverse language groups with limited schooling. Methods. Men with lower urinary tract symptoms admitted to the urology ward at Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia, were evaluated. Patients who were unable to complete the questionnaires alone were assisted by a doctor or nurse. Local ethics committee approval was obtained. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Spearman's rank correlation test. Results. One hundred men (mean age 56.3 years, range 20.1 - 95.4) were evaluated over a period of one year. All the men understood one or more of 15 languages, and 30 were illiterate; 32 had <5 years of schooling, 34 had 5 - 9 years and 34 had >9 years. The VPSS took significantly less time to complete than the IPSS. There were statistically significant correlations between the total VPSS and IPSS scores, between the four VPSS questions and the corresponding IPSS questions, and between Qmax and Qave and the VPSS total and VPSS questions on the force of the urinary stream and QoL. Conclusion. The VPSS pictograms depicting the force of the urinary stream and QoL correlated significantly with Qmax and Qave, indicating that they can be used as single-item questions to rapidly assess bladder outflow obstruction in men with limited education.	None	prostate specific antigen; adult; aged; article; bladder neck stenosis; bladder stone; controlled study; creatinine blood level; cystoscopy; education; ethnic group; follow up; human; International Prostate Symptom Score; language; lower urinary tract symptom; major clinical study; male; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; nocturia; postvoid residual urine volume; prostate cancer; prostate hypertrophy; prostatitis; quality of life; urethra stricture; urinary frequency; urine flow rate; visual prostate symptom score; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Educational Status; Humans; Internationality; Language; Male; Middle Aged; Namibia; Prostatic Diseases; Quality of Life; Symptom Assessment; Urination; Visual Analog Scale; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881299076	Comparative evaluation of a two-reagent cold stain method with Ziehl-Nelseen method for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis	Weldu Y., Asrat D., Woldeamanuel Y., Hailesilasie A.	2013	BMC Research Notes	6	1	10.1186/1756-0500-6-323	Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Weldu, Y., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Amhara, Ethiopia; Asrat, D., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Woldeamanuel, Y., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Hailesilasie, A., Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Background: Bacteriological examination of sputum is the cornerstone in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in developing world, which is usually done using a Ziehl-Nelseen (ZN) method. However, due to limited laboratory facilities that can satisfy the procedure, applicability of this procedure appears to be adversely affected in field conditions and at peripheral health institutions. Hence, it has become necessary to look for a procedure which can be used as alternative in such conditions.In a cross-sectional study, using convenient sampling technique 362 pulmonary tuberculosis suspected patients who attended at Mekelle University Hospital (MUH) between November 2011 and February 2012 were included. After obtaining an informed consent, spot- morning-spot sputum samples were collected from suspected patients. Then a set of duplicate slides, of which one was allocated to a two-reagent cold method (a method of staining which requires carbol fuchsine as a primary stain and Gabbet's methylene blue both as a decolorizer and counter stain) and the other to the Zeihl-Nelseen method were smeared evenly from representative portion of each specimen using the protocol for duplicate smear preparation. Stained smears were read blindly by two technologists at different occasions. Finally to assure quality, all positive smears and 25% of the negative smears were cross checked by senior experienced examiner. Findings. Overall concordance between the two methods was 99.7% (kappa (κ) = 0.98; 95%, confidence interval 0.93-1.00), and the observed agreement was statistically significant (p<0.001). When evaluated against Ziehl-Nelseen method, sensitivity and specificity of the two-reagent cold staining method were 95.8% (95% confidence interval 93.7-97.9) and 100% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values of the two-reagent cold staining method were respectively 100% and 99.7%. Positive and negative agreements between the two techniques were respectively 97.9% and 99.9%. Conclusion: The two-reagent cold staining method was found to be a suitable alternative to the conventional Ziehl-Nelseen method; it was at least as specific as Ziehl-Neelsen method although somewhat less sensitive. However, large scale multicentric studies need to be performed for further evaluation of this cold staining method. © 2013 Weldu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	AFB microscopy; Cold stain; Ethiopia; Gabbet's methylene blue; PTB; Zeihl-Neelsen	carbol-fuchsin solution; fuchsine; methylene blue; chemistry; comparative study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic use; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; procedures; sensitivity and specificity; sputum; staining; standards; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Methylene Blue; Microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rosaniline Dyes; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Staining and Labeling; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874011719	Potent in vivo anti-malarial activity and representative snapshot pharmacokinetic evaluation of artemisinin-quinoline hybrids	Lombard M.C., N'Da D.D., Tran Van Ba C., Wein S., Norman J., Wiesner L., Vial H.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-71	Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa	Lombard, M.C., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; N'Da, D.D., Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; Tran Van Ba, C., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Wein, S., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France; Norman, J., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Vial, H., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France	Background: Because Plasmodium falciparum displays increase tolerance against the recommended artemisinin combination therapies (ACT), new classes of anti-malarial drugs are urgently required. Previously synthesized artemisinin-aminoquinoline hybrids were evaluated to ascertain whether the potent low nanomolar in vitro anti-plasmodial activity would carry over in vivo against Plasmodium vinckei. A snapshot pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out on one of the hybrids to obtain an indication of the pharmacokinetic properties of this class of anti-malarial drugs. Methods. In vitro activity of hybrids 2 and 3 were determined against the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum. Plasmodium vinckei-infected mice were treated with hybrids 1 - 3 for four days at a dosage of 0.8 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip), or orally (per os) with 2.7 mg/kg, 8.3 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg. Artesunate was used as reference drug. A snapshot oral and IV pharmacokinetic study was performed on hybrid 2. Results: Hybrids 1 - 3 displayed potent in vivo anti-malarial activity with ED50 of 1.1, 1.4 and &lt;0.8 mg/kg by the ip route and 12, 16 and 13 mg/kg per os, respectively. Long-term monitoring of parasitaemia showed a complete cure of mice (without recrudescence) at 15 mg/kg via ip route and at 50 mg/kg by oral route for hybrid 1 and 2, whereas artesunate was only able to provide a complete cure at 30 mg/kg ip and 80 mg/kg per os. Conclusions: These compounds provide a new class of desperately needed anti-malarial drug. Despite a short half-life and moderate oral bioavailability, this class of compounds was able to cure malaria in mice at very low dosages. The optimum linker length for anti-malarial activity was found to be a diaminoalkyl chain consisting of two carbon atoms either methylated or unmethylated. © 2013 Lombard et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Artemisinin; Hybrid; In vivo activity; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics; Quinoline	aminoquinoline derivative; antimalarial agent; artemisinin; artesunate; antimalarial activity; article; in vitro study; in vivo study; male; mouse; nonhuman; parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vinckei; Plasmodium vinckei infection; Administration, Intravenous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Combinations; Malaria; Mice; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium; Quinolines; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650065703	Buoyancy under control: Underwater locomotor performance in a deep diving seabird suggests respiratory strategies for reducing foraging effort	Cook T.R., Kato A., Tanaka H., Ropert-Coudert Y., Bost C.-A.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0009839	DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), CNRS UPR 1934, Villiers-en-bois, France; National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan; Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie (DEPE), Université Louis Pasteur - CNRS, Strasbourg, France; COE for Neo-Science of Natural History, Graduate School of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan	Cook, T.R., DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), CNRS UPR 1934, Villiers-en-bois, France; Kato, A., National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie (DEPE), Université Louis Pasteur - CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Tanaka, H., COE for Neo-Science of Natural History, Graduate School of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan; Ropert-Coudert, Y., Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Département Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie (DEPE), Université Louis Pasteur - CNRS, Strasbourg, France; Bost, C.-A., Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), CNRS UPR 1934, Villiers-en-bois, France	Background: Because they have air stored in many body compartments, diving seabirds are expected to exhibit efficient behavioural strategies for reducing costs related to buoyancy control. We study the underwater locomotor activity of a deep-diving species from the Cormorant family (Kerguelen shag) and report locomotor adjustments to the change of buoyancy with depth. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using accelerometers, we show that during both the descent and ascent phases of dives, shags modelled their acceleration and stroking activity on the natural variation of buoyancy with depth. For example, during the descent phase, birds increased swim speed with depth. But in parallel, and with a decay constant similar to the one in the equation explaining the decrease of buoyancy with depth, they decreased foot-stroke frequency exponentially, a behaviour that enables birds to reduce oxygen consumption. During ascent, birds also reduced locomotor cost by ascending passively. We considered the depth at which they started gliding as a proxy to their depth of neutral buoyancy. This depth increased with maximum dive depth. As an explanation for this, we propose that shags adjust their buoyancy to depth by varying the amount of respiratory air they dive with. Conclusions/Significance: Calculations based on known values of stored body oxygen volumes and on deep-diving metabolic rates in avian divers suggest that the variations of volume of respiratory oxygen associated with a respiration mediated buoyancy control only influence aerobic dive duration moderately. Therefore, we propose that an advantage in cormorants - as in other families of diving seabirds - of respiratory air volume adjustment upon diving could be related less to increasing time of submergence, through an increased volume of body oxygen stores, than to reducing the locomotor costs of buoyancy control. Copyright: © 2010 Jung et al.	None	oxygen; animal; animal behavior; article; biomechanics; bird; breathing; diving; energy metabolism; female; male; metabolism; movement (physiology); oxygen consumption; physiology; predation; swimming; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biomechanics; Birds; Diving; Energy Metabolism; Female; Male; Movement; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Predatory Behavior; Respiration; Swimming	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953731552	The evaluation of bedside teachingan instrument for staff evaluation and student experience: A pilot study at a South African university	Green-Thompson L., Mcinerney P., Veller M.	2010	South African Journal of Surgery	48	2	None	Centre for Health Science Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Green-Thompson, L., Centre for Health Science Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mcinerney, P., Centre for Health Science Education, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Veller, M., Department of Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa	Background. Bedside teaching is the core teaching strategy in the clinical study years of the medical undergraduate degree at the University of the Witwatersrand. The quality of this teaching strategy has not been formally evaluated by students as other teaching strategies have been. Method. A quantitative, descriptive study was undertaken in the final year of study of the graduate entry medical programme (GEMP). The sample comprised medical students who were completing their surgical block during September and November 2008. There were approximately 30 students in each of these 2 blocks. A bedside teaching evaluation questionnaire was developed, based on previously validated peer review questionnaires used in evaluating small group formal classroom-based lectures. The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of the instrument for evaluating bedside teaching. Results. A sample of 112 evaluations was obtained and the constructs and sub-constructs were subjected to an analysis using Cronbach's alpha. Conclusion. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.9627, demonstrating that the instrument is reliable and can be used to evaluate bedside teaching.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883031238	Firearm injuries to children in Cape Town, South Africa: Impact of the 2004 Firearms Control Act	Campbell N.M., Colville J.G., Heyde Y.V.D., As A.B.V.	2013	South African Journal of Surgery	51	3	10.7196/SAJS.1220	Trauma Department, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Campbell, N.M., Trauma Department, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Colville, J.G., Trauma Department, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Heyde, Y.V.D., Trauma Department, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; As, A.B.V., Trauma Department, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Before the introduction of the Firearms Control Act in 2004, the epidemiology of childhood firearm injuries from 1991 to 2001 in Cape Town, South Africa, was reported. This study analyses current data as a comparator to assess the impact of the Act. Methods. Firearm injuries seen at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, from 2001 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Data recorded included the patients' folder numbers, gender, date of birth, age, date of presentation, date discharged and inpatient stay, firearm type, number of shots, circumstances, injury sites, injury type, treatment, resulting morbidities and survival. These data were compared with the 1991 - 2001 data. Results. One hundred and sixty-three children presented with firearm injuries during this period. The results showed a decrease in incidence from 2001 to 2010. Older children and males had a higher incidence than younger children and females. Most injuries were to an extremity and were unintentional. Mortality had reduced significantly from the previous study (6% to 2.6%), as did the total number of inpatient days (1 063 to 617). Conclusions. Compared with the earlier study, this study showed a significant reduction in the number of children presenting with a firearm-related injury. Mortality and inpatient stay were also significantly reduced. The study shows the impact that the Firearms Control Act has had in terms of paediatric firearm-related injury and provides evidence that the medical profession can play an important role in reducing violence.	None	age; article; child; female; firearm; gunshot injury; human; incidence; infant; legal aspect; length of stay; male; mortality; preschool child; sex difference; South Africa; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Firearms; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Length of Stay; Male; Sex Factors; South Africa; Wounds, Gunshot	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-83255188950	Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya	Mutuku F.M., King C.H., Mungai P., Mbogo C., Mwangangi J., Muchiri E.M., Walker E.D., Kitron U.	2011	Malaria Journal	10	None	10.1186/1475-2875-10-356	Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases (DVBNTD), Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Mutuku, F.M., Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; King, C.H., Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Mungai, P., Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Mbogo, C., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Mwangangi, J., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Muchiri, E.M., Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases (DVBNTD), Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Walker, E.D., Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Kitron, U., Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States	Background: Besides significantly reducing malaria vector densities, prolonged usage of bed nets has been linked to decline of Anopheles gambiae s.s. relative to Anopheles arabiensis, changes in host feeding preference of malaria vectors, and behavioural shifts to exophagy (outdoor biting) for the two important malaria vectors in Africa, An. gambiae s.l. and Anopheles funestus. In southern coastal Kenya, bed net use was negligible in 1997-1998 when Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.s. were the primary malaria vectors, with An. arabiensis and Anopheles merus playing a secondary role. Since 2001, bed net use has increased progressively and reached high levels by 2009-2010 with corresponding decline in malaria transmission. Methods. To evaluate the impact of the substantial increase in household bed net use within this area on vector density, vector composition, and human-vector contact, indoor and outdoor resting mosquitoes were collected in the same region during 2009-2010 using pyrethrum spray catches and clay pots for indoor and outdoor collections respectively. Information on bed net use per sleeping spaces and factors influencing mosquito density were determined in the same houses using Poisson regression analysis. Species distribution was determined, and number of mosquitoes per house, human-biting rates (HBR), and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) were compared to those reported for the same area during 1997-1998, when bed net coverage had been minimal. Results: Compared to 1997-1998, a significant decline in the relative proportion of An. gambiae s.s. among collected mosquitoes was noted, coupled with a proportionate increase of An. arabiensis. Following > 5 years of 60-86% coverage with bed nets, the density, human biting rate and EIR of indoor resting mosquitoes were reduced by more than 92% for An. funestus and by 75% for An. gambiae s.l. In addition, the host feeding choice of both vectors shifted more toward non-human vertebrates. Besides bed net use, malaria vector abundance was also influenced by type of house construction and according to whether one sleeps on a bed or a mat (both of these are associated with household wealth). Mosquito density was positively associated with presence of domestic animals. Conclusions: These entomological indices indicate a much reduced human biting rate and a diminishing role of An. gambiae s.s. in malaria transmission following high bed net coverage. While increasing bed net coverage beyond the current levels may not significantly reduce the transmission potential of An. arabiensis, it is anticipated that increasing or at least sustaining high bed net coverage will result in a diminished role for An. funestus in malaria transmission. © 2011 Mutuku et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; insecticide; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; disease transmission; female; inoculation; Kenya; malaria; male; nonhuman; animal; Anopheles; comparative study; disease carrier; disease transmission; evaluation; feeding behavior; housing; human; insect bite; Kenya; malaria falciparum; methodology; mosquito; parasitology; pathogenicity; physiology; Plasmodium falciparum; population density; regression analysis; season; statistics; utilization review; Animals; Anopheles; Feeding Behavior; Female; Housing; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Vectors; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mosquito Control; Plasmodium falciparum; Population Density; Regression Analysis; Seasons; Statistics as Topic	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885962336	Is it time to rethink how neuropsychological tests are used to diagnose mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders? Impact of false-positive rates on prevalence and power	Meyer A.-C.L., John Boscardin W., Kwasa J.K., Price R.W.	2013	Neuroepidemiology	41	04-Mar	10.1159/000354629	Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Division of Geriatrics and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya	Meyer, A.-C.L., Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States, Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; John Boscardin, W., Division of Geriatrics and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kwasa, J.K., Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Price, R.W., Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States	Background: Between 0 and 48% of normal HIV-uninfected individuals score below threshold neuropsychological test scores for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or are false positives. There has been little effort to understand the effect of varied interpretations of research criteria for HAND on false-positive frequencies, prevalence and analytic estimates. Methods: The proportion of normal individuals scoring below Z score thresholds drawn from research criteria for HAND, or false-positive frequencies, was estimated in a normal Kenyan population and a simulated normal population using varied interpretations of research criteria for HAND. We calculated the impact of false-positive frequencies on prevalence estimates and statistical power. Results: False-positive frequencies of 2-74% were observed for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment/mild neurocognitive disorder and 0-8% for HIV-associated dementia. False-positive frequencies depended on the definition of an abnormal cognitive domain, Z score thresholds and neuropsychological battery size. Misclassification led to clinically important overestimation of prevalence and dramatic decreases in power. Conclusions: Minimizing false-positive frequencies is critical to decrease bias in prevalence estimates and minimize reductions in power in studies of association, particularly for mild forms of HAND. We recommend changing the Z score threshold to ≤-1.5 for mild impairment, limiting analysis to 3-5 cognitive domains and using the average Z score to define an abnormal domain. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.	Africa; Dementia; HIV; Power; Prevalence	article; cognition; false negative result; false positive result; HIV associated dementia; human; Kenya; major clinical study; mild cognitive impairment; neuropsychological test; prevalence; scoring system; adult; Article; disease classification; false positive result; Cognition Disorders; False Positive Reactions; HIV Infections; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests	K01TW008764, FIC, Fogarty International Center; K01TW008764, NIH, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health; NCI, National Cancer Institute; NIDA, National Institute on Drug Abuse; NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
None	None	Child mortality patterns in rural tanzania: An observational study on the impact of malaria control interventions	Alba S., Nathan R., Schulze A., Mshinda H., Lengeler C.	2014	International Journal of Epidemiology	43	1	10.1093/ije/dyt231	Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Alba, S., Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), KIT Biomedical Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Nathan, R., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schulze, A., Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Mshinda, H., Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lengeler, C., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Switzerland, Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Background: Between 1997 and 2009, a number of key malaria control interventions were implemented in the Kilombero and Ulanga Districts in south central Tanzania to increase insecticide-treated nets (ITN) coverage and improve access to effective malaria treatment. In this study we estimated the contribution of these interventions to observed decreases in child mortality. Methods: The local Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) provided monthly estimates of child mortality rates (age 1 to 5 years) expressed as cases per 1000 person-years (c/1000py) between 1997 and 2009. We conducted a time series analysis of child mortality rates and explored the contribution of rainfall and household food security. We used Poisson regression with linear and segmented effects to explore the impact of malaria control interventions on mortality. Results: Child mortality rates decreased by 42.5% from 14.6 c/1000py in 1997 to 8.4 c/1000py in 2009. Analyses revealed the complexity of child mortality patterns and a strong association with rainfall and food security. All malaria control interventions were associated with decreases in child mortality, accounting for the effect of rainfall and food security. Conclusions: Reaching the fourth Millenium Development Goal will require the contribution of many health interventions, as well as more general improvements in socio-environmental and nutritional conditions. Distinguishing between the effects of these multiple factors is difficult and represents a major challenge in assessing the effect of routine interventions. However, this study suggests that credible estimates can be obtained when high-quality data on the most important factors are available over a sufficiently long time period. © The Author 2013.	Child mortality; Food security; Malaria; Malaria control interventions; Mortality impact; Rainfall	chloroquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; rain; antimalarial agent; child health; data set; disease control; food security; insecticide; malaria; mortality; observational method; rural area; article; bed net; child; childhood mortality; controlled study; food security; health impact assessment; household; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; observational study; preschool child; priority journal; rural area; Tanzania; time series analysis; catering service; female; health care delivery; intervention study; malaria; male; mosquito; nutritional status; procedures; rural population; season; socioeconomics; statistics and numerical data; utilization; Tanzania; Antimalarials; Child; Child Mortality; Female; Food Supply; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Intervention Studies; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Nutritional Status; Rural Population; Seasons; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895928752	Evaluation of a universal long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution campaign in Ghana: Cost effectiveness of distribution and hang-up activities	Smith Paintain L., Awini E., Addei S., Kukula V., Nikoi C., Sarpong D., Kwesi Manyei A., Yayemain D., Rusamira E., Agborson J., Baffoe-Wilmot A., Bart-Plange C., Chatterjee A., Gyapong M., Mangham-Jefferies L.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-71	Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, PO Box KB493, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana; Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom	Smith Paintain, L., Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Awini, E., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Addei, S., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Kukula, V., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Nikoi, C., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Sarpong, D., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Kwesi Manyei, A., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Yayemain, D., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Rusamira, E., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Agborson, J., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Baffoe-Wilmot, A., National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, PO Box KB493, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana; Bart-Plange, C., National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, PO Box KB493, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana; Chatterjee, A., UNICEF Offices, 4-8th Rangoon Close, Accra-North, Ghana; Gyapong, M., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dangme West District, Dodowa, Ghana; Mangham-Jefferies, L., Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom	Background: Between May 2010 and October 2012, approximately 12.5 million long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed through a national universal mass distribution campaign in Ghana. The campaign included pre-registration of persons and sleeping places, door-to-door distribution of LLINs with 'hang-up' activities by volunteers and post-distribution 'keep-up' behaviour change communication activities. Hang-up activities were included to encourage high and sustained use. Methods. The cost and cost-effectiveness of the LLIN Campaign were evaluated using a before-after design in three regions: Brong Ahafo, Central and Western. The incremental cost effectiveness of the 'hang-up' component was estimated using reported variation in the implementation of hang-up activities and LLIN use. Economic costs were estimated from a societal perspective assuming LLINs would be replaced after three years, and included the time of unpaid volunteers and household contributions given to volunteers. Results: Across the three regions, 3.6 million campaign LLINs were distributed, and 45.5% of households reported the LLINs received were hung-up by a volunteer. The financial cost of the campaign was USD 6.51 per LLIN delivered. The average annual economic cost was USD 2.90 per LLIN delivered and USD 6,619 per additional child death averted by the campaign. The cost-effectiveness of the campaign was sensitive to the price, lifespan and protective efficacy of LLINs.Hang-up activities constituted 7% of the annual economic cost, though the additional financial cost was modest given the use of volunteers. LLIN use was greater in households in which one or more campaign LLINs were hung by a volunteer (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.09, 2.27; p = 0.02). The additional economic cost of the hang-up activities was USD 0.23 per LLIN delivered, and achieved a net saving per LLIN used and per death averted. Conclusion: In this campaign, hang-up activities were estimated to be net saving if hang-up increased LLIN use by 10% or more. This suggests hang-up activities can make a LLIN campaign more cost-effective. © 2014 Smith Paintain et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; bed net; child death; cost control; cost effectiveness analysis; female; Ghana; household; human; lifespan; motivation; privacy; recipient; sleep; training; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Ghana; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Mosquito Control; Pregnancy; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78149351112	Valvular regurgitation impact on left ventricular 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic indices in patients with essential hypertension	Ajayi O.E., Abiona T.C., Balogun M.O., Ajayi A.A.L.	2010	Journal of the National Medical Association	102	10	None	Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacolog	Ajayi, O.E., Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Abiona, T.C., Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, United States; Balogun, M.O., Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Ajayi, A.A.L., Department of Health Studies, College of Health Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, United States, Division of Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States	Background: Blacks have both a higher hypertension prevalence and accelerated cardiac end organ damage. Because blacks also have a higher prevalence of valvular heart disease, which occurs at a younger age than for whites, we further examined the contribution of valvular regurgitation to the severity of hypertensive heart disease in Nigerians. Methods: We evaluated and compared echocardiographic indexes in 75 essential hypertensive Nigerians with (n = 48) and without (n = 27) valvular regurgitations. Demographic and echocardiographic indices, as well as the types and severity of valvular lesions were compared between the groups using bivariate logistic regression and analysis of variance. Results: The 2 groups were of similar demographics, but those with regurgitations had larger cardiac size (p &lt; .05), greater mass (147 ± 31 vs 122 ± 32 g/m 2, p = .01) higher volume (p &lt; .01), and left atrial size (35.6 ± 4.6 vs 33.3 ± 4.6 mm, p &lt; .05). Atrial size, cardiac volume, and dimension were independent correlates/predictors of regurgitation occurrence. Relative wall thickness of at least 0.6 was more common in regurgitation patients. Cardiac mass was correlated to increasing age (r = 0.23, p = .043). The valvular lesions frequencies were aortic regurgitation, 8; mitral regurgitation, 22; and mixed, 18. The aortic orifice dimension was significantly different among the regurgitant cases, highest in aortic regurgitation (p = .001). Aortic orifice dimension increased with hypertension duration (p = .028). Conclusions: Regurgitant lesions are common and occur early in hypertensive Africans. Apparently mild valvular regurgitation may accentuate preclinical concentric hypertrophy in hypertensive blacks.	Cardiovascular; Hypertension; Nigeria	adult; aorta valve regurgitation; arterial wall thickness; artery diameter; article; cardiovascular risk; clinical article; clinical assessment; comparative study; controlled study; disease duration; disease severity; Doppler echocardiography; essential hypertension; female; heart left atrium; heart left ventricle ejection fraction; heart left ventricle enddiastolic volume; heart left ventricle filling; heart rate; heart size; heart volume; human; male; mitral valve regurgitation; Nigeria; priority journal; two dimensional echocardiography; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Aged; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Heart Valve Diseases; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Organ Size; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942241610	Impact of an educational intervention and clinical performance dashboard on neonatal bloodstream infections	Raban M.S., Bamford C., Joolay Y., Harrison M.C.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	7	10.7196/SAMJnew.7764	Division of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Raban, M.S., Division of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Bamford, C., National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Joolay, Y., Division of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Harrison, M.C., Division of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Blood cultures are the most direct method of detecting bacteraemia. Reducing contamination rates improves the specificity and positive predictive value of the blood culture. Clinical performance dashboards have been shown to be powerful tools in improving patient care and outcomes. Objectives. To determine whether prospective surveillance of bloodstream infections (BSIs), introduction of an educational intervention and the use of a clinical performance dashboard could reduce BSIs and blood culture contamination rates in a neonatal nursery. Methods. We compared two time periods, before and after an intervention. Blood culture data were extracted from the local microbiology laboratory database. The educational intervention included the establishment of hand-washing protocols, blood culture techniques and video tools. A clinical performance dashboard was developed to demonstrate the monthly positive blood culture and contamination rates, and this was highlighted and referred to weekly at the unit staff meeting. Results. Before the intervention, 1 460 blood cultures were taken; 206 (14.1%) were positive, of which 104 (7.1% of the total) were contaminants. In the period following the intervention, 1 282 blood cultures were taken; 131 (10.2%) were positive, of which 42 (3.3% of the total) were contaminants. The number of positive blood cultures and contamination rates after the intervention were both statistically significantly reduced (p=0.002 and p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that adopting a relatively simple educational tool, making use of a clinical performance dashboard indicator and benchmarking practice can significantly reduce the level of neonatal sepsis while also reducing contaminated blood cultures. © 2015, South African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	None	adult; Article; bacterium contamination; blood culture; bloodstream infection; clinical feature; educational status; female; human; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; performance; predictive value	None
WoS	WOS:000208947200017	A Qualitative Evaluation of Exposure to and Perceptions of the Woolworths Healthy Tuck Shop Guide in Cape Town, South Africa	Bourne, Lesley,Draper, Catherine Elizabeth,Marraccini, Toni,Meltzer, Shelly	2012	CHILDHOOD OBESITY	8	4	10.1089/chi.2012.0034	South African Medical Research Council, University of Cape Town, Sports Sci Inst South Africa	"Bourne, Lesley: South African Medical Research Council","Draper, Catherine Elizabeth: University of Cape Town","Marraccini, Toni: University of Cape Town",	Background: Both under-and over-nutrition pose a public health concern, especially for children in South Africa. Several initiatives exist in South Africa directed at promoting healthy eating and nutrition at schools. One of them is the Woolworths Making the Difference (MTD) Programme aimed at eliminating barriers to promoting healthy lifestyles that exist at schools, such as the availability of low-cost, unhealthy foods either from tuck shops (small food shops) or street vendors. The Healthy Tuck Shop Guide is a recent addition to the MTD Programme. The aim of this evaluation was to assess awareness, potential uptake, and perceptions of the Woolworths Healthy Tuck Shop Guide among parents and staff in a sample of schools that were exposed to the guide. Methods: A qualitative study consisting of focus groups, interviews, and tuck shop observation was used to gather information on 13 schools and their exposure, comprehension, and use of the guide. A mix of schools was examined in terms of economic status and level of control over their tuck shop. Thematic analysis was used to extract findings. Results: Findings show that despite overall positive attitudes about the guide several barriers to its implementation exist, including children's preferences for unhealthy foods, the higher cost of healthy foods, and other issues related to a lack of facilities, time and manpower. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the Woolworths Healthy Tuck Shop Guide would contribute more meaningfully to the creation of healthier food environments if executed within a larger support network to address barriers to implementation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948765529	Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal discomfort and its impact on activity: A survey of beverage factory workers in Eastern Nigeria	Abaraogu U.O., Okafor U.A.C., Ezeukwu A.O., Igwe S.E.	2015	Work	52	3	10.3233/WOR-152100	Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos,	Abaraogu, U.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Okafor, U.A.C., Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ezeukwu, A.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Igwe, S.E., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Bottling workers maintain awkward postures while performing machine paced repetitive motions in many of their job tasks and therefore are predisposed to work related musculoskeletal discomfort (WMSD). There is a paucity of literature on prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal discomfort among this occupational group. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted among Eastern Nigerian beverage factory workers to investigate prevalence of WMSD as a first step towards risk factors investigation and ergonomic future intervention. METHOD: A total of 301 workers (8 workstations) completed a modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire in this cross sectional survey. RESULTS: Twelve month prevalence of WMSD was 91.4% and 65.1% had been prevented from doing activity at home or workplace by WMSD in the past 12 months. Shoulder, neck and upper back in that order were the most common complaints. Prevalence of WMSD in body regions were associated with age but not with gender except for neck, upper back, shoulder, and ankle/foot complaints. CONCLUSION: WMSDs are very high among beverage bottling workers. Investigation into the prevailing risk factors especially the work posture and work organization/work psychosocial factors for possible risk exposure in these workers is essential for ergonomic intervention towards work injury prevention. © 2015 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	activity limitation; beverage bottling; Bottling tasks; mechanical pain	accident prevention; ankle; beverage; body posture; controlled study; exposure; female; foot; gender; human; human experiment; male; neck; prevalence; questionnaire; risk factor; shoulder; worker; workplace	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897518914	BDNF polymorphisms are linked to poorer working memory performance, reduced cerebellar and hippocampal volumes and differences in prefrontal cortex in a Swedish elderly population	Brooks S.J., Nilsson E.K., Jacobsson J.A., Stein D.J., Fredriksson R., Lind L., Schiöth H.B.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0082707	Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Brooks, S.J., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nilsson, E.K., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Jacobsson, J.A., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Stein, D.J., Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Fredriksson, R., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Lind, L., Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Schiöth, H.B., Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Background: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) links learning, memory and cognitive decline in elderly, but evidence linking BDNF allele variation, cognition and brain structural differences is lacking. Methods: 367 elderly Swedish men (n = 181) and women (n = 186) from Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala seniors (PIVUS) were genotyped and the BDNF functional rs6265 SNP was further examined in subjects who completed the Trail Making Task (TMT), verbal fluency task, and had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) examined brain structure, cognition and links with BDNF. Results: The functional BDNF SNP (rs6265,) predicted better working memory performance on the TMT with positive association of the Met rs6265, and was linked with greater cerebellar, precuneus, left superior frontal gyrus and bilateral hippocampal volume, and reduced brainstem and bilateral posterior cingulate volumes. Conclusions: The functional BDNF polymorphism influences brain volume in regions associated with memory and regulation of sensorimotor control, with the Met rs6265 allele potentially being more beneficial to these functions in the elderly. © 2014 Brooks et al.	None	brain derived neurotrophic factor; aged; article; BDNF gene; brain size; brain stem; cerebellum; cognition; female; gene linkage disequilibrium; genotype; hippocampus; human; male; nuclear magnetic resonance imaging; nuclear magnetic resonance scanner; posterior cingulate; precuneus; prefrontal cortex; psychologic test; single nucleotide polymorphism; superior frontal gyrus; task performance; verbal fluency task; voxel based morphometry; working memory; Aged; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cerebellum; Executive Function; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Gene Expression; Genetic Association Studies; Hippocampus; Humans; Linkage Disequilibrium; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Organ Size; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prefrontal Cortex; Prospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929403085	Evaluation of clinical breast examination and breast ultrasonography among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Nigeria	Ezeonu P.O., Ajah L.O., Onoh R.C., Lawani L.O., Enemuo V.C., Agwu U.M.	2015	OncoTargets and Therapy	8	None	10.2147/OTT.S83437	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Department of Surgery, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Ezeonu, P.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Ajah, L.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Onoh, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Lawani, L.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Enemuo, V.C., Department of Surgery, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Agwu, U.M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Background: Breast cancer in pregnancy accounts for 2%–3% of all breast cancers. The increased vascularity and lymphatic drainage from the breast during pregnancy potentiate the metastatic spread of the cancer to the regional lymph nodes. However, the increased breast density in pregnancy makes it difficult to detect breast lesions early. Aim: To evaluate and compare the detection rate of breast lesions using clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast ultrasonography among pregnant women. Methodology: A cross-sectional comparative study involving antenatal clinic attendees at the Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, was conducted between March 3, 2014, and December 31, 2014. CBE and breast ultrasonography were done in the participants at booking and repeated at 6 weeks postpartum. Fine-needle aspiration cytology and histology were done in women with suspicious breast lesions on CBE or breast ultrasonography or both. Data analysis was both descriptive and inferential at the 95% confidence level using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. Test of significance was done using chi-square test. A P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 320 pregnant women participated in the study. Of these, 267 (83.4%) were aware of breast cancer. Although more lesions were detected with breast ultrasonography than by CBE, there was no statistically significant difference between them (25 versus 17; P=0.26).The histology of the lesions revealed 21 benign lesions and 4 normal breast tissues. The sensitivity of breast ultrasonography was 95.2%, while that of CBE was 66.7%. The specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were similar between CBE and breast ultrasonography. Conclusion: The detection rates of breast lesions by both CBE and breast ultrasonography were equivalent during pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum, making CBE a convenient and very cost-effective method of detecting breast lesions in the low-risk population. However, both CBE and breast ultrasonography should be done in women with high risk of breast malignancy. © 2015 Ezeonu et al.	Breast lesion; Breast ultrasonography; Clinical breast examination; Nigeria; Pregnant women	adult; Article; aspiration cytology; breast abscess; breast adenoma; breast examination; breast fibroadenoma; breast lesion; clinical examination; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; cross-sectional study; diagnostic test accuracy study; echomammography; female; fibrocystic breast disease; fine needle aspiration cytology; gestational age; high risk population; histopathology; human; human tissue; intermethod comparison; lipoma; low risk population; major clinical study; Nigeria; predictive value; pregnant woman; puerperium; sensitivity and specificity; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910678661	Awareness and practice of breast screening and its impact on early detection and presentation among breast cancer patients attending a clinic in Lagos, Nigeria	Olajide T.O., Ugburo A.O., Habeebu M.O., Lawal A.O., Afolayan M.O., Mofikoya M.O.	2014	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	17	6	10.4103/1119-3077.144404	Department of Surgery, General Surgery Unit, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Burns, Plastic Surgery Unit, College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Biology, College	Olajide, T.O., Department of Surgery, General Surgery Unit, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Ugburo, A.O., Department of Burns, Plastic Surgery Unit, College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria; Habeebu, M.O., Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Biology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Lawal, A.O., Department of Surgery, General Surgery Unit, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Afolayan, M.O., Department of Surgery, General Surgery Unit, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Mofikoya, M.O., Department of Burns, Plastic Surgery Unit, College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among females in Nigeria. The concept of breast screening (BS) is that it would result in presentation at earlier stages. We evaluated the impact of BS on early detection and presentation of breast cancer and determined the aspects BS need improvement.Patients and Methods: All patients with a diagnosis of malignant breast lump attending clinics at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria were recruited into the study over a 2-year period. Self-administered questionnaires were given to patients. Data collected were demographics, knowledge about BS, practice of BS, the motivation to practice BS and the source of information on BS.Results: Of 218 patients seen, 147 (67.4%) patients presented at the surgical outpatient clinic and 71 (32.6%) at the radiotherapy clinic, with age 48.01 ± 0.80 years. A total of 156 (71.6%) were aware of BS, while 62 (28.4%) were not aware. A logistic regression analysis showed that only the level of formal education predicted awareness of BS, P = 0.001 Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.126. Awareness of BS was mainly from electronic media 87 (55.7%). There was no significant difference in the ages of those aware and practicing BS 48.03 ± 1.05 years, and those not practicing BS 46.32 ± 1.94 years, P = 0.446. There was no significant difference in presentation for those practicing BS 7.41 ± 1.30 months, and those not practicing BS 11.38 ± 2.91 months, P = 0.175, with 64% practicing BS presenting late, while 77% not practicing BS presenting late, χ2 = 2.432, P = 0.488. A logistic regression analysis did not show any demographic or clinical parameters as predictive P = 0.225 Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.126.Conclusion: The high level of awareness and practice of BS was not translated into the presentation with early breast cancer.	Breast screening; Mammography; Physician clinical examination; Self-breast examination	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948771504	Higher breastfeeding performance index is associated with lower risk of illness in infants under six months in Ethiopia	Haile D., Biadgilign S.	2015	International Breastfeeding Journal	10	1	10.1186/s13006-015-0057-2	Bahir Dar University, Department of Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Independent Public Health Research Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Haile, D., Bahir Dar University, Department of Reproductive Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Biadgilign, S., Independent Public Health Research Consultants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Breastfeeding performance index is an explanatory attempt to summarize key breastfeeding practices by summarizing the different dimensions of breastfeeding practices into a single summary variable. Breastfeeding performance index is used to assess optimal breastfeeding practices by constructing a single composite index that includes timely initiation of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, current breastfeeding status, bottle feeding, any liquid given(except medicine) in the last 24h, formula given in the last 24h, any solid food given in the last 24h. This study aimed to assess optimal breastfeeding practices of 0-6 month infants using breastfeeding performance index (BPI) and its association with childhood illness in Ethiopia. Methods: A secondary data analysis was carried out based on the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2011 data. The BPI was created using seven components by giving equal weight for all components during scoring. The data were described using descriptive statistics and analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of low, medium, and high BPI was 18.41, 57.96 and 23.63% respectively. The mean BPI score was 4.38 (SD 1.25; 95% CI 4.31, 4.45). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that those infants who had low BPI score were 2.22 times (AOR=2.22; 95% CI 1.20, 4.11) and medium BPI category had 2.15 times at higher odds (AOR=2.15; 95% CI 1.23, 3.75) of developing diarrhea compared to infants in the highest BPI category. Being in the lower BPI category was significantly associated with higher odds of having fever (AOR=1.73; 95% CI 1.06, 2.80). Being in the medium index category was also associated with higher odds of having short and rapid breaths (AOR=2.02; 95% CI 1.01, 4.04). Conclusion: More than 80% of the infants did not receive optimal breastfeeding practices based on the Breastfeeding Performance Index. Lower BPI was statistically associated with diarrhea, fever and short and rapid breaths illness in the last 2 weeks. This study implicates the importance of optimal breastfeeding to reduce childhood illness. © 2015 Haile and Biadgilign.	Breastfeeding; DHS; Ethiopia; Index; Infants	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951547384	Evaluation of interceptor long-lasting insecticidal nets in eight communities in Liberia	Banek K., Kilian A., Allan R.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-84	Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; MENTOR Initiative, La Prade, 11150 Villasavary, France	Banek, K., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Kilian, A., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; Allan, R., MENTOR Initiative, La Prade, 11150 Villasavary, France	Background. By 2008, the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) recommended five long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) for the prevention of malaria: Olyset®, PermaNet 2.0®, Netprotect®, Duranet® and Interceptor®. Field information is available for both Olyset® and PermaNet®, with limited data on the newer LLINs. To address this gap, a field evaluation was carried out to determine the acceptability and durability of Interceptor® LLINs. Methods. A one-year prospective field study was conducted in eight rural returnee villages in Liberia. Households were randomized to receive Interceptor® LLINs or conventionally treated nets (CTNs). Primary outcomes were levels of residual alpha-cypermethrin measured by HPLC and participant utilization/acceptability of the ITNs. Results. A total of 398 nets were analysed for residual alpha-cypermethrin. The median baseline concentrations of insecticide were 175.5 mg/m2 for the Interceptor® LLIN and 21.8 mg/m2 for the CTN. Chemical residue loss after a one year follow-up period was 22% and 93% respectively. Retention and utilization of nets remained high (94%) after one year, irrespective of type, while parasitaemia prevalence decreased from 29.7% at baseline to 13.6% during the follow up survey (p = < 0.001). Interview and survey data show perceived effectiveness of ITNs was just as important as other physical attributes in influencing net utilization. Conclusion. Interceptor® LLINs are effective and desirable in rural communities in Liberia. Consideration for end user preferences should be incorporated into product development of all LLINs in the future, in order to achieve optimum retention and utilization. © 2010 Banek et al.	None	insecticide; cipermethrin; pesticide residue; pyrethroid; article; bed net; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; follow up; health survey; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Liberia; major clinical study; malaria; outcome assessment; parasitemia; randomized controlled trial; semi structured interview; adult; consumer; family size; female; infant; information processing; male; methodology; mosquito; patient attitude; preschool child; prospective study; risk; rural population; statistics; Adult; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Consumer Participation; Family Characteristics; Female; Focus Groups; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Liberia; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pesticide Residues; Prospective Studies; Pyrethrins; Risk; Rural Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941367030	Evaluation of the anti-candidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of cleistopholis patens (Fam. Annonaceae) on candida species isolated from stage II HIV patients	Okechukwu D.C., Momoh M.A., Esimone C.O.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	3	10.4314/ahs.v15i3.12	Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit of Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria	Okechukwu, D.C., Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit of Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Momoh, M.A., Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit of Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Esimone, C.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra, Nigeria	Background: Candida species (sp) is implicated in causing opportunistic disseminated mycotic complications in stage II HIV patients. Cleistopholis patens is a West African medicinal tree reported to have significant antifungal activity against C. albicans. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the anti-candidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cleistopholis patens against Candida species isolated from stage II HIV patients. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and Nystatin®® was determined by agar dilution method. The killing rate studies of the plant extract and Nystatin® were also determined. Results: The extract had activity against all Candida isolates, with the MIC against the five isolates ranging from 6.0-9.8 mg/ml. Nystatin® also demonstrated plausible activity against the isolates with MICs ranging from 0.3125-25 mg/ml. Candida albicans strain 2 was the most sensitive to both extract and Nystatin® with MIC values of 6 and 0.3125 mg/ml respectively. Candida krusei was the least sensitive with MIC values of 9.8 and 25 mg/ml for the extract and Nystatin® respectively. The killing rate values for the extract ranged from-0.029 to-0.091 min-1 and that of Nystatin® ranged from-0.076 to-0.11216 min-1. Conclusions: The results indicate that the methanolic extract of Cleistopholis patens is a promising clinical alternative besides Nystatin® in the treatment of infections caused by Candida species in stage II HIV patients. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Anti-candidal activity; Candida; Cleistopholis patens; HIV Patients	antifungal agent; Cleistopholis patens extract; methanol; nystatin; plant extract; unclassified drug; agar dilution; Annonaceae; antifungal activity; Article; Candida; Candida albicans; Cleistopholis patens; concentration response; disease classification; disease severity; fungal strain; fungus isolation; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; opportunistic infection; Pichia kudriavzevii; plant leaf	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892483268	Evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities in canine spirocercosis and its association with systemic inflammation	Pazzi P., Goddard A., Kristensen A.T., Dvir E.	2014	Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine	28	1	10.1111/jvim.12220	Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Pazzi, P., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa; Goddard, A., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa; Kristensen, A.T., Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dvir, E., Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, SA, South Africa	Background: Canine spirocercosis is caused by the nematode Spirocerca lupi and is characterized by esophageal fibro-inflammatory nodules that may undergo neoplastic transformation. No sensitive and specific laboratory assays other than histopathology have been reported to differentiate non-neoplastic from neoplastic disease. Hypothesis/Objectives: Dogs with spirocercosis will have evidence of hypercoagulability based on thromboelastography (TEG)-derived maximal amplitude (MA); increased MA will be correlated with increased acute phase protein (APP) concentrations (C-reactive protein [CRP] and fibrinogen); increased MA and APPs will be exacerbated with neoplastic spirocercosis. Animals: Thirty-nine client-owned dogs with naturally occurring spirocercosis and 15 sex-matched healthy controls. Methods: A prospective comparative study evaluating TEG, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, antithrombin (AT) activity, platelet count and D-dimer concentration, and APPs of dogs with non-neoplastic (n = 24) and neoplastic (n = 15) spirocercosis compared to control dogs. Results: Median MA was significantly increased in the non-neoplastic group (P < .01) and neoplastic group (P < .01) compared to the controls. Both APPs were significantly increased in the neoplastic group compared to the non-neoplastic and control groups. MA was strongly correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.85, P < .001) and CRP (r = 0.73, P < .001). An MA >76 mm provided 96% specificity and 73% sensitivity for differentiation of disease state. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Canine spirocercosis is associated with increased TEG variables, MA and α, and decreased AT activity, which may indicate a hypercoagulable state seemingly more severe with neoplastic transformation. MA was correlated with APP in dogs with spirocercosis and can be used as an adjunctive test to support the suspicion of neoplastic transformation. © 2013 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.	Hemostasis; Hypercoagulable; Inflammation; Spirocerca	Animalia; Canis familiaris; Spirocerca; Spirocerca lupi; C reactive protein; fibrin degradation product; fibrin fragment d; fibrinogen; animal; animal disease; article; dog; dog disease; esophagus tumor; female; hemostasis; Hypercoagulable; immunology; inflammation; male; nonparametric test; parasitology; partial thromboplastin time; prospective study; prothrombin time; sensitivity and specificity; Spirocerca; spirurid infection; Thelazioidea; thrombocyte count; thromboelastography; Hemostasis; Hypercoagulable; Inflammation; Spirocerca; Animals; C-Reactive Protein; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Fibrinogen; Male; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Platelet Count; Prospective Studies; Prothrombin Time; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spirurida Infections; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thelazioidea; Thrombelastography	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942767778	A century of tuberculosis epidemiology in the northern and southern hemisphere: The differential impact of control interventions	Hermans S., Horsburgh C.R., Jr., Wood R.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0135179	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Hermans, S., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Horsburgh, C.R., Jr., Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Cape Town has one of the highest TB burdens of any city in the world. In 1900 the City of Cape Town, New York City and London had high mortality of tuberculosis (TB). Throughout the 20th century contemporaneous public health measures including screening, diagnosis and treatment were implemented in all three settings. Mandatory notification of TB and vital status enabled comparison of disease burden trajectories. Methods: TB mortality, notification and case fatality rates were calculated from 1912 to 2012 using annual TB notifications, TB death certifications and population estimates. Notification rates were stratified by age and in Cape Town by HIV status (from 2009 onwards). Results: Pre-chemotherapy, TB mortality and notification rates declined steadily in New York and London but remained high in Cape Town. Following introduction of combination chemotherapy, mean annual case fatality dropped from 45-60% to below 10% in all three settings. Mortality and notification rates subsequently declined, although Cape Town notifications did not decline as far as those in New York or London and returned to pre-chemotherapy levels by 1980. The proportional contribution of childhood TB diminished in New York and London but remained high in Cape Town. The advent of the Cape Town HIV-epidemic in the 1990s was associated with a further two-fold increase in incidence. In 2012, notification rates among HIV-negatives remained at pre-chemotherapy levels. Conclusions: TB control was achieved in New York and London but failed in Cape Town. The TB disease burden trajectories started diverging before the availability of combination chemotherapy in 1952 and further diverged following the HIV epidemic in 1990. Chemotherapy impacted case fatality but not transmission, evidenced by on-going high childhood TB rates. Currently endemic TB results from high on-going transmission, which has been exacerbated by the HIV epidemic. TB control will require reducing transmission, which is inexorably linked to prevailing socio-economic factors.	None	age distribution; Article; bacterial load; bacterial transmission; BCG vaccination; chemotherapy; childhood disease; death certificate; disease association; disease exacerbation; fatality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; incidence; mortality; Northern Hemisphere; social status; South Africa; Southern Hemisphere; survival; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; United Kingdom; United States; vital statistics	R01AI058736-02, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855890730	Evaluation of Capilia TB assay for rapid identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in BACTEC MGIT 960 and BACTEC 9120 blood cultures	Muchwa C., Akol J., Etwom A., Morgan K., Orikiriza P., Mumbowa F., Odong P.R., Kateete D.P., Eisenach K.D., Joloba M.L.	2012	BMC Research Notes	5	None	10.1186/1756-0500-5-44	JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States	Muchwa, C., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda; Akol, J., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda; Etwom, A., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda; Morgan, K., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda; Orikiriza, P., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda; Mumbowa, F., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Odong, P.R., JCRC TB Laboratory, Joint Clinical Research Center, Mengo, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kateete, D.P., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Eisenach, K.D., Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States; Joloba, M.L., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Capilia TB is a simple immunochromatographic assay based on the detection of MPB64 antigen specifically secreted by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Capilia TB was evaluated for rapid identification of MTC from BACTEC MGIT 960 and BACTEC 9120 systems in Kampala, Uganda. Since most studies have mainly dealt with respiratory samples, the performance of Capilia TB on blood culture samples was also evaluated. Methods. One thousand samples from pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis (TB) suspects admitted to the JCRC clinic and the TB wards at Old Mulago hospital in Kampala, Uganda, were cultured in automated BACTEC MGIT 960 and BACTEC 9120 blood culture systems. BACTEC-positive samples were screened for purity by sub-culturing on blood agar plates. Two hundred and fifty three (253) samples with Acid fast bacilli (AFB, 174 BACTEC MGIT 960 and 79 BACTEC 9120 blood cultures) were analyzed for presence of MTC using Capilia TB and in-house PCR assays. Results: The overall Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive values, and Kappa statistic for Capilia TB assay for identification of MTC were 98.4%, 97.6%, 97.7%, 98.4% and 0.96, respectively. Initially, the performance of in-house PCR on BACTEC 9120 blood cultures was poor (Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV and Kappa statistic of 100%, 29.3%,7%, 100% and 0.04, respectively) but improved upon sub-culturing on solid medium (Middlebrook 7H10) to 100%, 95.6%, 98.2%, 100% and 0.98, respectively. In contrast, the Sensitivity and Specificity of Capilia TB assay was 98.4% and 97.9%, respectively, both with BACTEC blood cultures and Middlebrook 7H10 cultured samples, revealing that Capilia was better than in-house PCR for identification of MTC in blood cultures. Additionally, Capilia TB was cheaper than in-house PCR for individual samples ($2.03 vs. $12.59, respectively), and was easier to perform with a shorter turnaround time (20 min vs. 480 min, respectively). Conclusion: Capilia TB assay is faster and cheaper than in-house PCR for rapid identification of MTC from BACTEC MGIT 960 and BACTEC 9120 culture systems in real-time testing of AFB positive cultures. © 2011 Muchwa et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Bacilli (class); Bacteria (microorganisms); Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; Nucleopolyhedrovirus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873716775	Performance of CareStart™ malaria Pf/Pv combo test for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax infections in the Afar Region, North East Ethiopia	Chanie M., Erko B., Animut A., Legesse M.	2012	Ethiopian Journal of Health Development	25	3	None	Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Chanie, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Erko, B., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Animut, A., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Legesse, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test has shown encouraging results for the diagnosis of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the performance of the test could be affected by different factors like gene polymorphisms, excess heat and humidity. Hence, evaluation of the performance of the test in different settings in Ethiopia is vital for the routine diagnosis of malaria. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of CareStart™ Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test for the diagnosis of P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in the Afar Region, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: Finger prick blood samples were collected from a total of 1092 patients who had malaria symptoms and visited three different health facilities in the Afar Region. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood smears were prepared and microscopically examined under 100 × magnifications for Plasmodium species identification and determination of parasitaemia. CareStart Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test was also performed as per the manufacturer's instructions. The sensitivity and the specificity of the test was determined using microscopy as gold standard. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 98.5% and 98.0% respectively, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 91.7% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.7% for the diagnosis of P. falciparum infection. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of P. vivax infection were 100% and 99.6% respectively, with PPV and NPV of 86.2% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed high sensitivity and specificity of CareStartTM Malaria Pf/Pv Combo test for the diagnosis of both P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in the study area, though additional study may be needed in the most peripheral hottest areas of the region.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876108477	Social acceptability and perceived impact of a community-led cash transfer programme in Zimbabwe	Skovdal M., Mushati P., Robertson L., Munyati S., Sherr L., Nyamukapa C., Gregson S.	2013	BMC Public Health	13	1	10.1186/1471-2458-13-342	Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom	Skovdal, M., Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Mushati, P., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, L., School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Munyati, S., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Sherr, L., Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Nyamukapa, C., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Gregson, S., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: Cash transfer programmes are increasingly recognised as promising and scalable interventions that can promote the health and development of children. However, concerns have been raised about the potential for cash transfers to contribute to social division, jealousy and conflict at a community level. Against this background, and in our interest to promote community participation in cash transfer programmes, we examine local perceptions of a community-led cash transfer programme in Eastern Zimbabwe. Methods. We collected and analysed data from 35 individual interviews and three focus group discussions, involving 24 key informants (community committee members and programme implementers), 24 cash transfer beneficiaries, of which four were youth, and 14 non-beneficiaries. Transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis and coding to generate concepts. Results: Study participants described the programme as participatory, fair and transparent - reducing the likelihood of jealousy. The programme was perceived to have had a substantial impact on children's health and education, primarily through aiding parents and guardians to better cater for their children's needs. Moreover, participants alluded to the potential of the programme to facilitate more transformational change, for example by enabling families to invest money in assets and income generating activities and by promoting a community-wide sense of responsibility for the support of orphaned and vulnerable children. Conclusion: Community participation, combined with the perceived impact of the cash transfer programme, led community members to speak enthusiastically about the programme. We conclude that community-led cash transfer programmes have the potential to open up for possibilities of participation and community agency that enable social acceptability and limit social divisiveness. © 2013 Skovdal et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cash transfers; Child health; Community participation HIV/AIDS; Incentives; Social protection; Zimbabwe	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; automutilation; child; female; human; intoxication; male; sex ratio; Sri Lanka; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Poisoning; Self-Injurious Behavior; Sex Distribution; Sri Lanka	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956211948	The impact of cataract surgery on activities and time-use: Results from a longitudinal study in Kenya, Bangladesh and the Philippines	Polack S., Eusebio C., Mathenge W., Wadud Z., Rashid M., Foster A., Kuper H.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0010913	Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Cataract Foundation of the Philippines, Bacolod, Philippines; Eye Unit, Rift Valley Provincial Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya; Child Sight Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; CSS, Rawm Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh	Polack, S., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Eusebio, C., Cataract Foundation of the Philippines, Bacolod, Philippines; Mathenge, W., Eye Unit, Rift Valley Provincial Hospital, Nakuru, Kenya; Wadud, Z., Child Sight Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Rashid, M., CSS, Rawm Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh; Foster, A., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Kuper, H., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world, and blindness from cataract is particularly common in low-income countries. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of cataract surgery on daily activities and time-use in Kenya, Bangladesh and the Philippines. Methods/Principal Findings: Amulti-centre intervention study was conducted in three countries. Time-use data were collected through interview fromcases aged≥50 years with visually impairing cataract (VA<6/24) and age- and gender-matched controls with normal vision (VA≥6/18). Cases were offered free/subsidized cataract surgery. Approximately one year later participants were re-interviewed about time-use. At baseline across the three countries there were 651 cases and 571 controls. Fifty-five percent of cases accepted surgery. Response rate at follow up was 84% (303 out of 361) for operated cases, and 80% (459 out of 571) for controls. At baseline, cases were less likely to carry out and spent less time on productive activities (paid and non-paid work) and spent more time in "inactivity" compared to controls. Approximately one year after cataract surgery, operated cases were more likely to undertake productive activities compared to baseline (Kenya from 55% to 88%; Bangladesh 60% to 95% and Philippines 81% to 94%, p<0.001) and mean time spent on productive activities increased by one-two hours in each setting (p<0.001). Time spent in "inactivity" in Kenya and Bangladesh decreased by approximately two hours (p<0.001). Frequency of reported assistance with activities was more than halved in each setting (p<0.001). Conclusions/Significance: The empirical evidence provided by this study of increased time spent on productive activities, reduced time in inactivity and reduced assistance following cataract surgery among older adults in low-income settings has positive implications for well-being and inclusion, and supports arguments of economic benefit at the household level from cataract surgery. © 2010 Polack et al.	None	adult; aged; article; Bangladesh; cataract; cataract extraction; clinical assessment; controlled study; daily life activity; female; human; interview; Kenya; leisure; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; Philippines; time; treatment response; daily life activity; middle aged; quality of life; Activities of Daily Living; Bangladesh; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Kenya; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Philippines; Quality of Life	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-75149117396	From research tool to routine test: CD38 monitoring in HIV patients	Coetzee L.M., Tay S.S., Lawrie D., Janossy G., Glencross D.K.	2009	Cytometry Part B - Clinical Cytometry	76	6	10.1002/cyto.b.20478	Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia	Coetzee, L.M., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tay, S.S., Collaborative Transplantation Research Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Lawrie, D., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Janossy, G., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Glencross, D.K., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: CD38 expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients is monitored by flow cytometry (FCM). There is however no consensus re CD38 protocols, analyses or result reporting within/ between laboratories. Internal quality control measures (QC) were established for a standardized CD38 protocol and a system proposed for reporting CD38 fluctuation in longitudinal HIV+ patient monitoring. Methods: A single-platform (SP) CD38/CD8 protocol was "piggy-backed" onto the standardized "panleucogating" CD45/CD4+ protocol. A weekly QC was established to monitor instrument stability (Flow-SETTM) and absolute cell count accuracy and reproducibility (stabilized blood product, Immuno-TrolTM). The Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) of CD38 expression on CD8+-lymphocytes was monitored on both stabilized blood and HIV-control samples. Linearized MFI values were determined from biological controls, i.e. healthy donor monocytes and granulocytes, and tested as a method of reporting CD38 expression on selected HIV+ patients on ART. Results: The CD45/CD4/CD8/CD3 method for lymphocyte enumeration compared well with the CD38 protocol (CD45/CD4/CD8/CD38) with excellent similarity (±100%) and precision for absolute CD4 and CD8 counts (CVs &lt; 5%). Fluorosphere MFI- (FlowSetTM, FlowCountTM) and color compensation values were exceptionally stable over time. CD38 MFI values established on monocytes as biological control was 4.0 and &lt;2.0 for HIV-control lymphocytes. Conclusions: Monitoring FCM with fluorosphere MFI values, color compensation, and biological controls, can ensure that CD38 analyses are technologically stable. Flow cytometry is thus the preferred method to monitor fluctuations in CD38 MFI (CD38 molecules/cell) associated with HIV-disease progression and/or response to ART and has potential for application across instruments and centers. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society.	CD38; CD4; CD8; HIV infection; Panleucogating; Quality control; Standardization	CD3 antigen; CD38 antigen; CD4 antigen; CD8 antigen; antigen expression; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD8+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; disease course; flow cytometry; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; medical research; patient monitoring; priority journal; quality control; Antigens, CD38; Antigens, CD45; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Quality Control; Reproducibility of Results; T-Lymphocyte Subsets	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58249104035	Relationship between Total Lymphocyte count (TLC) and CD4 count among peoples living with HIV, Southern Ethiopia: A retrospective evaluation	Daka D., Loha E.	2008	AIDS Research and Therapy	5	None	10.1186/1742-6405-5-26	Faculty of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Daka, D., Faculty of Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Loha, E., Faculty of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Background: CD4 count is a standard measure of immunodeficiency in adults infected with HIV to initiate and monitor highly active antiretroviral therapy; however, it may not be feasible in resource poor countries. There is a need to have another marker of immunodeficiency that is less resource demanding. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between total lymphocyte count and CD4 count in one of the resource poor countries, Ethiopia. Methods: This was a retrospective evaluation. A total of 2019 cases with total lymphocyte and CD4 counts from three hospitals (Yirgalem, Hossana and Arba-Minch) were included in the study. Pearson correlation, linear regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were used. Result: For adults, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of TLC &lt; 1200 cells/mm3 to predict CD4 count &lt; 200 cells/mm3 were 41%, 83.5%, 87.9% and 32.5%, respectively. For subjects aged less than 18 years, these values were 20.2%, 87%, 82% and 27.1%, respectively. A TLC ≤ 1780 cells/mm3 was found to have maximal sensitivity (61%) and specificity (62%) for predicting a CD4 cell count of &lt; 200 cells/mm3. Meanwhile, a TLC ≤ 1885 cells/mm3 would identify only 59% of patients with CD4 count of &lt; 350 cells/mm3 (sensitivity, 59%; and specificity, 61%). The combined sensitivity and specificity for patients above 40 years of age was greater. Conclusion: Our data revealed low sensitivity and specificity of TLC as a surrogate measure for CD4 count. © 2008 Daka and Loha; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; correlation coefficient; correlational study; cytology; Ethiopia; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; linear regression analysis; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; male; prediction; priority journal; receiver operating characteristic; reference value; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity	None
None	None	WHO multicenter evaluation of FACSCount CD4 and Pima CD4 T-cell count systems: Instrument performance and misclassification of HIV-infected patients	Wade D., Daneau G., Aboud S., Vercauteren G.H., Urassa W.S.K., Kestens L.	2014	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	66	5	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000214	Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Unit of Immunology, Laboratory of Bacteriology Virology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, 92000, Senegal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salam, Tanzania; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Wade, D., Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Unit of Immunology, Laboratory of Bacteriology Virology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, 92000, Senegal, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Daneau, G., Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Aboud, S., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salam, Tanzania; Vercauteren, G.H., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Urassa, W.S.K., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Kestens, L., Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	BACKGROUND: CD4 T-cell counts are used to screen and follow-up HIV-infected patients during treatment. As part of the World Health Organization prequalification program of diagnostics, we conducted an independent multicenter evaluation of the FACSCount CD4 and the Pima CD4, using the FACSCalibur as reference method. METHODS: A total of 440 paired capillary and venous blood samples were collected from HIV-infected patients attending the HIV outpatient clinic in Antwerp, Belgium, and the HIV care and treatment center in Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Capillary blood was run on Pima analyzer, whereas venous blood was analyzed on FACSCount, Pima, and FACSCalibur instruments. Precision and agreement between methods were assessed. RESULTS: The FACSCount CD4 results were in agreement with the FACSCalibur results with relative bias of 0.4% and 3.1% on absolute CD4 counts and an absolute bias of -0.6% and -1.1% on CD4% in Antwerp and Dar es Salam, respectively. The Pima CD4 results were in agreement with the FACSCalibur results with relative bias of -4.1% and -9.4% using venous blood and of -9.5% and -0.9% using capillary blood in Antwerp and Dar es Salam, respectively. At the threshold of 350 cells per microliter, the FACSCount CD4 and Pima CD4 using venous and capillary blood misclassified 7%, 9%, and 13% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The FACSCount CD4 provides reliable CD4 counts and CD4% and is suitable for monitoring adult and pediatric HIV patients in moderate-volume settings. The Pima CD4 is more suitable for screening eligible adult HIV patients for antiretroviral treatment initiation in low-volume laboratories. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	CD4 count; CD4%; FACSCount CD4; Pima CD4; Resource-limited settings	adolescent; adult; aged; article; Belgium; blood sampling; capillary blood; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4 T cell count test; clinical assessment; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; measurement accuracy; multicenter study; outpatient department; priority journal; Tanzania; venous blood; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Belgium; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749083727	CD4 + T-cell count monitoring does not accurately identify HIV-infected adults with virologie failure receiving antiretroviral therapy	Moore D.M., Awor A., Downing R., Kaplan J., Montaner J.S.G., Hancock J., Were W., Mermin J.	2008	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	49	5	10.1097/QAI.0b013e318186eb18	Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Moore, D.M., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Awor, A., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Downing, R., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Kaplan, J., AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Montaner, J.S.G., British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hancock, J., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Were, W., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda; Mermin, J., Global AIDS Program, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda	Background: CD4 - T-lymphocyte (CD4) counts are widely used to monitor response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings. However, the utility of such monitoring in terms of predicting virologie response to therapy has been little studied. Methods: We studied participants aged 18 years and older who initiated ART in Tororó, Uganda. CD4 counts, CD4 percentages, and viral load (VL) were examined at 6-monthly intervals. Various definitions of immunologic failure were examined to identify individuals with VLs ≥ 50, ≥500, ≥1000, or ≥5000 copies per milliliter at 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment initiation. Results: One thousand sixty-three ART-naive persons initiated ART. The proportion of individuals with virologie failure ranged between 1.5% and 16.4% for each time point. The proportion with no increase in CD4 count from baseline did not differ between those with suppressed or unsuppressed VLs at 6, 18, and 24 months after ART initiation. No increase in CD4 cell counts at 6 months had a sensitivity of 0.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00 to 0.10] and a positive predictive value of 0.03 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.09) for identifying individuals with VL ≥ 500 copies per milliliter at 6 months. The best measure identified was an absolute CD4 cell count &lt;125 cells per microliter at 21 months for predicting VL ≥ 500 copies per milliliter at 18 months which had a sensitivity of 0.13 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.21) and a positive predictive value of 0.29 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.44). Conclusions: CD4 cell count monitoring does not accurately identify individuals with virologie failure among patients taking ART. Copyright © 2008 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.	Africa; Antiretroviral therapy; CD4 cell count; Virologie suppression	adult; aged; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; ethics; female; follow up; health care organization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; immunology; informed consent; major clinical study; male; patient monitoring; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; treatment failure; treatment response; Uganda; virology; virus load; world health organization; CD4 lymphocyte count; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; antiretrovirus agent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954710537	The impact of the method of consent on response rates in the ISAAC time trends study	Ellwood P., Asher M.I., Stewart A.W., Aït-Khaled N., Anderson H.R., Beasley R., Björkstén B., Brunekreef B., Crane J., Flohr C., Foliaki S., Forastiere F., García-Marcos L., Keil U., Lai C.K.W., Mallol J., Mitchell E.A., Montefort S., Odhiambo J., Pearce	2010	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	14	8	None	Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; Division of Community Health Sciences, St Georges, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Wellington Asthma Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand; St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Epidemiology, Rome E Health Authority, Rome, Italy; Instituto de Salud Respiratoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Malta, Malta; Centre Respiratory Diseases Research Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Dr von Haunerschen Kinderklinik, Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Centre for Evidence Based Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, New Zealand	Ellwood, P., Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Asher, M.I., Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Stewart, A.W., School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Aït-Khaled, N., International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; Anderson, H.R., Division of Community Health Sciences, St Georges, University of London, London, United Kingdom, ; Beasley, R., Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand; Björkstén, B., Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Brunekreef, B., Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Crane, J., Wellington Asthma Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand; Flohr, C., St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Foliaki, S., Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; Forastiere, F., Department of Epidemiology, Rome E Health Authority, Rome, Italy; García-Marcos, L., Instituto de Salud Respiratoria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, ; Keil, U., Institut für Epidemiologie und Sozialmedizin, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany; Lai, C.K.W., Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Mallol, J., Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Mitchell, E.A., Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Montefort, S., Department of Medicine, University of Malta, Malta; Odhiambo, J., Centre Respiratory Diseases Research Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Pearce, N., Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; Robertson, C.F., Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Strachan, D., Division of Community Health Sciences, St Georges, University of London, London, United Kingdom, ; von Mutius, E., Dr von Haunerschen Kinderklinik, Universität München, Munich, Germany; Weiland, S.K., Institute of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Weinmayr, G., Institute of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Williams, H., Centre for Evidence Based Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Wong, G., Department of Paediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong; Clayton, T.O., Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Benhabylès, B.; Esamai, F.O.; Ng'ang'a, L.; Bouayad, Z.; Onadeko, B.O.; Zar, H.J.; Jerray, M.; Chen, Y.Z.; Zhong, N.-S.; Lau, Y.L.; Kartasasmita, C.B.; Odajima, H.; Teh, K.H.; de Bruyne, J.; Quah, B.S.; Cua-Lim, F.; Goh, D.Y.T.; Lee, H.-B.; Huang, J.-L.; Vichyanond, P.; Trakultivakom, M.; Masjedi, M.-R.; al-Momen, J.A.; Mahmood, N.; Al-Rawas, O.; Khatav, V.A.; Kumar, L.; Setty, G.; Jain, K.C.; Sukumaran, T.U.; Joshi, M.K.; Pherwani, A.V.; Sharma, S.K.; Hanumante, N.M.; Guimaraes, I.M.E.; Baena-Cagnani, C.E.; Rosário, N.; Fischer, G.B.; de Britto, M.; de Freitas Souza, L.; Solé, D.; Amarales, L.; Aguilar, P.; Calvo, M.A.; Soto-Quirós, M.E.; Romieu, I.; Cukier, G.; Guggiari-Chase, J.A.; Chiarella, P.; Holgado, D.; Howitt, M.E.; Sears, M.; Rennie, D.; Yeatts, K.; Redding, G.J.; Priftanji, A.; Riikjärv, M.-A.; Pekkanen, J.; Gotua, M.; Svabe, V.; Kudzyte, J.; Lis, G.; Breborowicz, A.; Deleanu, D.; Kondiourina, E.G.; Vogt, H.; Ognev, V.; Marks, G.; Moyes, C.; Pattemore, P.; Mackay, R.; Haidinger, G.; Weyler, J.; Standring, P.; Goulding, R.; Steriu, A.; Bonci, E.; Galassi, C.; Petronio, M.G.; Chellini, E.; Bisanti, L.; Sestini, P.; Ciccone, G.; Piffer, S.; Camâra, R.; Rosado Pinto, J.E.; Nunes, C.; dos Santos, J.M.L.; Clancy, L.; Busquets, R.M.; González Díaz, C.; Arnedo-Pena, A.; Garcia Hernández, G.; Guillén-Grima, F.; Morales-Suarez-Varela, M.M.; Blanco Quirós, A.; Thames, N.; Austin, J.B.; Shamssain, M.H.; Strachan, D.; Burr, M.; Shah, J.; Baratawidjaja, K.; Nishima, S.; Baeza-Bacab, M.; Manning, P.; Khaitov, R.M.; Lee, B.; Nilsson, L.	BACKGROUND: Centres in Phases I and III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) programme used the method of consent (passive or active) required by local ethics committees. METHODS: Retrospectively, relationships between achieved response rates and method of consent for 13-14 and 6-7-year-olds (adolescents and children, respectively), were examined between phases and between English and non-English language centres. RESULTS: Information was obtained for 113 of 115 centres for adolescents and 72/72 centres for children. Both age groups: most centres using passive consent achieved high response rates (>80% adolescents and >70% children). English language centres using active consent showed a larger decrease in response rate. Adolescents: seven centres changed from passive consent in Phase I to active consent in Phase III (median decrease of 13%), with five centres showing lower response rates (as low as 34%). Children: no centre changed consent method between phases. Centres using active consent had lower median response rates (lowest response rate 45%). CONCLUSION: The requirement for active consent for population school-based questionnaire studies can impact negatively on response rates, particularly English language centres, thus adversely affecting the validity of the data. Ethics committees need to consider this issue carefully. © 2010 The Union.	Asthma; Children; Consent; Epidemiology; ISAAC	adolescent; article; child; human; informed consent; parental consent; priority journal; professional standard; questionnaire; retrospective study; asthma; clinical trial; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; health; health survey; hypersensitivity; informed consent; male; multicenter study; phase 1 clinical trial; phase 3 clinical trial; prevalence; randomized controlled trial; time; trends; Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Consent Forms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Global Health; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Prevalence; Time Factors	None
WoS	WOS:000340956400001	Impact of health education intervention on knowledge and perception of cervical cancer and cervical screening uptake among adult women in rural communities in Nigeria	Abiodun, Olumide A.,Olu-Abiodun, Oluwatosin O.,Oluwole, Francis A.,Sotunsa, John O.	2014	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	14	None	10.1186/1471-2458-14-814	Babcock Univ, Olabisi Onabanjo Univ, Sch Nursing	None	Background: Cervical cancer is a disease of public health importance affecting many women and contributing to avoidably high levels of cancer deaths in Nigeria. In spite of the relative ease of prevention, the incidence is on the increase. This study aimed to determine the effect of health education on the awareness, knowledge and perception of cervical cancer and screening among women in rural Nigerian communities. Methods: The study design was quasi-experimental. The study was carried out among adult women in Odogbolu (intervention) and Ikenne (control) local government areas (LGA) of Ogun state. Three hundred and fifty (350) women were selected per group by multistage random sampling technique. Data was collected by semi structured interviews with the aid of questionnaire. The intervention consisted of structured health education based on a movie. Result: The intervention raised the level of awareness of cervical cancer and screening to 100% (p &lt; 0.0001). The proportion of women with very good knowledge of cervical cancer and screening rose from 2% to 70.5% (X-2 = 503.7, p &lt; 0.0001) while the proportion of those with good perception rose from 5.1% to 95.1% (p &lt; 0.0001). The mean knowledge and mean perception scores were also increased (p &lt; 0.0001). There was increase in the proportion of women who had undertaken cervical screening from 4.3% to 8.3% (p = 0.038). The major reason stated by the women for not having had cervical screening done was lack of awareness about cervical cancer and screening. There was statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups concerning their knowledge attitude and practice towards cervical and screening (p &lt; 0.05) after the intervention. Conclusion: Multiple media health education based on a movie is effective in creating awareness for and improving the knowledge and perception of adult women about cervical cancer and screening. It also improves the uptake of cervical cancer screening. The creation of awareness is very crucial to the success of a cervical cancer prevention programme.	AWARENESS,"CERVICAL CANCER","CERVICAL SCREENING",KNOWLEDGE,movie,"Participatory health education",PERCEPTION,BREAST	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928920460	Cost evaluation of reproductive and primary health care mobile service delivery for women in two rural districts in South Africa	Schnippel K., Lince-Deroche N., Van Den Handel T., Molefi S., Bruce S., Firnhaber C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0119236	Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Schnippel, K., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Lince-Deroche, N., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Den Handel, T., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Molefi, S., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Bruce, S., Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa; Firnhaber, C., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Cervical cancer screening is a critical health service that is often unavailable to women in under-resourced settings. In order to expand access to this and other reproductive and primary health care services, a South African non-governmental organization established a van-based mobile clinic in two rural districts in South Africa. To inform policy and budgeting, we conducted a cost evaluation of this service delivery model. Methods: The evaluation was retrospective (October 2012-September 2013 for one district and April-September 2013 for the second district) and conducted from a provider cost perspective. Services evaluated included cervical cancer screening, HIV counselling and testing, syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), breast exams, provision of condoms, contraceptives, and general health education. Fixed costs, including vehicle purchase and conversion, equipment, operating costs and mobile clinic staffing, were collected from program records and public sector pricing information. The number of women accessing different services was multiplied by ingredients-based variable costs, reflecting the consumables required. All costs are reported in 2013 USD. Results: Fixed costs accounted for most of the total annual costs of the mobile clinics (85% and 94% for the two districts); the largest contributor to annual fixed costs was staff salaries. Average costs per patient were driven by the total number of patients seen, at $46.09 and $76.03 for the two districts. Variable costs for Pap smears were higher than for other services provided, and some services, such as breast exams and STI and tuberculosis symptoms screening, had no marginal cost. Conclusions: Staffing costs are the largest component of providing mobile health services to rural communities. Yet, in remote areas where patient volumes do not exceed nursing staff capacity, incorporating multiple services within a cervical cancer screening program is an approach to potentially expand access to health care without added costs. © 2015 Schnippel et al.	None	Article; breast examination; cancer screening; condom use; contraception; female; health care cost; health care delivery; health service; HIV education; HIV test; human; mobile clinic; Papanicolaou test; personnel management; preventive health service; primary health care; reproductive health; retrospective study; rural area; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; uterine cervix cancer	674-A-00-08- 00007-00, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881122818	Impact of nutritional supplementation on immune response, body mass index and bioelectrical impedance in HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy	Evans D., McNamara L., Maskew M., Selibas K., Van Amsterdam D., Baines N., Webster T., Sanne I.	2013	Nutrition Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2891-12-111	Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Evans, D., Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; McNamara, L., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maskew, M., Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Selibas, K., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Van Amsterdam, D., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Baines, N., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Webster, T., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sanne, I., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Challenges to HIV care in resource limited settings (RLS) include malnutrition. Limited evidence supports the benefit of nutritional supplementation when starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in RLS. Methods. Randomized controlled pilot study. HIV-positive ART-naive adults with self-reported weight loss were randomized to receive ART plus FutureLife porridge® nutritional supplement (NS) (388 kcal/day) or ART alone (Controls) for 6 months. Patients returned for monthly assessments and blood was drawn at enrolment and 6 months on ART. Differences in body composition, biochemical and laboratory parameters were estimated at 6 months on treatment. Results: Of the 36 randomized patients, 26 completed the 6 month follow-up (11 NS vs 15 Controls). At enrolment, groups were similar in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance. NS patients had a lower median CD4 count (60 cells/mm3 [IQR 12-105 vs 107 cells/mm3 [IQR 63-165]; p = 0.149) and hemoglobin (10.3 g/dL [IQR 9.0-11.3] vs 13.1 g/dL [IQR 11.1-14.7]; p = 0.001).At 6 months, NS patients increased their median CD4 count by 151 cells/mm3 [IQR 120-174) vs 77 cells/mm3 [IQR 33-145] in the Controls. NS patients had higher mean percentage change in body weight (12.7% vs 4.9%; p = 0.047), BMI (7.8% vs 5.5%; p = 0.007), absolute CD4 count (83.0% vs 46.4%, p = 0.002) and hemoglobin (9.5% vs 1.0%; p = 0.026). Patients in the NS arm had a higher mean percentage fat-free mass (16.7% vs -3.5%, p = 0.036), total body water (13.0% vs -1.9%, p = 0.026), intracellular water (16.1% vs -4.1%, p = 0.010) and basal metabolic rate (5.3% vs -0.2%, p = 0.014) compared to Controls. Patients in the NS arm also showed an improvement in physical activity at 6 months post-ART initiation compared to Controls (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that NS taken concurrently with ART can promote weight gain, improve immune response and improve physical activity in HIV-positive patients that present at ART initiation with weight loss. © 2013 Evans et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Nutritional supplement; Treatment outcomes	antiretrovirus agent; hemoglobin; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; biological marker; adult; article; basal metabolic rate; bioenergy; bloating; body fat; body mass; body weight; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical article; controlled study; depression; diarrhea; diet supplementation; drug induced disease; drug induced headache; fat free mass; female; fever; flatulence; follow up; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; impedance; insomnia; male; nausea; outcome assessment; pain; physical activity; pilot study; randomized controlled trial; rash; total body water; vomiting; blood; body composition; caloric intake; demography; diet therapy; HIV Infections; impedance; motor activity; patient compliance; weight gain; Human immunodeficiency virus; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Biological Markers; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Demography; Dietary Supplements; Electric Impedance; Energy Intake; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Motor Activity; Patient Compliance; Pilot Projects; Weight Gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939644885	Short-term impact of pictorial posters and a crash course on radiographic errors for improving the quality of paediatric chest radiographs in an unsupervised unit — a pilot study for quality-assurance outreach	Hlabangana L.T., Andronikou S.	2014	Pediatric Radiology	45	2	10.1007/s00247-014-3115-9	Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg, South Africa	Hlabangana, L.T., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Andronikou, S., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Chest radiography is the most commonly performed diagnostic X-ray examination. The radiation dose to the patient for this examination is relatively low but because of its frequent use, the contribution to the collective dose is considerable. Optimized image quality not only allows for more accurate diagnosis but also supports radiation protection, which is particularly important in children. Objective: To determine whether the introduction of a poster of technical errors in paediatric radiography accompanied by a short lecture (crash course) for radiographers on common errors can sustainably decrease the number and rate of these errors in an unsupervised radiology department (without a paediatric-trained radiologist or paediatric-trained radiography personnel). Materials and methods: We conducted a pilot study for quality-assurance outreach, with retrospective and prospective components, in the paediatric radiology department of a teaching hospital. The technical errors in frontal chest radiographs performed in the unit were assessed by quality-assurance analysis using a customized tick-sheet. The review was performed before and after an intervention that involved a half-hour crash course and poster displays in the department. We compared the rate of technical errors made before and after the intervention. Results: There was statistically significant improvement in quality of radiographs (P < 0.0083) performed immediately after the intervention. There was a statistically significant decline in the quality of radiographs performed >2 months after the intervention. Conclusion: A simple intervention of a crash course and poster placement resulted in improved quality of paediatric chest radiographs. A decline in quality after 2 months suggests the need to repeat this or another type of intervention regularly. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Chest radiography; Paediatric; Quality assurance	diagnostic error; education; female; human; infant; male; medical education; pediatrics; pilot study; preschool child; prevention and control; procedures; prospective study; radiology; retrospective study; standards; teaching hospital; thorax radiography; total quality management; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Errors; Education, Medical, Continuing; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Infant; Male; Pediatrics; Pilot Projects; Prospective Studies; Quality Improvement; Radiography, Thoracic; Radiology; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926471609	Evaluation of composting performance of mixtures of chicken blood and maize stover in Harare, Zimbabwe	Pisa C., Wuta M.	2013	International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture	2	1	10.1186/2251-7715-2-5	Marondera College of Agricultural Science and Technology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe	Pisa, C., Marondera College of Agricultural Science and Technology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe; Wuta, M., Marondera College of Agricultural Science and Technology, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 35, Marondera, Zimbabwe	Background: Chicken processing results in the production of a lot of blood which if disposed on land poses environmental hazards in terms of land pollution. The aim of the study was to develop an aerobic composting process for chicken blood to produce a nitrogen-rich soil amendment for use in agriculture. The study involved composting of blood and maize stover of different proportions (10%, 30%, 70% and 100% maize stover) in compost bins over 72 days and determining which proportions would yield compost with greater potential to support plant growth. Results: The performance of the different compost mixtures was evaluated by monitoring internal temperature, mineral N (NH<inf>4</inf> +-N and NO<inf>3</inf> --N), C/N ratio, pH, electrical conductivity and total cations. The concentration of ammonium N decreased by 8.75%, 50.5%, 33.5% and 18.8% for the 10%, 30%, 70% and 100% stover treatments, respectively, with composting time. Nitrate N peaked to 1.93 and 1.06 mg/kg for the 30% and 70% treatments, respectively, on day 43, while it peaked to 1.54 and 0.54 mg/kg for the 10% and 100% treatments, respectively, on day 50. The C/N ratios decreased significantly (p < 0.001) for all treatments. Conclusion: The 10% and 30% treatments had better composting performance than the 70% and 100% treatments as they reached and maintained thermophilic temperatures for at least 8 days. The 10% and 30% treatments appeared to have the greater potential of supporting crop growth. © 2013, Pisa and Wuta; licensee Springer.	Aerobic composting; C/N ratio; N mineralisation; Poultry processing wastes; Waste management	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889092904	The impact of childhood adversity on suicidality and clinical course in treatment-resistant depression	Tunnard C., Rane L.J., Wooderson S.C., Markopoulou K., Poon L., Fekadu A., Juruena M., Cleare A.J.	2014	Journal of Affective Disorders	None	1	10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.037	Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil	Tunnard, C., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Rane, L.J., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Wooderson, S.C., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Markopoulou, K., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Poon, L., National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Fekadu, A., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Juruena, M., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, Department of Neurosciences and Behaviour, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Cleare, A.J., Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, 103 Denmark Hill, Box P074, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom, National Affective Disorder Unit, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom	Background Childhood adversity is a risk factor for the development of depression and can also affect clinical course. We investigated this specifically in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Methods One hundred and thirty-seven patients with TRD previously admitted to an inpatient affective disorders unit were included. Clinical, demographic and childhood adversity (physical, sexual, emotional abuse; bullying victimization, traumatic events) data were obtained during admission. Associations between childhood adversity, depressive symptoms and clinical course were investigated. Results Most patients had experienced childhood adversity (62%), with traumatic events (35%) and bullying victimization (29%) most commonly reported. Childhood adversity was associated with poorer clinical course, including earlier age of onset, episode persistence and recurrence. Logistic regression analyses revealed childhood adversity predicted lifetime suicide attempts (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.14, 6.84) and childhood physical abuse predicted lifetime psychosis (OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.00, 11.70). Limitations The cross-sectional design and retrospective measurement of childhood adversity are limitations of the study. Conclusions Childhood adversity was common amongst these TRD patients and was associated with poor clinical course, psychosis and suicide attempts. Routine assessment of early adversity may help identify at risk individuals and inform clinical intervention. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Abuse; Childhood adversity; Childhood trauma; Early life stress; Refractory depression; Suicide; Treatment-resistant depression	anxiolytic agent; hypnotic agent; mood stabilizer; neuroleptic agent; adult; article; bipolar disorder; bullying; child abuse; child sexual abuse; childhood injury; depression; disease course; early life stress; emotional abuse; female; human; logistic regression analysis; major clinical study; major depression; male; onset age; priority journal; psychosis; recurrent disease; suicidal behavior; suicide attempt; symptom; victim; cross-sectional study; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; life event; middle aged; psychologic test; psychological rating scale; psychology; risk factor; severity of illness index; treatment outcome; Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; Age of Onset; Bullying; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant; Female; Humans; Interview, Psychological; Life Change Events; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Suicide, Attempted; Treatment Outcome	NIHR, National Institute for Health Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884476514	The impact of preschool feeding programmes on the growth of disadvantaged young children in developing countries: A systematic review of randomised trials	Els A., Walsh C.	2013	South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition	26	2	None	Department Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, South Africa	Els, A., Department Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, South Africa; Walsh, C., Department Nutrition and Dietetics, University of the Free State, South Africa	Background: Childhood malnutrition in developing countries contributes to developmental delays, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. The effectiveness of feeding programmes as a strategy to improve childhood malnutrition has been questioned. Objective: A systematic review was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of preschool feeding programmes in fostering the growth of children in developing countries. Design: A systematic literature search was undertaken to identify published studies that related to the objective. Studies had to be randomised intervention studies that reported on the growth outcomes of children from birth to six years of age in order to be included. Setting: An initial literature search yielded 59 studies, of which 44 were excluded based on initial screening. Five more were omitted based on detailed data extraction. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of these studies were compared and narratively described in the context of the objective. Results: The studies showed a great level of heterogeneity with regard to sample characteristics, intervention and reporting of results. In the context of recovery from malnutrition, most studies reported there to be a positive effect from feeding programmes. In studies that reported on weight gain, those that employed a supervised intake of food supplements resulted in higher rates of weight gain. Micronutrient fortification was described as having a positive influence on the rate of linear growth in studies that reported on linear growth. Intensive nutrition education aimed at mothers and caregivers is a sustainable way in which to change child feeding behaviour and may contribute to the effectiveness of nutrition intervention. Conclusion: The limitations of the study included the following: there was a low number (59) of identified studies in the initial search because of the use of limited search terms, assessment of risk of bias was carried out by only one reviewer using a self-designed grading system, there were high levels of heterogeneity, and less than half of the individual studies were rated to be of a high quality. In view of these limitations, no firm conclusion can be drawn. Additional research, aimed at determining the impact of supplementary feeding programmes in supporting the growth of disadvantaged children, is encouraged. © SAJCN.	Developing countries; Disadvantaged children; Growth; Preschool feeding programmes	trace element; Africa south of the Sahara; article; child; child death; child growth; child nutrition; data extraction; developing country; diet supplementation; dietary compliance; early intervention; food security; health food; human; information retrieval; maize; malnutrition; milk; nutrition education; nutritional deficiency; nutritional status; nutritional value; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial (topic); soybean; stunting; systematic review; underweight; weight gain; weight height ratio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901461258	Evaluation of IgG antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and associated risk factors for severe respiratory tract infections in pre- School children in north-central, Nigeria	Faneye A., Motayo B.O., Adesanmi A., Onoja B.	2014	African Journal of Infectious Diseases	8	2	10.4314/ajid.v8i2.4	Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Microbiology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria	Faneye, A., Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Motayo, B.O., Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Adesanmi, A., Microbiology Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Onoja, B., Dept. of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Childhood mortality and morbidity due to RSV is increasing. Our current study was aimed at determining the sero-prevalence rate of RSV IgG antibodies and investigates certain known risk factors for RSV disease severity in infants and pre-school children presenting with various forms of respiratory tract infections in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: About 280, children and 30, aged matched controls were enrolled into the study at the specialist hospital Ilorin. Blood testing for anti RSV IgG was done using a commercial ELISA kit by IVD Research Inc® Carlsbad. California U.S.A. Information regarding Nutritional status, socio-economic status and other demographic variables were collected. Results: A prevalence rate of 85.7% was recorded among tested children and 23.3%, in controls, across age groups and gender. A statistically significant difference in age groups were recorded among patients with LRTI, (p <0.05), age <1 41%, age 1 <5, 27.6%. This was also the case for children with SRTI (Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis), with age < 1yr, 9%, and 1 <5yr, 19.8%. Analysed risk factors for disease severity showed thatnutritional status of children were statistically significant for disease severity, p-value, 0.039 (Chi square test). Conclusions: We report a high level of exposure to RSV in infancy and early childhood among children from a representative population in a major central Nigerian City, further studies into neutralising antibody levels and subtype distribution of RSV are advocated.	Ilorin; Respiratory tract infection; RSV; Seroprevalence	immunoglobulin G antibody; article; child; controlled study; disease severity; female; human; infant; male; Nigeria; nutritional status; Pneumovirus infection; Respiratory syncytial pneumovirus; respiratory tract infection; risk factor; seroprevalence; social status	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942255924	Impact of fibrinolytics on the outcome of empyema in South African children	Zampoli M., Kappos A., Verwey C., Mamathuba R., Zar H.J.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	7	10.7196/SAMJnew.7796	Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Zampoli, M., Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Kappos, A., Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Verwey, C., Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Mamathuba, R., Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Zar, H.J., Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Childhood pneumonia is common in all countries, and empyema is one of the commonest complications. The role of routine intrapleural fibrinolytics in the management of childhood empyema is not well established in low- and middle-income countries. Methods. We did a prospective observational study of children sequentially hospitalised with empyema between December 2006 and December 2011 in South Africa (SA). Intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), administered according to a standard protocol, was introduced in September 2009. Outcomes in children treated with TPA after 2009 were compared with the historical cohort not treated with TPA who met the treatment criteria. Results. One hundred and forty-two children with empyema, median age 17 months (interquartile range 8 - 43), were admitted during the study period. Excluding children who did not have a chest tube inserted and those in whom fibrinolysis was contraindicated, there were 99 patients, 52 of whom received fibrinolytics. Clinical characteristics and empyema aetiology were similar in those who received fibrinolysis and those who did not. Eighteen children (38.3%) not treated with TPA required surgery v. 5 (9.6%) treated with TPA (relative risk 0.25; 95% confidence interval 0.1 - 0.6). The median duration of hospitalisation was similar in both groups. Complications occurred rarely and with a similar incidence in both groups. In-hospital mortality was low, with two deaths in each group. Conclusion. Intrapleural TPA resulted in a four-fold reduction in surgery. Fibrinolytics should be used for management of empyema in children in SA. © 2015, South African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	None	cloxacillin; fibrinolytic agent; gentamicin; tissue plasminogen activator; fibrinolytic agent; tissue plasminogen activator; Article; child; empyema; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; HIV test; hospitalization; human; length of stay; major clinical study; male; mortality; observational study; preschool child; prospective study; chest tube; complication; devices; drug effects; Empyema, Pleural; fibrinolytic therapy; infant; isolation and purification; microbiology; pathophysiology; pleura cavity; pneumonia; procedures; South Africa; Staphylococcus aureus; treatment outcome; Chest Tubes; Child, Preschool; Empyema, Pleural; Female; Fibrinolytic Agents; Humans; Infant; Male; Pleural Cavity; Pneumonia; South Africa; Staphylococcus aureus; Thrombolytic Therapy; Tissue Plasminogen Activator; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053928706	The impact of the school-based Psychosocial Structured Activities (PSSA) program on conflict-affected children in northern Uganda	Ager A., Akesson B., Stark L., Flouri E., Okot B., McCollister F., Boothby N.	2011	Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines	52	11	10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02407.x	Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Care and Protection of Children in Crisis-Affected Countries Initiative, United States; Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom; Child Resilience Program, Save the Children in Uganda, Uganda	Ager, A., Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Akesson, B., Care and Protection of Children in Crisis-Affected Countries Initiative, United States; Stark, L., Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Flouri, E., Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, United Kingdom; Okot, B., Child Resilience Program, Save the Children in Uganda, Uganda; McCollister, F., Program on Forced Migration and Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States; Boothby, N., Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States	Background: Children in northern Uganda have undergone significant psychosocial stress during the region's lengthy conflict. A Psychosocial Structured Activities (PSSA) program was implemented in 21 schools identified as amongst those most severely affected by conflict-induced displacement across Gulu and Amuru Districts. The PSSA intervention comprised a series of 15 class sessions designed to progressively increase children's resilience through structured activities involving drama, movement, music and art (with additional components addressing parental support and community involvement). Method: Eight schools were selected by random quota sampling from those schools receiving the PSSA intervention. Two hundred and three children were identified in these schools as being scheduled to receive intervention, and were followed up 12 months later following engagement with PSSA activities. A comparison group comprised 200 children selected from schools that had met inclusion criteria for receipt of intervention, but were not scheduled for intervention coverage until later. Preliminary research used participatory focus group methodology to determine local indicators of child well-being as viewed by parents, teachers, and children respectively. Pre- and post- assessments focused on ratings for each child - by parents, teachers and children - with respect to these indicators. Results: Significant increases in ratings of child well-being were observed in both intervention and comparison groups over a 12-month period. However, the well-being of children who had received the PSSA intervention increased significantly more than for children in the comparison group, as judged by child and parent (but not teacher) report. This effect was evident despite considerable loss-to-follow-up at post-testing as a result of return of many households to communities of origin. Conclusion: General improvement in child well-being over a 12-month period suggests that recovery and reconstruction efforts in Northern Uganda following the onset of peace had a substantive impact on the lives of children. However, exposure to the PSSA program had an additional positive impact on child well-being, suggesting its value in post-conflict recovery contexts. © 2011 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.	children; evaluation; Northern Uganda; Psychosocial; schools; structured activities	adaptive behavior; article; child; child behavior; conflict; coping behavior; female; follow up; health care quality; human; in vitro study; male; mental stress; methodology; parent; psychological aspect; school; social support; Uganda; Adaptation, Psychological; Child; Child Behavior; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Parents; Program Evaluation; Resilience, Psychological; Schools; Social Support; Stress, Psychological; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902077570	Child feeding knowledge and practices among women participating in growth monitoring and promotion in Accra, Ghana	Gyampoh S., Otoo G.E., Aryeetey R.N.O.	2014	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	14	1	10.1186/1471-2393-14-180	Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 134, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 13, Accra, Ghana	Gyampoh, S., Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 134, Accra, Ghana; Otoo, G.E., Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 134, Accra, Ghana; Aryeetey, R.N.O., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 13, Accra, Ghana	Background: Child undernutrition and poor feeding practices remain a concern in Ghana. The Growth Monitoring and Promotion (GMP) programme seeks to empower mothers to provide appropriate child care. Although the program has been implemented in Ghana for over four decades, little is known about its impact on child feeding outcomes. The current study assessed the association between GMP exposure and mothers' child feeding knowledge and practices in the Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA), Ghana.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 199 mother-child pairs accessing child welfare services in six public health facilities in the AMA was conducted. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on respondent characteristics and child feeding knowledge a 24-hour dietary recall tool was used to record child feeding practices. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between mothers' exposure to GMP and their knowledge and practices on child feeding.Results: Seventy four percent of mothers had not missed any scheduled child welfare clinic sessions. Over 60% of mothers knew the appropriate age of introduction of foods; 86% also gave correct response regarding minimum number of times their child should be fed daily. About 81% of children less than 6 months were exclusively breastfed in the preceding 24 hours, although 36% had received water since birth. Forty two percent of children 6-23 months received dietary diverse meals while 64% were fed the required number of times in a day. Overall, only 32% of children 6-23 months received a minimum acceptable diet in the preceding 24 hours. A higher GMP exposure was positively associated with feeding knowledge scores among mothers with children below 6 months (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Although most mothers were knowledgeable about recommendations, feeding practices were suboptimal, especially complementary feeding. GMP exposure was associated with feeding knowledge only among mothers with children less than 6 months. Strengthening of feeding counselling focused on children above 6 months is recommended. © 2014 Gyampoh et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Breastfeeding; Child feeding; Child welfare clinic; Complementary feeding; Growth monitoring and promotion	adult; article; association; child; child care; child growth; child nutrition; child welfare; counseling; cross-sectional study; educational status; employment; empowerment; female; Ghana; growth monitoring and promotion; health care facility; health care personnel; health program; human; infant; knowledge; major clinical study; male; newborn; pediatric hospital; public health; structured questionnaire; attitude to health; breast feeding; child health care; diet; feeding behavior; health education; mother; questionnaire; urban population; young adult; Adult; Breast Feeding; Child Health Services; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Female; Ghana; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Male; Mothers; Questionnaires; Urban Population; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896348458	Impact of HIV on CD8+ T cell CD57 expression is distinct from that of CMV and aging	Lee S.A., Sinclair E., Hatano H., Hsue P.Y., Epling L., Hecht F.M., Bangsberg D.R., Martin J.N., McCune J.M., Deeks S.G., Hunt P.W.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0089444	Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda	Lee, S.A., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Sinclair, E., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hatano, H., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hsue, P.Y., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Epling, L., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hecht, F.M., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Bangsberg, D.R., Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Martin, J.N., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; McCune, J.M., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Deeks, S.G., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Hunt, P.W., Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Chronic antigenic stimulation by cytomegalovirus (CMV) is thought to increase "immunosenesence" of aging, characterized by accumulation of terminally differentiated CD28- CD8 + T cells and increased CD57, a marker of proliferative history. Whether chronic HIV infection causes similar effects is currently unclear. Methods: We compared markers of CD8+ T cell differentiation (e.g., CD28, CD27, CCR7, CD45RA) and CD57 expression on CD28- CD8+ T cells in healthy HIV-uninfected adults with and without CMV infection and in both untreated and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV-infected adults with asymptomatic CMV infection. Results: Compared to HIV-uninfected adults without CMV (n = 12), those with asymptomatic CMV infection (n = 31) had a higher proportion of CD28-CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 (P = 0.005). Older age was also associated with greater proportions of CD28-CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 (rho: 0.47, P = 0.007). In contrast, untreated HIV-infected CMV+ participants (n = 55) had much lower proportions of CD28- CD8+ cells expressing CD57 than HIV-uninfected CMV+ participants (P&lt;0.0001) and were enriched for less well-differentiated CD28- transitional memory (T TR) CD8+ T cells (P&lt;0.0001). Chronically HIV-infected adults maintaining ART-mediated viral suppression (n = 96) had higher proportions of CD28-CD8 + T cells expressing CD57 than untreated patients (P&lt;0.0001), but continued to have significantly lower levels than HIV-uninfected controls (P = 0.001). Among 45 HIV-infected individuals initiating their first ART regimen, the proportion of CD28-CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 declined (P&lt;0.0001), which correlated with a decline in percent of transitional memory CD8+ T cells, and appeared to be largely explained by a decline in CD28-CD57- CD8+ T cell counts rather than an expansion of CD28-CD57+ CD8+ T cell counts. Conclusions: Unlike CMV and aging, which are associated with terminal differentiation and proliferation of effector memory CD8+ T cells, HIV inhibits this process, expanding less well-differentiated CD28- CD8+ T cells and decreasing the proportion of CD28- CD8+ T cells that express CD57. © 2014 Lee et al.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; CD27 antigen; CD28 antigen; CD45RA antigen; CD57 antigen; chemokine receptor CCR7; chemokine receptor CX3CR1; adult; aging; antigen expression; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cell count; cell differentiation; cell division; clinical article; controlled study; Cytomegalovirus; cytomegalovirus infection; effector cell; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; innate immunity; male; memory cell; morbidity; mortality; Uganda; Adult; Aging; Antigens, CD28; Antigens, CD57; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged	#2008047, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; K24AI069994, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; P01AI076174, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; R21 AI087035, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation; R21AI078774, NIAID, Doris Duke Charitable Founda
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938574028	The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: What does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal?	Arokiasamy P., Uttamacharya U., Jain K., Biritwum R.B., Yawson A.E., Wu F., Guo Y., Maximova T., Espinoza B.M., Salinas Rodríguez A., Afshar S., Pati S., Ice G., Banerjee S., Liebert M.A., Snodgrass J.J., Naidoo N., Chatterji S., Kowal P.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0402-8	International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shanghai, China; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), Moscow, Russian Federation; National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Centre for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, United Kingdom; Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Public Health Foundation of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Ohio University, Department of Social Medicine and Director of Global Health, Athens, OH, United States; Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States; World Health Organization, Statistics Measurement and Analysis Unit, Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland; University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, NSW, Australia	Arokiasamy, P., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Uttamacharya, U., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Jain, K., International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India; Biritwum, R.B., Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Yawson, A.E., Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Wu, F., Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shanghai, China; Guo, Y., Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Shanghai, China; Maximova, T., Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), Moscow, Russian Federation; Espinoza, B.M., National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Centre for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Salinas Rodríguez, A., National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Centre for Evaluation Research and Surveys, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Afshar, S., Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, United Kingdom; Pati, S., Indian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Public Health Foundation of India, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Ice, G., Ohio University, Department of Social Medicine and Director of Global Health, Athens, OH, United States; Banerjee, S., Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; Liebert, M.A., University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States; Snodgrass, J.J., University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Eugene, OR, United States; Naidoo, N., World Health Organization, Statistics Measurement and Analysis Unit, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland; Chatterji, S., World Health Organization, Statistics Measurement and Analysis Unit, Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland; Kowal, P., World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), Geneva, Switzerland, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, NSW, Australia	Background: Chronic diseases contribute a large share of disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Chronic diseases have a tendency to occur simultaneously and where there are two or more such conditions, this is termed as 'multimorbidity'. Multimorbidity is associated with adverse health outcomes, but limited research has been undertaken in LMICs. Therefore, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of multimorbidity as well as the associations between multimorbidity and self-rated health, activities of daily living (ADLs), quality of life, and depression across six LMICs. Methods: Data was obtained from the WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave-1 (2007/10). This was a cross-sectional population based survey performed in LMICs, namely China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, including 42,236 adults aged 18 years and older. Multimorbidity was measured as the simultaneous presence of two or more of eight chronic conditions including angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, and vision impairment. Associations with four health outcomes were examined, namely ADL limitation, self-rated health, depression, and a quality of life index. Random-intercept multilevel regression models were used on pooled data from the six countries. Results: The prevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity was 54.2 % and 21.9 %, respectively, in the pooled sample of six countries. Russia had the highest prevalence of multimorbidity (34.7 %) whereas China had the lowest (20.3 %). The likelihood of multimorbidity was higher in older age groups and was lower in those with higher socioeconomic status. In the pooled sample, the prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation was 14 %, depression 5.7 %, self-rated poor health 11.6 %, and mean quality of life score was 54.4. Substantial cross-country variations were seen in the four health outcome measures. The prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation, poor self-rated health, and depression increased whereas quality of life declined markedly with an increase in number of diseases. Conclusions: Findings highlight the challenge of multimorbidity in LMICs, particularly among the lower socioeconomic groups, and the pressing need for reorientation of health care resources considering the distribution of multimorbidity and its adverse effect on health outcomes. © 2015 Arokiasamy et al.	Activities of daily living; Low- and middle-income countries; Mental health; Multimorbidity; Non-communicable diseases; Quality of life	ADL disability; adult; age; aged; aging; angina pectoris; arthritis; Article; asthma; cerebrovascular accident; China; chronic lung disease; correlation analysis; cross-sectional study; daily life activity; depression; diabetes mellitus; disease association; female; Ghana; health care need; health care system; health status; human; hypertension; India; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; mental health; Mexico; middle aged; morbidity; multimorbidity; physical capacity; prevalence; quality of life; regression analysis; Russian Federation; self evaluation; social status; South Africa; visual impairment; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84881153090	Impact of viral infections on urea and creatinine levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis	Emokpae M.A., Osadolor H.B., Dagogo T., Emokpae L.A.	2013	Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research	12	1	None	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Nassarawa, Kano, Nigeria	Emokpae, M.A., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Osadolor, H.B., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Dagogo, T., Department of Medicine, Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Nassarawa, Kano, Nigeria; Emokpae, L.A., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria	Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a world-wide public health problem with substantial morbidity and mortality. Chronic viral infection is associated with a higher risk of death in patients with CKD undergoing haemodialysis. Objective: To evaluate the impact of viral infections on urea and creatinine levels in viral infected CKD patients on haemodialysis. Method: Retrospective study of 164 consecutive CKD patients referred to the laboratory for HIV, HBV, HCV, urea, electrolytes and creatinine from the dialysis unit of Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital,Kano, Nigeria between January 2006 and December 2008 was done. They consisted of 114 males and 50 females. The studied parameters were evaluated using standard routine methods. Results: Twenty six (15.9%) out of the 164 patients were positive for viral infections. The mean urea level in viral infected CKD patients was higher (47.5±3.9mmol/L vs 40.8±1.7mmol/L; p<0.002) than non-viral infected patients. Similarly, mean creatinine level in the viral infected patients was higher than the non-viral infected counterparts (1096±116 vs 973±28mmol/L; p<0.001). The mean urea level in the HBV infected patients was higher (54.3±4.3mmol/L) than the HIV (42.7±4.9; p<0.05) and HCV (23.4±0.2mmol/L;p<0.001) infected CKD patients. Conclusion: Viral infections strongly impacted on the kidney in CKD and haemodialysis patients, hence exacerbation of disease progression. Treatment and prevention of viral infections should be promoted.	Chronic kidney disease; Haemodialysis; Urea and creatinine; Viral infections	creatinine; urea; adult; article; blood analysis; chronic kidney disease; controlled study; creatinine blood level; disease course; disease exacerbation; ELISA kit; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; hemodialysis; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoaffinity chromatography; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; patient referral; retrospective study; urea blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883466432	Impact of chronic respiratory symptoms in a rural area of sub-Saharan Africa: An in-depth qualitative study in the Masindi district of Uganda	van Gemert F., Chavannes N., Nabadda N., Luzige S., Kirenga B., Eggermont C., de Jong C., van der Molen T.	2013	Primary Care Respiratory Journal	22	3	10.4104/pcrj.2013.00064	Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Multi Consults Research Ltd, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands	van Gemert, F., Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Chavannes, N., Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Nabadda, N., Multi Consults Research Ltd, Kampala, Uganda; Luzige, S., Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Kirenga, B., Department of Medicine, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Eggermont, C., University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; de Jong, C., Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; van der Molen, T., Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands	Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), once regarded as a disease of developed countries, is now recognised as a common disease in low- and middle-income countries. No studies have been performed to examine how the community in resourcepoor settings of a rural area in sub-Saharan Africa lives with chronic respiratory symptoms. Aims: To explore beliefs and attitudes concerning health (particularly respiratory illnesses), use of biomass fuels, tobacco smoking, and the use of health services. Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken in a rural area of Masindi district in Uganda, using focus group discussions with 10-15 members of the community in 10 randomly selected villages. Results: Respiratory symptoms were common among men, women, and children. In several communities respiratory symptoms were stigmatised and often associated with tuberculosis. Almost all the households used firewood for cooking and the majority cooked indoors without any ventilation. The extent of exposure to tobacco and biomass fuel smoke was largely determined by their cultural tradition and gender, tribal origin and socioeconomic factors. Many people were unaware of the damage to respiratory health caused by these risk factors, notably the disproportionate effect of biomass smoke in women and children. Conclusions: The knowledge of chronic respiratory diseases, particularly COPD, is poor in the rural community in sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of knowledge has created different beliefs and attitudes concerning respiratory symptoms. Few people are aware of the relation between smoke and respiratory health, leading to extensive exposure to mostly biomass-related smoke. © 2013 Primary Care Respiratory Society UK. All rights reserved.	Biomass fuel; COPD; Qualitative study; Respiratory symptoms; Sub-Saharan Africa	biofuel; adult; Africa south of the Sahara; article; attitude to health; chronic respiratory tract disease; community assessment; community living; controlled study; cooking; cultural factor; disease activity; disease association; environmental exposure; environmental impact; ethnic difference; female; health belief; health care utilization; health hazard; household; human; major clinical study; male; qualitative research; respiratory tract disease; risk assessment; room ventilation; rural area; sex difference; smoke; smoking; socioeconomics; tuberculosis; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Asthma; Biomass; Cooking; Culture; Female; Focus Groups; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Male; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Qualitative Research; Respiration Disorders; Rural Population; Sex Factors; Smoke; Smoking; Social Stigma; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40149106819	Traditional circumcision during manhood initiation rituals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A pre-post intervention evaluation	Peltzer K., Nqeketo A., Petros G., Kanta X.	2008	BMC Public Health	8	None	10.1186/1471-2458-8-64	Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Impilo Ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Nqeketo, A., Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Petros, G., Health Systems Research Unit, Social Aspect of HIV/AIDS and Health, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Kanta, X., Impilo Ya Bantu Health, Lusikisiki, South Africa	Background. Circumcisions undertaken in non-clinical settings can have significant risks of serious adverse events, including death. The aim of this study was to test an intervention for safe traditional circumcision in the context of initiation into manhood among the Xhosa, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methods. Traditional surgeons and nurses registered with the health department were trained over five days on ten modules including safe circumcision, infection control, anatomy, post-operative care, detection and early management of complications and sexual health education. Initiates from initiation schools of the trained surgeons and nurses were examined and interviewed on 2 nd, 4th, 7th and 14th day after circumcision. Results. From 192 initiates physically examined at the 14th day after circumcision by a trained clinical nurse high rates of complications were found: 40 (20.8%) had mild delayed wound healing, 31 (16.2%) had a mild wound infection, 22 (10.5%) mild pain and 20 (10.4%) had insufficient skin removed. Most traditional surgeons and nurses wore gloves during operation and care but did not use the recommended circumcision instrument. Only 12% of the initiates were circumcised before their sexual debut and they reported a great deal of sexual risk behaviour. Conclusion. Findings show weak support for scaling up traditional male circumcision. © 2008 Peltzer et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; adult; article; circumcision; controlled study; demography; health behavior; health program; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; infection risk; male; patient assessment; patient care; postoperative care; postoperative complication; postoperative hemorrhage; postoperative infection; postoperative period; risk assessment; sexual behavior; sexual education; South Africa; surgeon; surgical technique; African medicine; circumcision; community health nursing; cultural anthropology; education; ethnology; evaluation; instrumentation; postoperative complication; safety; South Africa; surgery; Adolescent; Circumcision, Male; Culture; Humans; Infection Control; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Postoperative Complications; Public Health Nursing; Safety; South Africa; Surgery	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944789912	Effect of educational outreach timing and duration on facility performance for infectious disease care in Uganda: A trial with pre-post and cluster randomized controlled components	Burnett S.M., Mbonye M.K., Naikoba S., Stella Z.-M., Kinoti S.N., Ronald A., Rubashembusya T., Willis K.S., Colebunders R., Manabe Y.C., Weaver M.R.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0136966	Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States; Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Center for Human Services, University Research Co. LLC, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; PATH, Seattle, WA, United States; Save the Children, Kampala, Uganda; International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Uganda Country Office, Wandegeya, Uganda; Fio Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Manchester, Institute for Development Policy and Management, Manchester, United Kingdom; U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, United States	Burnett, S.M., Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, PATH, Seattle, WA, United States; Mbonye, M.K., Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Naikoba, S., Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Save the Children, Kampala, Uganda; Stella, Z.-M., Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Uganda Country Office, Wandegeya, Uganda; Kinoti, S.N., Center for Human Services, University Research Co. LLC, Bethesda, MD, United States, Fio Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ronald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Rubashembusya, T., Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, University of Manchester, Institute for Development Policy and Management, Manchester, United Kingdom; Willis, K.S., Accordia Global Health Foundation, Washington, DC, United States, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, United States; Colebunders, R., Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Manabe, Y.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Weaver, M.R., International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Classroom-based learning is often insufficient to ensure high quality care and application of health care guidelines. Educational outreach is garnering attention as a supplemental method to enhance health care worker capacity, yet there is little information about the timing and duration required to improve facility performance. We sought to evaluate the effects of an infectious disease training program followed by either immediate or delayed on-site support (OSS), an educational outreach approach, on nine facility performance indicators for emergency triage, assessment, and treatment; malaria; and pneumonia. We also compared the effects of nine monthly OSS visits to extended OSS, with three additional visits over six months. Methods: This study was conducted at 36 health facilities in Uganda, covering 1,275,960 outpatient visits over 23 months. From April 2010 to December 2010, 36 sites received infectious disease training; 18 randomly selected sites in arm A received nine monthly OSS visits (immediate OSS) and 18 sites in arm B did not. From March 2011 to September 2011, arm A sites received three additional visits every two months (extended OSS), while the arm B sites received eight monthly OSS visits (delayed OSS). We compared the combined effect of training and delayed OSS to training followed by immediate OSS to determine the effect of delaying OSS implementation by nine months. We also compared facility performance in arm A during the extended OSS to immediate OSS to examine the effect of additional, less frequent OSS. Results: Delayed OSS, when combined with training, was associated with significant pre/post improvements in four indicators: outpatients triaged (44% vs. 87%, aRR = 1.54, 99% CI = 1.11, 2.15); emergency and priority patients admitted, detained, or referred (16% vs. 31%, aRR = 1.74, 99% CI = 1.10, 2.75); patients with a negative malaria test result prescribed an antimalarial (53% vs. 34%, aRR = 0.67, 99% CI = 0.55, 0.82); and pneumonia suspects assessed for pneumonia (6% vs. 27%, aRR = 2.97, 99% CI = 1.44, 6.17). Differences between the delayed OSS and immediate OSS arms were not statistically significant for any of the nine indicators (all adjusted relative RR (aRRR) between 0.76-1.44, all p>0.06). Extended OSS was associated with significant improvement in two indicators (outpatients triaged: aRR = 1.09, 99% CI = 1.01; emergency and priority patients admitted, detained, or referred: aRR = 1.22, 99% CI = 1.01, 1.38) and decline in one (pneumonia suspects assessed for pneumonia: aRR: 0.93; 99% CI = 0.88, 0.98). Conclusions: Educational outreach held up to nine months after training had similar effects on facility performance as educational outreach started within one month post-training. Six months of bimonthly educational outreach maintained facility performance gains, but incremental improvements were heterogeneous. Copyright: © 2015 Burnett et al.	None	Article; case management; clinical assessment; controlled study; emergency health service; fever; health care facility; health care quality; human; infection control; malaria; medical education; outcome assessment; pneumonia; randomized controlled trial; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349682510	Impact of the method of G6PD deficiency assessment on genetic association studies of malaria susceptibility	Johnson M.K., Clark T.D., Njama-Meya D., Rosenthal P.J., Parikh S.	2009	PLoS ONE	4	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0007246	Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Makerere University, UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda	Johnson, M.K., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Clark, T.D., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Njama-Meya, D., Makerere University, UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Parikh, S., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Clinical association studies have yielded varied results regarding the impact of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency upon susceptibility to malaria. Analyses have been complicated by varied methods used to diagnose G6PD deficiency. Methodology/Prinicipal Findings: We compared the association between uncomplicated malaria incidence and G6PD deficiency in a cohort of 601 Ugandan children using two different diagnostic methods, enzyme activity and G6PD genotype (G202A, the predominant East African allele). Although roughly the same percentage of males were identified as deficient using enzyme activity (12%) and genotype (14%), nearly 30% of males who were enzymatically deficient were wild-type at G202A. The number of deficient females was three-fold higher with assessment by genotype (21%) compared to enzyme activity (7%). Heterozygous females accounted for the majority (46/54) of children with a mutant genotype but normal enzyme activity. G6PD deficiency, as determined by G6PD enzyme activity, conferred a 52% (relative risk [RR] 0.48, 95% CI 0.31-0.75) reduced risk of uncomplicated malaria in females. In contrast, when G6PD deficiency was defined based on genotype, the protective association for females was no longer seen (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.70-1.39). Notably, restricting the analysis to those females who were both genotypically and enzymatically deficient, the association of deficiency and protection from uncomplicated malaria was again demonstrated in females, but not in males (RR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.37-0.88 for females). Conclusions/Significance: This study underscores the impact that the method of identifying G6PD deficient individuals has upon association studies of G6PD deficiency and uncomplicated malaria. We found that G6PD-deficient females were significantly protected against uncomplicated malaria, but this protection was only seen when G6PD deficiency is described using enzyme activity. These observations may help to explain the discrepancy in some published association studies involving G6PD deficiency and uncomplicated malaria. © 2009 Johnson et al.	None	glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase; allele; article; bed net; child; controlled study; crowding; enzyme activity; female; gene frequency; genetic association; genotype; genotype phenotype correlation; glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemizygosity; heterozygosity; human; incidence; infection resistance; infection sensitivity; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; school child; sex difference; social status; Uganda; wild type; cohort analysis; disease predisposition; genetics; heterozygote; infant; malaria; risk; Alleles; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Genetic Association Studies; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency; Heterozygote; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Risk	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874635355	The impact of ART on the economic outcomes of people living with HIV/AIDS	Nannungi A., Wagner G., Ghosh-Dastidar B.	2013	AIDS Research and Treatment	2013	None	10.1155/2013/362972	Infectious Diseases Institute Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States	Nannungi, A., Infectious Diseases Institute Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wagner, G., Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States; Ghosh-Dastidar, B., Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States	Background. Clinical benefits of ART are well documented, but less is known about its effects on economic outcomes such as work status and income in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods. Data were examined from 482 adult clients entering HIV care (257 starting ART; 225 not yet eligible for ART) in Kampala, Uganda. Self-reported data on work status and income were assessed at baseline, months 6 and 12. Multivariate analysis examined the effects of ART over time, controlling for change in physical health functioning and baseline covariates. Results. Fewer ART patients worked at baseline compared to non-ART patients (25.5% versus 34.2%); 48.8% of those not working at baseline were now working at month 6, and 50% at month 12, with similar improvement in both the ART and non-ART groups. However, multivariate analysis revealed that the ART group experienced greater improvement over time. Average weekly income did not differ between the groups at baseline nor change significantly over time, among those who were working; being male gender and having any secondary education were predictive of higher income. Conclusions. ART was associated with greater improvement in work status, even after controlling for change in physical health functioning, suggesting other factors associated with ART may influence work. © 2013 Annet Nannungi et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750508938	Evaluation of a commercial rubella IgM assay for use on oral fluid samples for diagnosis and surveillance of congenital rubella syndrome and postnatal rubella	Vijaylakshmi P., Muthukkaruppan V.R., Rajasundari A., Korukluoglu G., Nigatu W., L.A.Warrener, Samuel D., Brown D.W.G.	2006	Journal of Clinical Virology	37	4	10.1016/j.jcv.2006.09.005	Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India; Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, National Measles Laboratory, Cemal Gursel Cad.No: 18, 06100 Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey; Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Microimmune Limited, 104A High Street, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8AT, United Kingdom	Vijaylakshmi, P., Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India; Muthukkaruppan, V.R., Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Rajasundari, A., Aravind Medical Research Foundation, India; Korukluoglu, G., Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, National Measles Laboratory, Cemal Gursel Cad.No: 18, 06100 Yenisehir, Ankara, Turkey; Nigatu, W., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), PO Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; L.A.Warrener, Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom; Samuel, D., Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom, Microimmune Limited, 104A High Street, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 8AT, United Kingdom; Brown, D.W.G., Virus Reference Department, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, United Kingdom	Background: Clinical diagnosis (surveillance) of rubella is unreliable and laboratory confirmation is essential. Detection of virus specific IgM in serum is the most commonly used method. However, the use of serum necessitates the drawing of blood, either through venipuncture or finger/heel prick, which can be difficult in young babies. Oral fluid samples have proved useful as an alternative, less invasive sample for virus specific IgM detection however until recently no commercial rubella IgM tests were available, restricting the usefulness of this approach. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of the Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA using oral fluid samples from outbreaks as well as in cases of suspected congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Study design: Paired serum and oral fluids were collected from cases during a rubella outbreak in three provinces in Turkey. Matched serum and oral fluid samples were collected from children with suspected CRS in an active surveillance programme at the Aravind Eye Hospital in South India. Serum samples were collected as part of the measles surveillance programme in Ethiopia. Results: On serum samples the sensitivity and specificity of the Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA compared to Behring Enzygnost rubella IgM test was 96.9% (62/64; 95% CI 94.2-100%) and 100% (53/53; 95% CI 93.2-100%). On oral fluids compared to matched Behring results on serum the sensitivity was 95.5% (42/44; 95% CI 84.5-99.4%). The sensitivity and specificity of Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA on oral fluids from suspected CRS cases compared to serum results using Behring Enzygnost IgM assay was 100% (95% CI 84.5-100%) and 100% (95% CI 95.8-100.0%) respectively. Conclusion: Microimmune Rubella IgM capture EIA has adequate performance for diagnosis and surveillance of rubella in outbreak using either serum or oral fluid specimens.	IgM; Oral fluid; Rubella	immunoglobulin M; antigen detection; article; child; congenital rubella syndrome; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme immunoassay; Ethiopia; human; immune deficiency; India; infant; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; measles; priority journal; rubella; Turkey (republic); Antibodies, Viral; Biological Assay; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rubella; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-57649229021	Reference intervals in healthy adult Ugandan blood donors and their impact on conducting international vaccine trials	Eller L.A., Eller M.A., Ouma B., Kataaha P., Kyabaggu D., Tumusiime R., Wandege J., Sanya R., Sateren W.B., Wabwire-Mangen F., Kibuuka H., Robb M.L., Michael N.L., de Souza M.S.	2008	PLoS ONE	3	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0003919	U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand	Eller, L.A., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Eller, M.A., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Ouma, B., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Kataaha, P., Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda; Kyabaggu, D., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Tumusiime, R., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Wandege, J., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Sanya, R., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Sateren, W.B., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Kibuuka, H., Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda; Robb, M.L., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States; Michael, N.L., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD, United States; de Souza, M.S., U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Rockville, MD, United States, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand	Background: Clinical trials are increasingly being conducted internationally. In order to ensure enrollment of healthy participants and proper safety evaluation of vaccine candidates, established reference intervals for clinical tests are required in the target population. Methodology/Principal Findings: We report a reference range study conducted in Ugandan adult blood bank donors establishing reference intervals for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. Several differences were observed when compared to previously established values from the United States, most notably in neutrophils and eosinophils. Conclusions/Significance: In a recently conducted vaccine trial in Uganda, 31 percent (n = 69) of volunteers screened (n = 223) were excluded due to hematologic abnormalities. If local reference ranges had been employed, 83% of those screened out due to these abnormalities could have been included in the study, drastically reducing workload and cost associated with the screening process. In addition, toxicity tables used in vaccine and drug trial safety evaluations may need adjustment as some clinical reference ranges determined in this study overlap with grade 1 and grade 2 adverse events.	None	carbon dioxide; hemoglobin; vaccine; article; blood donor; blood sampling; clinical chemistry; controlled study; drug safety; eosinophil; female; hematology; human; human experiment; male; mass screening; neutrophil count; normal human; reference value; screening test; thrombocyte count; Uganda; United States; volunteer; adolescent; adult; blood analysis; clinical trial; health; immunology; international cooperation; middle aged; Negro; statistics; Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Donors; Blood Specimen Collection; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Health; Hematology; Humans; International Cooperation; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Values; Uganda; Vaccines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920517954	Evaluation of a Community-Based Trapping Program to Collect Simulium ochraceum sensu lato for Verification of Onchocerciasis Elimination	Rodríguez-Pérez M.A., Adeleke M.A., Rodríguez-Luna I.C., Cupp E.W., Unnasch T.R.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	10	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003249	Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Public Health Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State	Rodríguez-Pérez, M.A., Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Adeleke, M.A., Public Health Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Rodríguez-Luna, I.C., Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Cupp, E.W., Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States; Unnasch, T.R., Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States	Background:Collection of the black fly vectors of onchocerciasis worldwide relies upon human landing collections. Recent studies have suggested that the Esperanza Window Trap baited with a human scent lure and CO2 had the potential to replace human hosts for the collection of Simulium ochraceum sensu lato in Southern Chiapas focus, Mexico. The feasibility of utilizing these traps in a community-based approach for the collection of S. ochraceum s.l. was evaluated.Methodology/Principal findings:Local residents of a formerly endemic extra-sentinel community for onchocerciasis were trained to carry out collections using the traps. The residents operated the traps over a 60-day period and conducted parallel landing collections, resulting in a total of 28,397 vector black flies collected. None of the flies collected were found to contain parasite DNA when tested by a polymerase chain reaction assay targeting a parasite specific sequence, resulting in a point estimate of infection in the vectors of zero, with an upper bound of the 95% confidence interval 0.13 per 2,000. This meets the accepted criterion for demonstrating an interruption of parasite transmission.Conclusions/Significance:These data demonstrate that Esperanza Window Traps may be effectively operated by minimally trained residents of formerly endemic communities, resulting in the collection of sufficient numbers of flies to verify transmission interruption of onchocerciasis. The traps represent a viable alternative to using humans as hosts for the collection of vector flies as part of the verification of onchocerciasis elimination. © 2014 Rodríguez-Pérez et al.	None	carbon dioxide; animal trapping; Article; disease surveillance; ecological equipment; equipment design; Esperanza window trap; human; intermethod comparison; nonhuman; Onchocerca volvulus; onchocerciasis; parasite transmission; parasite vector; polymerase chain reaction; prevalence; Simulium; Simulium ochraceum; vector control; animal; disease carrier; insect control; Mexico; onchocerciasis; procedures; Simuliidae; transmission; Animals; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Mexico; Onchocerciasis; Simuliidae	OPP1017870, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868650564	The impact of primary healthcare in reducing inequalities in child health outcomes, Bogotá - Colombia: An ecological analysis	Mosquera P.A., Hernández J., Vega R., Martínez J., Labonte R., Sanders D., San Sebastián M.	2012	International Journal for Equity in Health	11	1	10.1186/1475-9276-11-66	Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden; Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, P Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Mosquera, P.A., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden, Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Hernández, J., Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Vega, R., Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Martínez, J., Postgraduate Programs in Health Administration and Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cr. 40 6-23 P.8, Bogota, Colombia; Labonte, R., Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; Sanders, D., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, P Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa; San Sebastián, M., Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden	Background: Colombia is one of the countries with the widest levels of socioeconomic and health inequalities. Bogotá, its capital, faces serious problems of poverty, social disparities and access to health services. A Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy was implemented in 2004 to improve health care and to address the social determinants of such inequalities. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the PHC strategy to reducing inequalities in child health outcomes in Bogotá. Methods. An ecological analysis with localities as the unit of analysis was carried out. The variable used to capture the socioeconomic status and living standards was the Quality of Life Index (QLI). Concentration curves and concentration indices for four child health outcomes (infant mortality rate (IMR), under-5 mortality rate, prevalence of acute malnutrition in children under-5, and vaccination coverage for diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) were calculated to measure socioeconomic inequality. Two periods were used to describe possible changes in the magnitude of the inequalities related with the PHC implementation (2003 year before - 2007 year after implementation). The contribution of the PHC intervention was computed by a decomposition analysis carried out on data from 2007. Results: In both 2003 and 2007, concentration curves and indexes of IMR, under-5 mortality rate and acute malnutrition showed inequalities to the disadvantage of localities with lower QLI. Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) vaccinations were more prevalent among localities with higher QLI in 2003 but were higher in localities with lower QLI in 2007. The variation of the concentration index between 2003 and 2007 indicated reductions in inequality for all of the indicators in the period after the PHC implementation. In 2007, PHC was associated with a reduction in the effect of the inequality that affected disadvantaged localities in under-5 mortality (24%), IMR (19%) and acute malnutrition (7%). PHC also contributed approximately 20% to inequality in DPT coverage, favoring the poorer localities. Conclusion: The PHC strategy developed in Bogotá appears to be contributing to reductions of the inequality associated with socioeconomic and living conditions in child health outcomes. © 2012 Mosquera et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Bogotá; Concentration index; Decomposition; Health status disparities; Inequality; Primary health care	diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; child health; health services; health status; implementation process; malnutrition; mortality; quality of life; socioeconomic status; vaccination; article; child; child health; Colombia; diphtheria; human; malnutrition; mortality; outcome assessment; pertussis; preschool child; prevalence; primary health care; priority journal; quality of life; school child; social status; tetanus; vaccination; Adolescent; Child; Child Mortality; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Colombia; Family Characteristics; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Primary Health Care; Quality of Life; Social Environment; Socioeconomic Factors; Colombia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894824260	The impact of chronic pseudomonal infection on pulmonary function testing in individuals with cystic fibrosis in Pretoria, South Africa	Pentz A., Becker P., Masekela R., Coetzee O., Green R.J.	2014	South African Medical Journal	104	3	10.7196/SAMJ.7222	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Pentz, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Becker, P., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Masekela, R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Coetzee, O., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Green, R.J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background. Colonisation of the airway by Pseudomonas spp. in cystic fibrosis has been reported to be an important determinant of decline in pulmonary function. Objective. To assess pulmonary function decline and the presence of bacterial colonisation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) attending a CF clinic in a developing country. Methods. A retrospective audit of patients attending the CF clinic at Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa, was performed. The data included spirometric indices and organisms routinely cultured from airway secretions (Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA)). Results. There were 29 study subjects. Analysis of variance for ranks (after determining that baseline pulmonary function, age, gender and period of follow-up were not contributing to pulmonary function decline) revealed a median decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow over 25 - 75% expiration of 12%, 6% and 3%, respectively, for individuals colonised by PA. There was no pulmonary function decline in individuals not colonised by PA, or in individuals colonised by SA. Conclusion. Pulmonary function decline in this South African centre is significantly influenced by chronic pseudomonal infection. Other influences on this phenomenon should be explored.	Cystic fibrosis; Pseudomonal infection; Pulmonary function decline	adolescent; adult; article; bacterial colonization; child; cystic fibrosis; forced expiratory flow; forced expiratory volume; forced vital capacity; genetic screening; human; infant; lung function; major clinical study; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; retrospective study; spirometry; sputum analysis; Staphylococcus aureus; sweat test; Child; Chronic Disease; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Humans; Lung; Male; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Spirometry; Staphylococcal Infections	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33846129458	Colostomy in children - An evaluation of acceptance among mothers and caregivers in a developing country	Ameh E.A., Mshelbwala P.M., Sabiu L., Chirdan L.B.	2006	South African Journal of Surgery	44	4	None	Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Ameh, E.A., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Mshelbwala, P.M., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Sabiu, L., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria; Chirdan, L.B., Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria	Background. Colostomy is a common procedure performed in children, mostly for anorectal malformation and Hirschsprung's disease. However, acceptance by parents in developing countries is thought to be poor. Methods. A prospective evaluation was done to determine the acceptability of colostomy among parents and caregivers, and their attitude towards colostomy in their children. Results. During the period January 1999 - January 2004 a structured questionnaire was administered to 57 parents and caregivers of children with colostomies (41 boys and 16 girls). The indication for colostomy was anorectal malformation in 28 children and Hirschsprung's disease in 29. The length of time the children had the colostomy ranged from 3 weeks to 8 years. Forty-four respondents (77%) found the colostomy and its management acceptable. Thirteen (23%) found the colostomy unacceptable, mainly because of a feeling of social isolation. Problems the respondents complained of included disturbing smell (17, 30%), frequent change of the cloth napkin used as colostomy appliance (15, 26%) and intermittent bleeding from the stoma (4, 7%). Conclusions. Colostomy in children is acceptable to most parents in our environment. Although some parents found it unacceptable, adequate explanation and counselling may modify their view.	None	anorectal malformation; article; bleeding; caregiver; child; child parent relation; colostomy; controlled study; developing country; female; Hirschsprung disease; human; infant; major clinical study; male; questionnaire; smelling; social isolation; stoma; Caregivers; Child; Child, Preschool; Colon; Colostomy; Developing Countries; Female; Hirschsprung Disease; Humans; Infant; Male; Mothers; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Rectum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871284176	Household-Based HIV Counseling and Testing as a Platform for Referral to HIV Care and Medical Male Circumcision in Uganda: A Pilot Evaluation	Tumwebaze H., Tumwesigye E., Baeten J.M., Kurth A.E., Revall J., Murnane P.M., Chang L.W., Celum C.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0051620	Integrated Community Based Initiatives, Kabwohe, Uganda; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Tumwebaze, H., Integrated Community Based Initiatives, Kabwohe, Uganda; Tumwesigye, E., Integrated Community Based Initiatives, Kabwohe, Uganda; Baeten, J.M., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kurth, A.E., College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Revall, J., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Murnane, P.M., Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Chang, L.W., Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Celum, C., Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Combination HIV prevention initiatives incorporate evidence-based, biomedical and behavioral interventions appropriate and acceptable to specific populations, aiming to significantly reduce population-level HIV incidence. Knowledge of HIV serostatus is key to linkages to HIV care and prevention. Household-based HIV counseling and testing (HBCT) can achieve high HIV testing rates. We evaluated HBCT as a platform for delivery of combination HIV prevention services in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We conducted HBCT in a semi-urban area in southwestern Uganda. All adults received standard HIV prevention messaging. Real-time electronic data collection included a brief risk assessment and prevention triage algorithm for referrals of HIV seropositive persons to HIV care and uncircumcised HIV seronegative men with multiple sex partners to male circumcision. Monthly follow-up visits for 3 months were conducted to promote uptake of HIV care and male circumcision. Results: 855 households received HBCT; 1587 of 1941 (81.8%) adults were present at the HBCT visit, 1557 (98.1% of those present) were tested and received HIV results, of whom, 46.5% were men. A total of 152 (9.8%) were HIV seropositive, for whom the median CD4 count was 456 cells/μL, and 50.7% were newly-identified as HIV seropositive. Three months after HBCT, 88.5% of HIV seropositive persons had attended an HIV care clinic; among those with CD4 counts <250 cells/μL, 71.4% initiated antiretroviral therapy. Among 123 HIV seronegative men with an HIV+ partner or multiple partners, 62.0% were circumcised by month 3. Conclusions: HBCT achieves high levels of knowledge of HIV serostatus and is an effective platform for identifying at-risk persons and achieving higher uptake of HIV prevention and care services through referrals and targeted follow-up than has been accomplished through other single focus strategies. © 2012 Tumwebaze et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; adult; algorithm; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; circumcision; female; follow up; health care delivery; health promotion; HIV test; home care; household based HIV counseling and testing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; infection risk; major clinical study; male; patient counseling; patient referral; pilot study; professional practice; risk assessment; social aspect; Uganda; Adult; Algorithms; Circumcision, Male; Community Health Workers; Counseling; Evidence-Based Medicine; Family Characteristics; HIV Infections; HIV Seronegativity; Humans; Male; Pilot Projects; Probability; Referral and Consultation; Risk; Sexual Partners; Time Factors; Uganda	None
None	None	Evaluation of permanet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net against Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: An experimental hut trial in Tanzania	Tungu P., Magesa S., Maxwell C., Malima R., Masue D., Sudi W., Myamba J., Pigeon O., Rowland M.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-21	Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Pesticides Research Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 11 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Tungu, P., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Magesa, S., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Masue, D., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Sudi, W., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Myamba, J., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, PO Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania; Pigeon, O., Pesticides Research Department, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 11 Rue du Bordia, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, Tanzania, Department of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Background. Combination mosquito nets incorporating two unrelated insecticides or insecticide plus synergist are designed to control insecticide resistant mosquitoes. PermaNet 3.0 is a long-lasting combination net incorporating deltamethrin on the side panels and a mixture of deltamethrin and synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the top panel. PBO is an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases implicated in pyrethroid resistance. Method. An experimental hut trial comparing PermaNet 3.0, PermaNet 2.0 and a conventional deltamethrin-treated net was conducted in NE Tanzania using standard WHOPES procedures. The PermaNet arms included unwashed nets and nets washed 20 times. PermaNet 2.0 is a long-lasting insecticidal net incorporating deltamethrin as a single active. Results. Against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to unwashed PermaNet 2.0 in terms of mortality (95% killed), but showed differences in blood-feeding rate (3% blood-fed with PermaNet 3.0 versus 10% with PermaNet 2.0). After 20 washes the two products showed no difference in feeding rate (10% with 3.0 and 9% with 2.0) but showed small differences in mortality (95% with 3.0 and 87% with 2.0). Against pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus, mediated by elevated oxidase and kdr mechanisms, the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 killed 48% and PermaNet 2.0 killed 32% but after 20 washes there was no significant difference in mortality between the two products (32% killed by 3.0 and 30% by 2.0). For protecting against Culex PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to PermaNet 2.0 when either unwashed or after 20 washes; both products were highly protective against biting. Laboratory tunnel bioassays confirmed the loss of biological activity of the PBO/deltamethrin-treated panel after washing. Conclusion. Both PermaNet products were highly effective against susceptible Anopheles gambiae. As a long-lasting net to control or protect against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes PermaNet 3.0 showed limited improvement over PermaNet 2.0 against Culex quinquefasciatus. © 2010 Tungu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	deltamethrin; oxidoreductase; piperonyl butoxide; vasculotropin receptor 2; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; piperonyl butoxide; pyrethroid; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; Culex quinquefasciatus; feeding behavior; insect bite; mortality; nonhuman; Tanzania; world health organization; animal; Culex; drug effect; drug resistance; human; methodology; mosquito; survival; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Culex; Drug Resistance; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Piperonyl Butoxide; Pyrethrins; Survival Analysis; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942933120	An evaluation of a community-based food supplementation for people living with HIV in Ghana: Implications for community-based interventions in Ghana Public Health	Mensah K.A., Okyere P., Doku P.N.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1511-3	School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Mensah, K.A., School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Okyere, P., School of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Doku, P.N., Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Background: Community-based care and support services are limited in sub-Saharan Africa and as a result a high number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) are not getting the required care and support services. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of food supplementation services for PLHIV in Ghana on weight gained and factors associated with weight gained. Methods: The study employed mixed methods study design involving quantitative and qualitative techniques. These were structured questionnaire administered to 200 PLHIV selected through simple random sampling and a qualitative component consisting of 14 semi-structured interviews with purposefully selected stakeholders and eight focus group discussions with the beneficiaries. Results: The analysis of the quantitative data showed on average, beneficiaries had gained weight [mean difference in weight was 2 kg with 95 % CI (1.1, 2.9), P value <0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that the support group to which the beneficiary belonged was the most important determinant of gaining weight. Through the qualitative interviews, beneficiaries indicated that the anti-retroviral drugs were making them hungry and the food helped to alleviate that effect. Notwithstanding, they indicated that the food was nutritious, made them healthy and strong, contributed to their weight gain and was their main sources of hope at home when they had no money. Conclusions: A broad strategy of food supplementation for PLHIV should be implemented in different ways for different support groups taking into account the differences between different support groups when planning such an intervention. © 2015 Mensah et al.	Community-based care; Food supplementation; HIV/AIDS; Programme evaluation; Stakeholders; Support groups; Weight gained	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952094730	Lessons learnt from comprehensive evaluation of community-based education in Uganda: A proposal for an ideal model community-based education for health professional training institutions	Kaye D.K., Muhwezi W.W., Kasozi A.N., Kijjambu S., Mbalinda S.N., Okullo I., Nabirye R.C., Oria H., Atuyambe L., Groves S., Burnham G., Mwanika A.	2011	BMC Medical Education	11	1	10.1186/1472-6920-11-7	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Kaye, D.K., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Muhwezi, W.W., Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kasozi, A.N., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kijjambu, S., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Mbalinda, S.N., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Okullo, I., Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Nabirye, R.C., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Oria, H., Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Atuyambe, L., Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Groves, S., Department of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, United States; Burnham, G., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Mwanika, A., Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Community-based education (CBE) can provide contextual learning that addresses manpower scarcity by enabling trainees acquire requisite experiences, competence, confidence and values. In Uganda, many health professional training institutions conduct some form of community-based education (CBE). However, there is scanty information on the nature of the training: whether a curriculum exists (objectives, intended outcomes, content, implementation strategy), administration and constraints faced. The objective was to make a comprehensive assessment of CBE as implemented by Ugandan health professional training institutions to document the nature of CBE conducted and propose an ideal model with minimum requirements for health professional training institutions in Uganda. Methods. We employed several methods: documentary review of curricula of 22 institutions, so as to assess the nature, purpose, outcomes, and methods of instruction and assessment; site visits to these institutions and their CBE sites, to assess the learning environment (infrastructure and resources); in-depth interviews with key people involved in running CBE at the institutions and community, to evaluate CBE implementation, challenges experienced and perceived solutions. Results: CBE was perceived differently ranging from a subject, a course, a program or a project. Despite having similar curricula, institutions differ in the administration, implementation and assessment of CBE. Objectives of CBE, the curricula content and implementation strategies differ in similar institutions. On collaborative and social learning, most trainees do not reside in the community, though they work on group projects and write group reports. Lectures and skills demonstrations were the main instruction methods. Assessment involved mainly continuous assessment, oral or written reports and summative examination. Conclusion: This assessment identified deficiencies in the design and implementation of CBE at several health professional training institutions, with major flaws identified in curriculum content, supervision of trainees, inappropriate assessment, trainee welfare, and underutilization of opportunities for contextual and collaborative learning. Since CBE showed potential to benefit the trainees, community and institutions, we propose a model that delivers a minimum package of CBE and overcomes the wide variation in the concept, conduct and implementation of CBE. © 2011 Kaye et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; attitude to health; clinical competence; curriculum; demography; education; educational model; evaluation; health care personnel; human; learning; needs assessment; teaching; Uganda; Clinical Competence; Curriculum; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Learning; Models, Educational; Needs Assessment; Residence Characteristics; Teaching; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940843187	Selection and performance of village health teams (VHTs) in Uganda: Lessons from the natural helper model of health promotion	Turinawe E.B., Rwemisisi J.T., Musinguzi L.K., de Groot M., Muhangi D., de Vries D.H., Mafigiri D.K., Pool R.	2015	Human Resources for Health	13	1	10.1186/s12960-015-0074-7	University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Turinawe, E.B., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Rwemisisi, J.T., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Musinguzi, L.K., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; de Groot, M., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Muhangi, D., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; de Vries, D.H., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Mafigiri, D.K., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Pool, R., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Background: Community health worker (CHW) programmes have received much attention since the 1978 Declaration of Alma-Ata, with many initiatives established in developing countries. However, CHW programmes often suffer high attrition once the initial enthusiasm of volunteers wanes. In 2002, Uganda began implementing a national CHW programme called the village health teams (VHTs), but their performance has been poor in many communities. It is argued that poor community involvement in the selection of the CHWs affects their embeddedness in communities and success. The question of how selection can be implemented creatively to sustain CHW programmes has not been sufficiently explored. In this paper, our aim was to examine the process of the introduction of the VHT strategy in one rural community, including the selection of VHT members and how these processes may have influenced their work in relation to the ideals of the natural helper model of health promotion. Methods: As part of a broader research project, an ethnographic study was carried out in Luwero district. Data collection involved participant observation, 12 focus group discussions (FGDs), 14 in-depth interviews with community members and members of the VHTs and four key informant interviews. Interviews and FGD were recorded, transcribed and coded in NVivo. Emerging themes were further explored and developed using text query searches. Interpretations were confirmed by comparison with findings of other team members. Results: The VHT selection process created distrust, damaging the programme's legitimacy. While the Luwero community initially had high expectations of the programme, local leaders selected VHTs in a way that sidelined the majority of the community's members. Community members questioned the credentials of those who were selected, not seeing the VHTs as those to whom they would go to for help and support. Resentment grew, and as a result, the ways in which the VHTs operated alienated them further from the community. Without the support of the community, the VHTs soon lost morale and stopped their work. Conclusion: As the natural helper model recommends, in order for CHW programmes to gain and maintain community support, it is necessary to utilize naturally existing informal helping networks by drawing on volunteers already trusted by the people being served. That way, the community will be more inclined to trust the advice of volunteers and offer them support in return, increasing the likelihood of the sustainability of their service in the community. © Turinawe et al.	Community health workers; Natural helpers; Village health teams	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929153772	Using theory and formative research to design interventions to improve community health worker motivation, retention and performance in Mozambique and Uganda	Strachan D.L., Källander K., Nakirunda M., Ndima S., Muiambo A., Hill Z., Meek S., Tibenderana J., Castel-Branco A.C., Kertho E., Strachan D., Kirkwood B., Soremekun S., Lingam R., Vassal A., Kasteng F.	2015	Human Resources for Health	13	1	10.1186/s12960-015-0020-8	UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, P.O.Box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium Mozambique, Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo 191, PO Box 3655, Coop, Maputo, Mozambique; Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; UCL Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Strachan, D.L., UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom; Källander, K., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Nakirunda, M., Malaria Consortium Uganda, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, P.O.Box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; Ndima, S., Malaria Consortium Mozambique, Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo 191, PO Box 3655, Coop, Maputo, Mozambique; Muiambo, A., Malaria Consortium Mozambique, Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo 191, PO Box 3655, Coop, Maputo, Mozambique; Hill, Z., UCL Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford St., London, United Kingdom, UCL Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom; Meek, S., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Tibenderana, J., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Castel-Branco, A.C., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Kertho, E., Malaria Consortium, United Kingdom; Strachan, D., UCL Institute for Global Health, United Kingdom; Kirkwood, B., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Soremekun, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Lingam, R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Vassal, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Kasteng, F., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly being used in low-income countries to address human resources shortages, yet there remain few effective, evidence-based strategies for addressing the enduring programmatic constraints of worker motivation, retention and performance. This paper describes how two interventions were designed by the Innovations at Scale for Community Access and Lasting Effects (inSCALE) project to address these constraints in Uganda and Mozambique drawing on behavioural theory and formative research results. Methods: A review of the work motivation and CHW motivation literature-incorporating influences on retention and performance-was conducted on articles sourced through electronic web searches. Formative research with a focus on the barriers and facilitators to CHW motivation, retention and performance was conducted with community health workers and key stakeholders in Uganda and Mozambique. An analytical induction approach to the thematic analysis of transcripts from 98 in-depth interviews and 26 focus group discussions was adopted across the country settings. Results: From the theoretical review, it was determined that the interventions should promote CHWs as members of a collective by highlighting a sense of shared experience, focus on alignment between worker and programme goals, and emphasise the actions that lead to good performance. The Social Identity Approach was selected as the theory most likely to lead to the development of effective, scalable and sustainable interventions by addressing the identified gap in the literature of the influence of CHW working context. The formative research indicated that CHWs value feedback and feeling connected to the health system and their community, are motivated by status and community standing, and want to be provided with the necessary tools to perform. Two interventions based on these results were developed: a participatory, local community approach and an information communication technology (ICT) approach. Conclusions: Drawing on contextual data and theory that is sensitive to context can potentially lead to the development of appropriate and effective interventions when aiming to improve the motivation, retention and performance of CHWs in Uganda and Mozambique and other comparable settings. Evaluation of the developed interventions is crucial to assess this potential. © 2015 Strachan et al.	Community health workers; Human resources for health; Motivation; Mozambique; Performance; Retention; Social identity approach; Uganda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883383987	Impact of treating young children with antimalarials with or without antibiotics on morbidity: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in ghana	Chinbuah M.A., Adjuik M., Cobelens F., Koram K.A., Abbey M., Gyapong M., Kager P.A., Gyapong J.O.	2013	International Health	5	3	10.1093/inthealth/iht021	Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, PM Bag 190, Accra, Ghana; The International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations, Their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH), Accra, Ghana; Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, PO Box 1, Dodowa, Dangme-West District, Ghana; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Amsterdam, Netherlands; School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG-13, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Chinbuah, M.A., Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, PM Bag 190, Accra, Ghana; Adjuik, M., The International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations, Their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH), Accra, Ghana; Cobelens, F., Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Koram, K.A., Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Abbey, M., Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, PM Bag 190, Accra, Ghana; Gyapong, M., Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, PO Box 1, Dodowa, Dangme-West District, Ghana; Kager, P.A., Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Gyapong, J.O., Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, PM Bag 190, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG-13, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Community health workers in Dangme-West district, Ghana, treated children aged 2-59 months with fever with either artesunate-amodiaquine (AAQ) or AAQ plus amoxicillin (AAQ + AMX) within a clusterrandomized controlled trial (registration no. TDR/UNDP Trial registration A: 20189). The intervention was introduced in a stepped-wedge manner. The aim of the study was reduction of mortality. This paper reports on the reduction of morbidity, notably anaemia, severe anaemia and severe illness. Clusters of 100 children were randomized in to AAQ, AAQ + AMX and pre-intervention arms. Six months later the pre-intervention clusters were randomized in to the AAQ and AAQ + AMX arms. Methods: Data were collected in eight cross-sectional surveys. Using stratified sampling, 10 clusters were randomly selected per survey. Blood samples were taken to assess haemoglobin. Caregivers were interviewed about diseases (signs and symptoms) among their children in the preceding 14 days. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact on anaemia, severe anaemia and severe illness. Results: Compared with the pre-intervention clusters, anaemia was reduced in the AAQ (OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.12-0.33) and AAQ+ AMX (OR=0.23, 95% CI 0.15-0.36) clusters, severe anaemia was reduced in the AAQ (OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.45) and AAQ+ AMX (OR=0.12, 95% CI 0.04-0.31) clusters and severe illness was reduced in the AAQ (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.80) and AAQ+ AMX (OR= 0.38, 95% CI 0.22-0.63) clusters. No significant differences were found in outcome variables between the AAQ and AAQ+ AMX clusters. Conclusions: Treating fever with antimalarials significantly reduced the prevalence of anaemia, severe anaemia and severe illness.We found no significant reduction in outcomes when the AAQ and AAQ+AMX clusters were compared. © The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved.	Amoxicillin; Anaemia; Artesunate; Children; Community; Fever	amodiaquine plus artesunate; amoxicillin; hemoglobin; anemia; antibiotic therapy; antimicrobial therapy; article; caregiver; child; childhood mortality; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; fever; Ghana; health survey; hemoglobin blood level; human; infant; interview; major clinical study; male; morbidity; open study; pneumonia; preschool child; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; respiratory tract infection; treatment outcome; Amoxicillin; Anaemia; Artesunate; Children; Community; Fever; Amodiaquine; Amoxicillin; Anemia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Caregivers; Child, Preschool; Community Health Workers; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fever; Ghana; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Logistic Models; Malaria; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Severity of Illness Index	None
WoS	WOS:000324164000001	Use of anchoring vignettes to evaluate health reporting behavior amongst adults aged 50 years and above in Africa and Asia - testing assumptions	Blomstedt, Yulia,Debpuur, Cornelius,Gomez-Olive, Xavier,Hirve, Siddhivinayak,Juvekar, Sanjay,Ng, Nawi,Oti, Samuel,Tollman, Stephen,Wall, Stig	2013	GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION	6	None	10.3402/gha.v6i0.21064	Navrongo Health Research Center, Umea University, University of Witwatersrand, African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr, KEM Hosp Res Ctr	"Blomstedt, Yulia: Umea University","Debpuur, Cornelius: Navrongo Health Research Center","Gomez-Olive, Xavier: University of Witwatersrand","Ng, Nawi: Umea University","Tollman, Stephen: University of Witwatersrand","Wall, Stig: Umea University",	Background: Comparing self-rating health responses across individuals and cultures is misleading due to different reporting behaviors. Anchoring vignettes is a technique that allows identifying and adjusting self-rating responses for reporting heterogeneity (RH). Objective: This article aims to test two crucial assumptions of vignette equivalence (VE) and response consistency (RC) that are required to be met before vignettes can be used to adjust self-rating responses for RH. Design: We used self-ratings, vignettes, and objective measures covering domains of mobility and cognition from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health, administered to older adults aged 50 years and above from eight low-and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. For VE, we specified a hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) model to test for equality of perceived vignette locations. For RC, we tested for equality of thresholds that are used to rate vignettes with thresholds derived from objective measures and used to rate their own health function. Results: There was evidence of RH in self-rating responses for difficulty in mobility and cognition. Assumptions of VE and RC between countries were violated driven by age, sex, and education. However, within a country context, assumption of VE was met in some countries (mainly in Africa, except Tanzania) and violated in others (mainly in Asia, except India). Conclusion: We conclude that violation of assumptions of RC and VE precluded the use of anchoring vignettes to adjust self-rated responses for RH across countries in Asia and Africa.	"anchoring vignettes",COGNITION,MOBILITY,"reporting heterogeneity","RESPONSE CONSISTENCY",SELF-RATING,"Vignette equivalence",HETEROGENEITY,SATISFACTION,"SELF-RATED HEALTH"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880620087	Poor early virologic performance and durability of abacavir-based first-line regimens for HIV-infected children	Technau K.-G., Lazarus E., Kuhn L., Abrams E.J., Sorour G., Strehlau R., Reubenson G., Davies M.-A., Coovadia A.	2013	Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal	32	8	10.1097/INF.0b013e31828c3738	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Technau, K.-G., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Lazarus, E., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Kuhn, L., Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States; Abrams, E.J., Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Sorour, G., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Strehlau, R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Reubenson, G., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Davies, M.-A., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Coovadia, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Empilweni Services and Research Unit, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Cnr Fuel and Oudtshoorn St, Coronationville, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Concerns about stavudine (d4T) toxicity have led to increased use of abacavir (ABC) in first-line pediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) regimens. Field experience with ABC in ART-naïve children is limited. METHODS: Deidentified demographic, clinical and laboratory data on HIV-infected children initiating ART between 2004 and 2011 in a large pediatric HIV treatment program in Johannesburg, South Africa, were used to compare viral suppression at 6 and 12 months by initial treatment regimen, time to suppression (<400 copies/mL) and rebound (>1000 copies/mL after initial suppression). Adjusted logistic regression was used to investigate confounders and calendar effects. RESULTS: Two thousand thirty-six children initiated either d4T/3TC-or ABC/3TC-based first-line regimens in combination with either boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) or efavirenz (EFV). 1634 received d4T regimens (LPV/r n = 672; EFV n = 962) and 402 ABC regimens (LPV/r n = 192; EFV n = 210). At 6 and 12 months on ART, viral suppression rate was poorer in ABC versus d4T groups within both the LPV/r and EFV groups (P < 0.0001 for all points). In ABC groups, time to suppression was significantly slower (log-rank P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0092 for LPV/r-and EFV-based, respectively) and time to rebound after suppression significantly faster (log-rank P = 0.014 and P = 0.0001 for LPV/r-and EFV-based, respectively). Logistic regression confirmed the worse outcomes in the ABC groups even after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSION: Data from this urban pediatric ART service program show significantly poorer virological performance of ABC compared with d4T-based regimens, a signal that urgently warrants further investigation. Copyright © 2013 Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.	abacavir; children; first-line antiretroviral therapy; HIV	abacavir; abacavir plus lamivudine; antiretrovirus agent; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine plus stavudine; lopinavir; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; ritonavir; zidovudine; article; child; controlled study; demography; drug capsule; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug safety; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; pediatrics; preschool child; priority journal; South Africa; syrup; tablet formulation; treatment duration; treatment outcome; treatment response; virology; virus load; virus strain; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dideoxynucleosides; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903700542	Systematic monitoring of male circumcision scale-up in Nyanza, Kenya: Exploratory factor analysis of service quality instrument and performance ranking	Omondi Aduda D.S., Ouma C., Onyango R., Onyango M., Bertrand J.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0101235	School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; FHI360, Kisumu Office, Kisumu, Kenya; Department of Global Health Systems and Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States	Omondi Aduda, D.S., School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Ouma, C., Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Onyango, R., Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya; Onyango, M., FHI360, Kisumu Office, Kisumu, Kenya; Bertrand, J., Department of Global Health Systems and Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States	Background: Considerable conceptual and operational complexities related to service quality measurements and variability in delivery contexts of scaled-up medical male circumcision, pose real challenges to monitoring implementation of quality and safety. Clarifying latent factors of the quality instruments can enhance contextual applicability and the likelihood that observed service outcomes are appropriately assessed. Objective: To explore factors underlying SYMMACS service quality assessment tool (adopted from the WHO VMMC quality toolkit) and; determine service quality performance using composite quality index derived from the latent factors. Study design: Using a comparative process evaluation of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Scale-Up in Kenya site level data was collected among health facilities providing VMMC over two years. Systematic Monitoring of the Medical Male Circumcision Scale-Up quality instrument was used to assess availability of guidelines, supplies and equipment, infection control, and continuity of care services. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to clarify quality structure. Results: Fifty four items and 246 responses were analyzed. Based on Eigenvalue &gt;1.00 cut-off, factors 1, 2 &amp; 3 were retained each respectively having eigenvalues of 5.78; 4.29; 2.99. These cumulatively accounted for 29.1% of the total variance (12.9%; 9.5%; 6.7%) with final communality estimates being 13.06. Using a cut-off factor loading value of ≥0.4, fifteen items loading on factor 1, five on factor 2 and one on factor 3 were retained. Factor 1closely relates to preparedness to deliver safe male circumcisions while factor two depicts skilled task performance and compliance with protocols. Of the 28 facilities, 32% attained between 90th and 95th percentile (excellent); 45% between 50th and 75th percentiles (average) and 14.3% below 25th percentile (poor). Conclusion: the service quality assessment instrument may be simplified to have nearly 20 items that relate more closely to service outcomes. Ranking of facilities and circumcision procedure using a composite index based on these items indicates that majority performed above average. © 2014 Omondi Aduda et al.	None	article; circumcision; controlled study; exploratory research; factorial analysis; health care delivery; health care facility; health care quality; infection control; instrument validation; Kenya; patient care; patient safety; performance measurement system; practice guideline; protocol compliance; quality control; reference value; scale up; Systematic Monitoring of the Medical Male Circumcision Scale Up; circumcision; human; male; quality control; safety; standards; Circumcision, Male; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Health Facilities; Humans; Kenya; Male; Quality Control; Safety	USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868672935	Impact of sustained RNAi-mediated suppression of cellular cofactor Tat-SF1 on HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells	Green V.A., Arbuthnot P., Weinberg M.S.	2012	Virology Journal	9	None	10.1186/1743-422X-9-272	Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States	Green, V.A., Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Arbuthnot, P., Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Weinberg, M.S., Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Health Sciences Faculty, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States	Background: Conventional anti-HIV drug regimens targeting viral enzymes are plagued by the emergence of drug resistance. There is interest in targeting HIV-dependency factors (HDFs), host proteins that the virus requires for replication, as drugs targeting their function may prove protective. Reporter cell lines provide a rapid and convenient method of identifying putative HDFs, but this approach may lead to misleading results and a failure to detect subtle detrimental effects on cells that result from HDF suppression. Thus, alternative methods for HDF validation are required. Cellular Tat-SF1 has long been ascribed a cofactor role in Tat-dependent transactivation of viral transcription elongation. Here we employ sustained RNAi-mediated suppression of Tat-SF1 to validate its requirement for HIV-1 replication in a CD4+ T cell-derived line and its potential as a therapeutic target. Results: shRNA-mediated suppression of Tat-SF1 reduced HIV-1 replication and infectious particle production from TZM-bl reporter cells. This effect was not a result of increased apoptosis, loss of cell viability or an immune response. To validate its requirement for HIV-1 replication in a more relevant cell line, CD4+ SupT1 cell populations were generated that stably expressed shRNAs. HIV-1 replication was significantly reduced for two weeks (∼65%) in cells with depleted Tat-SF1, although the inhibition of viral replication was moderate when compared to SupT1 cells expressing a shRNA targeting the integration cofactor LEDGF/p75. Tat-SF1 suppression was attenuated over time, resulting from decreased shRNA guide strand expression, suggesting that there is a selective pressure to restore Tat-SF1 levels. Conclusions: This study validates Tat-SF1 as an HDF in CD4+ T cell-derived SupT1 cells. However, our findings also suggest that Tat-SF1 is not a critical cofactor required for virus replication and its suppression may affect cell growth. Therefore, this study demonstrates the importance of examining HIV-1 replication kinetics and cytotoxicity in cells with sustained HDF suppression to validate their therapeutic potential as targets. © 2012 Green et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	lens epithelium derived growth factor; protein; protein p75; SF1 protein; short hairpin RNA; transactivator protein; unclassified drug; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cell growth; cell line; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; nucleotide sequence; protein depletion; protein expression; protein function; RNA interference; T lymphocyte subpopulation; virus inhibition; virus replication; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cell Line; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; HIV-1; Humans; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Trans-Activators; Virus Replication; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876257384	Malaria microscopy performance in self-presenting febrile patients at four health facilities in Fentale district of East Shewa, Ethiopia	Sleshi M., Animut A., Mohammed H., Medhin G., Kebede A.	2012	Ethiopian Medical Journal	50	4	None	Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Ethiopia; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Sleshi, M., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Ethiopia; Animut, A., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mohammed, H., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Ethiopia; Medhin, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kebede, A., Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Ethiopia	Background: Correct and reliable microscopic examination results are vital in appropriate treatment of malaria in endemic areas, mainly where Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax co-exist in Ethiopia. Thus, evaluation of regular malaria microscopy performance is needed. Objectives: To evaluate the performance of regular malaria microscopy and antimalarial drug prescription practices for self-presenting febrile patients at health facilities located in malaria endemic areas of upper Awash Valley, eastern central Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study design was used to recruit 260 febrile patients at four health facilities in Fentale district. All slides collected at health facilities were rechecked in reference laboratories and Kappa score was calculated to see the slide reading agreement. Results: Malaria parasites from clinical cases were found in 19.6% (51/260) of the total febrile patients of which 82.4% (42/51) were infected with P. vivax and 17.6% (9/51) with P. falciparum. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of regular malaria microscopy readings were 92.2%, 83.7%, 58% and 97.8%, respectively. Arteinether-lumefantrine over prescription rates was 50.8% by the regular microscopy and 53.6% by reference microscopy. There was only a moderate agreement between regular malaria microscopy and reference microscopy with the Kappa value of 0.52. Conclusion: The overall reading agreement and agreement on species identification of the regular and reference microscopy were low. There was variability in performance in the different health facilities. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of regular malaria microscopy need to be improved for accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of malaria cases in Fentale district health facilities. There should be rational use of antimalarials especially on slide negative subjects.	None	antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; adolescent; adult; article; child; drug combination; Ethiopia; female; good laboratory practice; health care facility; human; inappropriate prescribing; infant; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; middle aged; Plasmodium vivax malaria; predictive value; preschool child; standard; Adolescent; Adult; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Ethanolamines; Ethiopia; Female; Fluorenes; Health Facilities; Humans; Inappropriate Prescribing; Infant; Laboratory Proficiency Testing; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052023718	Evaluation of the impact of the voucher and accreditation approach on improving reproductive behaviors and status in Cambodia	Bellows B., Warren C., Vonthanak S., Chhorvann C., Sokhom H., Men C., Bajracharya A., Rob U., Rathavy T.	2011	BMC Public Health	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-667	Population Council, General Accident House, Ralph Bunche Road, Nairobi, Kenya; National Institute of Public Health, No.2, Kim Yl Sung Blvd, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Research Unit, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs (NCHADS), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Center for Advanced Studies (CAS), #160, Street 156, Sangkat Teuk Laak 2, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Population Council, Viet Nam; Population Council, Bangladesh; Ministry of Health, National MCH Center (NMCHC), National MCH Institute, #31A Street 47 (Street France), Sangkat Srah Chak, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Unit 17-04 Prime Center, 53 Quang Trung Street, Hai Ba, Trung District, Hanoi, Viet Nam; House 21, Road 118, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh	Bellows, B., Population Council, General Accident House, Ralph Bunche Road, Nairobi, Kenya; Warren, C., Population Council, General Accident House, Ralph Bunche Road, Nairobi, Kenya; Vonthanak, S., National Institute of Public Health, No.2, Kim Yl Sung Blvd, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Chhorvann, C., Research Unit, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Dermatology and STDs (NCHADS), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Sokhom, H., Center for Advanced Studies (CAS), #160, Street 156, Sangkat Teuk Laak 2, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Men, C., Center for Advanced Studies (CAS), #160, Street 156, Sangkat Teuk Laak 2, Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Bajracharya, A., Population Council, Viet Nam, Unit 17-04 Prime Center, 53 Quang Trung Street, Hai Ba, Trung District, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Rob, U., Population Council, Bangladesh, House 21, Road 118, Gulshan, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Rathavy, T., Ministry of Health, National MCH Center (NMCHC), National MCH Institute, #31A Street 47 (Street France), Sangkat Srah Chak, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia	Background: Cost of delivering reproductive health services to low income populations will always require total or partial subsidization by government and/or development partners. Broadly termed "demand-side financing" or "output-based aid", these strategies include a range of interventions that channel government or donor subsidies to the user rather than the service provider. Initial pilot assessments of reproductive health voucher programs suggest that they can increase access, reduce inequities, and enhance program efficiency and service quality. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing how these programs function in different settings for various reproductive health services. Methods/Design. Population Council, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, intends to generate evidence around the "voucher and accreditation" approaches to improving the reproductive health of low-income women in Cambodia. The study comprises of four populations: facilities, providers, women of reproductive age using facilities, and women and men who have been pregnant and/or used family planning within the previous 12 months. The study will be carried out in a sample of 20 health facilities that are accredited to provide maternal and newborn health and family planning services to women holding vouchers from operational districts in three provinces: Kampong Thom, Kampot and Prey Veng and a matched sample of non-accredited facilities in three other provinces. Health facility assessments will be conducted at baseline and endline to track temporal changes in quality-of-care, client out-of-pocket costs, and utilization. Facility inventories, structured observations, and client exit interviews will be used to collect comparable data across facilities. Health providers will also be interviewed and observed providing care. A population survey of about 3000 respondents will also be conducted in areas where vouchers are distributed and similar non-voucher locations. Discussion. A quasi-experimental study will investigate the impact of the voucher approach on improving reproductive health behaviors, reproductive health status and reducing inequities at the population level and assess effects on access, equity and quality of care at the facility level. If the voucher scheme in Cambodia is found effective, it may help other countries adopt this approach for improving utilization and access to reproductive health and family planning services. © 2011 Bellows et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Output based approach; Vouchers	None	None
WoS	WOS:000291050000001	Evaluation of the impact of the voucher and accreditation approach on improving reproductive behaviors and RH status: Bangladesh	Bellows, Benjamin,Rahman, Moshiur,Rob, Ubaidur	2011	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-257	None	None	Background: Cost of delivering reproductive health services to low-income populations will always require total or partial subsidization by the government and/or development partners. Broadly termed "Demand-Side Financing" or "Output-Based Aid", includes a range of interventions that channel government or donor subsidies to the service user rather than the service provider. Initial findings from the few assessments of reproductive health voucher-and accreditation programs suggest that, if implemented well, these programs have great potential for achieving the policy objectives of increasing access and use, reducing inequities and enhancing program efficiency and service quality. At this point in time, however, there is a paucity of evidence describing how the various voucher programs function in different settings, for various reproductive health services. Methods/Design: Population Council-Nairobi, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, intends to address the lack of evidence around the pros and cons of 'voucher and accreditation' approaches to improving the reproductive health of low income women in five developing countries. In Bangladesh, the activities will be conducted in 11 accredited health facilities where Demand Side Financing program is being implemented and compared with populations drawn from areas served by similar non-accredited facilities. Facility inventories, client exit interviews and service provider interviews will be used to collect comparable data across each facility for assessing readiness and quality of care. In-depth interviews with key stakeholders will be conducted to gain a deeper understanding about the program. A population-based survey will also be carried out in two types of locations: areas where vouchers are distributed and similar locations where vouchers are not distributed. Discussion: This is a quasi-experimental study which will investigate the impact of the voucher approach on improving maternal health behaviors and status and reducing inequities at the population level. We expect a significant increase in the utilization of maternal health care services by the accredited health facilities in the experimental areas compared to the control areas as a direct result of the interventions. If the voucher scheme in Bangladesh is found effective, it may help other countries to adopt this approach for improving utilization of maternity care services for reducing maternal mortality.	,HEALTH,MALARIA,SCHEME,SYSTEM,TANZANIA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-20444428729	Chronic cough in primary health care attendees, Harare, Zimbabwe: Diagnosis and impact of HIV infection	Munyati S.S., Dhoba T., Makanza E.D., Mungofa S., Wellington M., Mutsvangwa J., Gwanzura L., Hakim J., Nyakabau M., Mason P.R., Robertson V., Rusakaniko S., Butterworth A.E., Corbett E.L.	2005	Clinical Infectious Diseases	40	12	10.1086/429912	National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Munyati, S.S., National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dhoba, T., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makanza, E.D., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mungofa, S., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Wellington, M., City Health Department, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutsvangwa, J., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gwanzura, L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hakim, J., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Nyakabau, M., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mason, P.R., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, V., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Rusakaniko, S., University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe; Butterworth, A.E., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Corbett, E.L., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, National Institute of Health Research, Josiah Tongogara Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe	Background. Cough lasting for ≥3 weeks (i.e., chronic cough) indicates that a patient has suspected tuberculosis (TB). At the primary health care level, the spectrum of disease that causes chronic cough has not been previously investigated in a setting with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods. A total of 544 adults with chronic cough were recruited systematically from 2 primary health care clinics, and they were evaluated using preset first- and second-line investigations and diagnostic case definitions. Results. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among the study cohort was 83%. TB was the most common diagnosis, with 207 HIV-positive patients (46%) and 27 HIV-negative patients (30%) having confirmed or probable TB. Of these, 145 HIV-positive patients with TB (70%) and 20 HIV-negative patients with TB (74%) had smear-positive cases of TB. Only 17 HIV-positive and 2 HIV-negative patients had smear-negative but culture-positive cases of TB. Lower respiratory tract infections (n = 178; HIV prevalence, 79%) and pneumonia (n = 87; HIV prevalence, 89%) were the next most common diagnoses. Asthma (n = 26; HIV prevalence, 46%), posttuberculous disease and other fibrotic lung disease (n = 34; HIV prevalence, 88%), and cardiac disease (n = 15; HIV prevalence, 93%) were more common than were Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and cryptococcosis (n = 8 and n = 5, respectively; HIV prevalence, 100%), and we found no cases of nocardiosis or histoplasmosis. Conclusions. TB was diagnosed for 43% of patients who presented with chronic cough to primary health care clinics in Harare, with 71% having smear-positive disease. The findings of TB culture added relatively little to the findings of fluorescent microscopy of concentrated sputum specimens. The prevalence of HIV infection was high across a range of diagnoses, suggesting that an HIV test should be recommended in the initial investigation of chronic cough. © 2005 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	article; asthma; bacterium culture; chronic disease; coughing; cryptococcosis; fluorescence microscopy; heart disease; histoplasmosis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; lung fibrosis; nocardiosis; Pneumocystis pneumonia; primary health care; priority journal; sputum smear; tuberculosis; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Cohort Studies; Cough; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905391246	Performance of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay using saliva in Ugandans with CD4 <100	Kwizera R., Nguna J., Kiragga A., Nakavuma J., Rajasingham R., Boulware D.R., Meya D.B.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0103156	Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resource and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	Kwizera, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nguna, J., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kiragga, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Nakavuma, J., College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resource and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Rajasingham, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Boulware, D.R., College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resource and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Meya, D.B., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Cryptococcal meningitis can best be diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid India ink microscopy, cryptococcal antigen detection, or culture. These require invasive lumbar punctures. The utility of cryptococcal antigen detection in saliva is unknown. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the point-of-care cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (CrAg LFA) in saliva. Methods: We screened HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy naïve persons with symptomatic meningitis (n = 130) and asymptomatic persons with CD4+,100 cells/μL entering into HIV care (n = 399) in Kampala, Uganda. The diagnostic performance of testing saliva was compared to serum/plasma cryptococcal antigen as the reference standard. Results: The saliva lateral flow assay performance was overall more sensitive in symptomatic patients (88%) than in asymptomatic patients (27%). The specificity of saliva lateral flow assay was excellent at 97.8% in the symptomatic patients and 100% in asymptomatic patients. The degree of accuracy of saliva in diagnosing cryptococcosis and the level of agreement between the two sample types was better in symptomatic patients (C-statistic 92.9, κ-0.82) than in asymptomatic patients (C-statistic 63.5, κ-0.41). Persons with false negative salvia CrAg tests had lower levels of peripheral blood CrAg titers (P<0.001). Conclusion: There was poor diagnostic performance in testing saliva for cryptococcal antigen, particularly among asymptomatic persons screened for preemptive treatment of cryptococcosis. © 2014 Kwizera et al.	None	cryptococcal antigen; fungus antigen; unclassified drug; fungus antigen; adult; analytical equipment; antigen detection; article; blood level; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical trial (topic); cohort analysis; controlled study; cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus gattii; Cryptococcus neoformans; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; ethnic group; false negative result; female; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; lateral flow assay; major clinical study; male; meningitis; point of care testing; prospective study; receiver operating characteristic; saliva analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Ugandan; complication; Filobasidiella; immunology; Meningitis, Cryptococcal; middle aged; saliva; Adult; Antigens, Fungal; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cryptococcus; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Meningitis, Cryptococcal; Middle Aged; Saliva; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda	U01AI089244, NIAID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; U01GH11005, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938590827	Evaluation of Fingerstick Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay in HIV-Infected Persons: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study	Williams D.A., Kiiza T., Kwizera R., Kiggundu R., Velamakanni S., Meya D.B., Rhein J., Boulware D.R.	2015	Clinical Infectious Diseases	61	3	10.1093/cid/civ263	University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States; Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Williams, D.A., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Kiiza, T., Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Kwizera, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Kiggundu, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Velamakanni, S., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States; Meya, D.B., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda, College of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Rhein, J., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, P.O. Box 22418, Kampala, Uganda, Uganda; Boulware, D.R., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States	Background. Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of adult meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. The cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) lateral flow assay (LFA) has simplified diagnosis as a point-of-care test approved for serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We evaluated the accuracy of the CRAG LFA using fingerstick whole blood compared with serum/plasma and CSF for diagnosing meningitis. Methods. From August 2013 to August 2014, CRAG LFA (IMMY, Norman, Oklahoma) tests were performed on fingerstick whole blood, plasma/serum, and CSF in 207 HIV-infected adults with suspected meningitis in Kampala, Uganda. Venous blood was also collected and centrifuged to obtain serum and/or plasma. CSF was tested after lumbar puncture. Results. Of 207 participants, 149 (72%) had fingerstick CRAG-positive results. There was 100% agreement between fingerstick whole blood and serum/plasma. Of the 149 fingerstick CRAG-positive participants, 138 (93%) had evidence of cryptococcal meningitis with a positive CSF CRAG. Eleven participants (5%) had isolated cryptococcal antigenemia with a negative CSF CRAG and culture, of whom 8 had CSF abnormalities (n = 3 lymphocytic pleocytosis, n = 5 elevated protein, n = 4 increased opening pressure). No persons with cryptococcal meningitis had negative fingersticks. Conclusions. The 100% agreement between whole blood, serum, and plasma CRAG LFA results demonstrates that fingerstick CRAG is a reliable bedside diagnostic test. Using point-of-care CRAG testing simplifies screening large numbers of patients and enables physicians to prioritize on whom to measure CSF opening pressure using manometers. © 2015 The Author 2015.	cryptococcal meningitis; cryptococcus; HIV; lateral flow assay; point-of-care systems	adult; Article; cerebrospinal fluid; clinical evaluation; clinical trial; cost effectiveness analysis; cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay; cryptococcal meningitis; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; evidence based practice; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; immunology test kit; lumbar puncture; major clinical study; male; molecular diagnostics; plasma; point of care testing; priority journal; prospective study; serum; Uganda; venous blood	K24AI096925, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R01NS086312, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; R25TW009345, NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; T32AI055433, NIAID, National I
Scopus	2-s2.0-51349138067	Integrated community-based growth monitoring and vegetable gardens focusing on crops rich in β-carotene: Project evaluation in a rural community in the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Laurie S.M., Faber M.	2008	Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture	88	12	10.1002/jsfa.3319	Agricultural Research Council - Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC-VOPI), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Laurie, S.M., Agricultural Research Council - Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (ARC-VOPI), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Faber, M., Nutritional Intervention Research Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC), P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Cultivation in β-carotene vegetables was promoted in a crop-based intervention in Lusikisiki, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The project also included nutrition education and community-based growth monitoring, and focused on technology transfer and mobilisation of local organisations. Three years after initiation of the project, participating (n = 219) and non-participating (n = 223) households were compared in terms of child morbidity, nutritional knowledge, dietary intake and gardening practices. RESULTS: Compared to control households, more caregivers from project households thought that yellow fruit and vegetables were good for their children (73% vs. 45%; P < 0.001), were familiar with the term 'vitamin A' (89% vs. 63%; P < 0.001), knew that vitamin A is a nutrient in food (83% vs. 53%; P < 0.001), and could name three food sources rich in vitamin A (56% vs. 27%; P < 0.001). Fewer 1-5-year-old children in the project households reportedly experienced vomiting (6% vs. 13%; P = 0.012), fever (30% vs. 42%; P = 0.008), sores on the skin (6% vs. 19%; P < 0.001), continuous runny nose (20% vs. 33%; P = 0.002), diarrhoea (2% vs. 7%; P = 0.026) and poor appetite (7% vs. 14%; P = 0.016). Children from project households consumed carrot (P = 0.008), butternut (P = 0.002), spinach (P = 0.004) and orange-fleshed sweetpotato (P = 0.028) more frequently than children from control households. CONCLUSION: The agricultural intervention, combined with nutrition education and community-based growth monitoring, showed a favourable effect on child morbidity, nutritional knowledge and dietary intake of β-carotene-rich vegetables. Agricultural interventions can therefore contribute significantly towards nutritional outcomes. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.	Crop-based approach; Ipomoea batatas; Provitamin A-rich vegetables	Daucus carota; Ipomoea batatas; Juglans cinerea; Spinacia oleracea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79251480044	Microbial evaluation and public health implications of urine as alternative therapy in clinical pediatric cases: Health implication of urine therapy	Ogunshe A.A.O., Fawole A.O., Ajayi V.A.	2010	Pan African Medical Journal	5	None	None	Applied Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Biology, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Biology and Microbiology Unit, Department of Sc	Ogunshe, A.A.O., Applied Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Fawole, A.O., Department of Biology, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ajayi, V.A., Biology and Microbiology Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Background: Cultural means of pediatric treatment during ill health is a mainstay in Africa, and though urine has been known to contain enteric pathogens, urine therapy is still culturally applicable in some health conditions and also advocated as alternative therapy. The study therefore, is to evaluate the microbial contents and safety of urine. Methods: Urinary bacteria from cows and healthy children aged 5-11 years were identified by conventional phenotypic methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified agar disc and well-diffusion methods. Results: A total of 116 bacterial isolates (n = 77 children; n = 39 cows) were identified as Bacillus (10.4%; 5.1%)), Staphylococcus (2.6%; 2.6%), Citrobacter (3.9%; 12.8%), Escherichia coli (36.4%; 23.1%), Klebsiella (7.8%; 12.8%), Proteus (18.2%; 23.1%), Pseudomonas (9.1%; 2.6%), Salmonella (3.9%; 5.1%) and Shigella (7.8%; 12.8%) spp. Antibiotic resistance rates of the Gram-positive bacteria were high (50.0-100%), except in Bacillus strains against chloramphenicol, gentamicin and tetracycline (14.3%), while higher resistance rates were recorded among the Gram-negative bacteria except in Citrobacter (0.0%) and Proteus (8.5%) spp. against gentamicin and tetracycline respectively. The Gram-negative bacteria from ito malu (cow urine) were more resistant bacteria except in Citrobacter (20.0%) and Shigella spp. (0.0%) against tetracycline and Proteus spp. (11.1%), (22.2%) against amoxicillin and tetracycline respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) rates recorded in children urinal bacterial species were 37.5-100% (Gram-positive) and 12.5-100% (Gram-negative), while MAR among the cow urinal bacteria was 12.5-75.0% (Gram-positive) and 25.0-100% (Gram-negative). Similar higher resistance rates were also recorded among the Gram-negative bacterial species from urine specimens against the pediatric antibiotic suspensions. Conclusion: The study reported presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant indicator bacteria in human urine and ito malu used as alternative remedy in pediatric health conditions like febrile convulsion. © Adenike Adedayo O. Ogunshe et al.	Alternative medicine; Antibiotic resistance; Convulsion; Cultural behaviour; Infant mortality; Nigeria; Pediatic; Urine therapy	agar; amaxin; amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin plus cloxacillin; antibiotic agent; azithromycin; cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefalerin; cefamor; cefuroxime axetil; chloramphenicol; clindamycin; clofencol; cloxacillin; cotrimoxazole; emicillin; emzoclox; erythrokid; erythromycin; erythromycin stearate; flucloxacillin; fusidic acid; gentamicin; jawaclox; loxagyl; loxaprim; metronidazole; odoxil ds; penicillin G; rancotrim; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; throtal; trimethoprim; unclassified drug; antiinfective agent; alternative medicine; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; article; Bacillus; bacterium identification; bacterium isolation; child; childhood disease; Citrobacter; controlled study; cow; Escherichia coli; febrile convulsion; female; Gram negative bacterium; Gram positive bacterium; human; Klebsiella; male; microbiological examination; nonhuman; phenotype; preschool child; Proteus; Pseudomonas; public health service; Salmonella; school child; Shigella; species difference; Staphylococcus; urine therapy; African medicine; animal; antibiotic resistance; cattle; drug effect; evaluation; febrile convulsion; Gram negative bacterium; Gram positive bacterium; isolation and purification; microbiological examination; microbiology; pediatrics; public health; urine; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pediatrics; Public Health; Seizures, Febrile; Urine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865058839	Performance of community health workers under integrated community case management of childhood illnesses in Eastern Uganda	Kalyango J.N., Rutebemberwa E., Alfven T., Ssali S., Peterson S., Karamagi C.	2012	Malaria Journal	11	None	10.1186/1475-2875-11-282	Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics, Sach's Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Gender and Women Studies, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Kalyango, J.N., Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177, Stockholm, Sweden, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Rutebemberwa, E., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Alfven, T., Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Paediatrics, Sach's Children's Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden; Ssali, S., Department of Gender and Women Studies, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Peterson, S., Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, SE 17177, Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Karamagi, C., Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Curative interventions delivered by community health workers (CHWs) were introduced to increase access to health services for children less than five years and have previously targeted single illnesses. However, CHWs in the integrated community case management of childhood illnesses strategy adopted in Uganda in 2010 will manage multiple illnesses. There is little documentation about the performance of CHWs in the management of multiple illnesses. This study compared the performance of CHWs managing malaria and pneumonia with performance of CHWs managing malaria alone in eastern Uganda and the factors influencing performance. Methods. A mixed methods study was conducted among 125 CHWs providing either dual malaria and pneumonia management or malaria management alone for children aged four to 59 months. Performance was assessed using knowledge tests, case scenarios of sick children, review of CHWs registers, and observation of CHWs in the dual management arm assessing respiratory symptoms. Four focus group discussions with CHWs were also conducted. Results: CHWs in the dual- and single-illness management arms had similar performance with respect to: overall knowledge of malaria (dual 72%, single 70%); eliciting malaria signs and symptoms (50% in both groups); prescribing anti-malarials based on case scenarios (82% dual, 80% single); and correct prescription of anti-malarials from record reviews (dual 99%, single 100%). In the dual-illness arm, scores for malaria and pneumonia differed on overall knowledge (72% vs 40%, p<0.001); and correct doses of medicines from records (100% vs 96%, p<0.001). According to records, 82% of the children with fast breathing had received an antibiotic. From observations 49% of CHWs counted respiratory rates within five breaths of the physician (gold standard) and 75% correctly classified the children. The factors perceived to influence CHWs performance were: community support and confidence, continued training, availability of drugs and other necessary supplies, and cooperation from formal health workers. Conclusion: CHWs providing dual-illness management handled malaria cases as well as CHWs providing single-illness management, and also performed reasonably well in the management of pneumonia. With appropriate training that emphasizes pneumonia assessment, adequate supervision, and provision of drugs and necessary supplies, CHWs can provide integrated treatment for malaria and pneumonia. © 2012 Kalyango et al.	Children; CHW; CMDs; Health system research; ICCM; Malaria; Performance; Pneumonia	antibiotic agent; antimalarial agent; article; case management; child; childhood disease; clinical observation; cooperation; female; gold standard; health auxiliary; health education; health program; human; infant; knowledge; major clinical study; malaria; male; medical record review; pneumonia; preschool child; prescription; scoring system; social support; tachypnea; Uganda; Child, Preschool; Community Health Workers; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Research; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Malaria; Pneumonia; Professional Competence; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744438443	Evaluation of two novel Ziehl-Neelsen methods for tuberculosis diagnosis	Frimpong E.H., Adukpo R., Owusu-Darko K.	2005	West African Journal of Medicine	24	4	None	Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Frimpong, E.H., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Adukpo, R., Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Owusu-Darko, K., Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute of Medical Research, Legon, Ghana	Background: Currently, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in Ghana relies on direct sputum smear, Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) staining method. This method has low sensitivity and poses some health risks. The study was to compare the, direct sputum smear, (ZN) staining method against two newer ZN methods; 1% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL)-xylene floatation and 1% NaOCL sedimentation methods, to determine the most sensitive and the safest. Study design: A prospective descriptive study involving 150 adult patients attending Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis, using the three ZN microscopy methods: direct sputum smear, 1% NaOCL sedimentation, and 1% NaOCL-xylene floatation, for the detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB). Sputum culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slopes was used as the gold standard for determining the sensitivity and specificity rates. Results: The sensitivity rates of NaOCL sedimentation, NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear methods were 77.2%, 71.8% and 66.3% respectively. The specificity rate was 95.9% for all three methods. Whereas the difference between the NaOCL sedimentation and the direct smear methods was statistically significant (P= 0.0446), that between the NaOCL-xylene floatation and direct smear was not (P=0.1788). Conclusion: In spite of the cost of chemicals, the hypochlorite sedimentation method was found to be the most accurate and the safest.	Laboratory infection; Sputum microscopy; Tuberculosis	hypochlorite sodium; xylene; acid fast bacterium; adolescent; adult; aged; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; Ghana; health hazard; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; microscopy; prospective study; school child; sedimentation; sensitivity and specificity; sputum culture; sputum smear; staining; statistical significance; teaching hospital; tuberculosis; Ziehl Neelsen staining; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Coloring Agents; Ghana; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860336801	Evaluation of a 4th generation rapid HIV test for earlier and reliable detection of HIV infection in pregnancy	Chetty V., Moodley D., Chuturgoon A.	2012	Journal of Clinical Virology	54	2	10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.021	Womens Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Chetty, V., Womens Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Moodley, D., Womens Health and HIV Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Chuturgoon, A., Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: Currently used 3rd generation rapid HIV-tests in resource-limited settings do not detect acute HIV-infections (AHI). They are known to detect HIV-infections after or late in the " window period" Detecting incident-HIV infections early in pregnancy increases opportunities for initiating antiretroviral prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Objectives: We evaluated the Determine ® HIV1/2 Ag/Ab Combo Rapid Test (Combo RT), a 4th generation test against two 3rd generation tests (SENSA-HIV1/2/0 Tri-line, SD-Bioline) for early detection of HIV-infection in pregnancy. Study design: In a cohort study, plasma samples from 32 pregnant women who seroconverted at a subsequent antenatal visit (incident-infection), samples from 189 women who tested HIV positive at baseline (established-infections) and samples from 32 women remaining HIV-seronegative at a subsequent antenatal visit were tested with 3rd generation (antibody detection only) and 4th generation (antibody/antigen detection) rapid HIV tests. The HIV-1 NucliSENSEasyQ ® v2.0 PCR test was used to quantify HIV-viral copies in women with incident HIV-infections. Results: Eighteen of 32 (56.3%) women (incident-infections) had detectable viral copies (baseline); 16 (88.9%) were antibody reactive with the Combo RT. None of the 32 specimens were reactive on the antigen component of the Combo RT. The sensitivity and specificity of the Combo RT in detecting HIV infections prior to seroconversion is 59.4% (95%CI 40.6-76.3) and 96.9% (95%CI 83.8-99.9) respectively. The Combo RT detected 94.0% of all HIV-infections if used as a screening test (baseline) compared to 85.5% detected by 3rd generation tests. Conclusions: The Combo RT does not identify AHI but is superior to 3rd generation tests in detecting HIV antibody responses. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Combo RT; Early detection; HIV; Pregnancy	adult; antibody detection; antibody response; antigen antibody reaction; article; clinical article; cohort analysis; controlled study; early diagnosis; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; gestational age; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; pregnancy; prenatal care; priority journal; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; seroconversion; vertical transmission; virus detection; virus transmission; Antigens, Viral; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoassay; Plasma; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Virology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880951891	Highly sensitive detection of malaria parasitemia in a malaria-endemic setting: Performance of a new loop-mediated isothermal amplification kit in a remote clinic in Uganda	Hopkins H., González I.J., Polley S.D., Angutoko P., Ategeka J., Asiimwe C., Agaba B., Kyabayinze D.J., Sutherland C.J., Perkins M.D., Bell D.	2013	Journal of Infectious Diseases	208	4	10.1093/infdis/jit184	Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Malaria Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Clinical Parasitology, University London Colleges, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, United Kingdom; HPA Malaria Reference Laboratory, United Kingdom; Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom	Hopkins, H., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; González, I.J., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Polley, S.D., Department of Clinical Parasitology, University London Colleges, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, United Kingdom; Angutoko, P., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Ategeka, J., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Asiimwe, C., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Agaba, B., Malaria Control Programme, Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Kyabayinze, D.J., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Sutherland, C.J., Department of Clinical Parasitology, University London Colleges, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, United Kingdom, HPA Malaria Reference Laboratory, United Kingdom, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Perkins, M.D., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland; Bell, D., Malaria and Acute Febrile Syndrome Program, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, av de Budé 16, Geneva 1202, Switzerland	Background. Current malaria diagnostic tests, including microscopy and antigen-detecting rapid tests, cannot reliably detect low-density infections. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are highly sensitive but remain too complex for field deployment. A new commercial molecular assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was assessed for field use. Methods. Malaria LAMP (Eiken Chemical, Japan) was evaluated for samples from 272 outpatients at a rural Ugandan clinic and compared with expert microscopy, nested PCR, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Two technicians performed the assay after 3 days of training, using 2 alternative blood sample-preparation methods and visual interpretation of results by fluorescence assay. Results. Compared with 3-well nested PCR, the sensitivity of both LAMP and single-well nested PCR was 90%; the microscopy sensitivity was 51%. For samples with a Plasmodium falciparum qPCR titer of ≥2 parasites/μL, LAMP sensitivity was 97.8% (95% confidence interval, 93.7%-99.5%). Most false-negative LAMP results involved samples with parasitemia levels detectable by 3-well nested PCR but very low or undetectable by qPCR. Conclusions. Malaria LAMP in a remote Ugandan clinic achieved sensitivity similar to that of single-well nested PCR in a United Kingdom reference laboratory. LAMP dramatically lowers the detection threshold achievable in malaria-endemic settings, providing a new tool for diagnosis, surveillance, and screening in elimination strategies. © The Author 2013.	Africa; Diagnosis; DNA; LAMP; Loop-mediated isothermal amplification; Malaria; Molecular diagnosis; PCR; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase chain reaction; Sensitivity and specificity; Uganda	adult; aged; article; child; controlled study; diagnostic kit; diagnostic test accuracy study; false negative result; female; fluorescence analysis; human; intermethod comparison; loop mediated isothermal amplification; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; molecular diagnosis; preschool child; priority journal; quantitative analysis; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Africa; diagnosis; DNA; LAMP; loop-mediated isothermal amplification; malaria; molecular diagnosis; PCR; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Endemic Diseases; Female; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Parasitemia; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Rural Population; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uganda; Young Adult	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924249479	Pharmacognostic and free radical scavenging Evaluation of Cyathula prostata (Blume) L.	Sonibare M.A., Olatubosun O.V.	2015	Pharmacognosy Journal	7	2	10.5530/pj.2015.2.5	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sonibare, M.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olatubosun, O.V., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L. from the family Amaranthaceae has been used traditionally for rheumatism, dysentery, wounds and urethral discharges in the tropical regions of the world. Aim: The present study was undertaken to perform quality control standardization and to evaluate antioxidant activity of the leaf, stem, root and the whole plant of Cyathula prostrata. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were carried out on the plant using standard procedures. Powdered sample of the leaf was evaluated with various organic solvents for fluorescence. The chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the leaf, stem, root and whole plant were subjected to various pharmacognostic analyses and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay.Further, thin layer chromatoghraphy was used to evaluate the chloroform extract. Results: Important epidermal features in the plant include: coastal cells, unbranched, uniseriate, multicellular and non-glandular trichomes. Leaves are amphistomatic showing mostly anomocytic and actinocytic stomata. Starch grains are restricted to the adaxial surface. Vascular bundles are mainly collateral and well-developed bundle sheath. The transverse section of stem is circular, hypodermis (1-3 layers). Cross section of the root is described in detail for the plant. Cortex has angular cells. Fluorescence studies showed different colours. Physico-chemical results are comparable with standards. The TLC profile showed presence of at least seven compounds in the leaf, root and the whole plant extracts, while nine components were obtained from the stem extract. The ethyl acetate extract of the root and ethanol extract of the stem gave the highest phenolic contents (30.09±3.768 mg GAE/g) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity (87.0 ± 0.208), respectively. Conclusion: The distinctive features established in this study are steps in identification, standardization and quality control of this medicinal plant.	Antioxidant; Cyathula prostrata; Microscopy; Physicochemical parameters; Standardization	acetic acid ethyl ester; alcohol; alkaloid; anthraquinone derivative; cardiac glycoside; chloroform; Cyathula prostata extract; flavonoid; glycoside; methanol; organic solvent; phlobatannin; phytosterol; plant extract; plant medicinal product; saponin; scavenger; starch; tannin derivative; unclassified drug; Amaranthaceae; antioxidant activity; Article; blood vessel; controlled study; Cyathula prostata; DPPH radical scavenging assay; drug quality; drug screening; fluorescence analysis; in vitro study; leaf surface; palisade parenchyma; pharmacognosy; phloem; plant epidermis; plant epidermis cell; plant leaf; plant root; plant stem; plant structures; solvent extraction; spongy mesophyll; standardization; thin layer chromatography; xylem	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873693798	Occurrence of bovine hydatidosis and evaluation of its risk to humans in traditional communities of Southern Region of Ethiopia	Jones O., Kebede N., Kassa T., Tilahun G., Macias C.	2012	Ethiopian Journal of Health Development	26	1	None	University of Wisconsin-Madision, Madision, WI, United States; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Biology, Howard University, United States	Jones, O., University of Wisconsin-Madision, Madision, WI, United States; Kebede, N., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Kassa, T., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Tilahun, G., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Patho-biology, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Macias, C., Department of Biology, Howard University, United States	Background: Cystic Echinococcosis/ Hydatid Disease, is an infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, one of the most widespread parasitic zoonoses. Objective: To determine the occurrence, localization and fertility/sterility rates of hydatid cyst in cattle, to determine the prevalence of adult E. granulosus in dogs and asses the risk for human infection in traditional communities. Methods: Postmortem examination, hydatid cyst characterization, questionnaire survey and dog stool sample examination were carried out. Results: Of the total 320 ruminants examined at backyard slaughtering, 151 (47.2%) were found harboring hydatid cysts. The liver and lungs were the two main infected organs, 34.4% and 52.3%, respectively. The majority of the cysts found were small, 54.3%, and medium, 37.7%. From the total number of cysts found, 70.2% were sterile, while 29.8% were fertile. A questionnaire survey revealed that local people were unaware of the life cycle of E. granulosus and the perpetuation of its life cycle by their cultural and traditional practices. Dogs have intimate contact with humans and other domestic animals, share the same house and also dogs do not have access for veterinary care. Stool samples of 62 dogs were collected and analyzed with a 30% prevalence of taenia infection confirmed to be E. granulosus. Conclusion: Because of the high prevalence of E. granulosus infection in dogs and hydatidosis in cattle as well as common practice of backyard slaughtering, the risk of human infection in traditional communities is suspected to be high and requires immediate attention to study the status of cystic ehinococcosis in the human population of the study area.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939789783	Impact of patient-selected care buddies on adherence to HIV care, disease progression, and conduct of daily life among pre-antiretroviral HIV-infected patients in Rakai, Uganda: A randomized controlled trial	Nakigozi G., Makumbi F.E., Bwanika J.B., Atuyambe L., Reynolds S.J., Kigozi G., Nalugoda F., Chang L.W., Kiggundu V., Serwadda D., Wawer M.J., Gray R.H., Kamya M.R.	2015	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	70	1	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000710	Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Nakigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Makumbi, F.E., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Bwanika, J.B., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Atuyambe, L., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kigozi, G., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Chang, L.W., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kiggundu, V., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda; Serwadda, D., School of Public Health, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Wawer, M.J., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gray, R.H., Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Data are limited on effects of household or community support persons ("care buddies") on enrollment into and adherence to pre-antiretroviral HIV care. We assessed the impact of care buddies on adherence to HIV clinic appointments, HIV progression, and conduct of daily life among pre-antiretroviral therapy (pre-ART) HIV-infected individuals in Rakai, Uganda. Methods: A total of 1209 HIV-infected pre-ART patients aged ≥15 years were randomized to standard of care (SOC) (n 604) or patient-selected care buddy (PSCB) (n 605) and followed at 6 and 12 months. Outcomes were adherence to clinic visits, HIV disease progression, and self-reported conduct of daily life. Incidence and prevalence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess outcomes in the intent-to-treat and as-treated analyses. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable. In the intent to treat analysis, both arms were comparable with respect to adherence to CD4 monitoring visits [adjusted prevalence risk ratio (adjPRR), 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.04; P 0.529], and ART eligibility (adjPRR, 1.00; 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.31; P 0.946). Good conduct of daily life was significantly higher in the PSCB than the SOC arm (adjPRR, 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.13; P 0.001). More men (61%) compared with women (30%) selected spouses/partners as buddies (P < 0.0001). Twenty-two percent of PSCB arm participants discontinued use of buddies. Conclusions: In pre-ART persons, having care buddies improved the conduct of daily life of the HIV-infected patients but had no effect on HIV disease progression and only limited effect on clinic appointment adherence. © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.	HIV; patient-selected care buddy; pre-ART; randomized controlled trial; Uganda	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; CD4 antigen; cotrimoxazole; adolescent; adult; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; crossover procedure; daily life activity; disease course; female; follow up; health care quality; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intention to treat analysis; major clinical study; male; medication compliance; middle aged; patient care; patient selected care buddy; patient selection; prevalence; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; self report; Uganda; disease course; health service; high risk behavior; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; pathology; patient compliance; psychology; social support; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Disease Progression; Female; Health Services Administration; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Risk-Taking; Social Support; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645861126	Evaluation of CD4+/CD8+ status and urinary tract infections associated with urinary schistosomiasis among some rural Nigerians	Nmorsi O.P.G., Ukwandu N.C.D., Egwungenya O.A., Obhiemi N.U.	2005	African Health Sciences	5	2	None	Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Nmorsi, O.P.G., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria, P.O. Box 902, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Ukwandu, N.C.D., Department of Medical Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Egwungenya, O.A., Department of Zoology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria; Obhiemi, N.U., Department of Zoology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria	Background: Data on urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria are mainly epidemological. The knowledge of co-infections of urinary schistosomiasis and other pathogens are important epidemiological tools for the control and health benefits of the rural dwellers. The granulomatous reactions in urinary schistosomiasis is CD4+ dependent. The CD8+ is cytotoxic to parasites and it is activated by CD4+. These parameters therefore participate in the immune responses to urinary schistosomiasis Objective: In this study, we evaluated the polyparasitism involving urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections among some rural Nigerians. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and status with age groups in years were also investigated. Methods: Parasitological investigation using ova on urine was carried out on 216 volunteers. The urine samples were examined for bacteriuria and subsequently subjected to standard microbiological urine culture. CD4+/CD8+ were determined using the CD T4 Dynabead techniques. Data were analysed using MicroSoft Excel. Results: The inhabitants with light infections of urinary schistosomiasis as indicated by &lt;50 ova /10ml of urine had a mean CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.57 while those with heavy infections as shown by &gt;50 ova/10ml of urine had a relatively lower CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.03. In all, the overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 1.23 was recorded with the mean CD4+ count of 257.96 cells/μL, and the mean CD8+ count of 210.45cells /μL. Comparatively, the control uninfected subjects had a CD4+:CD8+ ratio of 5.97. The CD4+ and the CD8+ counts were correlated with the ova of S. haematobium in their urine samples at r = 0.0108 and r = 0.516 respectively. The bacteriuria, urinary schistosomiasis and urinary tract co - infections namely; Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staph. Saprophyticus were reported in the urine cultures of 48(22.0%) volunteers. Conclusion: The mean overall CD4+:CD8+ ratio of urinary schistosomiasis infected persons is 1.23 which is above the normal CD4+: CD8+ ratio of 1. The CD4+:CD8+ ratio and counts of the urinary schistosomiasis infected inhabitants were lower than the uninfected inhabitants. The positive correlation between the CD4+: CD8+ and the S. haematobium ova shows a relationship which indicate an increase of the CD4+: CD8+ as the intensity of infection increases. We report polyparasitism of S. haematobium and urinary tracts co-infections among some rural inhabitants in Ikpeshi, Nigeria. It is therefore imperative to incorporate the management of urinary tract infections in urinary schistosomiasis control programme.	CD4+; CD8+; Rural Nigerians; Urinary schistosomiasis; Urinary tract infections	adolescent; adult; age distribution; article; bacteriuria; CD4 CD8 ratio; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; child; computer program; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease severity; Escherichia coli; human; immune response; infection control; infection prevention; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; Nigeria; oocyte; parasite examination; prevalence; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; rural area; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus saprophyticus; superinfection; urinalysis; urinary tract infection; urine culture; female; male; middle aged; preschool child; rural population; Adolescent; Adult; CD4-CD8 Ratio; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Rural Population; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Urinary Tract Infections	None
None	None	Impact of antiretroviral therapy on renal function among HIV-infected tanzanian adults: A retrospective cohort study	Mpondo B.C.T., Kalluvya S.E., Peck R.N., Kabangila R., Kidenya B.R., Ephraim L., Fitzgerald D.W., Downs J.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0089573	Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania	Mpondo, B.C.T., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kalluvya, S.E., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Peck, R.N., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Kabangila, R., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kidenya, B.R., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania; Ephraim, L., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Fitzgerald, D.W., Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Downs, J.A., Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States	Background: Data regarding the outcomes of HIV-infected adults with baseline renal dysfunction who start antiretroviral therapy are conflicting. Methods: We followed up a previously-published cohort of HIV-infected adult outpatients in northwest Tanzania who had high prevalence of renal dysfunction at the time of starting antiretroviral therapy (between November 2009 and February 2010). Patients had serum creatinine, proteinuria, microalbuminuria, and CD4+ T-cell count measured at the time of antiretroviral therapy initiation and at follow-up. We used the adjusted Cockroft-Gault equation to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs). Results: In this cohort of 171 adults who had taken antiretroviral therapy for a median of two years, the prevalence of renal dysfunction (eGFR &lt;90 mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 131/171 (76.6%) at the time of ART initiation to 50/171 (29.2%) at the time of follow-up (p&lt;0.001). Moderate dysfunction (eGFR&lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2) decreased from 21.1% at antiretroviral therapy initiation to 1.1% at follow-up (p&lt;0.001), as did the prevalence of microalbuminuria (72% to 44%, p&lt;0.001). Use of tenofovir was not associated with renal dysfunction at follow-up. Conclusion: Mild and moderate renal dysfunction were common in this cohort of HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy, and both significantly improved after a median follow-up time of 2 years. Our work supports the renal safety of antiretroviral therapy in African adults with mild-moderate renal dysfunction, suggesting that these regimens do not lead to renal damage in the majority of patients and that they may even improve renal function in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction. © 2014 Mpondo et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; creatinine; efavirenz plus emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil; efavirenz plus lamivudine plus zidovudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus stavudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; adult; article; CD4+ T lymphocyte; cohort analysis; creatinine blood level; female; follow up; glomerulus filtration rate; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; kidney dysfunction; kidney function; major clinical study; male; microalbuminuria; outcome assessment; outpatient; prevalence; proteinuria; retrospective study; Tanzania; chemically induced; complication; drug effects; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus; kidney function test; mortality; pathogenicity; prognosis; Renal Insufficiency; risk factor; survival rate; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerular Filtration Rate; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Kidney Function Tests; Male; Prevalence; Prognosis; Renal Insufficiency; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926163030	Evaluation of elastix-based propagated align algorithm for VOI- and voxel-based analysis of longitudinal 18F-FDG PET/CT data from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	Kerner G.S.M.A., Fischer A., Koole M.J.B., Pruim J., Groen H.J.M.	2015	EJNMMI Research	5	1	10.1186/s13550-015-0089-z	University of Groningen and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Philips Technologie GmbH Innovative Technologies, Postfach 40, Philipstr. 8, Aachen, Germany; University of Groningen and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Cape Town, South Africa	Kerner, G.S.M.A., University of Groningen and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Fischer, A., Philips Technologie GmbH Innovative Technologies, Postfach 40, Philipstr. 8, Aachen, Germany; Koole, M.J.B., University of Groningen and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands; Pruim, J., University of Groningen and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tygerberg Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl drive, Cape Town, South Africa; Groen, H.J.M., University of Groningen and Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001,, Groningen, Netherlands	Background: Deformable image registration allows volume of interest (VOI)- and voxel-based analysis of longitudinal changes in fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) tumor uptake in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study evaluates the performance of the elastix toolbox deformable image registration algorithm for VOI and voxel-wise assessment of longitudinal variations in FDG tumor uptake in NSCLC patients. Methods: Evaluation of the elastix toolbox was performed using 18F-FDG PET/CT at baseline and after 2 cycles of therapy (follow-up) data in advanced NSCLC patients. The elastix toolbox, an integrated part of the IMALYTICS workstation, was used to apply a CT-based non-linear image registration of follow-up PET/CT data using the baseline PET/CT data as reference. Lesion statistics were compared to assess the impact on therapy response assessment. Next, CT-based deformable image registration was performed anew on the deformed follow-up PET/CT data using the original follow-up PET/CT data as reference, yielding a realigned follow-up PET dataset. Performance was evaluated by determining the correlation coefficient between original and realigned follow-up PET datasets. The intra- and extra-thoracic tumors were automatically delineated on the original PET using a 41% of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) adaptive threshold. Equivalence between reference and realigned images was tested (determining 95% range of the difference) and estimating the percentage of voxel values that fell within that range. Results: Thirty-nine patients with 191 tumor lesions were included. In 37/39 and 12/39 patients, respectively, thoracic and non-thoracic lesions were evaluable for response assessment. Using the EORTC/SUVmax-based criteria, 5/37 patients had a discordant response of thoracic, and 2/12 a discordant response of non-thoracic lesions between the reference and the realigned image. FDG uptake values of corresponding tumor voxels in the original and realigned reference PET correlated well (R2=0.98). Using equivalence testing, 94% of all the voxel values fell within the 95% range of the difference between original and realigned reference PET. Conclusions: The elastix toolbox impacts lesion statistics and therefore therapy response assessment in a clinically significant way. The elastix toolbox is therefore not applicable in its current form and/or standard settings for PET response evaluation. Further optimization and validation of this technique is necessary prior to clinical implementation. © 2015, Kerner et al.; licensee Springer.	Elastix; Image deformation; NSCLC; PET/CT	fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; adult; aged; algorithm; Article; clinical article; computer assisted emission tomography; correlation coefficient; data analysis software; drug tumor level; female; follow up; human; male; middle aged; non small cell lung cancer; priority journal; quality control; signal noise ratio; statistics; thorax tumor; tumor necrosis; voxel based morphometry	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907667549	Budget impact analysis of antiretroviral less drug regimen simplification in HIV-positive patients on the Italian National Health Service	Restelli U., Andreoni M., Antinori A., Bonfanti M., Di Perri G., Galli M., Lazzarin A., Rizzardini G., Croce D.	2014	ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research	6	None	10.2147/CEOR.S68101	Department of Community Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centro di Ricerca in Economia e Management in Sanità e nel Sociale (CREMS), Università Carlo Cattaneo - LIUC, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tor Vergata University (PTV), Rome, Italy; Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy; Third Division of Infectious Diseases, “Luigi Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; First and Second Divisions of Infectious Diseases, “Luigi Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy; School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Restelli, U., Department of Community Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centro di Ricerca in Economia e Management in Sanità e nel Sociale (CREMS), Università Carlo Cattaneo - LIUC, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Andreoni, M., Clinical Infectious Diseases, Tor Vergata University (PTV), Rome, Italy; Antinori, A., Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy; Bonfanti, M., Centro di Ricerca in Economia e Management in Sanità e nel Sociale (CREMS), Università Carlo Cattaneo - LIUC, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Di Perri, G., Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy; Galli, M., Third Division of Infectious Diseases, “Luigi Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy; Lazzarin, A., Department of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Rizzardini, G., First and Second Divisions of Infectious Diseases, “Luigi Sacco” Hospital, Milan, Italy; Croce, D., Department of Community Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centro di Ricerca in Economia e Management in Sanità e nel Sociale (CREMS), Università Carlo Cattaneo - LIUC, Castellanza, VA, Italy, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Deintensification and less drug regimen (LDR) antiretroviral therapy (ART) strategies have proved to be effective in terms of maintaining viral suppression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, increasing tolerability, and reducing toxicity of antiretroviral drugs administered to patients. However, the economic impact of these strategies have not been widely investigated. The aim of the study is to evaluate the economic impact that ART LDR could have on the Italian National Health Service (INHS) budget.Methods: A budget impact model was structured to assess the potential savings for the INHS by the use of ART LDR for HIV-positive patients with a 3 year perspective. Data concerning ART cost, patient distribution within different ARTs, and probabilities for patients to change ART on a yearly basis were collected within four Italian infectious diseases departments, providing ART to 13.7% of the total number of patients receiving ART in Italy.Conclusion: ART LDR simplification would have a significant impact in the reduction of ART-related costs within the hospitals involved in the study. These strategies could therefore be addressed as a sustainable answer to the public financing reduction observed within the INHS in the last year, allowing therapies to be dispensed without affecting the quality of the services provided.Results: The LDR investigated (protease inhibitor-based dual and monotherapies) led to savings for the hospitals involved when compared to the “do nothing” scenario on a 3 year basis, between 6.7% (23.11 million €) and 12.8% (44.32 million €) of the total ART expenditures. The mean yearly cost per patient is reduced from 9,875 € in the do nothing scenario to a range between 9,218 € and 8,615 €. The use of these strategies within the four departments involved would have led to a reduction of ART expenditures for the INHS of between 1.1% and 2.1% in 3 years. © 2014 Restelli et al.	Antiretroviral therapy; Budget impact model; Cost; Dual therapy; Italy; Monotherapy	antiretrovirus agent; atazanavir; darunavir; efavirenz; emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; ritonavir; antiretroviral therapy less drug regimen; Article; budget; drug cost; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Italian National Health Service; Italy; medication compliance; national health service; nonhuman	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79251585957	Performance of serum c-reactive protein as a screening test for smear-negative tuberculosis in an ambulatory high HIV prevalence population	Wilson D., Badri M., Maartens G.	2011	PLoS ONE	6	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0015248	Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Wilson, D., Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Badri, M., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Maartens, G., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Delayed diagnosis has contributed to the high mortality of sputum smear-negative tuberculosis (SNTB) in high HIV prevalence countries. New diagnostic strategies for SNTB are urgently needed. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a non-specific inflammatory protein that is usually elevated in patients with tuberculosis, but its role in the diagnosis of tuberculosis is uncertain. Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine the diagnostic utility of CRP we prospectively evaluated the performance of CRP as a screening test for SNTB in symptomatic ambulatory tuberculosis suspects followed up for 8 weeks in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. Confirmed tuberculosis was defined as positive culture or acid-fast bacilli with granulomata on histology, and possible tuberculosis as documented response to antitubercular therapy. The CRP quotient was defined as a multiple of the upper limit of normal of the serum CRP result. Three hundred and sixty four participants fulfilled entry criteria: 135 (37%) with confirmed tuberculosis, 114 (39%) with possible tuberculosis, and 115 (24%) without tuberculosis. The median CRP quotient was 15.4 (IQR 7.2; 23.3) in the confirmed tuberculosis group, 5.8 (IQR 1.4; 16.0) in the group with possible tuberculosis, and 0.7 (IQR 0.2; 2.2) in the group without tuberculosis (p<0.0001). The CRP quotient above the upper limit of normal had sensitivity 0.98 (95% CI 0.94; 0.99), specificity 0.59 (95% CI 0.50; 0.68), positive predictive value 0.74 (95% CI 0.67; 0.80), negative predictive value 0.96 (95% CI 0.88; 0.99), and diagnostic odds ratio 63.7 (95% CI 19.1; 212.0) in the confirmed tuberculosis group compared with the group without tuberculosis. Higher CRP quotients improved specificity at the expense of sensitivity. Significance: In high HIV prevalence settings a normal CRP could be a useful test in combination with clinical evaluation to rule out tuberculosis in ambulatory patients. Point-of-care CRP should be further evaluated in primary care clinics. © 2011 Wilson et al.	None	C reactive protein; tuberculostatic agent; C reactive protein; acid fast bacterium; adult; article; bacterium culture; controlled clinical trial; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; drug response; female; follow up; granuloma; histopathology; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; major clinical study; male; predictive value; prevalence; primary health care; prospective study; protein analysis; protein blood level; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; sputum smear; tuberculosis; AIDS related complex; evaluation; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mass screening; methodology; standard; tuberculosis; Bacilli (class); Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; C-Reactive Protein; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Point-of-Care Systems; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; South Africa; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856647364	Conceptual and procedural approaches to mathematics in the engineering curriculum: Student conceptions and performance	Engelbrecht J., Bergsten C., Kågesten A.	2012	Journal of Engineering Education	101	1	None	University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden	Engelbrecht, J., University of Pretoria, 0002 Pretoria, South Africa; Bergsten, C., Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; Kågesten, A., Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden	BACKGROUND Demands by engineering faculties of mathematics departments have traditionally been for teaching computational skills while also expecting analytic and creative knowledge-based skills. We report on a project between two institutions, one in South Africa and one in Sweden, that investigated whether the emphasis in undergraduate mathematics courses for engineering students would benefit from being more conceptually oriented than the traditional more procedurally oriented way of teaching. PURPOSE (HYPOTHESIS) We focus on how second-year engineering students respond to the conceptual-procedural distinction, comparing performance and confidence between Swedish and South African groups of students in answering conceptual and procedural mathematics problems. We also compare these students' conceptions on the role of conceptual and procedural mathematics problems within and outside their mathematics studies. DESIGN/METHOD An instrument consisting of procedural and conceptual items as well as items on student opinions on the roles of the different types of knowledge in their studies was conducted with groups of second-year engineering students at two universities, one in each country. RESULTS Although differences between the two countries are small, Swedish students see procedural items to be more common in their mathematics studies while the South African students find both conceptual and procedural items common; the latter group see the conceptually oriented items as more common in their studies outside the mathematics courses. CONCLUSIONS Students view mathematics as procedural. Conceptual mathematics is seen as relevant outside mathematics. The use of mathematics in other subjects within engineering education can be experienced differently by students from different institutions, indicating that the same type of education can handle the application of mathematics in different ways in different institutions. © 2012 ASEE.	Conceptual and procedural thinking; Confidence; Mathematics	Computational skills; Conceptual and procedural thinking; Confidence; Engineering curriculum; Engineering faculty; Mathematics course; South Africa; Undergraduate mathematics course; Engineering education; Knowledge based systems; Mathematical techniques; Societies and institutions; Students	None
None	None	Dental pain, oral impacts and perceived need for dental treatment in Tanzanian school students: A cross-sectional study	Mashoto K.O., Åstrøm A.N., David J., Masalu J.R.	2009	Health and Quality of Life Outcomes	7	None	10.1186/1477-7525-7-73	Department of Clinical Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Faculty of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Mashoto, K.O., Department of Clinical Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Åstrøm, A.N., Department of Clinical Odontology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; David, J., Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Masalu, J.R., Faculty of Dentistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Dental caries, dental pain and reported oral problems influence people's oral quality of life and thus their perceived need for dental care. So far there is scant information as to the psychosocial impacts of dental diseases and the perceived treatment need in child populations of sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives: Focusing on primary school students in Kilwa, Tanzania, a district deprived of dental services and with low fluoride concentration in drinking water, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental pain and oral impacts on daily performances (OIDP), and to describe the distribution of OIDP by socio-demographics, dental caries, dental pain and reported oral problems. The relationship of perceived need estimates with OIDP was also investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2008. A total of 1745 students (mean age 13.8 yr, sd = 1.67) completed an extensive personal interview and under-went clinical examination. The impacts on daily performances were assessed using a Kiswahili version of the Child-OIDP instrument and caries experience was recorded using WHO (1997) criteria. Results: A total of 36.2% (41.3% urban and 31.4% rural, p < 0.001) reported at least one OIDP. The prevalence of dental caries was 17.4%, dental pain 36.4%, oral problems 54.1% and perceived need for dental treatment 46.8% in urban students. Corresponding estimates in rural students were 20.8%, 24.4%, 43.3% and 43.8%. Adjusted OR for reporting oral impacts if having dental pain ranged from 2.5 (95% CI 1.8-3.6) (problem smiling) to 4.7 (95% CI 3.4-6.5) (problem sleeping),- if having oral problems, from 1.9 (95% CI 1.3-2.6) (problem sleeping) to 3.8 (95% CI 2.7-5.2) (problem eating) and if having dental caries from 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.0) (problem eating) to 2.2 (95% CI 1.5-2.9) (problem sleeping). Students who perceived need for dental care were less likely to be females (OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) and more likely to have impacts on eating (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.7) and tooth cleaning (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.6-2.5). Conclusion: Substantial proportions of students suffered from untreated dental caries, oral impacts on daily performances and perceived need for dental care. Dental pain and reported oral problems varied systematically with OIDP across the eight impacts considered. Eating and tooth cleaning problems discriminated between subjects who perceived need for dental treatment and those who did not. © 2009 Mashoto et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; article; child; controlled study; daily life activity; dental caries; eating disorder; facial expression; female; human; major clinical study; male; oral impact on daily performance questionnaire; patient attitude; prevalence; psychological aspect; quality of life; questionnaire; rural area; school child; sleep disorder; structured interview; Tanzania; tooth disease; tooth pain; urban area; validity; adult; cross-sectional study; dentistry; health; health service; interview; pain; pathophysiology; psychological aspect; quality of life; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Oral Health; Pain; Pediatric Dentistry; Quality of Life; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871659598	Impact of short-term antiretroviral therapy (START) on some fibrinolytic markers in HIV-infected nigerian adults: Preliminary findings from the START study	Jeremiah Z.A., Obazee Y., Okogun G.R., Adias T.C., Mgbere O., Essien E.J.	2012	HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care	4	None	10.2147/HIV.S29027	Hematology and Blood Transfusion Science Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; General Hospital, Maitama District, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Med	Jeremiah, Z.A., Hematology and Blood Transfusion Science Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Obazee, Y., General Hospital, Maitama District, Abuja, Nigeria; Okogun, G.R., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria; Adias, T.C., College of Health Technology, Bayelsa State, Nigeria; Mgbere, O., Houston Department of Health and Human Services, United States, Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States; Essien, E.J., Institute of Community Health, University of Houston, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States	Background: Derangement in fibrinolytic markers can result in thrombosis and cardiovascular problems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been reported to affect the levels of these markers. It is unclear how long a patient can be exposed to ART before the effect of the drugs on the fibrinolytic markers becomes noticeable; this short-term antiretroviral therapy (START) study aimed to answer this question. Methods: Twenty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive subjects on ART and 20 controls (non-ART) were progressively monitored for three months. CD4 T-cell count was determined while D-dimer, t-PA, and PAI-1 parameters were determined. Results: CD4 T-cell count increased from 192 μL/mL at baseline to 323 μL/mL at month 3 among patients on ART. D-dimer concentrations decreased from 301.0 μL/mL at baseline to 172.0 μL/mL at month 2, then increased to 226.0 μL/mL at the end of the third month. The median baseline concentration of PAI-1 at the beginning of therapy was 14.0 μg/mL, which increased progressively to 18.2 μg/mL at the end of the third month. The baseline concentration of t-PA at the beginning of therapy was 5.15 μg/mL. This progressively declined to 1.10 μg/mL at the end of the first month and reached 1.45 μg/mL and 1.5 μg/mL at the end of the second and third months, respectively. D-dimer was positively and significantly correlated with CD4 cell counts in both AIDs-associated retrovirus (ARV) and non-ARV patients (r = -0.304, P < 0.01 vs r = -0.477, P < 0.001). t-PA was negatively correlated with CD4 T-lymphocytes in those undergoing ART (r = -0.294, P < 0.01). Conclusion: A progressive increase in PAI-1 and steady decline in t-PA concentrations within 3 months of commencement of ART could predispose patients to thrombotic disorders earlier than is expected. Pre-thrombotic assessment during therapy is therefore advocated. © 2012 Jeremiah et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.	D-dimer; Fibrinolytic markers; PAI-1; START study; t-PA	antiretrovirus agent; D dimer; plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; tissue plasminogen activator; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; clinical article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; disease association; disease marker; disease predisposition; drug effect; drug efficacy; female; hematological parameters; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; Nigeria; patient assessment; protein determination; treatment duration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899479136	A process evaluation of performance-based incentives for village health workers in Kisoro district, Uganda	Miller J.S., Musominali S., Baganizi M., Paccione G.A.	2014	Human Resources for Health	12	1	10.1186/1478-4491-12-19	Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda; Kisoro District Hospital, Kisoro, Uganda; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, United States; Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, New York, NY 10467, United States	Miller, J.S., Harvard Medical School, 260 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States, Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda; Musominali, S., Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda, Kisoro District Hospital, Kisoro, Uganda; Baganizi, M., Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda, Kisoro District Hospital, Kisoro, Uganda; Paccione, G.A., Doctors for Global Health, PO Box 247, Kisoro, Uganda, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York, NY 10461, United States, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, New York, NY 10467, United States	Background: Designing effective incentive systems for village health workers (VHWs) represents a longstanding policy issue with substantial impact on the success and sustainability of VHW programs. Using performance-based incentives (PBI) for VHWs is an approach that has been proposed and implemented in some programs, but has not received adequate review and evaluation in the peer-reviewed literature. We conducted a process evaluation examining the use of PBI for VHWs in Kisoro, Uganda. In this system, VHWs are paid based on 20 indicators, divided among routine follow-up visits, health education activities, new patient identifications, sanitation coverage, and uptake of priority health services.Methods: Surveys of VHWs (n = 30) and program supervisors (n = 7) were conducted to assess acceptability and feasibility. Interviews were conducted with all 8 program supervisors and with 6 purposively selected VHWs to gain a deeper understanding of their views on the PBI system. Program budget records were used to assess the costs of the program. Detailed payment records were used to assess the fairness of the PBI system with respect to VHWs' gender, education level, and village location.Results: In surveys and interviews, supervisors expressed high satisfaction with the PBI system, though some supervisors expressed concerns about possible negative effects from the variation in payments between VHWs and the uncertainty of reward for effort. VHWs perceived the system as generally fair, and preferred it to the previous payment system, but expressed a desire to be paid more. The annual program cost was $516 per VHW, with each VHW covering an average of 115 households. VHWs covering more households tended to earn more. There was some evidence that female gender was associated with higher earnings. Education level and proximity to the district hospital did not appear to be associated with earnings under the PBI system.Conclusions: In a one-year pilot of PBI within a small VHW program, both VHWs and supervisors found the PBI system acceptable and motivating. VHWs with relatively limited formal education were able to master the PBI system. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects and scalability of PBI, as well as the effects across varied contexts. © 2014 Miller et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Developing countries; Incentives; Low-income countries; Primary health care; Uganda	adult; article; evaluation study; female; health auxiliary; health care survey; health personnel attitude; health service; human; interview; male; motivation; organization and management; salary and fringe benefit; Uganda; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Community Health Workers; Female; Health Care Surveys; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Motivation; Organization and Administration; Salaries and Fringe Benefits; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899538845	Conscientious objection and its impact on abortion service provision in South Africa: A qualitative study	Harries J., Cooper D., Strebel A., Colvin C.J.	2014	Reproductive Health	11	1	10.1186/1742-4755-11-16	Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Mellon Mentorship Research Office, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Harries, J., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Cooper, D., Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Strebel, A., Mellon Mentorship Research Office, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Colvin, C.J., Division of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Despite abortion being legally available in South Africa after a change in legislation in 1996, barriers to accessing safe abortion services continue to exist. These barriers include provider opposition to abortion often on the grounds of religious or moral beliefs including the unregulated practice of conscientious objection. Few studies have explored how providers in South Africa make sense of, or understand, conscientious objection in terms of refusing to provide abortion care services and the consequent impact on abortion access. Methods. A qualitative approach was used which included 48 in-depth interviews with a purposively selected population of abortion related health service providers, managers and policy influentials in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: The ways in which conscientious objection was interpreted and practiced, and its impact on abortion service provision was explored. In most public sector facilities there was a general lack of understanding concerning the circumstances in which health care providers were entitled to invoke their right to refuse to provide, or assist in abortion services. Providers seemed to have poor understandings of how conscientious objection was to be implemented, but were also constrained in that there were few guidelines or systems in place to guide them in the process. Conclusions: Exploring the ways in which conscientious objection was interpreted and applied by differing levels of health care workers in relation to abortion provision raised multiple and contradictory issues. From providers' accounts it was often difficult to distinguish what constituted confusion with regards to the specifics of how conscientious objection was to be implemented in terms of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, and what was refusal of abortion care based on opposition to abortion in general. In order to disentangle what is resistance to abortion provision in general, and what is conscientious objection on religious or moral grounds, clear guidelines need to be provided including what measures need to be undertaken in order to lodge one's right to conscientious objection. This would facilitate long term contingency plans for overall abortion service provision. © 2014 Harries et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	abortion; adult; aged; article; emergency care; female; health care delivery; health care personnel; health personnel attitude; human; human experiment; legal aspect; male; maternal welfare; normal human; organization and management; practice guideline; qualitative research; refusal to participate; South Africa; thematic analysis; Article; health care policy; health service; treatment refusal; Abortion, Induced; Attitude of Health Personnel; Family Planning Services; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; South Africa	MRC, Medical Research Council; WHO, Medical Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930003905	Shamba Maisha: Pilot agricultural intervention for food security and HIV health outcomes in Kenya: design, methods, baseline results and process evaluation of a cluster-randomized controlled trial	Cohen C.R., Steinfeld R.L., Weke E., Bukusi E.A., Hatcher A.M., Shiboski S., Rheingans R., Scow K.M., Butler L.M., Otieno P., Dworkin S.L., Weiser S.D.	2015	SpringerPlus	4	1	10.1186/s40064-015-0886-x	Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Soil Science and Soil Microbial Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	Cohen, C.R., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Steinfeld, R.L., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weke, E., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Bukusi, E.A., Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Hatcher, A.M., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, United States, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Shiboski, S., Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Rheingans, R., Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Scow, K.M., Department of Soil Science and Soil Microbial Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States; Butler, L.M., Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Otieno, P., Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Dworkin, S.L., Departments of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weiser, S.D., Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center of Expertise in Women’s Health & Empowerment, University of California Global Health Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Despite advances in treatment of people living with HIV, morbidity and mortality remains unacceptably high in sub-Saharan Africa, largely due to parallel epidemics of poverty and food insecurity. Methods/Design: We conducted a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a multisectoral agricultural and microfinance intervention (entitled Shamba Maisha) designed to improve food security, household wealth, HIV clinical outcomes and women’s empowerment. The intervention was carried out at two HIV clinics in Kenya, one randomized to the intervention arm and one to the control arm. HIV-infected patients >18 years, on antiretroviral therapy, with moderate/severe food insecurity and/or body mass index (BMI) <18.5, and access to land and surface water were eligible for enrollment. The intervention included: 1) a microfinance loan (~$150) to purchase the farming commodities, 2) a micro-irrigation pump, seeds, and fertilizer, and 3) trainings in sustainable agricultural practices and financial literacy. Enrollment of 140 participants took four months, and the screening-to-enrollment ratio was similar between arms. We followed participants for 12 months and conducted structured questionnaires. We also conducted a process evaluation with participants and stakeholders 3–5 months after study start and at study end. Discussion: Baseline results revealed that participants at the two sites were similar in age, gender and marital status. A greater proportion of participants at the intervention site had a low BMI in comparison to participants at the control site (18% vs. 7%, p = 0.054). While median CD4 count was similar between arms, a greater proportion of participants enrolled at the intervention arm had a detectable HIV viral load compared with control participants (49% vs. 28%, respectively, p < 0.010). Process evaluation findings suggested that Shamba Maisha had high acceptability in recruitment, delivered strong agricultural and financial training, and led to labor saving due to use of the water pump. Implementation challenges included participant concerns about repaying loans, agricultural challenges due to weather patterns, and a challenging partnership with the microfinance institution. We expect the results from this pilot study to provide useful data on the impacts of livelihood interventions and will help in the design of a definitive cluster RCT. Trial registration: This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01548599. © 2015, Cohen et al.; licensee Springer.	Agriculture; Food insecurity; HIV; Intervention; Livelihoods; Microfinance	None	1R34MH094215, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929506675	Implementing intimate partner violence care in a rural sub-district of South Africa: A qualitative evaluation	Rees K., Zweigenthal V., Joyner K.	2014	Global Health Action	7	1	10.3402/gha.v7.24588	Division of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nursing Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, South Africa	Rees, K., Division of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Zweigenthal, V., Division of Public Health, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Joyner, K., Nursing Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Parow, South Africa	Background: Despite a high burden of disease, in South Africa, intimate partner violence (IPV) is known to be poorly recognised and managed. To address this gap, an innovative intersectoral model for the delivery of comprehensive IPV care was piloted in a rural sub-district. Objective: To evaluate the initiative from the perspectives of women using the service, service providers, and managers. Design: A qualitative evaluation was conducted. Service users were interviewed, focus groups were conducted amongst health care workers (HCW), and a focus group and interviews were conducted with the intersectoral implementation team to explore their experiences of the intervention. A thematic analysis approach was used, triangulating the various sources of data. Results: During the pilot, 75 women received the intervention. Study participants described their experience as overwhelmingly positive, with some experiencing improvements in their home lives. Significant access barriers included unaffordable indirect costs, fear of loss of confidentiality, and fear of children being removed from the home. For HCW, barriers to inquiry about IPV included its normalisation in this community, poor understanding of the complexities of living with violence and frustration in managing a difficult emotional problem. Health system constraints affected continuity of care, privacy, and integration of the intervention into routine functioning, and the process of intersectoral action was hindered by the formation of alliances. Contextual factors, for example, high levels of alcohol misuse and socio-economic disempowerment, highlighted the need for a multifaceted approach to addressing IPV. Conclusions: This evaluation draws attention to the need to take a systems approach and focus on contextual factors when implementing complex interventions. The results will be used to inform decisions about instituting appropriate IPV care in the rest of the province. In addition, there is a pressing need for clear policies and guidelines framing IPV as a health issue. © 2014 Kate Rees et al.	Domestic violence; Health services; Health systems; Interpersonal violence; Intimate partner violence; Mental health	adolescent; adult; confidentiality; female; health care delivery; human; information processing; middle aged; organization and management; partner violence; patient care; primary health care; program evaluation; rural population; social work; South Africa; therapy; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Confidentiality; Continuity of Patient Care; Female; Focus Groups; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Middle Aged; Primary Health Care; Program Evaluation; Rural Population; Social Work; South Africa; Spouse Abuse; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883700715	The impact of HIV/AIDS stigma on HIV counseling and testing in a high HIV prevalence population in Uganda	Ayiga N., Nambooze H., Nalugo S., Kaye D., Katamba A.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	2	10.4314/ahs.v13i2.12	Population Training and Research Unit, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Ayiga, N., Population Training and Research Unit, Mafikeng Campus, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; Nambooze, H., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Nalugo, S., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Kaye, D., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Despite its importance in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, HIV/AIDS Counseling and Testing (HCT) is low in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease continues to be a serious public health problem. This has in part been attributed to HIV/AIDS related stigma. Objective: To assess the level of HIV/AIDS related stigma and its impact on uptake of HCT in a high HIV prevalence population in Uganda. Methods: The paper used cross-sectional data on 135 men and 185 women in reproductive ages. Data were analyzed using the Pearson's chi-square statistic and the random intercept binary logistic regression model to identify significant predictors of uptake of HCT. Results: The result shows that only 18.4% of the respondents, most of them men expressed highly stigmatizing attitudes against PLHA and 59%, men and women alike, received HCT. Uptake of HCT was higher among men (OR=1.89, p<0.01) and women (OR=4.48, p <0.001) who expressed least stigmatizing attitudes. Secondary/higher education, work in the informal sector and being ever married were significant predictors of uptake of HCT. Compared to men, women aged 25-34, 35+ and with one sexual partner were more likely to have received HCT. Conclusions: The low level of stigma, older age, higher level of education, being ever married and monogamous sexual relationships are significant predictors of increased uptake of HCT.	HIV counseling and Testing; Stigma; Uganda	adolescent; adult; article; attitude to illness; controlled study; counseling; educational status; employment status; female; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection rate; major clinical study; male; marriage; prediction; prevalence; sex difference; sexual behavior; social status; stigma; Uganda; HIV counseling and Testing; Stigma; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Counseling; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Sex Distribution; Social Stigma; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646012002	Rapid scale-up of a community-based HIV treatment service: Programme performance over 3 consecutive years in Guguletu, South Africa	Bekker L.-G., Myer L., Orrell C., Lawn S., Wood R.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	4	None	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Orrell, C., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawn, S., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Despite rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa there are few longitudinal data describing programme performance during rapid scale-up. Methods. We compared mortality, viral suppression and programme retention in 3 consecutive years of a public sector community-based ART clinic in a South African township. Data were collected prospectively from establishment of services in October 2002 to the censoring date in September 2005. Viral load and CD4 counts were monitored at 4-monthly intervals. Community-based counsellors provided adherence and programme support. Results. During the study period 1139 ART-naïve patients received ART (161, 280 and 698 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years respectively). The median CD4 cell counts were 84 cells/μl (interquartile range (IQR) 42 -139), 89 cells/μl (IQR 490 - 149), and 110 cells/μl (IQR 55 -172), and the proportions of patients with World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stages 3 and 4 were 90%, 79% and 76% in each sequential year respectively. The number of counsellors increased from 6 to 28 and the median number of clients allocated to each counsellor increased from 13 to 33. The overall loss to follow-up was 2.9%. At the date of censoring, the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion of patients still on the programme were 82%, 86% and 91%, and the proportion who were virally suppressed (< 400 copies/ml) were 100%, 92% and 98% for the 2002, 2003 and 2004 cohorts respectively. Conclusions. While further operational research is required into optimal models of care in different populations across sub-Saharan Africa, these results demonstrate that a single community-based public sector ART clinic can extend care to over 1000 patients in an urban setting without compromising programme performance.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; didanosine; efavirenz; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; zidovudine; adolescent; adult; article; blood toxicity; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; cohort analysis; community care; controlled study; disease classification; female; follow up; health care distribution; health practitioner; health program; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver toxicity; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; mortality; nonhuman; patient compliance; patient monitoring; public health service; South Africa; treatment outcome; virus inhibition; virus load; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA, Viral; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Program Evaluation; Prospective Studies; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
WoS	WOS:000295321800071	The Long-Term Impact of the MEMA kwa Vijana Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Intervention: Effect of Dose and Time since Intervention Exposure	Changalucha, John,Doyle, Aoife M.,Hayes, Richard J.,Kapiga, Saidi,Maganja, Kaballa,McCormack, Sheena,Ross, David A.,Watson-Jones, Deborah,Weiss, Helen A.	2011	PLOS ONE	6	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0024866	University of London, MRC, Mwanza Ctr	"Doyle, Aoife M.: University of London","Hayes, Richard J.: University of London","Ross, David A.: University of London","Weiss, Helen A.: University of London",	Background: Despite recent decreases in HIV incidence in many sub-Saharan African countries, there is little evidence that specific behavioural interventions have led to a reduction in HIV among young people. Further and wider-scale decreases in HIV require better understanding of when behaviour change occurs and why. The MEMA kwa Vijana adolescent sexual and reproductive health intervention has been implemented in rural Mwanza, Tanzania since 1999. A long-term evaluation in 2007/8 found that the intervention improved knowledge, attitudes to sex and some reported risk behaviours, but not HIV or HSV2 prevalence. The aim of this paper was to assess the differential impact of the intervention according to gender, age, marital status, number of years of exposure and time since last exposure to the intervention. Methods: In 2007, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in the 20 trial communities among 13,814 young people (15-30 yrs) who had attended intervention or comparison schools between 1999 and 2002. Outcomes for which the intervention had an impact in 2001 or 2007 were included in this subgroup analysis. Data were analysed using cluster-level methods for stratified cluster-randomised trials, using interaction tests to determine if intervention impact differed by subgroup. Results: Taking into account multiplicity of testing, concurrence with a priori hypotheses and consistency within the results no strong effect-modifiers emerged. Impact on pregnancy knowledge and reported attitudes to sex increased with years of exposure to high-quality intervention. Conclusions: The desirable long-term impact of the MEMA kwa Vijana intervention did not vary greatly according to the subgroups examined. This suggests that the intervention can have an impact on a broad cross-section of young people in rural Mwanza. registration:	,CLINICAL-TRIALS,COMMUNITY-RANDOMIZED-TRIAL,"CONDOM USE",SOUTH-AFRICA,"SUBGROUP ANALYSES",TANZANIA,YOUNG	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892484362	Evaluation of rapid syphilis tests in KwaZulu-Natal	Dlamini N.R., Phili R., Connolly C.	2014	Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis	28	1	10.1002/jcla.21647	Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Ethekwini South Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Dlamini, N.R., Department of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Phili, R., Ethekwini South Business Unit, National Health Laboratory Service, Durban, South Africa; Connolly, C., Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Background: Despite the considerable decrease in the seroprevalence of syphilis in South Africa, with an estimated prevalence of 1.5% in 2010, the disease remains a threat particularly to pregnant women, hence there is a need for a rapid, reliable, and affordable screening and diagnostic test. A laboratory evaluation study was conducted in response to a call by the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Provincial Department of Health that is considering using rapid point-of-care syphilis tests. Methods: The performances of the Hexagon and the SD Bioline syphilis tests were compared with the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) reference test using 297 (142 positive and 155 negative) serum specimens. Results: Both assays demonstrated good performance with negative and positive concordance of 97 and 94% for the Hexagon assay and 98 and 90% for SD Bioline assay, respectively, when compared to the TPHA. The Hexagon test was quicker and easier to read than the SD Bioline test. Conclusion: Although the rapid syphilis tests performed favorably, a number of issues need to be considered prior to their use for syphilis screening in the public sector of South Africa. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.	Rapid; Screening; Syphilis; Testing; Treponemal	article; Hexagon syphilis test; human; human tissue; major clinical study; nonhuman; point of care testing; SD bioline syphilis; syphilis; syphilis rapid test; Treponema pallidum; Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test; Treponema pallidum; rapid; screening; syphilis; testing; treponemal; False Negative Reactions; Female; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Pregnancy; Reagins; Reference Standards; South Africa; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941343117	Impact of male partner's awareness and support for contraceptives on female intent to use contraceptives in southeast Nigeria Health behavior, health promotion and society	Ezeanolue E.E., Iwelunmor J., Asaolu I., Obiefune M.C., Ezeanolue C.O., Osuji A., Ogidi A.G., Hunt A.T., Patel D., Yang W., Ehiri J.E.	2015	BMC Public Health	15	1	10.1186/s12889-015-2216-1	Global Health and Implementation Science Initiatives, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Box 453064, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urban	Ezeanolue, E.E., Global Health and Implementation Science Initiatives, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Box 453064, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Iwelunmor, J., Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 123 Huff Hall, 1206S, Fourth St., Champaign, IL, United States; Asaolu, I., Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, Arizona, United States; Obiefune, M.C., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ezeanolue, C.O., Healthy Sunrise Foundation, 8752 Castle Ridge Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Osuji, A., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ogidi, A.G., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Hunt, A.T., Global Health and Implementation Science Initiatives, School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Box 453064, Las Vegas, NV, United States; Patel, D., Prevention, Education, Treatment, Training and Research-Global Solutions-PeTR-GS, Plot 25 Liberty Estate, Independence Layout Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Yang, W., School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, MS-274, RM212, Lombardi Recreation Center, Reno, NV, United States; Ehiri, J.E., Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, Arizona, United States	Background: Despite the growing body of evidence on use of modern contraceptives among women in sub-Saharan African countries, little is known about the broader context in which female decision-making concerning contraceptive use occurs, particularly the role of their male partners' awareness and support of modern contraceptives. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2468 pregnant women and their male partners enrolled in the Healthy Beginning Initiative (HBI), an intervention to increase HIV testing among pregnant women in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. The aims of this study were to determine: 1) male partners' awareness of, and support for, female contraceptive methods, and 2) influence of male partners' contraceptive awareness and support on pregnant women's expressed desire to use contraception. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between male partners' awareness and support of modern contraceptives on their spouses' desire to use contraceptives. Results: Men's awareness of, and support for, use of modern contraceptives were significantly associated with their female partners' desire to use contraception. A majority of the men who were aware of modern contraceptives (66.5 %) and those who supported their spouses' use of contraception (72.5 %) had partners who expressed a desire to use contraception. Men who were aware of female contraception were 3 times more likely to have spouses who desired to use contraception (AOR∈=∈3.17, 95 % C.I: 2.70-3.75). In addition, men who showed support for their spouses' use of contraception were over 5 times more likely to have spouses who indicated a desire to use contraception (AOR∈=∈5.76, 95 % C.I: 4.82-6.88). Living in a household of 5 or more people (AOR∈=∈1.45, 95 % C.I: 1.23-1.72) and residing in an urban area (AOR∈=∈0.81, 95 % C.I: 0.67-0.97) were also significantly associated with women's expressed desire to use modern contraception. Conclusion: Men's awareness of, and support for, use of modern contraceptives were markedly associated with their spouses' desire to use contraception. This underscores the need for men's involvement in programs that seek to address women's uptake of contraception in low and middle income countries. © 2015 Ezeanolue et al.	None	None	None
WoS	WOS:000287512600001	Implementing accountability for reasonableness framework at district level in Tanzania: a realist evaluation	Byskov, Jens,Hurtig, Anna-Karin,Kamuzora, Peter,Maluka, Stephen,Ndawi, Benedict,Olsen, Oystein E.,SanSebastian, Miguel	2011	IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE	6	None	10.1186/1748-5908-6-11	Umea University, University of Copenhagen, University of Dar es Salaam, Haydom Lutheran Hosp, PHCI	"Byskov, Jens: University of Copenhagen","Hurtig, Anna-Karin: Umea University","Kamuzora, Peter: University of Dar es Salaam","SanSebastian, Miguel: Umea University",	Background: Despite the growing importance of the Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R) framework in priority setting worldwide, there is still an inadequate understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying its influence on legitimacy and fairness, as conceived and reflected in service management processes and outcomes. As a result, the ability to draw scientifically sound lessons for the application of the framework to services and interventions is limited. This paper evaluates the experiences of implementing the A4R approach in Mbarali District, Tanzania, in order to find out how the innovation was shaped, enabled, and constrained by the interaction between contexts, mechanisms and outcomes. Methods: This study draws on the principles of realist evaluation - a largely qualitative approach, chiefly concerned with testing and refining programme theories by exploring the complex interactions of contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes. Mixed methods were used in data collection, including individual interviews, non-participant observation, and document reviews. A thematic framework approach was adopted for the data analysis. Results: The study found that while the A4R approach to priority setting was helpful in strengthening transparency, accountability, stakeholder engagement, and fairness, the efforts at integrating it into the current district health system were challenging. Participatory structures under the decentralisation framework, central government's call for partnership in district-level planning and priority setting, perceived needs of stakeholders, as well as active engagement between researchers and decision makers all facilitated the adoption and implementation of the innovation. In contrast, however, limited local autonomy, low level of public awareness, unreliable and untimely funding, inadequate accountability mechanisms, and limited local resources were the major contextual factors that hampered the full implementation. Conclusion: This study documents an important first step in the effort to introduce the ethical framework A4R into district planning processes. This study supports the idea that a greater involvement and accountability among local actors through the A4R process may increase the legitimacy and fairness of priority-setting decisions. Support from researchers in providing a broader and more detailed analysis of health system elements, and the socio-cultural context, could lead to better prediction of the effects of the innovation and pinpoint stakeholders' concerns, thereby illuminating areas that require special attention to promote sustainability.	,CANADA,DECISION-MAKERS,FAIRNESS,HEALTH-CARE,PRIORITY,UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929046142	Impact of emotional distress on caregivers burden among Nigerian children with Obstructive Adenotonsillar hypertrophy	Olagunju A.T., Asoegwu C.N., Campbell E.A., Akinbode A.A., Aina O.F., Nwawolo C.C.	2015	International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology	79	6	10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.03.018	Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Depar	Olagunju, A.T., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Asoegwu, C.N., Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Campbell, E.A., Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Akinbode, A.A., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Aina, O.F., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Nwawolo, C.C., Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Despite the significance of the role of caregivers among children with Obstructive Adenotonsillar hypertrophy (OAT), their caregiving experience and emotional well-being are given poor attention in research, policy and service design. This study represents a novel effort sought to investigate the burden experienced by caregivers of children with OAT and the impact of emotional distress on their caregiving burden. Methodology: A total of one hundred consecutive caregivers of children with OAT were interviewed with designed socio-demographic questionnaire. This was subsequently followed by administration of General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) to ascertain emotional distress using cut-off score ≥3 and Zarit Caregivers Burden of care scale was used to characterize the pattern of burden experienced by these caregivers. Results: In this study, the mean ages of children with OAT and their caregivers were 36.7(±21.8) months and 34.4(±5.4) years, respectively. The affected children were mainly males (68%), while their caregivers were predominantly females (84%). Fifty-seven percent of children with OAT were schooling but 13% of them had academic delay. Majority of the caregivers (66%) had a tertiary level of education. Of the total participants, up to 43% reported various degrees of burden of care, with majority (34%) of them reporting mild to moderate burden of care. In the same vein, 48% were emotionally distressed. Following regression analyses, emotional distress was independently associated with burden of care among participants (Odds ratio [OR]. =. 0.108; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]. =. 0.043-0.272; p<. 0.001). Conclusion: Caregivers of children with OAT reported the experience of various degrees of burden, and worse among caregivers with emotional distress. Overall, the level of distress and burden observed in this study were many-fold what has been reported among caregivers of other populations of children. The results of this study support the proposal of proactive measures to address the psychosocial needs of caregivers as integral to the care of children with OAT. Further research on the well-being of caregivers is also justified. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	Burden of care; Caregiver; Emotional distress; Nigerian children; Obstructive Adenotonsillar hypertrophy	adenotonsillar hypertrophy; adult; Article; caregiver; caregiver burden; child; child health care; childhood disease; clinical article; cross-sectional study; educational status; emotional stress; female; human; male; multicenter study (topic); Nigeria; obstructive adenotonsillar hypertrophy; priority journal; social psychology; adenoid; complication; cost of illness; emotion; epidemiology; hypertrophy; infant; mental health; mental stress; palatine tonsil; pathology; preschool child; psychology; questionnaire; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Adenoids; Adult; Caregivers; Child, Preschool; Cost of Illness; Emotions; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Infant; Male; Mental Health; Nigeria; Palatine Tonsil; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Stress, Psychological; Surveys and Questionnaires	None
None	None	Effect of paying for performance on utilisation, quality, and user costs of health services in Tanzania: A controlled before and after study	Binyaruka P., Patouillard E., Powell-Jackson T., Greco G., Maestad O., Borghi J.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0135013	Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Chr. Michelsens Institutt, Jekteviksbakken 31, Bergen, Norway	Binyaruka, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Plot 463, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Patouillard, E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Powell-Jackson, T., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Greco, G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Maestad, O., Chr. Michelsens Institutt, Jekteviksbakken 31, Bergen, Norway; Borghi, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Despite widespread implementation across Africa, there is limited evidence of the effect of payment for performance (P4P) schemes in low income countries on the coverage of quality services and affordability, consistent with universal health coverage objectives. We examined the effect of a government P4P scheme on utilisation, quality, and user costs of health services in Tanzania. Methods: We evaluated the effects of a P4P scheme on utilisation of all maternal and child immunization services targeted by the scheme, and non-targeted general outpatient service use.We also evaluated effects on patient satisfaction with care and clinical content of antenatal care, and user costs. The evaluation was done in 150 facilities across all 7 intervention districts and 4 comparison districts with two rounds of data collection over 13-months in January 2012 and February 2013. We sampled 3000 households of women who had delivered in the 12 months prior to interview; 1500 patients attending health facilities for targeted and non-targeted services at each round of data collection. Difference-in-difference regression analysis was employed. Findings: We estimated a significant positive effect on two out of eight targeted indicators. There was an 8.2% (95% CI: 3.6% to 12.8%) increase in coverage of institutional deliveries among women in the intervention area, and a 10.3%(95% CI: 4.4% to 16.1%) increase in the provision of anti-malarials during pregnancy. Use of non-targeted services reduced at dispensaries by 57.5 visits per month among children under five (95% CI: -110.2 to -4.9) and by 90.8 visits per month for those aged over five (95% CI: -156.5 to -25.2). There was no evidence of an effect of P4P on patient experience of care for targeted services. There was a 0.05 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.10) increase in the patient satisfaction score for non-targeted services. P4P was associated with a 5.0% reduction in those paying out of pocket for deliveries (95% CI: -9.3% to -0.7%) but there was no evidence of an effect on the average amount paid. Conclusion: This study adds to the very limited evidence on the effects of P4P at scale and highlights the potential risks of such schemes in relation to non-targeted service use. Further consideration of the design of P4P schemes is required to enhance progress towards universal health coverage, and close monitoring of effects on non-targeted services and user costs should be encouraged. © 2015 Binyaruka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	Africa; Article; controlled study; health care cost; health care delivery; health care facility; health care quality; health care utilization; health insurance; health service; human; immunization; major clinical study; outpatient care; patient satisfaction; performance; prenatal care; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84964225193	Hypolipidaemic and haematological evaluation of the hydromethanolic extract of Ficus glumosa stem bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats	Onoja S.O., Omeh Y.N., Ezeja M.I., Chukwu V.N.	2014	Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine	11	4	10.1515/jcim-2014-0029	Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Scienc	Onoja, S.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Omeh, Y.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Ezeja, M.I., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria; Chukwu, V.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with dyslipidaemia and haematological disorders which lead to cardiovascular complications and anaemia respectively. In this study, hydromethanolic extract of Ficus glumosa was evaluated for its hypolipidaemic and haematological effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Treatment was done orally using 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg of F. glumosa extract (FGE) with glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) as standard reference drug for 21 days. At the end of the treatment, blood collected through direct heart puncture was used for evaluation of serum lipid profile and determination of haematological parameters. Organosomatic index evaluation of the liver, spleen and kidney was also done using standard procedures. Results: All doses of the extract and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) caused dose-dependent and significant (p<0.05) reduction in serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the treated rats when compared with the control group. The extract and glibenclamide produced significant (p<0.05) increase in the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the treated rats. The extract (62.5 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in the treated rats when compared to the negative control group. However, FGE (62.5 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (2 mg/kg) produced a significant (p<0.05) decrease in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) value of the treated rats. FGE (125 and 250 mg/kg) produced a significant (p<0.05) increase in the organosomatic index of kidney in treated rats. Conclusions: The results suggest that F. glumosa may be of help in diabetes-induced anaemia and dyslipidaemia associated with diabetes mellitus. © 2014 by De Gruyter.	alloxan monohydrate; diabetes mellitus; Ficus glumosa; haematology; hypolipidaemia	antilipemic agent; cholesterol; Ficus glumosa extract; glibenclamide; hematologic agent; hemoglobin; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; methanol; plant extract; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; very low density lipoprotein; alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus; anemia; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antilipemic activity; Article; bark; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; drug activity; drug effect; dyslipidemia; erythrocyte; Ficus; Ficus glumosa; hematocrit; hematological parameters; kidney; liver; male; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; medical parameters; nonhuman; organosomatic index; plant stem; rat; solvent extraction; spleen; triacylglycerol blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951570862	Design and methods of a longitudinal study investigating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on the partnerships and sexual behaviour of HIV-infected individuals in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	McGrath N., Richter L., Newell M.-L.	2011	BMC Public Health	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-121	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; UCL, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	McGrath, N., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; Richter, L., Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Newell, M.-L., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa, UCL, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom	Background: Diagnosed HIV-infected people form an increasingly large sub-population in South Africa, one that will continue to grow with widely promoted HIV testing and greater availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART). For HIV prevention and support, understanding the impact of long-term ART on family and sexual relationships is a health research priority. This includes improving the availability of longitudinal demographic and health data on HIV-infected individuals who have accessed ART services but who are not yet ART-eligible. Design and methods. The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of ART on family and partner relationships, and sexual behaviour of HIV-infected individuals accessing a public HIV treatment and care programme in rural South Africa. HIV-infected men and women aged 18 years or older attending three clinics are screened. Those people initiating ART because they meet the criteria of WHO stage 4 or CD4 200 cells/L are assigned to an 'ART initiator' group. A 'Monitoring' group is composed of people whose most recent CD4 count was <500 cells/L and are therefore, not yet eligible for ART. During the four-year study, data on both groups is collected every 6 months during clinic visits, or where necessary by home visits or phone. Detailed information is collected on social, demographic and health characteristics including living arrangements, past and current partnerships, sexual behaviour, HIV testing and disclosure, stigma, self-efficacy, quality of family and partner relationships, fertility and fertility intentions, ART knowledge and attitudes, and gender norms. Recruitment for both groups started in January 2009. As of October 2010, 600 participants have been enrolled; 386 in the ART initiator group (141, 37% male) and 214 in the Monitoring group (31, 14% male). Recruitment remains open for the Monitoring group. Discussion. The data collected in this study will provide valuable information for measuring the impact of ART on sexual behaviour, and for the planning and delivery of appropriate interventions to promote family and partner support, and safe sexual behaviour for people living with HIV in this setting and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. © 2011 McGrath et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adolescent; adult; article; drug effect; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human relation; longitudinal study; male; methodology; middle aged; questionnaire; rural population; sexual behavior; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Research Design; Rural Population; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904635995	Evaluation of Cepheid's Xpert MTB/RIF test on pleural fluid in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in a high prevalence HIV/TB setting	Lusiba J.K., Nakiyingi L., Kirenga B.J., Kiragga A., Lukande R., Nsereko M., Ssengooba W., Katamba A., Worodria W., Joloba M.L., Mayanja-Kizza H.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0102702	Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Lusiba, J.K., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Nakiyingi, L., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kirenga, B.J., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kiragga, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Lukande, R., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Nsereko, M., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Ssengooba, W., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Worodria, W., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Joloba, M.L., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Makerere University College of Heath Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis (TB) using routinely available diagnostic methods is challenging due to the paucibacillary nature of the disease. Histopathology and pleural tissue TB culture involves an invasive procedure which requires expertise and appropriate equipment, both often unavailable in many health units. Xpert MTB/Rif test has been widely evaluated in sputum specimens but data on its performance in pleural TB is scarce. We evaluated the accuracy of Cepheid's Xpert MTB/Rif test on pleural fluid in the diagnosis of pleural TB in Uganda. Methods: Consenting adult patients with exudative pleural effusions underwent pleural biopsy and the tissue obtained subjected to Lowenstein-Jensen and mycobacterial growth indicator tube MTB cultures and histopathology. Pleural fluid for Xpert MTB/Rif testing was also collected. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, HIV status and CD4 count were also collected. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of Xpert MTB/Rif test on pleural fluid in pleural TB diagnosis were calculated using pleural tissue MTB culture and/or histopathology as the reference standard. Results: Of the 116 participants [female 50%, mean age 34 (SD ±13], 87/116 (75%) had pleural TB confirmed on pleural tissue culture and/or histopathology. The Xpert MTB/Rif test identified 25 (28.7%) of the 87 confirmed pleural TB cases. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/Rif test were 28.7% and 96.6% respectively while the positive and negative predictive values were 96.1% and 31.1% respectively. Conclusion: Xpert MTB/Rif test on pleural fluid does not accurately diagnose pleural TB and therefore cannot be used as an initial evaluation test in patients with suspected pleural TB. New, rapid and accurate tests for the diagnosis of pleural TB are still warranted. © 2014 Lusiba et al.	None	adult; antibody detection; article; bacterial growth; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; histopathology; human; human tissue; major clinical study; male; morbidity; mortality; pleura biopsy; pleura fluid; predictive value; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; tuberculin test; tuberculous pleurisy; Uganda; Xpert MTB RIF Test	HRSA, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856575875	Validation of a new test for Schistosoma haematobium based on detection of Dra1 DNA fragments in urine: Evaluation through latent class analysis	Ibironke O., Koukounari A., Asaolu S., Moustaki I., Shiff C.	2012	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	6	1	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001464	Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; MRC Centre of Outbreak Analysis and Modeling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, U	Ibironke, O., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Koukounari, A., MRC Centre of Outbreak Analysis and Modeling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom; Asaolu, S., Department of Zoology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria; Moustaki, I., Department of Statistics, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom; Shiff, C., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis in chronically infected adults is challenging but important, especially because long term infection of the bladder and urinary tract can have dire consequences. We evaluated three tests for viable infection: detection of parasite specific DNA Dra1 fragments, haematuria and presence of parasite eggs for sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). Methods: Over 400 urine specimens collected from adult volunteers in an endemic area in Western Nigeria were assessed for haematuria then filtered in the field, the filter papers dried and later examined for eggs and DNA. The results were stratified according to sex and age and subjected to Latent Class analysis. Conclusions: Presence of Dra1 in males (Se = 100%; Sp = 100%) exceeded haematuria (Se = 87.6%: Sp = 34.7%) and detection of eggs (Se = 70.1%; Sp = 100%). In females presence of Dra1 was Se = 100%: Sp = 100%, exceeding haematuria (Se = 86.7%: Sp = 77.0%) and eggs (Se = 70.1%; Sp = 100%). Dra1 became undetectable 2 weeks after praziquantel treatment. We conclude detection of Dra1 fragment is a definitive test for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium infection. © 2012 Ibironke et al.	None	DNA fragment; dra1 DNA fragment; praziquantel; unclassified drug; helminth DNA; helminth protein; adult; article; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; hematuria; human; latent class analysis; male; microscopy; Nigeria; nonhuman; parasite identification; polymerase chain reaction; Schistosoma hematobium; schistosomiasis; sensitivity and specificity; statistical analysis; urinalysis; animal; chemistry; genetics; hematuria; isolation and purification; middle aged; parasitology; schistosomiasis haematobia; urine; validation study; Adult; Animals; DNA, Helminth; Female; Helminth Proteins; Hematuria; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Parasite Egg Count; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859961207	Performance of local light microscopy and the parascreen Pan/Pf rapid diagnostic test to detect malaria in health centers in Northwest Ethiopia	Endeshaw T., Graves P.M., Ayele B., Mosher A.W., Gebre T., Ayalew F., Genet A., Mesfin A., Shargie E.B., Tadesse Z., Teferi T., Melak B., Richards F.O., Emerson P.M.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0033014	The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Strategic Information Team, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Vernier, Switzerland	Endeshaw, T., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Graves, P.M., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Ayele, B., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mosher, A.W., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Gebre, T., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayalew, F., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Genet, A., Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mesfin, A., Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Shargie, E.B., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Strategic Information Team, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Vernier, Switzerland; Tadesse, Z., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teferi, T., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Melak, B., The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Richards, F.O., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emerson, P.M., The Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Diagnostic tests are recommended for suspected malaria cases before treatment, but comparative performance of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) at rural health centers has rarely been studied compared to independent expert microscopy. Methods: Participants (N = 1997) with presumptive malaria were recruited from ten health centers with a range of transmission intensities in Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia during October to December 2007. Microscopy and ParaScreen Pan/Pf® RDT were done immediately by health center technicians. Blood slides were re-examined later at a central laboratory by independent expert microscopists. Results: Of 1,997 febrile patients, 475 (23.8%) were positive by expert microscopists, with 57.7% P.falciparum, 24.6% P.vivax and 17.7% mixed infections. Sensitivity of health center microscopists for any malaria species was >90% in five health centers (four of which had the highest prevalence), >70% in nine centers and 44% in one site with lowest prevalence. Specificity for health center microscopy was very good (>95%) in all centers. For ParaScreen RDT, sensitivity was ≥90% in three centers, ≥70% in six and <60% in four centers. Specificity was ≥90% in all centers except one where it was 85%. Conclusions: Health center microscopists performed well in nine of the ten health centers; while for ParaScreen RDT they performed well in only six centers. Overall the accuracy of local microscopy exceeded that of RDT for all outcomes. This study supports the introduction of RDTs only if accompanied by appropriate training, frequent supervision and quality control at all levels. Deficiencies in RDT use at some health centers must be rectified before universal replacement of good routine microscopy with RDTs. Maintenance and strengthening of good quality microscopy remains a priority at health center level. © 2012 Endeshaw et al.	None	adolescent; adult; article; child; comparative study; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; equipment; Ethiopia; female; human; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; mixed infection; Plasmodium vivax malaria; predictive value; preschool child; prevalence; receiver operating characteristic; rural health care; school child; sensitivity and specificity; aged; analytical equipment; clinical trial; Ethiopia; infant; malaria; middle aged; multicenter study; parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Prevalence; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; ROC Curve; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84936890182	The impact of dialogic book-sharing training on infant language and attention: a randomized controlled trial in a deprived South African community	Vally Z., Murray L., Tomlinson M., Cooper P.J.	2015	Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines	56	8	10.1111/jcpp.12352	School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Vally, Z., School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Murray, L., School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Tomlinson, M., Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Cooper, P.J., School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Winnicott Research Unit, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background Dialogic book-sharing is an interactive form of shared reading. It has been shown in high income countries (HICs) to be of significant benefit to child cognitive development. Evidence for such benefit in low and middle income countries (LMICs) is scarce, although a feasibility study of our own produced encouraging findings. Accordingly, we aimed to establish the impact on child language and attention of providing training in dialogic booksharing to carers of infants in an impoverished South African community. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Khayelitsha, an informal settlement in South Africa. Mothers of infants aged between 14 and 16 months were recruited and randomized to either 8 weeks of manualized training in dialogic book-sharing or a no-intervention control group. Independent assessments were made of infant language and attention at baseline and following training. The trial was registered (ISRCTN39953901). Results Ninety one carer-infant dyads were recruited and randomized to the intervention group (n = 49) or the control group (n = 42), 82 (90%) of whom were available for follow-up assessments. On a standardized carer report of infant vocabulary, compared to those in the control group, carers who received the intervention reported a significantly greater increase in the number of words understood by their infants as well as a larger increase in the number of words that their infant understood and could vocalize. Intervention group children also showed substantially greater gains on a measure of sustained attention. Conclusions In line with evidence from HICs, a dialogic book-sharing programme delivered to an impoverished South African sample was shown to be of considerable benefit to the development of child language and focussed attention. The training programme, which is simple and inexpensive to deliver, has the potential to benefit child cognitive development in LMIC contexts where such development is commonly compromised. © 2014 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.	attention; book-sharing; Dialogic; language	None	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942195174	Toxicopathological Evaluation of Hydroethanol Extract of Dianthus basuticus in Wistar Rats	Ashafa A.O.T., Kazeem M.I.	2015	Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine	2015	None	10.1155/2015/348519	Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa	Ashafa, A.O.T., Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa; Kazeem, M.I., Phytomedicine and Phytopharmacology Research Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa Campus, Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa	Background. Dianthus basuticus is a commonly used medicinal plant in Basotho traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, but there is no report on its safety or toxicity. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity profile of the hydroethanol whole plant extract of Dianthus basuticus in Wistar rats. Methods. Acute toxicity test was performed with single oral administration of 100-3200 mg/kg body weight of D. basuticus extract to rats and the animals were observed for 14 days for signs of toxicity. The subacute toxicity experiment was conducted by oral administration of graded doses (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) of D. basuticus extract daily for 28 days. Behavioural changes as well as haematological, biochemical, and histological parameters were then evaluated. Results. There was no observable sign of toxicity in the acute toxicity test. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the feed and water intake as well as total cholesterol and triglycerides of the D. basuticus extract-treated rats in subacute toxicity study. There were no treatment related differences in the haematological, biochemical, and histopathological evaluations. Conclusions. Administration of hydroethanol extract of D. basuticus may be safe at the dosages tested in this study but its continuous usage can cause anorexia. © 2015 Anofi Omotayo Tom Ashafa and Mutiu Idowu Kazeem.	None	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alcohol; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; calcium; chloride; creatinine; Dianthus basuticus extract; electrolyte; gamma glutamyltransferase; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; plant extract; potassium; protein; sodium; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; uric acid; acute toxicity; animal cell; animal experiment; Article; behavior change; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; Dianthus; Dianthus basuticus; drug safety; eosinophil; female; hematological parameters; lymphocyte; male; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; monocyte; neutrophil; nonhuman; practice guideline; priority journal; rat; toxicity testing; triacylglycerol blood level	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350513609	Evaluation of Hanifin and Rajka atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines for reduced minor Criteria	Hiletework M.	2009	Ethiopian Medical Journal	47	1	None	Department of Dermatology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Hiletework, M., Department of Dermatology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Different atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines have been proposed for the diagnosis of atopic eczema. But the Hanifin and Rajka major and minor criteria seem to have got a better acceptance internationally. The aim of this study is to select those minor criteria which are most relevant to the Ethiopian situation, and eventually propose them to be used as a standard in Ethiopia. Methods: Using the Hanifin and Rajka (HR) atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines as a gold standard, a total of 119 atopic eczema patients were selected from the diagnostic clinic of ALERT hospital. Sensitivities to diagnose atopic eczema were calculated for six subgroups, formed by serially reducing increasing number of minor criteria from the gold standard. Results: When seven and twelve minor criteria are reduced from the Hanifin and Rajka atopic eczema diagnostic guidelines the sensitivities to detect an atopic eczema case were 96.64% and 86.55% respectively. When further criteria were reduced the sensitivities dropped down significantly. Conclusions: Only nine minor criteria (itching while sweating, course influenced by environmental factors/emotional stress, Dennie-Morgan infraorbital folds, recurrent conjunctivitis, hand dermatitis, foot dermatitis, white demographismus, facial erythema and pityriasis alba) are the most relevant minor criteria for the diagnosis of atopic eczema in Ethiopia. Xerosis can be taken as one major criterion.	None	adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; atopic dermatitis; child; differential diagnosis; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; human; infant; male; middle aged; newborn; practice guideline; preschool child; sensitivity and specificity; sex ratio; standard; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Atopic; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethiopia; Female; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Reference Standards; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Distribution; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899784472	Evaluation of customised lineage-specific sets of MIRU-VNTR loci for genotyping Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in Ghana	Asante-Poku A., Nyaho M.S., Borrell S., Comas I., Gagneux S., Yeboah-Manu D.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0092675	Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Biochemistry Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Genomics and Health Unit, Centre for Public Health Research, Valencia, Spain; CIBER (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain	Asante-Poku, A., Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Nyaho, M.S., Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, Biochemistry Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Borrell, S., Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Comas, I., Genomics and Health Unit, Centre for Public Health Research, Valencia, Spain, CIBER (Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red) in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Gagneux, S., Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Yeboah-Manu, D., Bacteriology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Background: Different combinations of variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have been proposed for genotyping Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Existing VNTR schemes show different discriminatory capacity among the six human MTBC lineages. Here, we evaluated the discriminatory power of a "customized MIRU12" loci format proposed previously by Comas et al. based on the standard 24 loci defined by Supply et al. for VNTR-typing of MTBC in Ghana. Method: One hundred and fifty-eight MTBC isolates classified into Lineage 4 and Lineage 5 were used to compare a customized lineage-specific panel of 12 MIRU-VNTR loci ("customized MIRU-12") to the standard MIRU-15 genotyping scheme. The resolution power of each typing method was determined based on the Hunter-Gaston- Discriminatory Index (HGDI). A minimal set of customized MIRU-VNTR loci for typing Lineages 4 (Euro-American) and 5 (M. africanum West African 1) strains from Ghana was defined based on the cumulative HGDI. Results and Conclusion: Among the 106 Lineage 4 strains, the customized MIRU-12 identified a total of 104 distinct genotypes consisting of 2 clusters of 2 isolates each (clustering rate 1.8%), and 102 unique strains while standard MIRU-15 yielded a total of 105 different genotypes, including 1 cluster of 2 isolates (clustering rate: 0.9%) and 104 singletons. Among, 52 Lineage 5 isolates, customized MIRU-12 genotyping defined 51 patterns with 1 cluster of 2 isolates (clustering rate: 0.9%) and 50 unique strains whereas MIRU-15 classified all 52 strains as unique. Cumulative HGDI values for customized MIRU-12 for Lineages 4 and 5 were 0.98 respectively whilst that of standard MIRU-15 was 0.99. A union of loci from the customised MIRU-12 and standard MIRU-15 revealed a set of customized eight highly discriminatory loci: 4052, 2163B, 40, 4165, 2165, 10,16 and 26 with a cumulative HGDI of 0.99 for genotyping Lineage 4 and 5 strains from Ghana. © 2014 Asante-Poku et al.	None	article; bacterial strain; bacterium isolation; controlled study; gene cluster; gene locus; genotype; Ghana; Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index; Mycobacterium africanum; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; nonhuman; single nucleotide polymorphism; variable number of tandem repeat; clinical trial; epidemiology; genetics; genotype; human; isolation and purification; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculosis; Genotype; Ghana; Humans; Male; Minisatellite Repeats; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953814667	Reproductive health services for populations at high risk of HIV: Performance of a night clinic in Tete province, Mozambique	Lafort Y., Geelhoed D., Cumba L., Lzaro C.D.D.M., Delva W., Luchters S., Temmerman M.	2010	BMC Health Services Research	10	None	10.1186/1472-6963-10-144	International Centre for Reproductive Health, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Provincial Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Tete, Mozambique; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Lafort, Y., International Centre for Reproductive Health, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Geelhoed, D., International Centre for Reproductive Health, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Cumba, L., Provincial Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Tete, Mozambique; Lzaro, C.D.D.M., Provincial Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Tete, Mozambique; Delva, W., International Centre for Reproductive Health, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Luchters, S., International Centre for Reproductive Health, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Temmerman, M., International Centre for Reproductive Health, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium	Background. Different models exist to provide HIV/STI services for most-at-risk populations (MARP). Along the Tete traffic corridor in Mozambique, linking Malawi and Zimbabwe, a night clinic opening between 4 and 10 PM was established targeting female sex workers (FSW) and long-distance truck drivers (LDD). The clinic offers free individual education and counselling, condoms, STI care, HIV testing, contraceptive services and outreach peer education. To evaluate this clinic model, we assessed relevance, service utilisation, efficiency and sustainability. Methods. In 2007-2009, mapping and enumeration of FSW and LDD was conducted; 28 key informants were interviewed; 6 focus group discussions (FGD) were held with FSW from Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and LDD from Mozambique and Malawi. Clinic outputs and costs were analysed. Results. An estimated 4,415 FSW work in the area, or 9% of women aged 15-49, and on average 66 trucks stay overnight near the clinic. Currently on average, 475 clients/month visit the clinic (43% for contraception, 24% for counselling and testing and 23% for STI care). The average clinic running cost is US$ 1408/month, mostly for human resources. All informants endorsed this clinic concept and the need to expand the services. FGD participants reported high satisfaction with the services and mentioned good reception by the health staff, short waiting times, proximity and free services as most important. Participants were in favour of expanding the range of services, the geographical coverage and the opening times. Conclusions. Size of the target population, satisfaction of clients and endorsement by health policy makers justify maintaining a separate clinic for MARP. Cost-effectiveness may be enhanced by broadening the range of SRHR-HIV/AIDS services, adapting opening times, expanding geographical coverage and targeting additional MARP. Long-term sustainability remains challenging and requires private-public partnerships or continued project-based funding. © 2010 Lafort et al.	None	adolescent; adult; article; attitude to health; female; health care delivery; health care quality; health education; health service; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; motor vehicle; Mozambique; organization and management; patient satisfaction; prostitution; sexual behavior; statistics; traffic and transport; utilization review; vulnerable population; Adolescent; Adult; After-Hours Care; Attitude to Health; Contraception Behavior; Efficiency, Organizational; Female; Health Education; Health Services Accessibility; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Vehicles; Mozambique; Patient Satisfaction; Prostitution; Quality of Health Care; Reproductive Health Services; Transportation; Utilization Review; Vulnerable Populations; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650826151	Performance of three LED-Based fluorescence microscopy systems for detection of tuberculosis in Uganda	Albert H., Manabe Y., Lukyamuzi G., Ademun P., Mukkada S., Nyesiga B., Joloba M., Paramasivan C.N., Perkins M.D.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0015206	Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Wandegeya, Kampala, Uganda; Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland	Albert, H., Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda; Manabe, Y., Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Lukyamuzi, G., Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda; Ademun, P., Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda; Mukkada, S., Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda; Nyesiga, B., Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Kampala, Uganda; Joloba, M., National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Wandegeya, Kampala, Uganda; Paramasivan, C.N., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; Perkins, M.D., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland	Background: Direct smear microscopy using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining is the mainstay of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in most high burden countries, but is limited by low sensitivity in routine practice, particularly in high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence settings. Methods: We compared the performance of three commercial light emitting diode (LED)-based microscopy systems (Primostar™ iLED, Lumin™ and AFTER®) for fluorescent detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with ZN microscopy on slides prepared from sputum of TB suspects. Examination time for LED-based fluorescent microscopy (LED FM) and ZN slides was also compared, and a qualitative user appraisal of the LED FM systems was carried out. Results: LED FM was between 5.6 and 9.4% more sensitive than ZN microscopy, although the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity or specificity of the three LED FM systems, although the specificity of Fraen AFTER was somewhat lower than the other LED FM methods. Examination time for LED FM was 2 and 4 times less than for ZN microscopy. LED FM was highly acceptable to Ugandan technologists, although differences in operational performance of the three systems were reported. Conclusions: LED FM compares favourably with ZN microscopy, with equivalent specificity and a modest increase in sensitivity. Screening of slides was substantially quicker using LED FM than ZN, and LED FM was rated highly by laboratory technologists. Available commercial systems have different operational characteristics which should be considered prior to programmatic implementation. © 2010 Albert et al.	None	article; bacterium detection; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; fluorescence microscopy; human; intermethod comparison; light emitting diode; lung tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; qualitative analysis; sensitivity and specificity; sputum examination; analytical equipment; comparative study; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; instrumentation; laboratory diagnosis; light; metabolism; methodology; observer variation; reproducibility; sputum; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; False Positive Reactions; HIV Infections; Humans; Light; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Observer Variation; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Reproducibility of Results; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925324897	Prospective evaluation of cases of discharge against medical advice in Abuja, Nigeria	Jimoh B.M., Anthonia O.-C., Chinwe I., Oluwafemi A., Ganiyu A., Haroun A., Chinwe E., Joshua A.	2015	Scientific World Journal	2015	None	10.1155/2015/314817	Department of Surgery, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Pediat	Jimoh, B.M., Department of Surgery, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Anthonia, O.-C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Chinwe, I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Oluwafemi, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Ganiyu, A., Department of Surgery, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Haroun, A., Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Chinwe, E., Department of Pediatrics, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria; Joshua, A., Department of Radiology, Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria	Background. Discharge against medical advice (DAMA) is a global clinical phenomenon contributing significantly to adverse patients' outcome. Literatures abound on self-discharges in specific medical subpopulations. However, multidisciplinary studies on this subject in our region are few. Aim. To prospectively evaluate cases of DAMA in a wholesale multidisciplinary perspective at Federal Staff Medical Centre, Abuja, and suggest strategies to reduce it. Patients and Methods. All consecutive patients who DAMA from our medical centre between June 2013 and May 2014 were included in the study. Data harvested from the standard proforma were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 19.0. Results. We recorded an overall DAMA rate of 2.1%. The majority of the patients were paediatric cases (n = 63, 44.6%) while closed long bone fractures represented the leading diagnosis (n = 35, 24.8%). The most commonly cited reasons for leaving the hospital were financial constraints (n = 46, 32.6%) and seeking alternative therapy (n = 25, 17.7%). Conclusion. The DAMA rate in our study is comparable to some urban hospitals elsewhere. However, the leading reasons for this phenomenon are unacceptable in the current medical best practice. Thus, strengthening the Health Insurance Scheme, strict control of traditional medical practices, and focused health education are recommended strategies to reduce DAMA. © 2015 Bioku Muftau Jimoh et al.	None	acute gastroenteritis; adolescent; adult; aged; alternative medicine; Article; dehydration; diabetes mellitus; discharge against medical advice; evaluation study; female; financial deficit; fracture; hospital discharge; human; hypertension; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; newborn; newborn jaundice; Nigeria; prospective study; urban population	None
None	None	Development and field evaluation of a synthetic mosquito lure that is more attractive than humans	Okumu F.O., Killeen G.F., Ogoma S., Biswaro L., Smallegange R.C., Mbeyela E., Titus E., Munk C., Ngonyani H., Takken W., Mshinda H., Mukabana W.R., Moore S.J.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0008951	Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands	Okumu, F.O., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ogoma, S., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Biswaro, L., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Smallegange, R.C., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mbeyela, E., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Titus, E., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Munk, C., College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States; Ngonyani, H., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands; Mshinda, H., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mukabana, W.R., School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Moore, S.J., Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, School of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom	Background: Disease transmitting mosquitoes locate humans and other blood hosts by identifying their characteristic odor profiles. Using their olfactory organs, the mosquitoes detect compounds present in human breath, sweat and skins, and use these as cues to locate and obtain blood from the humans. These odor compounds can be synthesized in vitro, then formulated to mimic humans. While some synthetic mosquito lures already exist, evidence supporting their utility is limited to laboratory settings, where long-range stimuli cannot be investigated. Methodology and Principal Findings: Here we report the development and field evaluation of an odor blend consisting of known mosquito attractants namely carbon dioxide, ammonia and carboxylic acids, which was optimized at distances comparable with attractive ranges of humans to mosquitoes. Binary choice assays were conducted inside a large-cage semi-field enclosure using attractant-baited traps placed 20 m apart. This enabled high-throughput optimization of concentrations at which the individual candidate attractants needed to be added so as to obtain a blend maximally attractive to laboratory-reared An. gambiae. To determine whether wild mosquitoes would also be attracted to this synthetic odor blend and to compare it with whole humans under epidemiologically relevant conditions, field experiments were conducted inside experimental huts, where the blend was compared with 10 different adult male volunteers (20-34 years old). The blend attracted 3 to 5 times more mosquitoes than humans when the two baits were in different experimental huts (10-100 metres apart), but was equally or less attractive than humans when compared side by side within same huts. Conclusion and Significance: This highly attractive substitute for human baits might enable development of technologies for trapping mosquitoes in numbers sufficient to prevent rather than merely monitor transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. © 2010 Okumu et al.	None	ammonia; carbon dioxide; carboxylic acid; adult; article; controlled study; field experiment; human; male; mosquito; nonhuman; odor; Animals; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Mosquito Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867466705	Impact of 20-day strike in Polokwane Hospital (18 August - 6 September 2010)	Bhuiyan M.M.Z.U., Machowski A.	2012	South African Medical Journal	102	9	10.7196/SAMJ.6045	Department of General Surgery, Polokwane Mankweng Hospital Complex, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa	Bhuiyan, M.M.Z.U., Department of General Surgery, Polokwane Mankweng Hospital Complex, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa; Machowski, A., Department of General Surgery, Polokwane Mankweng Hospital Complex, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa	Background. Doctors' strikes have a negative effect on hospital performance indicators. Hospital mortality during such strikes is the most important indicator. Objective. To determine the effects of the 2010 strike on Polokwane Hospital. Methods. Information was collected from the Hospital Information System, Polokwane Hospital Casualty Department, wards and theatres. Results. During the 20-day strike, a total of 262 patients were admitted to Polokwane Hospital, with 40 patients to the surgical department; 96 operations were performed in the hospital and 40 in the surgical department; and 50 deaths were reported in the hospital (8 deaths in the surgical department). During 20 days of a non-striking period in May 2010, there were 975 admissions to the hospital, with 125 to the surgical department. In the entire hospital, 340 operations were performed, and 79 in the surgical department. For this period, 61 deaths were reported in the hospital and 12 in the surgical department. Conclusions. The total number of patients admitted to the hospital and the surgical department during the strike was significantly lower than during a non-striking situation. Total mortality during the strike in Polokwane Hospital decreased, compared with the normal situation, but it increased when judged against emergency cases. However, when mortality was qualified by the number of admissions, it showed a significant increase. Strikes seriously and significantly affect service delivery.	None	article; death; hospital; hospital admission; hospital personnel; human; mortality; surgical ward; trade union; Emergency Service, Hospital; Hospital Mortality; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Physicians; South Africa; Strikes, Employee	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897469181	Systematic review of the use of dried blood spots for monitoring HIV viral load and for early infant diagnosis	Smit P.W., Sollis K.A., Fiscus S., Ford N., Vitoria M., Essajee S., Barnett D., Cheng B., Crowe S.M., Denny T., Landay A., Stevens W., Habiyambere V., Perriens J.H., Peeling R.W.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0086461	Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; HIV, Medicine and Science, Clinton Health Access Initiative, New York, NY, United States; Department of Haematology, UK NEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Technology and Innovation, Pangaea Global AIDS Foundation, San Fransisco, CA, United States; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Immunology- Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Smit, P.W., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sollis, K.A., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Fiscus, S., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Ford, N., Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Vitoria, M., Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Essajee, S., HIV, Medicine and Science, Clinton Health Access Initiative, New York, NY, United States; Barnett, D., Department of Haematology, UK NEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Cheng, B., Department of Technology and Innovation, Pangaea Global AIDS Foundation, San Fransisco, CA, United States; Crowe, S.M., Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Denny, T., Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, Durham, NC, United States; Landay, A., Department of Immunology- Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Habiyambere, V., Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Perriens, J.H., Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Peeling, R.W., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Dried blood spots (DBS) have been used as alternative specimens to plasma to increase access to HIV viral load (VL) monitoring and early infant diagnosis (EID) in remote settings. We systematically reviewed evidence on the performance of DBS compared to plasma for VL monitoring and EID. Methods and Findings: Thirteen peer reviewed HIV VL publications and five HIV EID papers were included. Depending on the technology and the viral load distribution in the study population, the percentage of DBS samples that are within 0.5 log of VL in plasma ranged from 52-100%. Because the input sample volume is much smaller in a blood spot, there is a risk of false negatives with DBS. Sensitivity of DBS VL was found to be 78-100% compared to plasma at VL below 1000 copies/ml, but this increased to 100% at a threshold of 5000 copies/ml. Unlike a plasma VL test which measures only cell free HIV RNA, a DBS VL also measures proviral DNA as well as cell-associated RNA, potentially leading to false positive results when using DBS. The systematic review showed that specificity was close to 100% at DBS VL above 5000 copies/ml, and this threshold would be the most reliable for predicting true virologic failure using DBS. For early infant diagnosis, DBS has a sensitivity of 100% compared to fresh whole blood or plasma in all studies. Conclusions: Although limited data are available for EID, DBS offer a highly sensitive and specific sampling strategy to make viral load monitoring and early infant diagnosis more accessible in remote settings. A standardized approach for sampling, storing, and processing DBS samples would be essential to allow successful implementation. Trial Registration: PROSPERO Registration #: CRD42013003621. © 2014 Smit et al.	None	RNA; virus DNA; virus RNA; article; blood analysis equipment; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; dried blood spot testing; early diagnosis; false negative result; genetic analyzer; health care access; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; intermethod comparison; patient monitoring; peer review; sample size; sampling; sensitivity and specificity; standardization; systematic review; virus load; blood; dried blood spot testing; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; physiology; procedures; reproducibility; virology; Dried Blood Spot Testing; Early Diagnosis; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924569405	Conceptualizing the impacts of dual practice on the retention of public sector specialists - evidence from South Africa	Ashmore J., Gilson L.	2015	Human Resources for Health	13	1	10.1186/1478-4491-13-3	University of Cape Town, Observatory, Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, Cape Town, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Ashmore, J., University of Cape Town, Observatory, Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, Cape Town, South Africa; Gilson, L., University of Cape Town, Observatory, Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Falmouth Annex, Medical Campus, Cape Town, South Africa, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: 'Dual practice', or multiple job holding, generally involves public sector-based health workers taking additional work in the private sector. This form of the practice is purported to help retain public health care workers in low and middle-income countries' public sectors through additional wage incentives. There has been little conceptual or empirical development of the relationship between dual practice and retention. Methods: This article helps begin to fill this gap, drawing on empirical evidence from a qualitative study focusing on South African specialists. Fifty-one repeat, in-depth interviews were carried out with 28 doctors (predominantly specialists) with more than one job, in one public and one private urban hospital. Results: Findings suggest dual practice can impact both positively and negatively on specialists' intention to stay in the public sector. This is through multiple conceptual channels including those previously identified in the literature such as dual practice acting as a 'stepping stone' to private practice by reducing migration costs. Dual practice can also lead specialists to re-evaluate how they compare public and private jobs, and to overworking which can expedite decisions on whether to stay in the public sector or leave. Numerous respondents undertook dual practice without official permission. Conclusions: The idea that dual practice helps retain public specialists in South Africa may be overstated. Yet banning the practice may be ineffective, given many undertake it without permission in any case. Regulation should be better enforced to ensure dual practice is not abused. The conceptual framework developed in this article could form a basis for further qualitative and quantitative inquiry. © 2015 Ashmore and Gilson.	Health worker distribution; Loyalty; Migration; Multiple job holding; Public private mix; Retention	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958075954	STELLIUM 1: First-in-man follow-up evaluation of bioabsorbable polymer-coated paclitaxel-eluting stent	Kozuki A., Shite J., Shinke T., Miyoshi N., Sawada T., Hellig F., Abelson M., Brown B., Khan S., Mpe M., Ntsekhe M., Conway D., Hirata K.-I.	2010	Circulation Journal	74	10	10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0859	Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Sunward Park Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Vergelegen Hospital, Somerset West, South Africa; PE Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; First Military Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Disa Vascular (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, South Africa	Kozuki, A., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Shite, J., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Shinke, T., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Miyoshi, N., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Sawada, T., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan; Hellig, F., Sunward Park Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Abelson, M., Vergelegen Hospital, Somerset West, South Africa; Brown, B., PE Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Khan, S., Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Mpe, M., Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Ntsekhe, M., First Military Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Conway, D., Disa Vascular (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, South Africa; Hirata, K.-I., Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan	Background: Durable polymers used for first-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) potentially contribute to persistent inflammation and late DES thrombosis. The vascular response to the Stellium™ stent, which is coated with an absorbable polymer for slow release of low-dose paclitaxel, was evaluated in the present study. Methods and Results: The 37 patients with stable angina were implanted with 47 Stellium™ stents. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed at baseline, and QCA and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at 6 months post-implant. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE). At 6 months, 1 case of MACE occurred because of total occlusion of a protected left main artery. In-stent and segment binary restenosis rates were both 0%. In-stent late loss was 0.19±0.54 mm. Altogether, 5,564 struts were visualized by OCT and mean neointimal thickness was 150.03±146.36 μm. The number of well-apposed struts with and without neointima overlay was 5,135 (92.29%) and 396 (7.12%), respectively. Peri-strut low intensity was observed in 518 struts (9.31%). Conclusions: This first-in-man study of the Stellium™ stent shows the promising possibility of bioabsorbable polymeric surface coating paclitaxel-eluting stents out to 6 months. The low rate of peri-strut low intensity suggests low cellular toxicity of the Stellium™ stent compared with the first-generation DES.	Bioabsorbable polymer; Neointima; Optical coherence tomography; Paclitaxel eluting stents	paclitaxel; polyglactin; adult; aged; angiocardiography; arterial wall thickness; article; clinical article; clinical trial; drug eluting stent; female; follow up; human; in-stent restenosis; male; multicenter study; optical coherence tomography; percutaneous coronary intervention; prospective study; stable angina pectoris; Aged; Angina Pectoris; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Coronary Restenosis; Drug-Eluting Stents; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Neointima; Paclitaxel; Polymers; Postoperative Complications; Thrombosis; Treatment Outcome	None
WoS	WOS:000319869000003	The Ghana essential health interventions program: a plausibility trial of the impact of health systems strengthening on maternal & child survival	Asuru, Rofina,Awoonor-Williams, John Koku,Bawah, Ayaga A.,Nyonator, Frank K.,Oduro, Abraham,Ofosu, Anthony,Phillips, James F.	2013	BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH	13	None	10.1186/1472-6963-13-S2-S3	Columbia University, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo Health Research Center, Minist Hlth Minist	"Asuru, Rofina: Ghana Health Service","Awoonor-Williams, John Koku: Ghana Health Service","Bawah, Ayaga A.: Columbia University","Oduro, Abraham: Ghana Health Service","Oduro, Abraham: Navrongo Health Research Center","Ofosu, Anthony: Ghana Health Service","Phillips, James F.: Columbia University",	Background: During the 1990s, researchers at the Navrongo Health Research Centre in northern Ghana developed a highly successful community health program. The keystone of the Navrongo approach was the deployment of nurses termed community health officers to village locations. A trial showed that, compared to areas relying on existing services alone, the approach reduced child mortality by half, maternal mortality by 40%, and fertility by nearly a birth - from a total fertility rate of 5.5 in only five years. In 2000, the government of Ghana launched a national program called Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) to scale up the Navrongo model. However, CHPS scale-up has been slow in districts located outside of the Upper East Region, where the "Navrongo Experiment" was first carried out. This paper describes the Ghana Essential Health Intervention Project (GEHIP), a plausibility trial of strategies for strengthening CHPS, especially in the areas of maternal and newborn health, and generating the political will to scale up the program with strategies that are faithful to the original design. Description of the intervention: GEHIP improves the CHPS model by 1) extending the range and quality of services for newborns; 2) training community volunteers to conduct the World Health Organization service regimen known as integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI); 3) simplifying the collection of health management information and ensuring its use for decision making; 4) enabling community health nurses to manage emergencies, particularly obstetric complications and refer cases without delay; 5) adding $0.85 per capita annually to district budgets and marshalling grassroots political commitment to financing CHPS implementation; and 6) strengthening CHPS leadership at all levels of the system. Evaluation design: GEHIP impact is assessed by conducting baseline and endline survey research and computing the Heckman "difference in difference" test for under-5 mortality in three intervention districts relative to four comparison districts for core indicators of health status and survival rates. To elucidate results, hierarchical child survival hazard models will be estimated that incorporate measures of health system strength as survival determinants, adjusting for the potentially confounding effects of parental and household characteristics. Qualitative systems appraisal procedures will be used to monitor and explain GEHIP implementation innovations, constraints, and progress. Discussion: By demonstrating practical means of strengthening a real-world health system while monitoring costs and assessing maternal and child survival impact, GEHIP is expected to contribute to national health policy, planning, and resource allocation that will be needed to accelerate progress with the Millennium Development Goals.	,INNOVATION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947574256	Public health impact after the introduction of PsA-TT: The first 4 years	Diomandé F.V.K., Djingarey M.H., Daugla D.M., Novak R.T., Kristiansen P.A., Collard J.-M., Gamougam K., Kandolo D., Mbakuliyemo N., Mayer L., Stuart J., Clark T., Tevi-Benissan C., Perea W.A., Preziosi M.-P., La Force F.M., Caugant D., Messonnier N., Walk	2015	Clinical Infectious Diseases	61	None	10.1093/cid/civ499	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Centre de Support en Santé International, N'Djamena, Chad; World	Diomandé, F.V.K., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, United States, Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Djingarey, M.H., Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Daugla, D.M., Centre de Support en Santé International, N'Djamena, Chad; Novak, R.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kristiansen, P.A., World Health Organization, Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Collard, J.-M., Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Nigeria; Gamougam, K., Centre de Support en Santé International, N'Djamena, Chad; Kandolo, D., Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Mbakuliyemo, N., Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Mayer, L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Stuart, J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Clark, T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Tevi-Benissan, C., World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo; Perea, W.A., Department of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Preziosi, M.-P., Meningitis Vaccine Project, PATH, Ferney-Voltaire, France, Meningitis Vaccine Project, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; La Force, F.M., Serum Institute of India, Ltd., Pune, India; Caugant, D., Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Nigeria; Messonnier, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, United States; Walker, O., Inter-country Support Team for West Africa, World Health Organization, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Greenwood, B., World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo	Background. During the first introduction of a group A meningococcal vaccine (PsA-TT) in 2010-2011 and its rollout from 2011 to 2013, >150 million eligible people, representing 12 hyperendemic meningitis countries, have been vaccinated. Methods. The new vaccine effectiveness evaluation framework was established by the World Health Organization and partners. Meningitis case-based surveillance was strengthened in PsA-TT first-introducer countries, and several evaluation studies were conducted to estimate the vaccination coverage and to measure the impact of vaccine introduction on meningococcal carriage and disease incidence. Results. PsA-TT implementation achieved high vaccination coverage, and results from studies conducted showed significant decrease of disease incidence as well as significant reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of group A meningococci in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, demonstrating the vaccine's ability to generate herd protection and prevent group A epidemics. Conclusions. Lessons learned from this experience provide useful insights in how to guide and better prepare for future new vaccine introductions in resource-limited settings. © 2015 World Health Organization; licensee Oxford Journals.	Africa meningitis belt; disease incidence; meningococcal group A; PsA-TT; vaccine evaluation framework	group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine; Meningococcus vaccine; unclassified drug; Article; bacterium carrier; clinical effectiveness; cost benefit analysis; disease transmission; drug efficacy; epidemic meningitis; evaluation study; group A meningococcus; health impact assessment; health survey; human; immunity; incidence; infection prevention; Neisseria meningitidis; oropharynx; priority journal; public health; vaccination; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948807634	Dyspepsia prevalence and impact on quality of life among Rwandan healthcare workers: A cross-sectional survey	Bitwayiki R., Orikiiriza J.T., Kateera F., Bihizimana P., Karenzi B., Kyamanywa P., Walke T.D.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	12	10.7196/SAMJ.2015.v105i12.9482	University Teaching Hospital, Butare, Rwanda; School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland	Bitwayiki, R., University Teaching Hospital, Butare, Rwanda, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; Orikiiriza, J.T., Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland; Kateera, F., Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Bihizimana, P., University Teaching Hospital, Butare, Rwanda, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; Karenzi, B., Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Kyamanywa, P., School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda; Walke, T.D., University Teaching Hospital, Butare, Rwanda, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda	Background. Dyspepsia has been demonstrated worldwide to have major personal and societal impacts, but data on the burden of this disease in Africa are lacking. Objective. To document the prevalence of dyspepsia and its quality-of-life impact among healthcare workers (HCWs) at Butare University Teaching Hospital (BUTH), Rwanda. Methods. A cross-sectional survey among consenting HCWs at BUTH was conducted. Multilingual interviewers guided participants through validated questionnaires, including the Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (SF-LDQ), to detect the presence and frequency of dyspeptic symptoms, and the Short-Form Nepean Dyspepsia Index (SF-NDI), to examine the impact of dyspepsia on quality of life. Results. The study included 378 enrolled HCWs, all of whom provided responses to the SF-LDQ and 356 of whom responded to the SF-NDI. The prevalence of dyspepsia in the study population was 38.9% (147/378). Of these 147 HCWs, 79 (53.7%) had very mild dyspepsia, 33 (22.4%) had mild dyspepsia, 20 (13.6%) had moderate dyspepsia and 15 (10.2%) had severe dyspepsia. Females were more likely to complain of dyspepsia than males (98/206 v. 49/172; odds ratio (OR) 2.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 - 3.5; p<0.001). Participants with dyspepsia of at least mild severity had SF-NDI scores reflecting reduced quality of life when compared with non-dyspeptic participants (OR 17.0; 95% CI 5.0 - 57.1; p<0.001), with most marked effects on the ‘tension’ and ‘eating and drinking’ subdomains of the SF-NDI. Conclusion. The prevalence of dyspepsia among HCWs in Rwanda is high and is associated with lowered quality of life. © 2015, South African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	Africa; Dyspepsia; Healthcare workers; Quality of life	adult; Article; cross-sectional study; dyspepsia; female; health care personnel; heartburn; human; indigestion; major clinical study; male; middle aged; nausea; prevalence; quality of life; questionnaire; Rwandan	None
None	None	Over-diagnosis of malaria by microscopy in the Kilombero Valley, Southern Tanzania: An evaluation of the utility and cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests	Harchut K., Standley C., Dobson A., Klaassen B., Rambaud-Althaus C., Althaus F., Nowak K.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-159	Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; IST Clinic, PS Box 2651, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4051, Switzerland	Harchut, K., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Standley, C., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Dobson, A., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Klaassen, B., IST Clinic, PS Box 2651, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Rambaud-Althaus, C., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4051, Switzerland; Althaus, F., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH 4051, Switzerland; Nowak, K., Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Background: Early and accurate diagnosis of febrile patients is essential to treat uncomplicated malaria cases properly, prevent severe malaria, and avert unnecessary anti-malarial treatments. Improper use of anti-malarials increases the risk of adverse drug reaction and the evolution of drug/parasite resistance. While microscopy is the most common form of malaria diagnosis, concerns over its accuracy have prompted the incorporation of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) into many national malaria control programmes. Methods. Over a three-month period, a direct comparison between microscopy and RDTs was made in a rural, private dispensary in the Kilombero Valley, Morogoro District, southern Tanzania, with the aim of estimating the extent of malaria over-diagnosis and over-treatment with anti-malarials. The study cohort was made up of patients referred by the dispensary's clinician for malaria testing. One hundred percent of patients approached agreed to participate in this study and were then tested using both microscopy and RDTs. Using the results from the comparison of the two tests at this dispensary, the potential cost effectiveness of introducing RDTs to a neighbouring public health centre was estimated on the basis of this centre's past malaria records spanning December 2007 to August 2011. Results: At the private dispensary, the apparent prevalence of malaria was 78% based on microscopy whereas the true prevalence, calculated using RDTs as the gold standard, was estimated at 14%. This discrepancy indicates that when using microscopy as the sole diagnostic test, malaria is being over-diagnosed by approximately a factor of five in this setting. At the public clinic, apparent malaria prevalence based on microscopy was 74%. If similar rates of over-diagnosis are assumed, 5,285 patients of the 6,769 patients positively diagnosed with malaria using microscopy were likely given unnecessary anti-malarials, and their true cause of illness was not addressed. The introduction of RDTs to the public clinic would be highly cost-efficient, with an estimated net saving of over 96 USD/month. Conclusions: Compared with RDTs, microscopy led to almost four out of five patients being over-diagnosed with malaria in this rural part of Tanzania. A policy that encompasses both the private and public sectors of health care is needed to ensure quality diagnostic testing for febrile patients. With estimated prevalence at 14%, RDT introduction is recommended given WHO findings that RDTs are predicted to be cost-effective in prevalence areas of less than 20%. The use of RDTs in malaria diagnosis would not only reduce government spending but would prove beneficial to ensuring appropriate care and treatment of febrile illness. © 2013 Harchut et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	artemether plus benflumetol; metakelfin; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical evaluation; cohort analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; diagnostic test; female; health care utilization; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; prevalence; public health; rural area; school child; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antimalarials; Child; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diagnostic Errors; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rural Population; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
None	None	Child- and family impacts of infants' oral conditions in Tanzania and Uganda- a cross sectional study	Masumo R., Bardsen A., Mashoto K., Åstrøm A.N.	2012	BMC Research Notes	5	None	10.1186/1756-0500-5-538	Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Masumo, R., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Bardsen, A., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Mashoto, K., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Åstrøm, A.N., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Background: Early childhood dental caries impacts on the quality of life of children and their families. This study set out to assess the psychometric properties of an oral health related quality of life, OHRQoL, measure, based on items emanating from the Child-and Family impact sections of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS), in Kiswahili and Luganda speaking communities. It was hypothesized that the Child- and Family impact scores would discriminate between children with and without clinically defined dental problems and reported good and bad oral health. Method. Kiswahili and Luganda versions of the Child- and Family impact scores were derived through translation in pilot studies. Totals of 1221 and 816 child/caretaker pairs attending health care facilities in Manyara, Tanzania and Kampala, Uganda, were recruited into the study. After caretakers completed the interview, their children underwent oral clinical examination. Results: Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was > 0.80 with respect to the Child impact score and 0.79 regarding the Family impact score. Multiple variable logistic- and Poisson regression analyses revealed that the Kiswahili and Luganda versions of the Child- and Family impact score associated in the expected direction with child's oral diseases as with their reported health and oral health status. In Manyara, multiple logistic regression revealed that the ORs of reporting Child impacts were 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.4) and 2.2 (1.3-3.4) among caretakers who confirmed linear hypoplasia and teething symptoms, respectively. In Kampala, the ORs for reporting Child impacts were 2.3 (95% CI 1.3-3.9), 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.5), 1.6 (95% CI 1.2-2.3) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.3-5.8) among those who confirmed teeth present, hypoplasia, teething symptoms and tooth bud extractions, respectively. The odds ratios for reporting Family impacts were 2.7 (95% CI 1.5-4.7), 1.5 (95% CI 1.1- 2.1) and 4.6 (95% CI 2.0-10.7) if reporting LEH, teething symptoms and toothbud experience, respectively. Conclusion: The Child and Family impact scores demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability and reproducibility whereas the discriminative validity was more ambiguous. The OHRQoL scores should be developed further and tested among Kiswahili and Luganda speaking caretakers. © 2012 Masumo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; cross-sectional study; female; health; human; infant; male; preschool child; psychometry; Tanzania; Uganda; validation study; Adult; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Oral Health; Psychometrics; Tanzania; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650712354	The impact of maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy and short-course combination antiretrovirals for prevention of mother-to-child transmission on early infant infection rates at the mulago national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda, january 20	Namukwaya Z., Mudiope P., Kekitiinwa A., Musoke P., Matovu J., Kayma S., Salmond W., Bitarakwate E., Mubiru M., Maganda A., Galla M., Byamugisha J., Fowler M.G.	2011	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	56	1	10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181fdb4a8	Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, United States; Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore MD, United States; Division of Prevention of Mother, Child HIV Transmission, United States; Division of Data Management and Analysis, United States; Data Management Section, United States; Mulago Hospital, Post Natal Clinic, United States; Department of Pathology, United States	Namukwaya, Z., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda; Mudiope, P., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Data Management and Analysis, United States; Kekitiinwa, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, United States; Musoke, P., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Matovu, J.; Kayma, S.; Salmond, W., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kampala, Uganda; Bitarakwate, E., Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kampala, Uganda; Mubiru, M., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Division of Data Management and Analysis, United States; Maganda, A., Division of Prevention of Mother, Child HIV Transmission, United States, Data Management Section, United States; Galla, M., Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Foundation-Uganda, Mulago Hospital, United States, Mulago Hospital, Post Natal Clinic, United States; Byamugisha, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Jamaica; Fowler, M.G., Makerere University Johns Hopkins Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital, Box Office 23491, Kampala, Uganda, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore MD, United States, Department of Pathology, United States	Background: Early HIV infant diagnosis and treatment have been shown to dramatically improve survival in infants. Despite these findings, infants accessing HIV diagnosis and treatment remain low in Uganda. We describe the antiretroviral (ARV) drugs given in the Mulago Hospital prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program from January 2007 to May 2009 and its impact on early infant HIV infection rates. Methods: Pregnant women identified as HIV infected in the Mulago antenatal clinics received one of the following regimens: short-course ARV prophylaxis plus single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) in labor, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), or sdNVP if they presented in labor. Infants received sdNVP and zidovudine (ZDV) for 1 week. Infants HIV diagnosis was done from 6 weeks after delivery. Results: 62.3% of HIV-infected women received combination ARVs, including HAART. Early infection rates were highest among infants with no maternal ARV [36.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 17.2 to 59.3] or only sdNVP (11.2; 95% CI: 8.1 to 14.8). Similar rates were observed for the group that took short-course ARVs, ZDV/sdNVP (4.6; 95% CI: 3.2 to 6.4), and ZDV/lamivudine/sdNVP (4.9; 95% CI: 3.1 to 7.2) and lowest rates for those that took HAART (1.7: 95% CI: 0.8 to 2.8). Overall infection rate was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.1 to 5.9). Conclusions: Findings indicate low rates of infant infection for mothers receiving combination ARVs. These findings demonstrate that provision of combination ARV for PMTCT is feasible and effective in busy referral hospital's PMTCT programs in resource-limited settings. © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	antiretrovirus agent; lamivudine; nevirapine; zidovudine; article; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection prevention; infection rate; male; maternal treatment; priority journal; short course therapy; single drug dose; Uganda; vertical transmission; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Confidence Intervals; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nevirapine; Odds Ratio; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Retrospective Studies; Uganda; Young Adult; Zidovudine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927155291	Evaluation of a point-of-care tuberculosis test-and-treat algorithm on early mortality in people with HIV accessing antiretroviral therapy (TB Fast Track study): Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial	Fielding K.L., Charalambous S., Hoffmann C.J., Johnson S., Tlali M., Dorman S.E., Vassall A., Churchyard G.J., Grant A.D.	2015	Trials	16	1	10.1186/s13063-015-0650-0	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Technical Assistance Cluster, Foundation for Professional Development, 173 Mary Road, Pretoria, South Africa; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Fielding, K.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Charalambous, S., Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hoffmann, C.J., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johnson, S., Technical Assistance Cluster, Foundation for Professional Development, 173 Mary Road, Pretoria, South Africa; Tlali, M., Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dorman, S.E., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Vassall, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Aurum Institute, 29 Queens Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Grant, A.D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Early mortality for HIV-positive people starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains high in resource-limited settings, with tuberculosis the most important cause. Existing rapid diagnostic tests for tuberculosis lack sensitivity among HIV-positive people, and consequently, tuberculosis treatment is either delayed or started empirically (without bacteriological confirmation). We developed a management algorithm for ambulatory HIV-positive people, based on body mass index and point-of-care tests for haemoglobin and urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM), to identify those at high risk of tuberculosis and mortality. We designed a clinical trial to test whether implementation of this algorithm reduces six-month mortality among HIV-positive people with advanced immunosuppression. Methods/design: The TB Fast Track study is an open, pragmatic, cluster randomised superiority trial, with 24 primary health clinics randomised to implement the intervention or standard of care. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with a CD4 count of 150 cells/μL or less, who have not received any tuberculosis treatment in the last three months, or ART in the last six months, are eligible. In intervention clinics, the study algorithm is used to classify individuals as at high, medium or low probability of tuberculosis. Those classified as high probability start tuberculosis treatment immediately, followed by ART after two weeks. Medium-probability patients follow the South African guidelines for test-negative tuberculosis and are reviewed within a week, to be re-categorised as low or high probability. Low-probability patients start ART as soon as possible. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality at six months. Secondary outcomes include severe morbidity, time to ART start and cost-effectiveness. Discussion: This trial will test whether a primary care-friendly management algorithm will enable nurses to identify HIV-positive patients at the highest risk of tuberculosis, to facilitate prompt treatment and reduce early mortality. There remains an urgent need for better diagnostic tests for tuberculosis, especially for people with advanced HIV disease, which may render empirical treatment unnecessary. © Fielding et al.	HIV infections; Mortality; Pragmatic clinic trials; Treatment; Tuberculosis	efavirenz; hemoglobin; lipoarabinomannan; tuberculostatic agent; antiretrovirus agent; biological marker; hemoglobin; lipoarabinomannan; lipopolysaccharide; adult; algorithm; ambulatory care; Article; body mass; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical protocol; cluster analysis; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; health care access; health care quality; hemoglobin blood level; hemoglobin determination; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; morbidity; mortality; multicenter study (topic); open study; outcome assessment; phase 4 clinical trial (topic); point of care testing; practice guideline; primary medical care; probability; randomized controlled trial (topic); tuberculosis; tuberculosis test and treat algorithm; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; body mass; clinical trial; complication; controlled study; HIV Infections; mortality; multicenter study; randomized controlled trial; tuberculosis; urine; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Algorithms; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Clinical Protocols; Hemoglobins; HIV Infections; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908701402	Impact of three empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies for people initiating antiretroviral therapy	Van Rie A., Westreich D., Sanne I.	2014	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	18	11	10.5588/ijtld.14.0153	Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 2104F McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	Van Rie, A., Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 2104F McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Westreich, D., Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 2104F McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Sanne, I., Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Right to Care, Johannesburg, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Early mortality in people initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) remains high. Empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies aim to reduce early mortality by initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment in individuals at high risk of death from undiagnosed TB.METHODS: Using data from 16 913 individuals starting ART under program conditions, we simulated the impact of three empirical treatment strategies (two clinical trials and a pragmatic approach), assuming that 50% of early deaths and 100% of incident TB are averted in those eligible.RESULTS: Compared to starting anti-tuberculosis treatment on clinical or mycobacteriological grounds, 4.4- 31.4% more individuals were eligible for anti-tuberculosis treatment, 5.5-25.4% of deaths were averted and 10.9-57.3% of incident TB cases were prevented under empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies. The proportion receiving any anti-tuberculosis treatment during the first 6 months of ART increased from the observed 24.0% to an estimated 27.5%, 40.4% and 51.3%, under the PrOMPT, REMEMBER and pragmatic approach, respectively.CONCLUSION: The impact of empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment strategies depends greatly on the eligibility criteria chosen. The additional strain placed on anti-tuberculosis treatment facilities and the relatively limited impact of some empirical TB strategies raise the question as to whether the benefits will outweigh the risks at population level. © 2014 The Union.	Health systems; HIV; Population impact; Simulation; South Africa	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adult; comparative study; epidemiology; female; HIV Infections; human; male; mortality; South Africa; tuberculosis; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; South Africa; Tuberculosis	674-A-00-08-00007-00, USAID, United States Agency for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910111961	The impact of repeat-testing of common chemistry analytes at critical concentrations	Onyenekwu C.P., Hudson C.L., Zemlin A.E., Erasmus R.T.	2014	Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine	52	12	10.1515/cclm-2014-0331	Division of Chemical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19113, Tygerberg, Parow, South Africa; Department of Clinical Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Onyenekwu, C.P., Division of Chemical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19113, Tygerberg, Parow, South Africa, Department of Clinical Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Hudson, C.L., Division of Chemical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19113, Tygerberg, Parow, South Africa; Zemlin, A.E., Division of Chemical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19113, Tygerberg, Parow, South Africa; Erasmus, R.T., Division of Chemical Pathology, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19113, Tygerberg, Parow, South Africa	Background: Early notification of critical values by the clinical laboratory to the treating physician is a requirement for accreditation and is essential for effective patient management. Many laboratories automatically repeat a critical value before reporting it to prevent possible misdiagnosis. Given today's advanced instrumentation and quality assurance practices, we questioned the validity of this approach. We performed an audit of repeat-testing in our laboratory to assess for significant differences between initial and repeated test results, estimate the delay caused by repeat-testing and to quantify the cost of repeating these assays. Methods: A retrospective audit of repeat-tests for sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the first quarter of 2013 at Tygerberg Academic Laboratory was conducted. Data on the initial and repeat-test values and the time that they were performed was extracted from our laboratory information system. The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment criteria for allowable error were employed to assess for significant difference between results. Results: A total of 2308 repeated tests were studied. There was no significant difference in 2291 (99.3%) of the samples. The average delay ranged from 35 min for magnesium to 42 min for sodium and calcium. At least 2.9% of laboratory running costs for the analytes was spent on repeating them. Conclusions: The practice of repeating a critical test result appears unnecessary as it yields similar results, delays notification to the treating clinician and increases laboratory running costs. © by De Gruyter 2014.	audit; critical values; repeat-testing; turnaround time	calcium; magnesium; potassium; reagent; sodium; calcium; magnesium; potassium; sodium; analytical error; Article; chemical analyzer; cost benefit analysis; health care cost; human; laboratory test; law; medical audit; medical information system; repeat procedure; retrospective study; validity; blood analysis; clinical chemistry; economics; hospital information system; hospital laboratory; reproducibility; statistics and numerical data; unnecessary procedure; Blood Chemical Analysis; Calcium; Clinical Chemistry Tests; Clinical Laboratory Information Systems; Humans; Laboratories, Hospital; Magnesium; Potassium; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Sodium; Unnecessary Procedures	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876242575	Diagnostic performance of transvesical ultrasound in clinically suspected ectopic pregnancy in a public and tertiary,hospital setup	Abeia A., Assefa G.	2013	Ethiopian Medical Journal	51	1	None	Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Abeia, A., Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Assefa, G., Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Ectopic pregnancy consists 1.2 to 1.4% of all reported pregnancies and an increasing accordance has been documented in many parts of the world. Objective: To evaluate the performance of transvesical ultrasound (TVS) in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy in the public hospital setup. Methods: Review of medical records of 117 patients who were admitted to St Paul's Hospital with the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy between the years 2005 and 2008 was made. Data on demographic <H clinical information, and laboratory investigations done and transvesical ultrasound records were collected. Outcomes after Laparotomy were used as confirmations or gold standard for final diagnosis. Results: Of the 117 admitted patients for ectopic pregnancy, 99 (S4.6%) had transvesical ultrasound done & in 65 (65.9%) of those 99 patients, it suggested diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Sixty-four (55%) had pervaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain as presenting complaint. Documentation of uterine, adnexal & cul-de-sac findings (all the three diagnostic variables) was noted in 71/99 (71.7%), two of the three and only one of lhe three diagnostic variables were seen 20.2% and 8./% of the sonographic studies respectively. Of patients whose ultrasound report suggested ectopic pregnancy, in 46 (70.8%) a complex adnexal mass and in 33 (50.8%) moderate to large amount of cul-de-sac fluid, and in 9 (19.8%) patients fluid in the uterine cavity were detected. The overall sensitivity and specificity of transvesical ultrasound study in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy were 83.3% and 33.3% respectively, with positive & negative predictive values of 73.5% and 47.4% respectively and accuracy of 68%. Conclusion: About 83.3% of admitted patients were diagnosed sonographically to have ectopic gestation prior to surgery. Quality of the ultrasound report with respect to completeness in number of sonographic diagnostic variables has a statistically significant (P<0.05) role in enhancing the accuracy of transvesical ultrasonography in the diagnosis and exclusion of ectopic pregnancy.	None	adult; article; echography; ectopic pregnancy; Ethiopia; female; fetus echography; human; predictive value; pregnancy; public hospital; retrospective study; tertiary health care; Adult; Ethiopia; Female; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Ectopic; Retrospective Studies; Tertiary Care Centers; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894076039	HPTN 071 (PopART): Rationale and design of a cluster-randomised trial of the population impact of an HIV combination prevention intervention including universal testing and treatment - a study protocol for a cluster randomised trial	Hayes R., Ayles H., Beyers N., Sabapathy K., Floyd S., Shanaube K., Bock P., Griffith S., Moore A., Watson-Jones D., Fraser C., Vermund S.H., Fidler S., Agyei Y., Baldwin M., Barnes M., Bond V., Burns D., Chishinga N., Cummings V., Donnell D., Emel L., Es	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-57	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; ZMB AIDS Related TB Project, University of ZMB, Rideway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Ave., Clinical Buldg., Tygerberg Campus, Western Cape 7505, South Africa; FHI360, Science Facilitation Department, 2224 E NC Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713, United States; St Mary's Campus, HIV Clinical Trials Unit, Winston Churchill Wing, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 32703, United States; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Ropes and oGray LLP, Boston, MA, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Hayes, R., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Ayles, H., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, ZMB AIDS Related TB Project, University of ZMB, Rideway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Beyers, N., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Ave., Clinical Buldg., Tygerberg Campus, Western Cape 7505, South Africa; Sabapathy, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Floyd, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Shanaube, K., ZMB AIDS Related TB Project, University of ZMB, Rideway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia; Bock, P., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Ave., Clinical Buldg., Tygerberg Campus, Western Cape 7505, South Africa; Griffith, S., FHI360, Science Facilitation Department, 2224 E NC Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713, United States; Moore, A., FHI360, Science Facilitation Department, 2224 E NC Hwy 54, Durham, NC 27713, United States; Watson-Jones, D., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Fraser, C., St Mary's Campus, HIV Clinical Trials Unit, Winston Churchill Wing, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Vermund, S.H., Institute for Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Institute for Global Health, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 750, Nashville, TN 32703, United States; Fidler, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Agyei, Y., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Baldwin, M., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Barnes, M., Ropes and oGray LLP, Boston, MA, United States; Bond, V., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Burns, D., Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Chishinga, N., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Cummings, V., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Donnell, D., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Emel, L., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Eshleman, S., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Godfrey-Faussett, P., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Greene, E., FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Hargreaves, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and oTropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hauck, K., Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Headen, T., FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States; Horn, L., Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Kim, P., Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Piwowar-Manning, E., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; McCarthy, K., Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Musheke, M., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Mwango, A., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Mwinga, A., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Muyoyeta, M., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Simwinga, M., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Schaap, A., ZAMBART, University of ZMB, School of Medicine, Ridgeway Campus, Lusaka, Zambia; Smith, P.C., Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Wolf, S., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; White, R., FHI 360, Durham, NC, United States	Background: Effective interventions to reduce HIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa are urgently needed. Mathematical modelling and the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 052 trial results suggest that universal HIV testing combined with immediate antiretroviral treatment (ART) should substantially reduce incidence and may eliminate HIV as a public health problem. We describe the rationale and design of a trial to evaluate this hypothesis.Methods/Design: A rigorously-designed trial of universal testing and treatment (UTT) interventions is needed because: i) it is unknown whether these interventions can be delivered to scale with adequate uptake; ii) there are many uncertainties in the models such that the population-level impact of these interventions is unknown; and ii) there are potential adverse effects including sexual risk disinhibition, HIV-related stigma, over-burdening of health systems, poor adherence, toxicity, and drug resistance.In the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial, 21 communities in ZMB and South Africa (total population 1.2 m) will be randomly allocated to three arms. Arm A will receive the full PopART combination HIV prevention package including annual home-based HIV testing, promotion of medical male circumcision for HIV-negative men, and offer of immediate ART for those testing HIV-positive; Arm B will receive the full package except that ART initiation will follow current national guidelines; Arm C will receive standard of care. A Population Cohort of 2,500 adults will be randomly selected in each community and followed for 3 years to measure the primary outcome of HIV incidence. Based on model projections, the trial will be well-powered to detect predicted effects on HIV incidence and secondary outcomes.Discussion: Trial results, combined with modelling and cost data, will provide short-term and long-term estimates of cost-effectiveness of UTT interventions. Importantly, the three-arm design will enable assessment of how much could be achieved by optimal delivery of current policies and the costs and benefits of extending this to UTT.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01900977. © 2014 Hayes et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Circumcision, Male; Clinical Protocols; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Mass Screening; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Research Design; South Africa; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-72849129788	How much could rotavirus vaccines reduce diarrhea-associated mortality in northern Ghana? A model to assess impact	Arvay M.L., Curns A.T., Terp S., Armah G., Wontuo P., Parashar U.D., Binka F., Glass R.I., Widdowson M.-A.	2009	Journal of Infectious Diseases	200	None	10.1086/605062	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, GA, United States; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Center, Navrongo, Ghana	Arvay, M.L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Curns, A.T., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Terp, S., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation, Atlanta, GA, United States; Armah, G., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Wontuo, P., Navrongo Health Research Center, Navrongo, Ghana; Parashar, U.D., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Binka, F., School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Glass, R.I., Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Widdowson, M.-A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background. Effective rotavirus vaccines could substantially reduce the ∼500,000 deaths due to rotavirus disease per year worldwide, although the impact will depend on vaccine effectiveness, timing of administration, and coverage. We modeled vaccine impact on rotavirus-associated mortality in rural Ghana. Methods. All deaths due to acute diarrhea among children during 1998-2004 in the Kassena-Nankana District of Ghana were identified, and the number of deaths due to rotavirus disease was estimated using hospital laboratory surveillance data. Assuming rotavirus vaccine would be included in the current Expanded Program on Immunization schedule, we estimated the reduction in rotavirus-associated mortality with use of the current coverage and timing of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine administration and various age-restricted schedules. Results. Of the 381 deaths due to diarrhea, 131 (34%) were estimated to be caused by rotavirus infection. On the basis of current diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine coverage and timing, a 90% efficacious 3-dose rotavirus vaccine would prevent 70% of deaths due to rotavirus infection if administered without age restrictions, 53% if only initiated among children <12 weeks of age, and 52% if the course also was completed by 32 weeks of age. Conclusions. Rotavirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce rotavirus-associated mortality in rural Ghana. Although timely vaccination should be encouraged, extending the current age recommendation for initiation of rotavirus vaccination could increase the coverage and impact of vaccination. © 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	diphtheria vaccine; pertussis vaccine; Rotavirus vaccine; tetanus toxoid; age distribution; article; controlled study; diarrhea; diphtheria; disease surveillance; drug efficacy; Ghana; mortality; pertussis; priority journal; rural area; statistical model; tetanus; treatment indication; vaccination; virus infection; Diarrhea; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Ghana; Humans; Infant; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines; Vaccination	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906654194	Rapid impact of effective treatment on transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis	Dharmadhikari A.S., Mphahlele M., Venter K., Stoltz A., Mathebula R., Masotla T., Van Der Walt M., Pagano M., Jensen P., Nardell E.	2014	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	18	9	10.5588/ijtld.13.0834	Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Dharmadhikari, A.S., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Mphahlele, M., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Venter, K., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Stoltz, A., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mathebula, R., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Masotla, T., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Van Der Walt, M., South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Pagano, M., Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Jensen, P., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Nardell, E., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	BACKGROUND: Effective treatment for drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB) rapidly renders patients non-infectious, long before conversion of sputum acid-fast smear or culture to negative. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients on treatment are currently assumed to remain infectious for months. While the resources required for prolonged hospitalization are a barrier to the scale-up of MDR-TB treatment, the safety of community treatment is clear. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the impact of treatment on infectiousness among MDR-TB patients. METHODS: A series of five human-to-guinea pig TB transmission studies was conducted to test various interventions for infection control. Guinea pigs in adjacent chambers were exposed to exhaust air from a hospital ward occupied by mostly sputum smear- and culture-positive MDR-TB patients. The guinea pigs then underwent tuberculin skin testing for infection. Only the control groups of guinea pigs from each study (no interventions used) provide the data for this analysis. The number of guinea pigs infected in each study is reported and correlated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility relative to treatment. RESULTS: Despite exposure to presumably infectious MDR-TB patients, infection percentages among guinea pigs ranged from 1% to 77% in the five experiments conducted. In one experiment in which guinea pigs were exposed to 27 MDR-TB patients newly started on effective treatment for 3 months, there was minimal transmission. In four other experiments with greater transmission, guinea pigs had been exposed to patients with unsuspected extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis who were not on effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In this model, effective treatment appears to render MDR-TB patients rapidly non-infectious. Further prospective studies on this subject are needed. © 2014 The Union.	Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis; Impact of treatment; Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; Transmission	ethambutol; ethionamide; kanamycin; levofloxacin; protionamide; adult; aged; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; controlled study; disease transmission; drug sensitivity; exhaust gas; female; guinea pig; human; infection control; major clinical study; male; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; pilot study; priority journal; sputum smear; treatment duration; tuberculin test; ward	R01OH009050, NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938553397	Improving treatment adherence for blood pressure lowering via mobile phone SMS-messages in South Africa: A qualitative evaluation of the SMS-text Adherence SuppoRt (StAR) trial Service organization, utilization, and delivery of care	Leon N., Surender R., Bobrow K., Muller J., Farmer A.	2015	BMC Family Practice	16	1	10.1186/s12875-015-0289-7	Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Fransie Van Zyl Drive P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom; Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Gibson Building, Oxford, United Kingdom	Leon, N., Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Fransie Van Zyl Drive P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Surender, R., Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom; Bobrow, K., Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Gibson Building, Oxford, United Kingdom; Muller, J., Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Fransie Van Zyl Drive P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg Cape Town, South Africa; Farmer, A., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Gibson Building, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Effective use of proven treatments for high blood pressure, a preventable health risk, is challenging for many patients. Prompts via mobile phone SMS-text messaging may improve adherence to clinic visits and treatment, though more research is needed on impact and patient perceptions of such support interventions, especially in low-resource settings. Method: An individually-randomised controlled trial in a primary care clinic in Cape Town (2012-14), tested the effect of an adherence support intervention delivered via SMS-texts, on blood pressure control and adherence to medication, for hypertensive patients. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02019823). We report on a qualitative evaluation that explored the trial participants' experiences and responses to the SMS-text messages, and identified barriers and facilitators to delivering adherence support via patients' own mobile phones. Two focus groups and fifteen individual interviews were conducted. We used comparative and thematic analysis approaches to identify themes and triangulated our analysis amongst three researchers. Results: Most participants were comfortable with the technology of using SMS-text messages. Messages were experienced as acceptable, relevant and useful to a broad range of participants. The SMS-content, the respectful tone and the delivery (timing of reminders and frequency) and the relational aspect of trial participation (feeling cared for) were all highly valued. A subgroup who benefitted the most, were those who had been struggling with adherence due to high levels of personal stress. The intervention appeared to coincide with their readiness for change, and provided practical and emotional support for improving adherence behaviour. Change may have been facilitated through increased acknowledgement of their health status and attitudinal change towards greater self-responsibility. Complex interaction of psycho-social stressors and health service problems were reported as broader challenges to adherence behaviours. Conclusion: Adherence support for treatment of raised blood pressure, delivered via SMS-text message on the patient's own phone, was found to be acceptable, relevant and helpful, even for those who already had their own reminder systems in place. Our findings begin to identify for whom and what core elements of the SMS-text message intervention appear to work best in a low-resource operational setting, issues that future research should explore in greater depth. © 2015 Leon et al.	Adherence; Blood pressure treatment; Hypertension; low-and middle-income countries primary-care; mHealth; Mobile phone-based SMS-messages; qualitative methodology, patient perspective; South Africa	None	None
None	None	Vitamin A supplementation in Tanzania: The impact of a change in programmatic delivery strategy on coverage	Masanja H., Schellenberg J.A., Mshinda H.M., Shekar M., Mugyabuso J.K.L., Ndossi G.D., De Savigny D.	2006	BMC Health Services Research	6	None	10.1186/1472-6963-6-142	Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Human Development Network (HDNHE), World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Project, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Schellenberg, J.A., Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Mshinda, H.M., Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Morogoro, Tanzania; Shekar, M., Human Development Network (HDNHE), World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, United States; Mugyabuso, J.K.L., Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ndossi, G.D., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; De Savigny, D., Department of Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Tanzania Essential Health Interventions Project, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Efficient delivery strategies for health interventions are essential for high and sustainable coverage. We report impact of a change in programmatic delivery strategy from routine delivery through the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI+) approach to twice-yearly mass distribution campaigns on coverage of vitamin A supplementation in Tanzania Methods: We investigated disparities in age, sex, socio-economic status, nutritional status and maternal education within vitamin A coverage in children between 1 and 2 years of age from two independent household level child health surveys conducted (1) during a continuous universal targeting scheme based on routine EPI contacts for children aged 9, 15 and 21 months (1999); and (2) three years later after the introduction of twice-yearly vitamin A supplementation campaigns for children aged 6 months to 5 years, a 6-monthly universal targeting scheme (2002). A representative cluster sample of approximately 2,400 rural households was obtained from Rufiji, Morogoro Rural, Kilombero and Ulanga districts. A modular questionnaire about the health of all children under the age of five was administered to consenting heads of households and caretakers of children. Information on the use of child health interventions including vitamin A was asked. Results: Coverage of vitamin A supplementation among 1-2 year old children increased from 13% [95% CI 10-18%] in 1999 to 76% [95%CI 72-81%] in 2002. In 2002 knowledge of two or more child health danger signs was negatively associated with vitamin A supplementation coverage (80% versus 70%) (p = 0.04). Nevertheless, we did not find any disparities in coverage of vitamin A by district, gender, socio-economic status and DPT vaccinations. Conclusion: Change in programmatic delivery of vitamin A supplementation was associated with a major improvement in coverage in Tanzania that was been sustained by repeated campaigns for at least three years. There is a need to monitor the effect of such campaigns on the routine health system and on equity of coverage. Documentation of vitamin A supplementation campaign contacts on routine maternal and child health cards would be a simple step to facilitate this monitoring. © 2006 Masanja et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	retinol; retinol; article; child health; controlled study; cost; health program; health survey; human; preschool child; questionnaire; Tanzania; vitamin supplementation; attitude to health; diet supplementation; economics; evaluation study; health care survey; infant; insurance; nutritional status; organization and management; preventive health service; primary health care; procedures; socioeconomics; supply and distribution; utilization; Vitamin A Deficiency; Child, Preschool; Dietary Supplements; Health Care Surveys; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Nutritional Status; Primary Health Care; Questionnaires; Socioeconomic Factors; Tanzania; Universal Coverage; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency	None
WoS	WOS:000302730100060	Integrated HIV Testing, Malaria, and Diarrhea Prevention Campaign in Kenya: Modeled Health Impact and Cost-Effectiveness	Clasen, Thomas,Grabowsky, Mark,Harris, Brian,Kahn, James G.,Lugada, Eric,Mermin, Jonathan,Muraguri, Nicholas,Shariff, Shahnaaz	2012	PLOS ONE	7	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0031316	University of California San Francisco, University of California System, University of London, CHF Int, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Kenya, ESP UN Fdn, Govt Kenya, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	"Clasen, Thomas: University of London","Harris, Brian: University of California San Francisco","Harris, Brian: University of California System","Kahn, James G.: University of California San Francisco","Kahn, James G.: University of California System",	Background: Efficiently delivered interventions to reduce HIV, malaria, and diarrhea are essential to accelerating global health efforts. A 2008 community integrated prevention campaign in Western Province, Kenya, reached 47,000 individuals over 7 days, providing HIV testing and counseling, water filters, insecticide-treated bed nets, condoms, and for HIV-infected individuals cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and referral for ongoing care. We modeled the potential cost-effectiveness of a scaled-up integrated prevention campaign. Methods: We estimated averted deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based on published data on baseline mortality and morbidity and on the protective effect of interventions, including antiretroviral therapy. We incorporate a previously estimated scaled-up campaign cost. We used published costs of medical care to estimate savings from averted illness (for all three diseases) and the added costs of initiating treatment earlier in the course of HIV disease. Results: Per 1000 participants, projected reductions in cases of diarrhea, malaria, and HIV infection avert an estimated 16.3 deaths, 359 DALYs and $85,113 in medical care costs. Earlier care for HIV-infected persons adds an estimated 82 DALYs averted (to a total of 442), at a cost of $37,097 (reducing total averted costs to $48,015). Accounting for the estimated campaign cost of $32,000, the campaign saves an estimated $16,015 per 1000 participants. In multivariate sensitivity analyses, 83% of simulations result in net savings, and 93% in a cost per DALY averted of less than $20. Discussion: A mass, rapidly implemented campaign for HIV testing, safe water, and malaria control appears economically attractive.	,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY","COTRIMOXAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS",DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,"INSECTICIDE-TREATED BEDNETS","RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS","RURAL WESTERN KENYA",SOUTH-AFRICA,STRATEGIES,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80055087811	Is the even distribution of insecticide-treated cattle essential for tsetse control? modelling the impact of baits in heterogeneous environments	Torr S.J., Vale G.A.	2011	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	5	10	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001360	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Torr, S.J., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom; Vale, G.A., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background: Eliminating Rhodesian sleeping sickness, the zoonotic form of Human African Trypanosomiasis, can be achieved only through interventions against the vectors, species of tsetse (Glossina). The use of insecticide-treated cattle is the most cost-effective method of controlling tsetse but its impact might be compromised by the patchy distribution of livestock. A deterministic simulation model was used to analyse the effects of spatial heterogeneities in habitat and baits (insecticide-treated cattle and targets) on the distribution and abundance of tsetse. Methodology/Principal Findings: The simulated area comprised an operational block extending 32 km from an area of good habitat from which tsetse might invade. Within the operational block, habitat comprised good areas mixed with poor ones where survival probabilities and population densities were lower. In good habitat, the natural daily mortalities of adults averaged 6.14% for males and 3.07% for females; the population grew 8.4× in a year following a 90% reduction in densities of adults and pupae, but expired when the population density of males was reduced to &lt;0.1/km 2; daily movement of adults averaged 249 m for males and 367 m for females. Baits were placed throughout the operational area, or patchily to simulate uneven distributions of cattle and targets. Gaps of 2-3 km between baits were inconsequential provided the average imposed mortality per km 2 across the entire operational area was maintained. Leaving gaps 5-7 km wide inside an area where baits killed 10% per day delayed effective control by 4-11 years. Corrective measures that put a few baits within the gaps were more effective than deploying extra baits on the edges. Conclusions/Significance: The uneven distribution of cattle within settled areas is unlikely to compromise the impact of insecticide-treated cattle on tsetse. However, where areas of &amp;gt;3 km wide are cattle-free then insecticide-treated targets should be deployed to compensate for the lack of cattle. © 2011 Torr, Vale.	None	African trypanosomiasis; article; cattle; chemical pest control; computer model; controlled study; environmental impact assessment; habitat quality; insecticidal activity; nonhuman; parasite vector; pest management; pesticide spraying; population abundance; population density dependence; population distribution; population movement pattern; process model; species habitat; species invasion; survival rate; tsetse fly; vector control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943570139	Diagnosis of O. volvulus infection via skin exposure to diethylcarbamazine: Clinical evaluation of a transdermal delivery technology-based patch	Awadzi K., Opoku N.O., Attah S.K., Lazdins-Helds J.K., Kuesel A.C.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1122-9	Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Awadzi, K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Opoku, N.O., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana; Attah, S.K., Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Research Centre, Hohoe, Ghana, Department of Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Lazdins-Helds, J.K., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Kuesel, A.C., UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/ WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Background: Elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa is now regarded as an achievable goal in many areas. This makes monitoring changes in infection prevalence a key component of control programmes. Monitoring is currently based on determining the presence of O. volvulus microfilariae in skin snips, an invasive, labour-intensive method. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) had established procedures to detect O. volvulus infections via the localized skin reaction induced by killing of microfilariae upon skin exposure to diethylcarbamazine via a patch (OCP-patch). Large scale OCP - patch use is difficult due to labour-intensive patch preparation. At the request of TDR, a manufacturer specialized in transdermal-delivery systems developed a ready-to-use diethylcarbamazine (DEC) containing patch (LTS-2 patch). To qualify this patch for large scale studies of its sensitivity and specificity, this study evaluated its ease of application, ability to detect infection and DEC exposure related adverse reactions compared to the OCP-patch in 30 infected individuals. Methods: Each participant with 0.2-36.8 O. volvulus microfilariae/mg skin received the OCP-patch and 4 days later the LTS-2 patch at the left and right iliac crest, respectively, for 24 h. Presence and characteristics of local skin reactions were assessed at patch removal and 6 h later. Skin reaction and Mazzotti reaction rates were compared with Fisher's exact and a paired t-test, respectively. Results: The LTS-2 patch could be applied within 10 s. Mild itching occured at 63.3 % of OCP-patch (duration 8.9∈±∈11.8 h) and 26.7 % of LTS-2 patch sites (duration 1.0∈±∈2.5 h) and was the most frequent Mazzotti reaction. At patch removal after 24 h, a diagnostic local skin reaction was present under 90 % of OCP-patches and 83 % of LTS-2 patches; 6 h later, it was present at 93 % of OCP-patch and 100 % of LTS-2 patch sites. Conclusions: The data suggest that safety, tolerability and ability to detect infections of the LTS-2 patch are comparable to those of the OCP-patch. They qualify the LTS-2 patch for field studies to determine LTS-2 patch sensitivity, specificity and utility during large scale use and thus to inform use of the LTS-2 patch by onchocerciasis control programmes to determine prevalence of infection. Trial registration: Current controlled Trials ISRCTN76875372. © 2015 World Health Organization; licensee BioMed Central.	Africa; Diagnosis; Diethylcarbamazine patch; Onchocerciasis; Transdermal-delivery	diethylcarbamazine; adult; Article; clinical article; clinical evaluation; drug effect; drug exposure; drug safety; drug tolerability; female; human; human tissue; iliac crest; male; microfilaria (nematode larva); onchocerciasis; pruritus; sensitivity and specificity; skin edema; skin manifestation; transdermal patch	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952739468	Identification of performance indicators for emergency centres in South Africa: Results of a Delphi study	Maritz D., Hodkinson P., Wallis L.	2010	International Journal of Emergency Medicine	3	4	10.1007/s12245-010-0240-6	Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X24, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Maritz, D., Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X24, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Hodkinson, P., Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X24, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Wallis, L., Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X24, Bellville 7535, South Africa	Background: Emergency medicine is a rapidly developing field in South Africa (SA) and other developing nations. There is a need to develop performance indicators that are relevant and easy to measure. This will allow identification of areas for improvement, create standards of care and allow inter-institutional comparisons to be made. There is evidence from the international literature that performance measures do lead to performance improvements. Aims: To develop a broad-based consensus document detailing quality measures for use in SA Emergency Centres (ECs). Methods: A three-round modified Delphi study was conducted over e-mail. A panel of experts representing the emergency medicine field in SA was formed. Participants were asked to provide potential performance indicators for use in SA, under subheaders of the various disciplines that are seen in emergency patients. These statements were collated and sent out to the panel for scoring on a 9-point Lickert scale. Statements that did not reach a predefined consensus were sent back to the panellist for reconsideration. Results: Consensus was reached on 99 out of 153 (65%) of the performance indicators proposed. These were further refined, and a synopsis of the statements is presented, classified as to whether the statements were thought to be feasible or not in the current circumstances. Conclusions: A synopsis of the useful and feasible performance indicators is presented. The majority are structural and performance-based indicators appropriate to the development of the field in SA. Further refinement and research is needed to implement these indicators. © The Author(s) 2010.	Developing world; Emergency; Indicator; Performance; Quality; South Africa	article; Delphi study; e-mail; emergency care; emergency health service; emergency medicine; health care quality; medical documentation; priority journal; South Africa	None
None	None	Impact of malaria and helminth infections on immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in Tanzania	Brown J., Baisley K., Kavishe B., Changalucha J., Andreasen A., Mayaud P., Gumodoka B., Kapiga S., Hayes R., Watson-Jones D.	2014	Vaccine	32	5	10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.061	University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Epidemiology, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo, Mwanza, Tanzania; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania	Brown, J., University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, CA, United States, University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Epidemiology, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Baisley, K., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kavishe, B., Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Isamilo, Mwanza, Tanzania; Andreasen, A., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mayaud, P., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Gumodoka, B., Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kapiga, S., Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hayes, R., Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Watson-Jones, D., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background: Endemic malaria and helminth infections in sub-Saharan Africa can act as immunological modulators and impact responses to standard immunizations. We conducted a cohort study to measure the influence of malaria and helminth infections on the immunogenicity of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine. Methods: We evaluated the association between malaria and helminth infections, and HPV-16/18 antibody responses among 298 Tanzanian females aged 10-25 years enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of the HPV-16/18 vaccine. Malaria parasitaemia was diagnosed by examination of blood smears, and helminth infections were diagnosed by examination of urine and stool samples, respectively. Geometric mean antibody titres (GMT) against HPV-16/18 antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Parasitic infections were common; one-third (30.4%) of participants had a helminth infection and 10.2% had malaria parasitaemia. Overall, the vaccine induced high HPV-16/18 GMTs, and there was no evidence of a reduction in HPV-16 or HPV-18 GMT at Month 7 or Month 12 follow-up visits among participants with helminths or malaria. There was some evidence that participants with malaria had increased GMTs compared to those without malaria. Conclusions: The data show high HPV immunogenicity regardless of the presence of malaria and helminth infections. The mechanism and significance for the increase in GMT in those with malaria is unknown. © 2013 The Authors.	Helminth; HPV; Human papillomavirus; Immunogenicity; Malaria; Parasitic infection; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Vaccine	placebo; virus antibody; Wart virus vaccine; adolescent; adult; antibody response; antibody titer; article; blood smear; child; cohort analysis; controlled study; disease association; double blind procedure; drug safety; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; feces analysis; female; follow up; helminthiasis; human; Human papillomavirus type 16; Human papillomavirus type 18; immunogenicity; major clinical study; malaria; parasitemia; phase 3 clinical trial; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; school child; Tanzania; urinalysis; young adult; Helminth; HPV; Human papillomavirus; Immunogenicity; Malaria; Parasitic infection; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania; Vaccine; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adolescent; Adult; Aluminum Hydroxide; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody Formation; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Helminthiasis; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Lipid A; Malaria; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887923933	Evaluation of the english version of the end-of-life nursing education questionnaire	Head B.A., Schapmire T., Faul A.C.	2013	Journal of Palliative Medicine	16	11	10.1089/jpm.2012.0596	University of Louisville, School of Medicine, MDR Building, 511 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Kent School of Social Work, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Head, B.A., University of Louisville, School of Medicine, MDR Building, 511 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Schapmire, T., University of Louisville, School of Medicine, MDR Building, 511 South Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States, Kent School of Social Work, Louisville, KY, United States; Faul, A.C., Kent School of Social Work, Louisville, KY, United States, Department of Social Work, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background: End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) train-the-trainer workshops prepare participants to teach ELNEC content to others. In 2010, researchers in Japan developed and validated the End-of-Life Nursing Education Questionnaire (ELNEQ) to measure the impact of ELNEC workshops on participants' readiness to teach the content. Objective: The study's objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the English version of the ELNEQ. Design and Subjects: The study was a pre-test/posttest cross-sectional survey design with 113 participants. Measurements: The English version of the ELNEQ is composed of 20 items measuring five domains related to teaching end-of-life (EOL) content: confidence in teaching; motivation for teaching; preparedness to teach; preparedness to lead initiatives; and expected influence on participants. Results: Reliability was established for all domains (Cronbach's α±range 0.83-0.99) and the scale as a whole (Cronbach's α±= 0.92), as was content validity at the item level. Confirmatory factor analysis showed excellent fit for both the first order and second order factor models. Sensitivity was confirmed as comparisons between pre-and posttest results on all scales and overall were significant. Conclusions: The English version of the ELNEQ is a psychometrically sound instrument for measuring the impact of ELNEC train-the-trainer workshops. © Copyright 2013, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2013.	None	article; comparative study; content validity; end of life nursing education questionnaire; evaluation; human; language; motivation; psychometry; questionnaire; reliability; teaching; Cross-Sectional Studies; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Humans; Motivation; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Teaching; Terminal Care; Translations	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84955609882	Histopathological evaluation of H. Pylori associated gastric lesions in benin city, Nigeria	Udoh M.O., Obaseki D.E.	2012	East African Medical Journal	89	12	None	Department of Pathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin-city, Nigeria	Udoh, M.O., Department of Pathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin-city, Nigeria; Obaseki, D.E., Department of Pathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, PMB 1111, Benin-city, Nigeria	Background: Endoscopic biopsy of the gastric mucosa allows early diagnosis, grading, staging and classification of gastric diseases. Helicobacter pylori, has been recognized as a major aetiologic factor for chronic gastritis, benign gastric ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. The loco-regional variability in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and associated diseases in Nigeria, emphasise the need for evaluation of subsets of a heterogeneous population like ours Objective: To determine the frequency of helicobacter pylori in gastric endoscopic biopsies and document the pathology of gastric lesions commonly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Design: Retrospective descriptive study. Settings: University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), and Biogenics Histopathology Laboratory (a private Histopathology Laboratory), both based in Benin City, Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Subjects: Endoscopic gastric biopsies recorded in the surgical pathology register of the department from 2005-2009 were studied and relevant demographic and clinical information extracted from the registers, original request cards and patient case files. The clinical data and slides processed from paraffin embedded tissue blocks of endoscopic biopsies of gastric lesions seen from year 2005 to 2009 were studied, analyzed and statistically presented. Results: Total number of specimens studied was 142. Chronic gastritis was present in 117(82.39%) specimens; 9(6.34%) were benign gastric ulcers; 3(2.11%) were gastric polyps; and 11(7.75%) were gastric malignancies. Helicobacter pylori, was demonstrated in 55.6% of all specimens. The peak age for Chronic Gastritis and Gastric Cancer is the 6th decade. Amongst patients with chronic gastritis, inflammatory activity was present in 65%; atrophy in 53%; and intestinal metaplasia in 16.6%. All gastric malignancies seen were intestinal type adenocarcinomas. Conclusion: The spectrum of lesions diagnosed in gastric endoscopic biopsy specimens in Benin, their frequency and associations are largely comparable to what has been described elsewhere in Nigeria and Africa. © 2012, East African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	Endoscopic biopsies; Gastric lesions; Helicobacter pylori	adenocarcinoma; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; biopsy; cancer staging; child; chronic disease; early diagnosis; female; gastric mucosa; gastritis; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; human; infant; isolation and purification; male; microbiology; middle aged; Nigeria; pathology; predictive value; preschool child; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity; severity of illness index; Stomach Diseases; stomach tumor; stomach ulcer; teaching hospital; very elderly; Adenocarcinoma; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biopsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Early Detection of Cancer; Early Diagnosis; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Nigeria; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Severity of Illness Index; Stomach Diseases; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Ulcer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650002419	Performance of the Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD equations in adult Nigerians with chronic kidney disease	Agaba E.I., Wigwe C.M., Agaba P.A., Tzamaloukas A.H.	2009	International Urology and Nephrology	41	3	10.1007/s11255-008-9515-8	Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria; University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria; APIN Center, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau State, N	Agaba, E.I., Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2076, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria; Wigwe, C.M., University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria; Agaba, P.A., APIN Center, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria; Tzamaloukas, A.H., Renal Section, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States	Background: Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is required in the assessment of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in order to provide information regarding the functional status of the kidneys. Current guidelines advocate the use of prediction equations, such as the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study-derived equations, over clearance of endogenous creatinine (Ccr) in achieving this aim. We were interested in knowing the accuracy of these equations in predicting the GFR in adult Nigerians with CKD. Methods: We conducted a review of records of patients who were evaluated for CKD at the Nephrology Clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital between 2001 and 2003. We compared the CG and MDRD equations against the Ccr in predicting the GFR in 130 patients (88 males and 42 females) with CKD. Results: The means ± standard deviation (SD) for the measured and predicted GFR by the CG and MDRD equations were similar (17.6 ± 25.8 ml/min, 19.9 ± 24.0 ml/min and 21.5 ± 28.2 ml/min, respectively; analysis of variance [ANOVA], F = 0.68, P = 0.5). The mean difference between CG and Ccr was -2.2 ± 14.8 ml/min, with discordance at Ccr values >25 ml/min. The mean difference between MDRD and Ccr was -3.9 ± 18.1 ml/min, with discordance at Ccr values >40 ml/min. Conclusion: The CG and MDRD equations provide reliable alternatives to measured Ccr in the estimation of the GFR in Nigerian patients with CKD. © Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. 2009.	Africans; Chronic kidney disease; Cockcroft-Gault; Glomerular filtration rate; MDRD	creatinine; adult; article; chronic kidney disease; Cockcroft Gault equation; controlled study; creatinine clearance; diagnostic accuracy; female; glomerulus filtration rate; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; mathematical parameters; medical record review; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; Nigeria; prediction; reliability; Adult; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mathematics; Nigeria	None
WoS	WOS:000296966900001	A qualitative evaluation of volunteers' experiences in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Tanzania	Bakari, Muhammad,Kohi, Thecla W.,Kulane, Asli,Mhalu, Fred,Sandstrom, Eric,Tarimo, Edith A. M.,Thorson, Anna	2011	BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES	11	None	10.1186/1471-2334-11-283	Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset Hospital, Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci	"Kulane, Asli: Karolinska Institutet","Sandstrom, Eric: Karolinska Institutet","Sandstrom, Eric: Sodersjukhuset Hospital","Thorson, Anna: Karolinska Institutet",	Background: Evaluating experiences of volunteers in an HIV vaccine trial will be useful for the conduct of future trials. The purpose of this study among volunteers who participated in a phase I/II HIV vaccine trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania was to assess what characterized their experiences during the trial. Methods: We conducted four focus group discussions with 35 out of the 60 individuals (women and men) after the five scheduled vaccinations. An interpretive description approach was applied to data analysis. Results: As a result of the trial interventions, both men and women gained confidence in their own abilities to have safer, less risky sexual behaviour. The participants experienced the trial as a way of accessing free [insured] medical services. Most of the men said they had gone from self-medication to professional medical consultation. Despite these benefits, the participants faced various challenges during the trial. Such challenges included mistrust of the trial shown by health care providers who were not connected to the trial and discouragement from friends, colleagues and family members who questioned the safety of the trial. However, they managed to cope with these doubts by using both personal and trial related interventions. Conclusion: We found that during the phase I/II HIV vaccine trial, participants had both the opportunities and the ability to cope with the doubts from the surrounding community. Follow up visits enhanced the opportunities and individuals' abilities to cope with the doubts during the trial. Understanding this discourse may be useful for the trial implementers when designing future trials.	,"EFFICACY TRIAL","INTERPRETIVE DESCRIPTION",PARTICIPATION,"SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR","SOCIAL HARMS",THAILAND	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in Tanzania	Schmied W.H., Takken W., Killeen G.F., Knols B.G.J., Smallegange R.C.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-230	Center of Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Tanzania; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom	Schmied, W.H., Center of Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Tanzania; Takken, W., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Killeen, G.F., Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Knols, B.G.J., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands; Smallegange, R.C., Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, Netherlands	Background. Evaluation of mosquito responses towards different trap-bait combinations in field trials is a time-consuming process that can be shortened by experiments in contained semi-field systems. Possible use of the BG Sentinel (BGS) trap to sample Anopheles gambiae s.s. was evaluated. The efficiency of this trap was compared with that of the Mosquito Magnet-X (MM-X) trap, when baited with foot odour alone or combinations of foot odour with carbon dioxide (CO2) or lemongrass as behaviour-modifying cues. Methods. Female An. gambiae s.s. were released in an experimental flight arena that was placed in a semi-field system and left overnight. Catch rates for the MM-X and BGS traps were recorded. Data were analysed by fitting a generalized linear model to the (n+1) transformed catches. Results. Both types of traps successfully captured mosquitoes with all odour cues used. When the BGS trap was tested against the MM-X trap in a choice assay with foot odour as bait, the BGS trap caught about three times as many mosquitoes as the MM-X trap (P = 0.002). Adding CO 2(500 ml/min) to foot odour increased the number of mosquitoes caught by 268% for the MM-X (P &lt; 0.001) and 34% (P = 0.051) for the BGS trap, compared to foot odour alone. When lemongrass leaves were added to foot odour, mosquito catches were reduced by 39% (BGS, P &lt; 0.001) and 38% (MM-X, P = 0.353), respectively. Conclusion. The BGS trap shows high potential for field trials due to its simple construction and high catch rate when baited with human foot odour only. However, for rapid screening of different baits in a contained semi-field system, the superior discriminatory power of the MM-X trap is advantageous. © 2008 Schmied et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide; chemotactic factor; Anopheles gambiae; article; controlled study; Cymbopogon citratus; disease carrier; female; malaria; nonhuman; odor; Tanzania; animal; animal behavior; comparative study; drug effect; human; mosquito; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Behavior, Animal; Carbon Dioxide; Chemotactic Factors; Female; Humans; Mosquito Control; Odors; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924066605	Efficacy and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel anti-malarial compound (NP046) in a mouse model	Abay E.T., Van Der Westuizen J.H., Swart K.J., Gibhard L., Lawrence N., Dambuza N., Wilhelm A., Pravin K., Wiesner L.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/1475-2875-14-8	Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Abay, E.T., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Der Westuizen, J.H., Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Swart, K.J., PAREXEL International Clinical Research Organization, Private Bag X09, Brandhof, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Gibhard, L., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Lawrence, N., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Dambuza, N., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Wilhelm, A., Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Pravin, K., Research Development, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Wiesner, L., Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Even though malaria is a completely preventable and treatable disease, it remains a threat to human life and a burden to the global economy due to the emergence of multiple-drug resistant malaria parasites. According to the World Malaria Report 2013, in 2012 there were an estimated 207 million malaria cases and 627,000 deaths. Thus, the discovery and development of new, effective anti-malarial drugs are required. To achieve this goal, the Department of Chemistry at the University of the Free State has synthesized a number of novel amino-alkylated chalcones and analogues, which showed in vitro anti-malarial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. The lead compound (NP046) was selected for a comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) and in vivo efficacy evaluation in a mouse model. Methods: In vivo efficacy: Water solutions of NP046 were administered orally at 50 and 10 mg/kg using oral gavage and IV at 5 and 1 mg/kg via the dorsal penile vein to Plasmodium berghei (ANKA strain) infected male C57BL/6 mice (n = 5), once a day for four days. Blood samples were collected via tail bleeding in tubes containing phosphate buffer saline (PBS) on day five to determine the % parasitaemia by flow cytometry. In vivo PK: NP046 solutions in water were administered orally (50 and 10 mg/kg) and IV (5 mg/kg) to male C57BL/6 mice (n = 5). Blood samples were collected via tail bleeding into heparinized tubes and analysed using a validated LC-MS/MS assay. Data obtained from the concentration-time profile was evaluated using Summit PK software to determine the PK parameters of NP046. Results: NP046 inhibited parasite growth for the oral and IV groups. Better parasite growth inhibition was observed for the IV group. The PK evaluation of NP046 showed low oral bioavailability (3.2% and 6% at 50 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg dose, respectively and a moderate mean half-life ranging from 3.1 to 4.4 hours. Conclusion: Even though the oral bioavailability of NP046 is low, its percentage parasite growth inhibition is promising, but in order to improve the oral bioavailability, structure-activity-relationship (SAR) optimization studies are currently being conducted. © 2015 Abay et al.	Drug development; In vivo efficacy; Malaria; Pharmacokinetics	antimalarial agent; chloroquine; hydrocortisone; np 046; reserpine; unclassified drug; animal experiment; antimalarial activity; area under the curve; Article; blood sampling; controlled study; drug bioavailability; drug clearance; drug efficacy; drug penetration; flow cytometry; in vivo study; lipophilicity; liquid chromatography; male; maximum plasma concentration; mouse; nonhuman; pharmacokinetics; plasma concentration-time curve; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium berghei infection; tandem mass spectrometry; time to maximum plasma concentration	MRC, South African Medical Research Council
WoS	WOS:000289963000031	Effect on maternal and child health services in Rwanda of payment to primary health-care providers for performance: an impact evaluation	Basinga, Paulin,Binagwaho, Agnes,Gertler, Paul J.,Soucat, Agnes L. B.,Sturdy, Jennifer,Vermeersch, Christel M. J.	2011	LANCET	377	9775	None	The World Bank, University of California Berkeley, University of California System, University of Rwanda, Minist Hlth	"Basinga, Paulin: University of Rwanda","Gertler, Paul J.: University of California Berkeley","Gertler, Paul J.: University of California System","Soucat, Agnes L. B.: The World Bank","Sturdy, Jennifer: The World Bank","Vermeersch, Christel M. J.: The World Bank",	Background Evidence about the best methods with which to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals is urgently needed. We assessed the effect of performance-based payment of health-care providers (payment for performance; P4P) on use and quality of child and maternal care services in health-care facilities in Rwanda. Methods 166 facilities were randomly assigned at the district level either to begin P4P funding between June, 2006, and October, 2006 (intervention group; n=80), or to continue with the traditional input-based funding until 23 months after study baseline (control group; n=86). Randomisation was done by coin toss. We surveyed facilities and 2158 households at baseline and after 23 months. The main outcome measures were prenatal care visits and institutional deliveries, quality of prenatal care, and child preventive care visits and immunisation. We isolated the incentive effect from the resource effect by increasing comparison facilities' input-based budgets by the average P4P payments made to the treatment facilities. We estimated a multivariate regression specification of the difference-in-difference model in which an individual's outcome is regressed against a dummy variable, indicating whether the facility received P4P that year, a facility-fixed effect, a year indicator, and a series of individual and household characteristics. Findings Our model estimated that facilities in the intervention group had a 23% increase in the number of institutional deliveries and increases in the number of preventive care visits by children aged 23 months or younger (56%) and aged between 24 months and 59 months (132%). No improvements were seen in the number of women completing four prenatal care visits or of children receiving full immunisation schedules. We also estimate an increase of 0.157 standard deviations (95% CI 0.026-0.289) in prenatal quality as measured by compliance with Rwandan prenatal care clinical practice guidelines. Interpretation The P4P scheme in Rwanda had the greatest effect on those services that had the highest payment rates and needed the least effort from the service provider. P4P financial performance incentives can improve both the use and quality of maternal and child health services, and could be a useful intervention to accelerate progress towards Millennium Development Goals for maternal and child health.	,BIRTH-WEIGHT,CENTERS,"CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS",COUNTRIES,EXPERIENCE,INTERVENTIONS,OPORTUNIDADES,QUALITY,RANDOMIZED-TRIAL,"ROUTINE ANTENATAL CARE"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000317909600127	Evaluation of a Well-Established Task-Shifting Initiative: The Lay Counselor Cadre in Botswana	Houghton, Nankie,Kejelepula, Mable,Ledikwe, Jenny H.,Maupo, Kabelo,Mbayi, Bagele,O'Malley, Gabrielle,Sebetso, Siwulani,Semo, Bazghinawerq,Smith, Monica,Thankane, Kabo,Thekiso, Mothwana	2013	PLOS ONE	8	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0061601	University of Washington, University of Washington Seattle, Botswana Int Training & Educ Ctr Hlth I TECH, Botswana Minist Hlth, US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent	"O'Malley, Gabrielle: University of Washington","O'Malley, Gabrielle: University of Washington Seattle",	Background: Evidence supports the implementation of task shifting to address health worker shortages that are common in resource-limited settings. However, there is need to learn from established programs to identify ways to achieve the strongest, most sustainable impact. This study examined the Botswana lay counselor cadre, a task shifting initiative, to explore effectiveness and contribution to the health workforce. Methods: This evaluation used multiple methods, including a desk review, a national lay counselor survey (n = 385; response = 94%), in-depth interviews (n = 79), lay counselors focus group discussions (n = 7), lay counselors observations (n = 25), and client exit interviews (n = 47). Results: Interview and focus group data indicate that lay counselors contribute to essentially all HIV-related programs in Botswana and they conduct the majority of HIV tests and related counseling at public health facilities throughout the country. Interviews showed that the lay counselor cadre is making the workload of more skilled health workers more manageable and increasing HIV acceptance in communities. The average score on a work-related knowledge test was 74.5%. However for 3 questions, less than half answered correctly. During observations, lay counselors demonstrated average competence for most skills assessed and clients (97.9%) were satisfied with services received. From the survey, lay counselors generally reported being comfortable with their duties; however, some reported clinical duties that extended beyond their training and mandate. Multiple factors affecting the performance of the lay counselors were identified, including insufficient resources, such as private counseling space and HIV test kits; and technical, administrative, and supervisory support. Conclusion: Lay counselors are fulfilling an important role in Botswana's healthcare system, serving as the entry point into HIV care, support, and treatment services. Recommendation: For this and other similar task shifting initiatives, it is important that lay counselors' responsibilities are clear and that training and support are adequate to optimize their effectiveness.	,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY","COMMUNITY-HEALTH WORKERS","HIV/AIDS CARE","HIV TREATMENT","NONPHYSICIAN CLINICIAN",PROGRAM,"RAPID EXPANSION",SOUTH-AFRICA,"TESTING SERVICES",ZAMBIA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892679366	Efficacy and safety of longer-term administration of evolocumab (AMG 145) in patients with hypercholesterolemia: 52-week results from the open-label study of long-term evaluation against LDL-C (OSLER) randomized trial	Koren M.J., Giugliano R.P., Raal F.J., Sullivan D., Bolognese M., Langslet G., Civeira F., Somaratne R., Nelson P., Liu T., Scott R., Wasserman S.M., Sabatine M.S.	2014	Circulation	129	2	10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007012	Jacksonville Center for Clinical Research, University Blvd S, Ste 1, Jacksonville, FL 32216, United States; TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Bethesda Health Research Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States	Koren, M.J., Jacksonville Center for Clinical Research, University Blvd S, Ste 1, Jacksonville, FL 32216, United States; Giugliano, R.P., TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Raal, F.J., University of the Witwatersrand, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sullivan, D., Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia; Bolognese, M., Bethesda Health Research Center, Bethesda, MD, United States; Langslet, G., Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Civeira, F., Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain; Somaratne, R., Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; Nelson, P., Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; Liu, T., Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; Scott, R., Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; Wasserman, S.M., Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States; Sabatine, M.S., TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	BACKGROUND-: Evolocumab (AMG 145), a monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in phase 2 studies of 12 weeks' duration. The longer-term efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibition remain undefined. METHODS AND RESULTS-: Of 1359 randomized and dosed patients in the 4 evolocumab phase 2 parent studies, 1104 (81%) elected to enroll into the Open-Label Study of Long-term Evaluation Against LDL-C (OSLER) study. Regardless of their treatment assignment in the parent study, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either open-label subcutaneous evolocumab 420 mg every 4 weeks with standard of care (SOC) (evolocumab+SOC, n=736) or SOC alone (n=368). Ninety-two percent of patients in the evolocumab+SOC group and 89% of patients in the SOC group completed 52 weeks of follow-up. Patients who first received evolocumab in OSLER experienced a mean 52.3% [SE, 1.8%] reduction in LDL-C at week 52 (P<0.0001). Patients who received 1 of 6 dosing regimens of evolocumab in the parent studies and received evolocumab+SOC in OSLER had persistent LDL-C reductions (mean reduction, 50.4% [SE, 0.8%] at the end of the parent study versus 52.1% [SE, 1.0%] at 52 weeks; P=0.31). In patients who discontinued evolocumab on entry into OSLER, LDL-C levels returned to near baseline levels. Adverse events and serious adverse events occurred in 81.4% and 7.1% of the evolocumab+SOC group patients and 73.1% and 6.3% of the SOC group patients, respectively. CONCLUSION-: Evolocumab dosed every 4 weeks demonstrated continued efficacy and encouraging safety and tolerability over 1 year of treatment in the largest and longest evaluation of a PCSK9 inhibitor in hypercholesterolemic patients to date. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-: URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01439880. © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.	cholesterol; hypercholesterolemia; LDL; randomized controlled trial; serine proteases	alanine aminotransferase; antilipemic agent; apolipoprotein B; aspartate aminotransferase; atorvastatin; creatine kinase; evolocumab; ezetimibe; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; lipoprotein A; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; rosuvastatin; simvastatin; triacylglycerol; abnormal substrate concentration in blood; adult; arthralgia; article; backache; controlled study; dizziness; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug tolerability; drug withdrawal; female; follow up; headache; health care quality; human; hypercholesterolemia; hypertransaminasemia; influenza; injection site reaction; insomnia; long term care; lung embolism; major clinical study; male; middle aged; multicenter study; open study; phase 2 clinical trial; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; rhinopharyngitis; treatment duration; upper respiratory tract infection; cholesterol, LDL; hypercholesterolemia; randomized controlled trial; serine proteases; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Cholesterol, LDL; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Proprotein Convertases; Serine Endopeptidases; Standard of Care; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887081737	Impact of housing condition on indoor-biting and indoor-resting Anopheles arabiensis density in a highland area, central Ethiopia	Animut A., Balkew M., Lindtjørn B.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-393	Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Animut, A., Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Balkew, M., Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lindtjørn, B., Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Background: Exposure of individuals to malaria infection may depend on their housing conditions as houses serve as biting and resting places of vectors. This study describes the association of housing conditions with densities of indoor-biting and indoor-resting Anopheles arabiensis in Hobe, Dirama and Wurib villages of a highland area in central Ethiopia. Methods. Data on housing conditions, including presence of house apertures, number of occupants and number and the type of domestic animal tethered inside, were collected. Indoor-biting mosquitoes were sampled using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and indoor-resting mosquitoes sampled with pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs) monthly for two years (July 2008 to June 2010). Female anophelines were identified to species and processed. Univariate and general linear estimating equation allowing for repeated measures were used to assess the contribution of housing conditions for indoor-biting and indoor-resting An. arabiensis. Results: About 96% (4,597/4,788) of anophelines were caught inside residential houses. Nine anopheline species were identified, among which An. arabiensis was most prevalent (2,489; 52%). Vectors entering houses were higher in those situated at low (β = 4.475; 95% CI = 3.475-5.476; p <0.001; β = strength of the association) and medium (β = 2.850; 95% CI = 1.975-3.724; p <0.001) altitudes compared to high altitude, and where houses have no windows (β = -0.570; 95% CI = -1.047-0.094; p = 0.019) compared with those that have. Numbers of indoor-resting vectors were higher in those situated at low (β = 6.100; 95% CI = 4.571-7.629; p <0.001) and medium (β = 4.411; 95% CI = 2.284-6.537; p <0.001) altitudes compared to high altitudes, and where houses had open eaves (β =1.201; 95% CI = 0.704-1.698; p <0.001) compared with those that had closed eaves. Conclusion: Housing conditions such as presence of open eaves, absence of window, location at low and mid altitudes, were strong predictors of indoor exposure to An. arabiensis bite in a highland area of south-central Ethiopia. © 2013 Animut et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	aerosol; altitude; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bite; density; disease control; domestic animal; Ethiopia; housing; indoor biting; light; mosquito; nonhuman; pyrethrum; Animals; Anopheles; Ethiopia; Female; Housing; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Population Density	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871592463	The impact of voluntary exercise on relative telomere length in a rat model of developmental stress	Botha M., Grace L., Bugarith K., Russell V.A., Kidd M., Seedat S., Hemmings S.M.	2012	BMC Research Notes	5	None	10.1186/1756-0500-5-697	Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Botha, M., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Grace, L., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Bugarith, K., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Russell, V.A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Kidd, M., Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Seedat, S., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Hemmings, S.M., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Background: Exposure to early adverse events can result in the development of later psychopathology, and is often associated with cognitive impairment. This may be due to accelerated cell aging, which can be catalogued by attritioned telomeres. Exercise enhances neurogenesis and has been proposed to buffer the effect of psychological stress on telomere length. This study aimed to investigate the impact of early developmental stress and voluntary exercise on telomere length in the ventral hippocampus (VH) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the rat. Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were categorised into four groups: maternally separated runners (MSR), maternally separated non-runners (MSnR), non-maternally separated runners (nMSR) and non-maternally separated non-runners (nMSnR). Behavioural analyses were conducted to assess anxiety-like behaviour and memory performance in the rats, after which relative telomere length was measured using qPCR. Results: Maternally separated (MS) rats exhibited no significant differences in either anxiety levels or memory performance on the elevated-plus maze and the open field compared to non-maternally separated rats at 49 days of age. Exercised rats displayed increased levels of anxiety on the day that they were removed from the cages with attached running wheels, as well as improved spatial learning and temporal recognition memory compared to non-exercised rats. Exploratory post-hoc analyses revealed that maternally separated non-exercised rats exhibited significantly longer telomere length in the VH compared to those who were not maternally separated; however, exercise appeared to cancel this effect since there was no difference in VH telomere length between maternally separated and non-maternally separated runners. Conclusions: The increased telomere length in the VH of maternally separated non-exercised rats may be indicative of reduced cellular proliferation, which could, in turn, indicate hippocampal dysfunction. This effect on telomere length was not observed in exercised rats, indicating that voluntary exercise may buffer against the progressive changes in telomere length caused by alterations in maternal care early in life. In future, larger sample sizes will be needed to validate results obtained in the present study and obtain a more accurate representation of the effect that psychological stress and voluntary exercise have on telomere length. © 2012 Botha et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Exercise; Relative telomere length; Stress	Animalia; Elagatis; Rattus; animal; animal behavior; article; cognition; disease model; exercise; genetics; hippocampus; male; maze test; memory; mental stress; metabolism; prefrontal cortex; psychological aspect; rat; real time polymerase chain reaction; running; separation anxiety; Sprague Dawley rat; telomere; telomere homeostasis; Animals; Anxiety, Separation; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Disease Models, Animal; Hippocampus; Male; Maze Learning; Memory; Physical Exertion; Prefrontal Cortex; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Running; Stress, Psychological; Telomere; Telomere Homeostasis; Volition	None
None	None	Evaluation of existence and transmission of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria from post-delivery women to neonates at Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza-Tanzania	Nelson E., Kayega J., Seni J., Mushi M.F., Kidenya B.R., Hokororo A., Zuechner A., Kihunrwa A., Mshana S.E.	2014	BMC Research Notes	7	1	10.1186/1756-0500-7-279	Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania	Nelson, E., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kayega, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Seni, J., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mushi, M.F., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kidenya, B.R., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Hokororo, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Zuechner, A., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Kihunrwa, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mshana, S.E., Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria (ESBL) are common causes of neonatal sepsis worldwide. Neonatal sepsis due to ESBL is associated with increased morbidity and mortality at Bugando Medical Centre (BMC). Due to limited information on the sources of these ESBL strains at BMC, this study was conducted to evaluate the existence, magnitude and transmission of ESBL from post-delivery women to neonates at BMC, Mwanza-Tanzania. Results: A cross-sectional study was conducted at obstetrics and neonatal wards from May to July 2013, involving post-delivery women and their neonates. Rectal swabs were collected and processed to identify the ESBL strains and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Patients' data were obtained using a standardized data collection tool. We enrolled 113 women and 126 neonates with mean age of 26.5 ± 5.5 years and median gestation age [IQR] of 39 [35-40] weeks respectively. The prevalence of ESBL carriage among women and neonates were 15% (17/113) and 25.4% (32/126) respectively. The acquisition of ESBL isolates among neonates on day 1, day 3 and day 7 were 60.0% (21/35), 25.7% (9/35) and 14.3% (5/35) respectively. There was no phenotypic similarity between ESBL strains from women and their respective neonates, suggesting other sources of transmission. Neonates given antibiotics were more likely to carry ESBL than those not given [100% (32/32) versus 86% (81/94), p = 0.018]. Conclusion: The carriage rate of ESBL strains among post-delivery women and neonates at BMC is high. Our findings suggest that neonates acquire these strains from sources other than post-delivery women and more than half acquire them on the first day of life. More studies are recommended to further explore the sources of ESBL strains among neonates. © 2014 Nelson et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	ESBL; Neonates; Post-delivery women; Tanzania	antiinfective agent; beta lactamase; adult; antibiotic resistance; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; biosynthesis; delivery; drug effects; enzymology; female; heterozygote; human; isolation and purification; microbiology; newborn; Tanzania; transmission; bacterium; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; beta-Lactamases; Carrier State; Delivery, Obstetric; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859874750	Facial approximation: Evaluation of dental and facial proportions with height	Esan T.A., Oziegbe O.E., Onapokya H.O.	2012	African Health Sciences	12	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Scie	Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Oziegbe, O.E., Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Onapokya, H.O., Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: Fabrication of complete dentures requires the use of certain guidelines which are placed on the bite blocks to assist the clinician to have the maxillary anterior teeth restored to optimal dento-labial relations, in harmony with the overall facial appearance. Objective: To explore if any relationship exists between dental and facial proportions as well as the height of the individuals. Methods: Two hundred and four dental students of the Obafemi Awolowo University volunteered to participated in the study. The lower facial height, inter incisal, inter canine, and intercommisure distances, as well as the height of the participants were measured. The data were imputed, analyzed, and reported as simple frequency, means and standard deviations using the SPSS vs 11. Statistical significance was inferred at p<0.05. Result: The mean values of all the parameters measured were significantly higher in males than females. None of the mean values measured were coincident. However, a significant correlation exists between intercanine and interincisal distances(r=0.8) while a weak but significant negative correlation exists between the intercanine distance and the difference of the intercommisural and intercanine distances (r=-0.4) Conclusion: The study showed no relationship between intercanine distance, interincisal distance, lower facial height, and the height of the participants with the intercommissural distance. Hence, intercommissural distance may not be used in marking canine line during bite registration procedure. At best, 1.75-2.45 cm should be subtracted from the intercommissural distance to determine the intercanine distance.	Facial measurements; Intercanine; Intercommisure	adolescent; adult; anthropometric parameters; article; body height; clinical evaluation; controlled study; craniofacial morphology; dental health; dentistry; denture; face profile; facies; female; human; intercanine distance; intercommisural distance; interincisal distance; male; mouth examination; sex difference; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Body Height; Cephalometry; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cuspid; Dental Arch; Esthetics, Dental; Face; Female; Humans; Incisor; Male; Nigeria; Odontometry; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tooth Crown; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53849133763	Evaluation of seven rapid HIV tests to detect HIV-exposure and seroreversion during infancy	Sherman G.G., Driver G.A., Coovadia A.H.	2008	Journal of Clinical Virology	43	3	10.1016/j.jcv.2008.07.010	Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X20, Newclare, 2112, Johannesburg, South Africa	Sherman, G.G., Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Box 79722, Senderwood, 2145 Johannesburg, South Africa; Driver, G.A., Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coovadia, A.H., Wits Paediatric HIV Clinics, Wits Health Consortium, University of the Witwatersrand, 8 Blackwood Avenue, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X20, Newclare, 2112, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Failure to determine the HIV status of all pregnant women impedes progress in preventing and treating paediatric HIV because vertically exposed infants are not identified for prophylaxis, early HIV diagnosis and care. Objectives: To assess the performance of rapid HIV tests in comparison to a laboratory-based HIV ELISA test for determining HIV-exposure and excluding HIV infection during infancy. Study design: Seven rapid HIV tests were evaluated on 2266 stored samples from 116 HIV-exposed infants of known HIV status at four ages during infancy. The HIV ELISA for each sample was the standard against which rapid results were assessed to establish HIV-exposure. Results: Rapid tests did not perform uniformly during infancy. For detecting HIV-exposure the sensitivity of most rapid tests to 3 months of age approached that of an HIV ELISA however only Determine maintained this sensitivity (99.7%) throughout infancy. For excluding HIV infection (i.e. for correctly identifying HIV-uninfected infants) the specificity of all rapid tests except Determine exceeded that of the HIV ELISA from 7 months of age. Conclusions: The use of rapid tests in infancy could improve identification and care of HIV-exposed infants. Further evaluation under field conditions is required before rapid tests can be incorporated into evidence-based diagnostic algorithms. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Human immunodeficiency virus; Infants; Prevention of mother to child transmission; Rapid test; Seroreversion	article; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; infancy; infant; laboratory test; major clinical study; performance; priority journal; sensitivity and sensibility; serodiagnosis; virus detection; virus identification; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-31744447128	The first 5 years of the family clinic for HIV at Tygerberg hospital: Family demographics, survival of children and early impact of antiretroviral therapy	van Kooten Niekerk N.K.M., Knies M.M., Howard J., Rabie H., Zeier M., van Rensburg A., Frans N., Schaaf H.S., Fatti G., Little F., Cotton M.F.	2006	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	52	1	10.1093/tropej/fmi047	Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	van Kooten Niekerk, N.K.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Knies, M.M., Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Howard, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Rabie, H., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Zeier, M., Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; van Rensburg, A., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Frans, N., Department of Social Work, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa; Schaaf, H.S., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Fatti, G., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Little, F., Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cotton, M.F., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Family clinics address the problems of HIV-infected children and their families. The aims were to document demographics of the children and caregivers attending the Family Clinic for HIV at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TAH) and to investigate factors affecting disease progression in children. Methods: A retrospective folder review of children and parents attending the Family Clinic at TAH between January 1997 and December 2001, a period noted for its lack of antiretroviral treatment. Results: Of 432 children seen for testing, 274 children, median age 16.9 months, were HIV-infected. During follow-up, 46 children died (median age 23 months) and 113 were lost to follow-up. The majority of children were malnourished. Those <2 years of age had lower weight for age Z-scores (WAZ) than older children (p<0.001). At presentation, 47 per cent were in clinical stage B and two-thirds had moderate or severe CD4+ T cell depletion. Seventeen children had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 12 dual and 31 monotherapy. HAART was associated with improved survival compared to dual or monotherapy. Risk of death was reduced from eleven-fold for a WAZ <-4 to four-fold between -2 and -3. There was no association with immunological and clinical classification at entry and risk of mortality. Only 18 per cent of parents were evaluated in the clinic. Non-parental care was documented for 25 per cent of families. Conclusions: A low WAZ is associated with poor survival in children. Nutritional status should receive more attention in HIV disease classification in children. Parent utilization of the clinic was inadequate. Even in the absence of HAART, extended survival in children is possible. © The Author [2005]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; adolescent; article; body weight; caregiver; CD4+ T lymphocyte; child; child care; child death; clinical feature; correlation analysis; cost of illness; demography; disease classification; disease course; disease severity; family counseling; female; follow up; general practice; health care utilization; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; lymphocyte depletion; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; medical documentation; monotherapy; nutritional status; risk assessment; scoring system; screening test; South Africa; survival; Age Factors; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Analysis of Variance; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; HIV Infections; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Patient Compliance; Proportional Hazards Models; Retrospective Studies; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome	None
WoS	WOS:000335092800004	Impact of Socio-Cultural Practice of Infant/Young Child Gum Lancing during Teething	Okoro, D. O.,Olabu, B. O.,Oramisi, V. A.,Thigiti, J. M.	2013	JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY	37	4	None	University of Nairobi, Kangundo Dist Hosp, Tseikuru Sub Dist Hosp	"Olabu, B. O.: University of Nairobi",	Background: Fever and diarrhea are among the common morbidities that do occur during infancy and are sometimes wrongly associated with teething by the community. Some societies practice gum lancing, ordinarily referred to as gum cutting, as a remedy for the "teething diarrhoea". These myths have a potential of giving false security with the belief that these symptoms are part of the teething process, and so medical attention may not be sought when necessary. There are few studies focusing on the outcome of such practices despite their known potential dangers. Objective: To describe various methods of gum lancing and clinical presentation, management and outcome of gum lancing among the Akamba people as seen in Kangundo District Hospital. Method: One hundred and fifteen infants/children who were brought to the hospital with a positive history of gum lancing. Results: The common presenting complaints were persistent diarrhoea (74.0%), fever (44.3%), difficulty in breathing (27.8%) and refusal to feed (20.9%). 58.3% cases warranted admission and these included severe dehydration and shock (47.8%), severe and very severe pneumonia (40.3%), meningitis (26.9%) and generalized sepsis (17.9%). There were a total of 7 mortalities (6.1%), 3 on arrival and 4 within the pediatric ward Invasive gum lancing procedures and delayed seeking of medical attention were associated with severe disease and poorer outcomes. Conclusion: The impact of gum lancing is of both a public health and economic significance. It is associated with unfavorable outcome if prompt measures are not put in place. There is need to conduct community sensitization and educate caregivers on the truths of teething and dangers of gum lancing as well as seeking health services for fever and diarrhoea. Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and adequate rehydration are necessary in management of the victims.	CHILDREN,"Gum lancing",teething,DIARRHEA,MYTHS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66149102488	The mental health impact of AIDS-related mortality in South Africa: A national study	Myer L., Seedat S., Stein D.J., Moomal H., Williams D.R.	2009	Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health	63	4	10.1136/jech.2008.080861	School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; MRC Stress and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Myer, L., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, S., MRC Stress and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa; Stein, D.J., MRC Stress and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Moomal, H., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Williams, D.R., Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, United States	Background: Few data exist on how the HIV/AIDS epidemic may influence population mental health. The associations were examined between knowing someone who died of HIV/AIDS and common mental disorders among South African adults. Methods: Between 2002 and 2004, a nationally representative sample of 4351 adults were interviewed about personally knowing someone who died of HIV/AIDS, and the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to generate psychiatric diagnoses for depression, anxiety and substance abuse disorders during the preceding 12 months based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition (DSM-IV). Results: Overall, 42.2% of the sample knew someone who died of HIV/AIDS, and 16.5% met the criteria for at least one DSM-IV diagnosis. Individuals who knew someone who died of HIV/AIDS were significantly more likely to have any DSM-IV defined disorder, including any depressive, anxiety or substance-related disorder (p<0.001 for all associations). In multivariate models adjusted for participant demographic characteristics, life events and socioeconomic status, individual disorders significantly associated with knowing someone who died of HIV/AIDS included generalised anxiety disorder, social phobia and alcohol/drug dependence or abuse. Based on these results, it is estimated that up to 15% of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the South African adult population may be related to knowing someone who died of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: These novel data suggest that AIDS-related mortality may contribute substantially to the burden of mental disorders in settings of high HIV prevalence. While this finding requires further investigation, these data suggest the need to strengthen mental health services in communities where HIV/AIDS is prevalent.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; disease prevalence; drug user; epidemiology; health services; human immunodeficiency virus; mental health; mortality; public health; risk factor; socioeconomic status; World Health Organization; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; alcoholism; anxiety; anxiety disorder; article; depression; drug abuse; female; human; life event; major clinical study; male; mental health; mental health service; mortality; social phobia; social status; South Africa; substance abuse; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Attitude to Death; Depressive Disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247467392	Pattern of neuropsychological performance among HIV positive patients in Uganda	Robertson K.R., Nakasujja N., Wong M., Musisi S., Katabira E., Parsons T.D., Ronald A., Sacktor N.	2007	BMC Neurology	7	None	10.1186/1471-2377-7-8	Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Center for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Marina del Ray, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Robertson, K.R., Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Nakasujja, N., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Wong, M., Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States; Musisi, S., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Katabira, E., Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Parsons, T.D., Center for Creative Technologies, University of Southern California, Marina del Ray, CA, United States; Ronald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Sacktor, N., Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Few studies have examined cognitive functioning of HIV positive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. It cannot be assumed that HIV positive patients in Africa exhibit the same declines as patients in high-resource settings, since there are differences that may influence cognitive functioning including nutrition, history of concomitant disease, and varying HIV strains, among other possibilities. Part of the difficulty of specifying abnormalities in neuropsychological functioning among African HIV positive patients is that there are no readily available African normative databases. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the pattern of neuropsychological performance in a sample of HIV positive patients in comparison to HIV negative control subjects in Uganda. Methods: The neuropsychological test scores of 110 HIV positive patients (WHO Stage 2, n = 21; WHO Stage 3, n = 69; WHO Stage 4, n = 20) were contrasted with those of 100 control subjects on measures of attention/concentration, mental flexibility, learning/memory, and motor functioning. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed significant group differences on measures of verbal learning and memory, speed of processing, attention and executive functioning between HIV seropositive and seronegative subjects. Conclusion: Ugandan patients with HIV demonstrated relative deficits on measures of verbal learning and memory, speed of processing, attention, and executive functioning compared to HIV negative controls. These results from a resource limited region where clades A and D are prevalent are consistent with previous findings in the developed world where clade B predominates. © 2007 Robertson et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; analysis of covariance; article; attention; controlled study; dementia; developed country; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; learning; major clinical study; male; memory; mental capacity; mental concentration; mental performance; motor performance; neuropsychological test; Uganda; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; analysis of variance; cognition; cognitive defect; disease course; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; middle aged; neuropsychological test; pathophysiology; physiology; psychological aspect; recall; statistics; Uganda; Adult; AIDS Dementia Complex; Analysis of Variance; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Disease Progression; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000307245700001	Exploring the effectiveness of the output-based aid voucher program to increase uptake of gender-based violence recovery services in Kenya: A qualitative evaluation	Abuya, Timothy,Askew, Ian,Bellows, Ben,Kanya, Lucy,Njuki, Rebecca,Obare, Francis,Okal, Jerry,Undie, Chi-Chi,Warren, Charlotte E.	2012	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	12	None	10.1186/1471-2458-12-426	None	None	Background: Few studies in Africa have explored in detail the ability of output-based aid (OBA) voucher programs to increase access to gender-based violence recovery (GBVR) services. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in 2010 and involved: (i) in-depth interviews (IDIs) with health managers, service providers, voucher management agency (VMA) managers and (ii) focus group discussions (FGDs) with voucher users, voucher non-users, voucher distributors and opinion leaders drawn from five program sites in Kenya. Results: The findings showed promising prospects for the uptake of OBA GBVR services among target population. However, a number of factors affect the uptake of the services. These include lack of general awareness of the GBVR services vouchers, lack of understanding of the benefit package, immediate financial needs of survivors, as well as stigma and cultural beliefs that undermine reporting of cases or seeking essential medical services. Moreover, accreditation of only hospitals to offer GBVR services undermines access to the services in rural areas. Poor responsiveness from law enforcement agencies and fear of reprisal from perpetrators also undermine treatment options and access to medical services. Low provider knowledge on GBVR services and lack of supplies also affect effective provision and management of GBVR services. Conclusions: The above findings suggest that there is a need to build the capacity of health care providers and police officers, strengthen the community strategy component of the OBA program to promote the GBVR services voucher, and conduct widespread community education programs aimed at prevention, ensuring survivors know how and where to access services and addressing stigma and cultural barriers.	"Gender-based violence recovery services","health service utilization",KENYA,"Voucher program",CARE,COMMUNITY,COUNTRIES,"DOMESTIC VIOLENCE",INTERVENTIONS,"INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE",PREVALENCE,"REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH-SERVICES",RISK-FACTORS,WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901785250	Field-Evaluation of a New Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Mycobacterium leprae	Bobosha K., Tjon Kon Fat E.M., van den Eeden S.J.F., Bekele Y., van der Ploeg-van Schip J.J., de Dood C.J., Dijkman K., Franken K.L.M.C., Wilson L., Aseffa A., Spencer J.S., Ottenhoff T.H.M., Corstjens P.L.A.M., Geluk A.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	5	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002845	Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States	Bobosha, K., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tjon Kon Fat, E.M., Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; van den Eeden, S.J.F., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Bekele, Y., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; van der Ploeg-van Schip, J.J., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; de Dood, C.J., Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Dijkman, K., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Franken, K.L.M.C., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Wilson, L., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Aseffa, A., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Spencer, J.S., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Ottenhoff, T.H.M., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Corstjens, P.L.A.M., Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Geluk, A., Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands	Background:Field-applicable tests detecting asymptomatic Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection or predicting progression to leprosy, are urgently required. Since the outcome of M. leprae infection is determined by cellular- and humoral immunity, we aim to develop diagnostic tests detecting pro-/anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines as well as antibodies against M. leprae. Previously, we developed lateral flow assays (LFA) for detection of cytokines and anti-PGL-I antibodies. Here we evaluate progress of newly developed LFAs for applications in resource-poor settings.Methods:The combined diagnostic value of IP-10, IL-10 and anti-PGL-I antibodies was tested using M. leprae-stimulated blood of leprosy patients and endemic controls (EC). For reduction of the overall test-to-result time the minimal whole blood assay time required to detect distinctive responses was investigated. To accommodate LFAs for field settings, dry-format LFAs for IP-10 and anti-PGL-I antibodies were developed allowing storage and shipment at ambient temperatures. Additionally, a multiplex LFA-format was applied for simultaneous detection of anti-PGL-I antibodies and IP-10. For improved sensitivity and quantitation upconverting phosphor (UCP) reporter technology was applied in all LFAs.Results:Single and multiplex UCP-LFAs correlated well with ELISAs. The performance of dry reagent assays and portable, lightweight UCP-LF strip readers indicated excellent field-robustness. Notably, detection of IP-10 levels in stimulated samples allowed a reduction of the whole blood assay time from 24 h to 6 h. Moreover, IP-10/IL-10 ratios in unstimulated plasma differed significantly between patients and EC, indicating the feasibility to identify M. leprae infection in endemic areas.Conclusions:Dry-format UCP-LFAs are low-tech, robust assays allowing detection of relevant cytokines and antibodies in response to M. leprae in the field. The high levels of IP-10 and the required shorter whole blood assay time, render this cytokine useful to discriminate between leprosy patients and EC. © 2014 Bobosha et al.	None	gamma interferon; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; genomic DNA; interleukin 10; phenolic glycolipid I; bacterial antigen; bacterium antibody; cytokine; antibody detection; article; cellular immunity; controlled study; cytokine production; diagnostic procedure; diagnostic value; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Ethiopia; human; humoral immunity; immunoaffinity chromatography; lateral flow assay; leprosy; Limulus lysate test; microbial identification; Mycobacterium leprae; Netherlands; optical density; polymerase chain reaction; program feasibility; sensitivity analysis; treatment outcome; blood; immunological procedures; immunology; kinetics; leprosy; metabolism; procedures; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antigens, Bacterial; Cytokines; Humans; Immunologic Tests; Kinetics; Leprosy; Mycobacterium leprae	EDCTP, New York Community Trust; P13-000392, NYCT, New York Community Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350009630	Impact of Chemical, Biological, Radiation, and Nuclear Personal Protective Equipment on the performance of low- and high-dexterity airway and vascular access skills	Castle N., Owen R., Hann M., Clark S., Reeves D., Gurney I.	2009	Resuscitation	80	11	10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.08.001	Emergency Department Frimley Park Hospital, Portsmouth road, Camberley, Surrey, United Kingdom; Hammad Medical EMS, Qatar; Department of EMC, R Durban University of Technology, South Africa; NPCRDC Univeristy of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom	Castle, N., Emergency Department Frimley Park Hospital, Portsmouth road, Camberley, Surrey, United Kingdom, Department of EMC, R Durban University of Technology, South Africa; Owen, R., Hammad Medical EMS, Qatar, Department of EMC, R Durban University of Technology, South Africa; Hann, M., NPCRDC Univeristy of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clark, S., Emergency Department Frimley Park Hospital, Portsmouth road, Camberley, Surrey, United Kingdom; Reeves, D., NPCRDC Univeristy of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Gurney, I., Emergency Department Frimley Park Hospital, Portsmouth road, Camberley, Surrey, United Kingdom	Background: Following CBRN incidents health care professionals will be required to care for critically ill patients within the warm zone, prior to decontamination, whilst wearing CBRN-PPE. The loss of fine-motor skills may adversely affect delivery of medical care. Methods: 64 clinicians were recruited to perform, intubation, LMA placement, insertion of an IV cannula and IO needle whilst wearing CBRN-PPE. A fractional factorial design was employed, in which each of the 64 clinicians had two attempts at performing each skill whilst wearing CBRN-PPE and once unsuited according to a pre-specified sequence. Analysis: The unsuited and suit data were analysed independently with the primary outcome being time taken to complete each skill whilst suited. Analysis was undertaken using STATA (V9.2). Results: Mean times differ considerably by skill (p < 0.001). Overall, times to completion on attempt 2 were shorter than attempt 1 (p = 0.045), though the reduction in time differed significantly by skill (p = 0.004). LMA placement was on average completed nearly 45 s faster than intubation, and IO cannulation was nearly 90 s faster than IV cannulation. Whilst suited, 8% of intubation and 12% of intra-venous cannulation attempts were unsuccessful. Previous familiarity with CBRN-PPE did not improve performance (p = 0.23). Professional groups differed significantly (p = 0.009) with anaesthetists performing all skills faster than the other clinicians. Conclusion: This study supports the concept of instigating airway and vascular access skills whilst wearing CBRN-PPE but challenges the sole reliance on 'high-dexterity skills'. Intubation is feasible but must be considered within the context of the incident as the LMA may offer a viable alternative. Intra-venous access prior to casualty decontamination is arguably a pointless skill and should be replaced with IO access. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	CBRN; Intubation; IO; IV access; LMA	anesthesist; article; biological warfare; controlled study; emergency care; endotracheal intubation; feasibility study; health care personnel; human; human experiment; laryngeal mask; medical error; normal human; occupational safety; priority journal; professional competence; protective equipment; radiation protection; skill; time; vascular access; vein catheterization; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Catheterization, Peripheral; Emergency Service, Hospital; Equipment Design; Gamma Rays; Hazardous Substances; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Protective Clothing; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration, Artificial; Task Performance and Analysis; X-Rays	None
None	None	Xpert MTB/RIF assay for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children: A prospective, multi-centre evaluation	Reither K., Manyama C., Clowes P., Rachow A., Mapamba D., Steiner A., Ross A., Mfinanga E., Sasamalo M., Nsubuga M., Aloi F., Cirillo D., Jugheli L., Lwilla F.	2015	Journal of Infection	70	4	10.1016/j.jinf.2014.10.003	Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of The University of Munich (LMU), Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, AISPO, Kampala, Uganda; Emerging Bacterial Pathogens, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy	Reither, K., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Manyama, C., National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Clowes, P., National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of The University of Munich (LMU), Germany; Rachow, A., Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of The University of Munich (LMU), Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany; Mapamba, D., National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre, Mbeya, Tanzania; Steiner, A., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Ross, A., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Mfinanga, E., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Sasamalo, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Nsubuga, M., St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, AISPO, Kampala, Uganda; Aloi, F., St. Francis Hospital Nsambya, AISPO, Kampala, Uganda; Cirillo, D., Emerging Bacterial Pathogens, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Jugheli, L., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Lwilla, F., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania	Background: Following endorsement by the World Health Organisation, the Xpert MTB/RIF assay has been widely incorporated into algorithms for the diagnosis of adult tuberculosis (TB). However, data on its performance in children remain scarce. This prospective, multi-centre study evaluated the performance of Xpert MTB/RIF to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Methods: Children older than eight weeks and younger than 16 years with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled at three TB endemic settings in Tanzania and Uganda, and assigned to five well-defined case definition categories: culture-confirmed TB, highly probable TB, probable TB, not TB, or indeterminate. The diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF was assessed using culture-confirmed TB cases as reference standard. Results: In total, 451 children were enrolled. 37 (8%) had culture-confirmed TB, 48 (11%) highly probably TB and 62 probable TB (13%). The Xpert MTB/RIF assay had a sensitivity of 68% (95% CI, 50%-82%) and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 97%-100%); detecting 1.7 times more culture-confirmed cases than smear microscopy with a similar time to detection. Xpert MTB/RIF was positive in 2% (1/48) of highly probable and in 3% (2/62) of probable TB cases. Conclusions: Xpert MTB/RIF provided timely results with moderate sensitivity and excellent specificity compared to culture. Low yields in children with highly probable and probable TB remain problematic. © 2014 The British Infection Association.	Childhood tuberculosis; Diagnostics; Evaluation; Pulmonary tuberculosis; Xpert MTB/RIF	adolescent; Article; child; clinical trial; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; infant; lung tuberculosis; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; newborn; predictive value; prospective study; sensitivity and specificity; standard; Tanzania; Uganda; Xpert MTB RIF assay; adult; algorithm; evaluation study; microbiology; microscopy; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; procedures; sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; world health organization; Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Microscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sputum; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda; World Health Organization	None
None	None	Performance of the fourth-generation Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of HIV infection in Southern Africa	Piwowar-Manning E., Fogel J.M., Richardson P., Wolf S., Clarke W., Marzinke M.A., Fiamma A., Donnell D., Kulich M., Mbwambo J.K.K., Richter L., Gray G., Sweat M., Coates T.J., Eshleman S.H.	2015	Journal of Clinical Virology	62	None	10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.023	Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Probability and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Muhimbili University Teaching Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, Universities of the Witwatersrand, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Center for World Health, David Geffen School of Medicine and UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Piwowar-Manning, E., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Fogel, J.M., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Richardson, P., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wolf, S., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Clarke, W., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Marzinke, M.A., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Fiamma, A., University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Donnell, D., Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kulich, M., Department of Probability and Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Mbwambo, J.K.K., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Muhimbili University Teaching Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Richter, L., DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, Universities of the Witwatersrand, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa; Gray, G., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Sweat, M., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Coates, T.J., Center for World Health, David Geffen School of Medicine and UCLA Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Eshleman, S.H., Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Fourth-generation HIV assays detect both antigen and antibody, facilitating detection of acute/early HIV infection. The Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab assay (Bio-Rad Combo) is an enzyme immunoassay that simultaneously detects HIV p24 antigen and antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in serum or plasma. Objective: To evaluate the performance of the Bio-Rad Combo assay for detection of HIV infection in adults from Southern Africa. Study design: Samples were obtained from adults in Soweto and Vulindlela, South Africa and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (300 HIV-positive samples; 300 HIV-negative samples; 12 samples from individuals previously classified as having acute/early HIV infection). The samples were tested with the Bio-Rad Combo assay. Additional testing was performed to characterize the 12 acute/early samples. Results: All 300 HIV-positive samples were reactive using the Bio-Rad Combo assay; false positive test results were obtained for 10 (3.3%) of the HIV-negative samples (sensitivity: 100%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 98.8-100%); specificity: 96.7%, 95% CI: 94.0-98.4%). The assay detected 10 of the 12 infections classified as acute/early. The two infections that were not detected had viral loads. <. 400. copies/mL; one of those samples contained antiretroviral drugs consistent with antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: The Bio-Rad Combo assay correctly classified the majority of study specimens. The specificity reported here may be higher than that seen in other settings, since HIV-negative samples were pre-screened using a different fourth-generation test. The assay also had high sensitivity for detection of acute/early infection. False-negative test results may be obtained in individuals who are virally suppressed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Africa; Diagnosis; Enzyme immunoassay; Fourth-generation; HIV	antigen p24; antiretrovirus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Article; Bio Rad Combo assay; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; enzyme immunoassay; false negative result; HIV CLIA kit; HIV rapid test; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; laboratory diagnosis; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Tanzania; virus load	None
None	None	Comparative evaluation of the Ifakara tent trap-B, the standardized resting boxes and the human landing catch for sampling malaria vectors and other mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Sikulu M., Govella N.J., Ogoma S.B., Mpangile J., Kambi S.H., Kannady K., Chaki P.C., Mukabana W.R., Killeen G.F.	2009	Malaria Journal	8	1	10.1186/1475-2875-8-197	Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Sikulu, M., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Govella, N.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Ogoma, S.B., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Mpangile, J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Kambi, S.H., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Kannady, K., Dar Es Salaam City Council, Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government, Tanzania; Chaki, P.C., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Mukabana, W.R., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, GPO Nairobi, Kenya; Killeen, G.F., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni A, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Durham University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background. Frequent, sensitive and accurate sampling of Anopheles mosquitoes is a prerequisite for effective management of malaria vector control programmes. The most reliable existing means to measure mosquito density is the human landing catch (HLC). However, the HLC technique raises major ethical concerns because of the necessity to expose humans to vectors of malaria and a variety of other pathogens. Furthermore, it is a very arduous undertaking that requires intense supervision, which is severely limiting in terms of affordability and sustainability. Methods. A community-based, mosquito sampling protocol, using the Ifakara tent trap-B (ITT-B) and standardized resting boxes (SRB), was developed and evaluated in terms of the number and sample composition of mosquitoes caught by each, compared to rigorously controlled HLC. Mosquitoes were collected once and three times every week by the HLC and the alternative methods, respectively, in the same time and location. Results. Overall, the three traps caught 44,848 mosquitoes. The ITT-B, HLC and SRB caught 168, 143 and 46 Anopheles gambiae s.l. as well as 26,315, 13,258 and 4,791 Culex species respectively. The ITT-B was three- and five-times cheaper than the HLC per mosquito caught for An. gambiae and Cx. Species, respectively. Significant correlations between the numbers caught by HLC and ITT-B were observed for both An. gambiae s.l. (P < 0.001) and Cx. species (P = 0.003). Correlation between the catches with HLC and SRB were observed for Cx. species (P < 0.001) but not An. gambiae s.l. (P = 0.195), presumably because of the low density of the latter. Neither ITT-B nor SRB exhibited any obvious density dependence for sampling the two species. Conclusion. SRBs exhibited poor sensitivity for both mosquito taxa and are not recommended in this setting. However, this protocol is affordable and effective for routine use of the ITT-B under programmatic conditions. Nevertheless, it is recommended that the trap and the protocol be evaluated further at full programmatic scales to establish effectiveness under fully representative conditions of routine practice. © 2009 Sikulu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles gambiae; article; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; Culex; human; intermethod comparison; malaria; nonhuman; parasite control; parasite vector; Tanzania; animal; Anopheles gambiae; classification; comparative study; Culex; evaluation; female; instrumentation; mosquito; population density; sensitivity and specificity; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Culex; Female; Humans; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862255906	The results of treatment of children with metastatic Wilms tumours (WT) in an African setting: Do liver metastases have a negative impact on survival?	Aronson D.C., Maharaj A., Sheik-Gafoor M.H., Hadley G.	2012	Pediatric Blood and Cancer	59	2	10.1002/pbc.24080	Department of Paediatric Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa	Aronson, D.C., Department of Paediatric Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Maharaj, A., Department of Paediatric Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Sheik-Gafoor, M.H., Department of Paediatric Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Hadley, G., Department of Paediatric Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa	Background: From Africa, where socio-economic circumstances differ from the developed world, there are no data regarding the influence of liver metastases on survival of children with Wilms tumour. Procedure: One hundred fifty new patients with WT were seen between 2002 and 2010, 45 (30%) had metastases at diagnosis. Seven patients had bilateral disease with additional visceral metastases. Nine patients who developed liver metastases during treatment were excluded. The site of metastases and the results of pretreatment biopsies were retrieved. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy was combined with nutritional resuscitation, and aggressive supportive care. Post-operative treatment was determined by stage and histology. Results: Liver metastases were present in 19 (42%) patients but were the sole metastatic site in only 4 (9%). Overall survival at 5 years was 58.5%. Event Free Survival was 54%. Thirty-three (73%) had favourable histology, nine unfavourable and undetermined in three. No influence of histology on outcome was evident. Three patients had resection of persistent liver metastases. The pattern of metastatic disease had no influence on outcome. Despite aggressive supportive care two patients (4%) died within a week of presentation. Two patients died of chemotoxicity and two of complications following biopsy. Eight patients (17%) were lost to follow-up of whom five were on palliative treatment only. Conclusions: In Africa liver metastases do not appear to worsen the prognosis of children with Stage IV WT. Despite the poor socio-economic circumstances survival is comparable to other countries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc..	Africa; Liver metastases; Metastatic disease; Prognosis; Wilms tumour	adjuvant chemotherapy; Africa; anaplastic carcinoma; article; cancer palliative therapy; cancer prognosis; cancer staging; cancer survival; child; clinical article; event free survival; female; histology; human; infant; liver metastasis; lung metastasis; male; nephroblastoma; newborn; nutritional support; overall survival; preschool child; priority journal; school child; teratoma; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney Neoplasms; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Survival Rate; Wilms Tumor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870183935	Evaluation of the protective and ameliorative properties of Garcinia kola on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs	Ibulubo M.T., Eze G.I., Ozolua R.I., Baxter-Grillo D., Uwaya D.O.	2012	Pharmacognosy Research	4	4	10.4103/0974-8490.102262	Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City-300001, Nigeria	Ibulubo, M.T., Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Eze, G.I., Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Ozolua, R.I., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City-300001, Nigeria; Baxter-Grillo, D., Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Uwaya, D.O., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City-300001, Nigeria	Background: Garcinia kola is popularly used in African traditional medicine for the relief of acute bronchoconstrictive episodes. Objective: In this study, we examined the anti-asthmatic and morphological effects of the ethanol extract of G. kola in animal model. Materials and Methods: Guinea pigs were sensitized with ovalbumin and then given doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg/day for 21 consecutive days. Theophylline (10 mg/kg/day) was used as a standard. At the end of the exposure, the animals were exposed to 0.2% histamine aerosol in a chamber. Lymphocyte count, bronchial histology and morphometry were done. Results: Compared with non-sensitized controls, 200 mg/kg/day dose of the extract significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time taken for onset of preconvulsive dyspnea while the dose of 400 mg/kg/day significantly (P < 0.01) reduced bronchial wall thickness. Lymphocytes counts were not significantly affected but the bronchi of extract-treated animals were histologically clearer of lesions visible in the sensitized. Conclusion: These protective and ameliorative properties lend credence to the use of G. kola in ethnomedicine.	Asthma; bronchial histology; bronchial morphometry; Garcinia kola	alcohol; Garcinia kola extract; histamine; theophylline; aerosol; animal experiment; animal model; article; bronchospasm; controlled study; drug activity; drug dose comparison; drug screening; dyspnea; guinea pig; histopathology; lymphocyte count; morphology; morphometrics; nonhuman; randomized controlled trial; statistical significance; traditional medicine; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901291677	Performance evaluation of point-of-care test for detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen in children and HIV infected adults	Shimelis T., Tadesse E.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-227	Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Shimelis, T., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Tadesse, E., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Background: Gastro-enteritis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in patients with HIV/AIDS and children, and Cryptosporidium is the most important parasite implicated. To date, several commercial companies have developed simple and rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of Cryptosporidium infection; however, information is scarce regarding their diagnostic significance in Ethiopia. This study aimed at evaluating the performance of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for the detection of Cryptosporidium stool antigen. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Hawassa University Hospital, southern Ethiopia from May to November 2013. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 100 children and 250 HIV infected individuals with diarrhea or CD4 T-cell count lower than 200 cells/μl. Specimens were processed using direct, formol-ether concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen techniques for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and other parasites. One hundred faecal samples (50 positives for Cryptosporidium, 35 positives for other parasites and 15 negatives for any intestinal parasites) were tested using the CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium kit (Savyon Diagnostics Ltd, Israel). Test parameters were calculated using microscopy of the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained stool smear as reference method. Results: The performance of the RDT was first compared to routine microscopic analysis (examination ≤10 min). The CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium RDT correctly detected 31 of 42 positive samples and 49 of 50 negative samples (i.e., 11 false negatives and 1 false positive). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were calculated to be 74, 98, 97, 84 and 88%, respectively. Upon thorough microscopic analysis (examination >10 min), 8 more samples with very low oocyst density were found. However, these were missed by the kit and lower the sensitivity and NPV to 62 and 72%, respectively. No cross-reactivity was observed with any of the helminthic or other protozoan parasites including Isospora and Cyclospora species. Conclusion: Based on the results described herein, the CoproStrip™Cryptosporidium test could be used as an alternative to conventional microscopy especially where diagnosis of Cryptosporidium is limited due to time constraints, lack of experienced microscopists or unavailability of appropriate equipment/electricity. © 2014 Shimelis and Tadesse; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cryptosporidium; Evaluation; RDT	Cryptosporidium antigen; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; parasite antigen; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; concentration (parameters); cross reaction; cross-sectional study; Cryptosporidium; evaluation study; feces analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; nonhuman; oocyst; parasite identification; point of care testing; predictive value; rapid test; sensitivity and specificity; adult; child; Cryptosporidium; feces; hospital information system; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; isolation and purification; parasitology; Adult; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Cryptosporidium; Feces; HIV Infections; Humans; Point-of-Care Systems	ISID, International Society for Infectious Diseases
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924139696	Stepping Stones and Creating Futures intervention: Shortened interrupted time series evaluation of a behavioural and structural health promotion and violence prevention intervention for young people in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa	Jewkes R., Gibbs A., Jama-Shai N., Willan S., Misselhorn A., Mushinga M., Washington L., Mbatha N., Skiweyiya Y.	2014	BMC Public Health	14	1	10.1186/1471-2458-14-1325	Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Project Empower, Durban, South Africa	Jewkes, R., Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gibbs, A., HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Jama-Shai, N., Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa, School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Willan, S., HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Misselhorn, A., HEARD, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Mushinga, M., University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Washington, L., Project Empower, Durban, South Africa; Mbatha, N., Project Empower, Durban, South Africa; Skiweyiya, Y., Gender and Health Research Unit, Private Bag X385, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: Gender-based violence and HIV are highly prevalent in the harsh environment of informal settlements and reducing violence here is very challenging. The group intervention Stepping Stones has been shown to reduce men's perpetration of violence in more rural areas, but violence experienced by women in the study was not affected. Economic empowerment interventions with gender training can protect older women from violence, but microloan interventions have proved challenging with young women. We investigated whether combining a broad economic empowerment intervention and Stepping Stones could impact on violence among young men and women. The intervention, Creating Futures, was developed as a new generation of economic empowerment intervention, which enabled livelihood strengthening though helping participants find work or set up a business, and did not give cash or make loans. Methods: We piloted Stepping Stones with Creating Futures in two informal settlements of Durban with 232 out of school youth, mostly aged 18-30 and evaluated with a shortened interrupted time series of two baseline surveys and at 28 and 58 weeks post-baseline. 94/110 men and 111/122 women completed the last assessment, 85.5% and 90.2% respectively of those enrolled. To determine trend, we built random effects regression models with each individual as the cluster for each variable, and measured the slope of the line across the time points. Results: Men's mean earnings in the past month increased by 247% from R411 (~$40) to R1015 (~$102, and women's by 278% R 174 (~$17) to R 484 (about $48) (trend test, p < 0.0001). There was a significant reduction in women's experience of the combined measure of physical and/or sexual IPV in the prior three months from 30.3% to 18.9% (p = 0.037). This was not seen for men. However both men and women scored significantly better on gender attitudes and men significantly reduced their controlling practices in their relationship. The prevalence of moderate or severe depression symptomatology among men and suicidal thoughts decreased significantly (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings are very positive for an exploratory study and indicate that the Creating Futures/ Stepping Stones intervention has potential for impact in these difficult areas with young men and women. Further evaluation is needed. © 2014 Jewkes et al.	None	adolescent; adult; alcoholism; attitude; behavior; depression; female; health promotion; HIV Infections; human; income; male; partner violence; prevalence; prevention and control; procedures; sexual behavior; South Africa; statistics and numerical data; suicidal ideation; violence; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Attitude; Depression; Female; Health Promotion; HIV Infections; Humans; Income; Interrupted Time Series Analysis; Male; Power (Psychology); Prevalence; Sexual Behavior; South Africa; Spouse Abuse; Suicidal Ideation; Violence; Young Adult	None
None	None	Discriminative ability of the generic and condition-specific Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) by the Limpopo-Arusha School Health (LASH) Project: A cross-sectional study	Mbawalla H.S., Mtaya M., Masalu J.R., Brudvik P., Astrom A.N.	2011	BMC Pediatrics	11	None	10.1186/1471-2431-11-45	Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Clinical Dentistry-Orthodontics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Mbawalla, H.S., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Mtaya, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Masalu, J.R., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Brudvik, P., Department of Clinical Dentistry-Orthodontics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Astrom, A.N., Department of Clinical Dentistry, Community Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway	Background: Generic and condition-specific (CS) oral-health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL) instruments assess the impacts of general oral conditions and specific oral diseases. Focusing schoolchildren from Arusha and Dar es Salaam, in Tanzania, this study compared the discriminative ability of the generic Child OIDP with respect to dental caries and periodontal problems across the study sites. Secondly, the discriminative ability of the generic-and the CS Child OIDP attributed to dental caries, periodontal problems and malocclusion was compared with respect to various oral conditions as part of a construct validation.Methods: In Arusha, 1077 school children (mean age 14.9 years, range 12-17 years) and 1601 school children in Dar es Salaam (mean age 13.0 years, range 12-14 years) underwent oral clinical examinations and completed the Kiswahili version of the generic and CS Child-OIDP inventories. The discriminative ability was assessed as differences in overall mean and prevalence scores between groups, corresponding effect sizes and odd ratios, OR.Results: The differences in the prevalence scores and the overall mean generic Child-OIDP scores were significant between the groups with (DMFT > 0) and without (DMFT = 0) caries experience and with (simplified oral hygiene index [OHI-S] > 1) and without periodontal problems (OHI-S ≤ 1) in Arusha and Dar es Salaam. In Dar es Salaam, differences in the generic and CS Child-OIDP scores were observed between the groups with and without dental caries, differences in the generic Child-OIDP scores were observed between the groups with and without periodontal problems, and differences in the CS Child-OIDP scores were observed between malocclusion groups. The adjusted OR for the association between dental caries and the CS Child-OIDP score attributed to dental caries was 5.4. The adjusted OR for the association between malocclusion and CS Child-OIDP attributed to malocclusion varied from 8.8 to 2.5.Conclusion: The generic Child-OIDP discriminated equally well between children with and without dental caries and periodontal problems across socio-culturally different study sites. Compared with its generic form, the CS Child-OIDP discriminated most strongly between children with and without dental caries and malocclusion. The CS Child OIDP attributed to dental caries and malocclusion seems to be better suited to support clinical indicators when estimating oral health needs among school children in Tanzania. © 2011 Mbawalla et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; article; child; child health; cross-sectional study; dental caries; discriminative stimulus; female; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; male; malocclusion; mouth examination; mouth hygiene; needs assessment; performance measurement system; periodontal disease; prevalence; quality of life; school child; scoring system; Tanzania; task performance; validation process; clinical trial; comparative study; daily life activity; dental caries; health; health survey; multicenter study; periodontal disease; questionnaire; standard; statistics; Tanzania; Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Dental Health Surveys; Female; Humans; Male; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930190272	Evaluation of AFP surveillance indicators in polio-free Ghana, 2009-2013	Odoom J.K., Ntim N.A.A., Sarkodie B., Addo J., Minta-Asare K., Obodai E., Eshun M., Ahove V.V., Diamenu S., Adjabeng M., Arthur-Quarm J., Barnor J.S.	2014	BMC Public Health	14	1	10.1186/1471-2458-14-687	Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana	Odoom, J.K., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ntim, N.A.A., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Sarkodie, B., Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; Addo, J., Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; Minta-Asare, K., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Obodai, E., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Eshun, M., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ahove, V.V., World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana; Diamenu, S., World Health Organization, Country Office, Accra, Ghana; Adjabeng, M., Disease Surveillance Department, Accra, Ghana; Arthur-Quarm, J., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Barnor, J.S., Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Ghana recorded the last case of indigenous wild poliovirus in 1999 but suffered two more outbreaks in 2003 and 2008. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, transmission was interrupted through high routine immunisation coverage with live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), effective acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance and supplementary immunisation activities (SIA). This article describes the results of a five-year surveillance of AFP in polio-free Ghana, evaluate the surveillance indicators and identify areas that need improvement. Methods. We investigated 1345 cases of AFP from children aged less than 15 years reported to the Disease Surveillance Department from January 2009 to December 2013. Data on demographic characteristics, vaccination history, clinical presentation and virological investigation on stool specimens collected during investigation were analysed. Results: Of the specimens analysed, 56% were from males and 76.3% were from children less than 5 years of age. Twenty-four percent of the children received up to 3 doses of OPV, 57% received at least 4 doses while the status of 19% was unknown. Core AFP surveillance indicators were partly met for non-polio AFP rate while the WHO target for stool adequacy and timeliness was exceeded over the period of study. All the cases were classified virologically, however no wild polio was found. Sixty-day follow-up was conducted for 56.3% of cases and 8.6% cases classified as compactible with polio. Conclusion: Both laboratory and epidemiological surveillance for AFP were efficient and many WHO targets were met. However, due to the risk of poliovirus importation prior to global eradication, longterm surveillance is required to provide a high degree of confidence in prevention of poliovirus infection in Ghana. Thus, efforts should be made to strengthen regional performance and to follow-up on all AFP cases in order to establish proper diagnoses for the causes of the AFP leading to proper care. © 2014 Odoom et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	AFP; Ghana; Indicators; Regional Reference Polio Laboratory; Surveillance	oral poliomyelitis vaccine; adolescent; child; evaluation study; feces; female; Ghana; health survey; human; male; microbiology; paraplegia; poliomyelitis; preschool child; world health organization; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Feces; Female; Ghana; Humans; Male; Paraplegia; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance; World Health Organization	None
None	None	Costs and impacts of scaling up voluntary medical male circumcision in Tanzania	Menon V., Gold E., Godbole R., Castor D., Mahler H., Forsythe S., Ally M., Njeuhmeli E.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0083925	HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States; Futures Group, Washington, DC, United States; Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Baltimore, MD, United States; United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Menon, V., HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States, Futures Group, Washington, DC, United States; Gold, E., Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Baltimore, MD, United States; Godbole, R., HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States, Futures Group, Washington, DC, United States, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Castor, D., United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States; Mahler, H., Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program Jhpiego, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Forsythe, S., HPI Costing Task Order, Washington, DC, United States, Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Ally, M., Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Njeuhmeli, E., United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, United States	Background: Given the proven effectiveness of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) in preventing the spread of HIV, Tanzania is scaling up VMMC as an HIV prevention strategy. This study will inform policymakers about the potential costs and benefits of scaling up VMMC services in Tanzania. Methodology: The analysis first assessed the unit costs of delivering VMMC at the facility level in three regions - Iringa, Kagera, and Mbeya - via three currently used VMMC service delivery models (routine, campaign, and mobile/island outreach). Subsequently, using these unit cost data estimates, the study used the Decision Makers' Program Planning Tool (DMPPT) to estimate the costs and impact of a scaled-up VMMC program. Results: Increasing VMMC could substantially reduce HIV infection. Scaling up adult VMMC to reach 87.9% coverage by 2015 would avert nearly 23,000 new adult HIV infections through 2015 and an additional 167,500 from 2016 through 2025 - at an additional cost of US$253.7 million through 2015 and US $302.3 million from 2016 through 2025. Average cost per HIV infection averted would be US$11,300 during 2010-2015 and US$3,200 during 2010-2025. Scaling up VMMC in Tanzania will yield significant net benefits (benefits of treatment costs averted minus the cost of performing circumcisions) in the long run - around US$4,200 in net benefits for each infection averted. Conclusion: VMMC could have an immediate impact on HIV transmission, but the full impact on prevalence and deaths will only be apparent in the longer term because VMMC averts infections some years into the future among people who have been circumcised. Given the health and economic benefits of investing in VMMC, the scale-up of services should continue to be a central component of the national HIV prevention strategy in Tanzania.	None	article; circumcision; cost benefit analysis; disease transmission; health care cost; health care facility; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; scale up; Tanzania; voluntary medical male circumcision; volunteer; circumcision; economics; HIV Infections; male; preventive health service; Circumcision, Male; Cost-Benefit Analysis; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Preventive Health Services; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937024050	The impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on obstetric hemorrhage and blood transfusion in South Africa	Bloch E.M., Crookes R.L., Hull J., Fawcus S., Gangaram R., Anthony J., Ingram C., Ngcobo S., Croxford J., Creel D.V., Murphy E.L.	2015	Transfusion	55	7	10.1111/trf.13040	Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa; Chris-Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Mowbray Maternity Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa; University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States	Bloch, E.M., Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Crookes, R.L., South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa; Hull, J., Chris-Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fawcus, S., Mowbray Maternity Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Gangaram, R., King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Anthony, J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Ingram, C., South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa; Ngcobo, S., South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa; Croxford, J., RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Creel, D.V., RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Murphy, E.L., Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	BACKGROUND Globally, as in South Africa, obstetric hemorrhage (OH) remains a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Although blood transfusion is critical to OH management, the incidence and predictors of transfusion as well as their relation to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are poorly described. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted of all peripartum patients at four major hospitals in South Africa (April to July 2012). Comprehensive clinical data were collected on patients who sustained OH and/or were transfused. Logistic regression was used to model risk factors for OH and transfusion. RESULTS A total of 15,725 peripartum women were evaluated, of whom 3969 (25.2%) were HIV positive. Overall, 387 (2.5%) women sustained OH and 438 (2.8%) received transfusions, including 213 (1.4%) women with both OH and transfusion. There was no significant difference in OH incidence between HIV-positive (2.8%) and HIV-negative (2.3%) patients (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-1.25). In contrast, the incidence of blood transfusion was significantly higher in HIV-positive (3.7%) than in HIV-negative (2.4%) patients (adjusted OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.14-2.03). Other risk factors for transfusion included OH, low prenatal hemoglobin, the treating hospital, lack of prenatal care, and gestational age of not more than 34 weeks. CONCLUSION In the South African obstetric setting, the incidence of peripartum blood transfusion is significantly higher than in the United States and other high-income countries while OH incidence is similar. While OH and prenatal anemia are major predictors of transfusion, HIV infection is a common and independent contributing factor. © 2015 AABB.	None	hemoglobin; adult; Article; blood transfusion; cesarean section; cross-sectional study; female; gestational age; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; major clinical study; obstetric hemorrhage; perinatal period; practice guideline; prenatal care; risk factor; South Africa; vaginal delivery; adolescent; blood; clinical trial; HIV Infections; incidence; multicenter study; postpartum hemorrhage; pregnancy; virology; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Transfusion; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949188463	Benchmarking health system performance across regions in Uganda: A systematic analysis of levels and trends in key maternal and child health interventions, 1990-2011	Roberts D.A., Ng M., Ikilezi G., Gasasira A., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Fullman N., Nalugwa T., Kamya M., Gakidou E.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0518-x	University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; African Leaders Malaria Alliance, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda	Roberts, D.A., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Ng, M., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Ikilezi, G., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States, Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Gasasira, A., African Leaders Malaria Alliance, Kampala, Uganda; Dwyer-Lindgren, L., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Fullman, N., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States; Nalugwa, T., Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M., Mulago Hospital Complex, Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Gakidou, E., University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 60, Seattle, WA, United States	Background: Globally, countries are increasingly prioritizing the reduction of health inequalities and provision of universal health coverage. While national benchmarking has become more common, such work at subnational levels is rare. The timely and rigorous measurement of local levels and trends in key health interventions and outcomes is vital to identifying areas of progress and detecting early signs of stalled or declining health system performance. Previous studies have yet to provide a comprehensive assessment of Uganda's maternal and child health (MCH) landscape at the subnational level. Methods: By triangulating a number of different data sources - population censuses, household surveys, and administrative data - we generated regional estimates of 27 key MCH outcomes, interventions, and socioeconomic indicators from 1990 to 2011. After calculating source-specific estimates of intervention coverage, we used a two-step statistical model involving a mixed-effects linear model as an input to Gaussian process regression to produce regional-level trends. We also generated national-level estimates and constructed an indicator of overall intervention coverage based on the average of 11 high-priority interventions. Results: National estimates often veiled large differences in coverage levels and trends across Uganda's regions. Under-5 mortality declined dramatically, from 163 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 85 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2011, but a large gap between Kampala and the rest of the country persisted. Uganda rapidly scaled up a subset of interventions across regions, including household ownership of insecticide-treated nets, receipt of artemisinin-based combination therapies among children under 5, and pentavalent immunization. Conversely, most regions saw minimal increases, if not actual declines, in the coverage of indicators that required multiple contacts with the health system, such as four or more antenatal care visits, three doses of oral polio vaccine, and two doses of intermittent preventive therapy during pregnancy. Some of the regions with the lowest levels of overall intervention coverage in 1990, such as North and West Nile, saw marked progress by 2011; nonetheless, sizeable disparities remained between Kampala and the rest of the country. Countrywide, overall coverage increased from 40% in 1990 to 64% in 2011, but coverage in 2011 ranged from 57% to 70% across regions. Conclusions: The MCH landscape in Uganda has, for the most part, improved between 1990 and 2011. Subnational benchmarking quantified the persistence of geographic health inequalities and identified regions in need of additional health systems strengthening. The tracking and analysis of subnational health trends should be conducted regularly to better guide policy decisions and strengthen responsiveness to local health needs. © 2015 Roberts et al.	Coverage; Indicators; Inequalities; Maternal and child health; Subnational benchmarking; Uganda; Under-5 mortality	artemisinin; BCG vaccine; measles vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; Rotavirus vaccine; tetanus toxoid; Article; bed net; biogeographic region; breast feeding; child health; diarrhea; disease control; educational status; health care delivery; health care disparity; health care facility; health care need; health care policy; health care quality; health care survey; health care system; household; human; indoor residual spraying; live birth; malaria; maternal welfare; measles; mortality; oral rehydration therapy; poliomyelitis; prenatal care; sanitation; tuberculosis; Uganda; underweight; vaccination; water supply	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907560484	The impact of comorbid clinical depression on the health-related quality of life of adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria	Wakawa I.A., Said J.M., Abba W.M., Shehu S., Rabbebe I.B., Beida O.	2014	Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine	36	4	10.4103/0253-7176.140731	Department of Mental Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Departments of Research and Training, Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Ps	Wakawa, I.A., Department of Mental Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Said, J.M., Departments of Research and Training, Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abba, W.M., Department of Mental Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Bama Road, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Shehu, S., Department of Psychiatry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Rabbebe, I.B., Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Beida, O., Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Background: Globally, depression compromises the quality of life (QOL) of people suffering from it. We assessed the impact of comorbid depression on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in northeastern Nigeria in this study. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and three adults on HAART were recruited for this study from the ART clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital in northeastern Nigeria. The depressive disorder module of the Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI version 3.0) and the WHO quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) were used for the evaluation of depression and quality of life respectively. Results: The prevalence of depression in this study was 19.8%. The depressed respondents rated their HRQOL poorer than their nondepressed counterparts on the physical, psychological, social relationships and environmental domains as well as the global outcome, as shown by these statistically significant findings (T = 9.739, P = &lt;0.001), (T = 8.972, P = &lt;0.001), (T = 6.533, P = &lt;0.001), (T = 8.913, P = &lt;0.001), and (T = 10.018, P = &lt;0.001), respectively. Female gender, CD4 counts &lt;200/mm 3 and diagnosis of depression were significant predictors poor QOL. Conclusion: Depression has a negative impact on the QOL of the respondents. We therefore recommend incorporation of the routine screening of this important psychiatric comorbidity into the care of this vulnerable group in order to optimize patient care.	Comorbid depression; highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); northeastern Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858280812	Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of live oral pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine introduction in Ghana	Abbott C., Tiede B., Armah G., Mahmoud A.	2012	Vaccine	30	15	10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.076	Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana	Abbott, C., Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Tiede, B., Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Armah, G., Department of Electron Microscopy and Histopathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Mahmoud, A., Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Molecular Biology, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Background: Globally, rotavirus gastroenteritis is the most common identifiable cause of severe diarrhea in children under 5. Recently introduced rotavirus vaccines from Merck &amp; Co. and GlaxoSmithKline have the potential to save hundreds of thousands of lives. Efficacy results in Ghana suggest Merck &amp; Co.'s live oral pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq ®) prevents 65.0% of severe gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection in children under 5. The announcement by Merck and GSK to make their rotavirus vaccines available for developing nations at reduced prices provides Ghana with the opportunity to introduce rotavirus vaccines into the national immunization program after investigation of the medical, economic and political implications. Methods: We estimated the average costs of treating children with diarrhea in the Ashanti region of Ghana as inpatients and outpatients. Using these results, data from rotavirus surveillance studies, and recent rotavirus vaccine efficacy evaluation, we estimated the cost-effectiveness of introducing RotaTeq in Ghana. Results: Based on our prospective calculations, we estimated an average inpatient and outpatient costs of $233.97 and $17.09, respectively, for treating childhood diarrhea. Using the 2003 birth cohort, RotaTeq introduction could save 1554 lives and avert 93,109 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) annually. At a market price of $5 per dose, introducing RotaTeq would have a base-case cost of $62.26 per DALY averted, at a market price of $3.50 per dose, a base-case cost of $39.59 per DALY averted and at market cost of $1 per dose, a base-case cost of $1.81 per DALY averted. All three values are below the 2009 Ghana per capita GDP. Thus, RotaTeq introduction into Ghana will be very cost-effective. Sensitivity analyses suggest these results are robust. Conclusions: RotaTeq vaccination for children under five in Ghana would be a highly cost-effective public health intervention. Ghanaian health officials should seek GAVI funding and evaluate how to maximize RotaTeq access. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	Cost-effectiveness; Ghana; Rotavirus vaccine	Rotavirus vaccine; article; childhood disease; cost effectiveness analysis; drug cost; female; Ghana; health care cost; human; infectious diarrhea; major clinical study; male; priority journal; Rotavirus infection; sensitivity analysis; vaccination; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Diarrhea; Female; Gastroenteritis; Ghana; Health Care Costs; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959837066	Polyandry is a common event in wild populations of the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and may impact population reduction measures	Bonomi A., Bassetti F., Gabrieli P., Beadell J., Falchetto M., Scolari F., Gomulski L.M., Regazzini E., Ouma J.O., Caccone A., Okedi L.M., Attardo G.M., Guglielmino C.R., Aksoy S., Malacrida A.R.	2011	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	5	6	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001190	Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kikuyu, Kenya; National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda; Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy	Bonomi, A., Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Bassetti, F., Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Gabrieli, P., Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Beadell, J., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Falchetto, M., Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Scolari, F., Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Gomulski, L.M., Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Regazzini, E., Department of Mathematics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Ouma, J.O., Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Kikuyu, Kenya; Caccone, A., Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Okedi, L.M., National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda; Attardo, G.M., Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Guglielmino, C.R., Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Aksoy, S., Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Malacrida, A.R., Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy	Background: Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the main vector of human and animal trypanosomiasis in Africa, particularly in Uganda. Attempts to control/eradicate this species using biological methods require knowledge of its reproductive biology. An important aspect is the number of times a female mates in the wild as this influences the effective population size and may constitute a critical factor in determining the success of control methods. To date, polyandry in G.f. fuscipes has not been investigated in the laboratory or in the wild. Interest in assessing the presence of remating in Ugandan populations is driven by the fact that eradication of this species is at the planning stage in this country. Methodology/Principal Findings: Two well established populations, Kabukanga in the West and Buvuma Island in Lake Victoria, were sampled to assess the presence and frequency of female remating. Six informative microsatellite loci were used to estimate the number of matings per female by genotyping sperm preserved in the female spermathecae. The direct count of the minimum number of males that transferred sperm to the spermathecae was compared to Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian probability estimates. The three estimates provided evidence that remating is common in the populations but the frequency is substantially different: 57% in Kabukanga and 33% in Buvuma. Conclusions/Significance: The presence of remating, with females maintaining sperm from different mates, may constitute a critical factor in cases of re-infestation of cleared areas and/or of residual populations. Remating may enhance the reproductive potential of re-invading propagules in terms of their effective population size. We suggest that population age structure may influence remating frequency. Considering the seasonal demographic changes that this fly undergoes during the dry and wet seasons, control programmes based on SIT should release large numbers of sterile males, even in residual surviving target populations, in the dry season. © 2011 Bonomi et al.	None	animal behavior; animal experiment; animal tissue; article; chromosomal localization; controlled study; effective population size; female; genetic variability; genotype; Glossina; glossina fusca; insect control; male; mating system; microsatellite marker; nonhuman; parasite vector; polyandry; population structure; propagule; seasonal population dynamics; seasonal variation; species distribution; sperm preservation; spermatheca; Uganda; wild animal; animal; growth, development and aging; molecular typing; physiology; population dynamics; reproduction; season; sexual behavior; spermatozoon; tsetse fly; microsatellite DNA; Animals; Female; Genotype; Male; Microsatellite Repeats; Molecular Typing; Population Dynamics; Reproduction; Seasons; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Spermatozoa; Tsetse Flies; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929484502	Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of CareStart G6PD deficiency Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) in a malaria endemic area in Ghana, Africa	Adu-Gyasi D., Asante K.P., Newton S., Dosoo D., Amoako S., Adjei G., Amoako N., Ankrah L., Tchum S.K., Mahama E., Agyemang V., Kayan K., Owusu-Agyei S.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0125796	Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana	Adu-Gyasi, D., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Asante, K.P., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Newton, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Dosoo, D., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Amoako, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Adjei, G., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Amoako, N., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Ankrah, L., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Tchum, S.K., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Mahama, E., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Agyemang, V., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Kayan, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana; Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, P O Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo, Ghana	Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most widespread enzyme defect that can result in red cell breakdown under oxidative stress when exposed to certain medicines including antimalarials. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of CareStart G6PD deficiency Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) as a point-of-care tool for screening G6PD deficiency. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 206 randomly selected and consented participants from a group with known G6PD deficiency status between February 2013 and June 2013. A maximum of 1.6ml of capillary blood samples were used for G6PD deficiency screening using CareStart G6PD RDT and Trinity qualitative with Trinity quantitative methods as the "gold standard". Samples were also screened for the presence of malaria parasites. Data entry and analysis were done using Microsoft Access 2010 and Stata Software version 12. Kintampo Health Research Centre Institutional Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Results: The sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of CareStart G6PD deficiency RDT was 100% and 72.1% compared to Trinity quantitative method respectively and was 98.9% and 96.2% compared to Trinity qualitative method. Malaria infection status had no significant (P=0.199) change on the performance of the G6PD RDT test kit compared to the "gold standard". Conclusions: The outcome of this study suggests that the diagnostic performance of the CareStart G6PD deficiency RDT kit was high and it is acceptable at determining the G6PD deficiency status in a high malaria endemic area in Ghana. The RDT kit presents as an attractive tool for point-of- care G6PD deficiency for rapid testing in areas with high temperatures and less expertise. The CareStart G6PD deficiency RDT kit could be used to screen malaria patients before administration of the fixed dose primaquine with artemisinin-based combination therapy. © 2015 Adu-Gyasi et al.	None	artemisinin; artemisinin plus primaquine; primaquine; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; Africa; aged; Article; capillary blood; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic procedure; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; gold standard; high temperature; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria rapid test; male; point of care testing; randomized controlled trial; Rapid Diagnostic Test; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; Trinity qualitative method	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892382973	Doctoral training in Uganda: Evaluation of mentoring best practices at Makerere university college of health sciences	Nakanjako D., Katamba A., Kaye D.K., Okello E., Kamya M.R., Sewankambo N., Mayanja-Kizza H.	2014	BMC Medical Education	14	1	10.1186/1472-6920-14-9	Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Nakanjako, D., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kaye, D.K., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Okello, E., Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kamya, M.R., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Sewankambo, N., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Good mentoring is a key variable for determining success in completing a doctoral program. We identified prevailing mentoring practices among doctoral students and their mentors, identified common challenges facing doctoral training, and proposed some solutions to enhance the quality of the doctoral training experience for both candidates and mentors at Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS). Methods. This cross-sectional qualitative evaluation was part of the monitoring and evaluation program for doctoral training. All doctoral students and their mentors were invited for a half-day workshop through the MakCHS mailing list. Prevailing doctoral supervision and mentoring guidelines were summarised in a one-hour presentation. Participants were split into two homogenous students' (mentees') and mentors' groups to discuss specific issues using a focus group discussion (FGD) guide, that highlighted four main themes in regard to the doctoral training experience; what was going well, what was not going well, proposed solutions to current challenges and perceived high priority areas for improvement. The two groups came together again and the note-takers from each group presented their data and discussions were recorded by a note-taker. Results: Twelve out of 36 invited mentors (33%) and 22 out of 40 invited mentees (55%) attended the workshop. Mentors and mentees noted increasing numbers of doctoral students and mentors, which provided opportunities for peer mentorship. Delays in procurement and research regulatory processes subsequently delayed students' projects. Similarly, mentees mentioned challenges of limited; 1) infrastructure and mentors to support basic science research projects, 2) physical office space for doctoral students and their mentors, 3) skills in budgeting and finance management and 4) communication skills including conflict resolution. As solutions, the team proposed skills' training, induction courses for doctoral students-mentor teams, and a Frequently Asked Questions' document, to better inform mentors', mentees' expectations and experiences. Conclusion: Systemic and infrastructural limitations affect the quality of the doctoral training experience at MaKCHS. Clinical and biomedical research infrastructure, in addition to training in research regulatory processes, procurement and finance management, communication skills and information technology, were highlighted as high priority areas for strategic interventions to improve mentoring within doctoral training of clinician scientists. © 2014 Nakanjako et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Capacity building; Doctoral training; Health care; Low and middle income countries; Mentorship; Supervision; Uganda	academic achievement; article; evaluation study; methodology; organization and management; program evaluation; qualitative research; school; standard; teacher; Uganda; Education, Graduate; Mentors; Program Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Schools, Health Occupations; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956880965	Evaluation of blood reservation and use for caesarean sections in a tertiary maternity unit in south western Nigeria	Akinola O.I., Fabamwo A.O., Tayo A.O., Rabiu K.A., Oshodi Y.A., Onyekwere C.A.	2010	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	10	None	10.1186/1471-2393-10-57	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria	Akinola, O.I., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Fabamwo, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Tayo, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Rabiu, K.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Oshodi, Y.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria; Onyekwere, C.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria	Background: Haemorrhage from obstetric causes is the most common cause of maternal mortality in the developing world. Prevention of mortality from haemorrhage will necessarily involve prompt blood transfusions among other life saving measures. There are however limited stocks of fresh or stored blood in many health care facilities in Sub Saharan Africa. Caesarean section has been identified as a common indication for blood transfusion in obstetrics practice and its performance is often delayed by non availability of blood in our centre. An evaluation of blood reservation and use at caesarean sections in a tertiary maternity unit in Lagos, south western Nigeria should therefore assist in formulating the most rational blood transfusion policies.Methods: Case records of 327 patients who had elective and emergency caesarian sections at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital between 1 stOctober and 31 stDecember 2007 were reviewed. Data pertaining to age, parity, booking status, type and indication for Caesarean section, pre- and post-operative packed cell volume, blood loss at surgery, units of blood reserved in the blood bank, unit(s) of blood transfused and duration of hospital stay was extracted and the data analysed.Results: There were 1056 deliveries out of which 327 (31%) were by Caesarean section. During the study period, a total of 654 units of blood were reserved in the blood bank and subsequently made available in theatre. Out of this number, only 89 (13.6%) were transfused to 41 patients. Amongst those transfused, twenty-six (54%) were booked and 31 (75.6%) had primary caesarian section. About 81% of those transfused had emergency caesarean section. The most common indication for surgery among those transfused were placenta praevia (9 patients with 21 units of blood) and cephalo-pelvic disproportion (8 patients with 13 units).Conclusion: Even though a large number of units of blood was reserved and made available in the theatre at the time of operation, majority of the patients operated did not need blood transfusion. Provision of a mini- blood bank within the obstetric unit and careful patient categorization will ensure timely availability of blood for surgery without necessarily tying down stock in the central blood bank. © 2010 Akinola et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; bleeding; blood bank; blood transfusion; cesarean section; female; hospital department; hospital subdivisions and components; human; labor complication; Nigeria; pregnancy; university hospital; uterus bleeding; utilization review; age; blood storage; cephalopelvic disproportion; elective surgery; emergency surgery; erythrocyte concentrate; hospitalization; major clinical study; operation duration; parity; placenta previa; postoperative period; preoperative period; retrospective study; tertiary health care; Adult; Blood Banks; Blood Loss, Surgical; Blood Transfusion; Cesarean Section; Female; Hospital Units; Hospitals, University; Humans; Nigeria; Obstetric Labor Complications; Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital; Pregnancy; Uterine Hemorrhage	None
WoS	WOS:000341887000001	Evaluation of record linkage of mortality data between a health and demographic surveillance system and national civil registration system in South Africa	Bradshaw, Debbie,Gomez-Olive, Francesc Xavier,Joubert, Jane D.,Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa W.,Kahn, Kathleen,Lopez, Alan D.,Mee, Paul,Rao, Chalapati,Tollman, Stephen,Tuoane-Nkhasi, Maletela,Vos, Theo	2014	POPULATION HEALTH METRICS	13	1	10.1186/s12963-014-0023-z	South African Medical Research Council, Umea University, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland, University of Washington, University of Washington Seattle, University of Witwatersrand, INDEPTH Network, Stat South Africa	"Bradshaw, Debbie: South African Medical Research Council","Gomez-Olive, Francesc Xavier: University of Witwatersrand","Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa W.: University of Witwatersrand","Lopez, Alan D.: University of Melbourne","Rao, Chalapati: University of Queensland","Vos, Theo: University of Washington","Vos, Theo: University of Washington Seattle",	Background: Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) collect independent mortality data that could be used for assessing the quality of mortality data in national civil registration (CR) systems in low- and middle-income countries. However, the use of HDSS data for such purposes depends on the quality of record linkage between the two data sources. We describe and evaluate the quality of record linkage between HDSS and CR mortality data in South Africa with HDSS data from Agincourt HDSS. Methods: We applied deterministic and probabilistic record linkage approaches to mortality records from 2006 to 2009 from the Agincourt HDSS and those in the CR system. Quality of the matches generated by the probabilistic approach was evaluated using sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) calculated from a subset of records that were linked using national identity number. Matched and unmatched records from the Agincourt HDSS were compared to identify characteristics associated with successful matching. In addition, the distribution of background characteristics in all deaths that occurred in 2009 and those linked to CR records was compared to assess systematic bias in the resulting record-linked dataset in the latest time period. Results: Deterministic and probabilistic record linkage approaches combined linked a total of 2264 out of 3726 (60.8%) mortality records from the Agincourt HDSS to those in the CR system. Probabilistic approaches independently linked 1969 (87.0%) of the linked records. In a subset of 708 records that were linked using national identity number, the probabilistic approaches yielded sensitivity of 90.0% and PPV of 98.5%. Records belonging to more vulnerable people, including poorer persons, young children, and non-South Africans were less likely to be matched. Nevertheless, distribution of most background characteristics was similar between all Agincourt HDSS deaths and those matched to CR records in the latest time period. Conclusion: This study shows that record linkage of mortality data from HDSS and CR systems is possible and can be useful in South Africa. The study identifies predictors for death registration and data items and registration system characteristics that could be improved to achieve more optimal future matching possibilities.	"Agincourt HDSS","Civil registration system","death registration","Health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS)",MORTALITY,"RECORD LINKAGE","SOUTH AFRICA","AGINCOURT HEALTH",CARE,DEATH,DISEASE,EPIDEMIOLOGY,"GLOBAL BURDEN",IDENTIFIERS,POPULATION,VALID	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948180161	The impact of health service variables on healthcare access in a low resourced urban setting in the Western Cape, South Africa	Scheffler E., Visagie S., Schneider M.	2015	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	7	1	10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.820	Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Scheffler, E., Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Visagie, S., Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Schneider, M., Psychology Department, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Health care access is complex and multi-faceted and, as a basic right, equitable access and services should be available to all user groups. Objectives: The aim of this article is to explore how service delivery impacts on access to healthcare for vulnerable groups in an urban primary health care setting in South Africa. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used. Data were collected through semistructured interviews with purposively sampled participants and analysed through thematic content analysis. Results: Service delivery factors are presented against five dimensions of access according to the ACCESS Framework. From a supplier perspective, the organisation of care in the study setting resulted in available, accessible, affordable and adequate services as measured against the District Health System policies and guidelines. However, service providers experienced significant barriers in provision of services, which impacted on the quality of care, resulting in poor client and provider satisfaction and ultimately compromising acceptability of service delivery. Although users found services to be accessible, the organisation of services presented them with challenges in the domains of availability, affordability and adequacy, resulting in unmet needs, low levels of satisfaction and loss of trust. These challenges fuelled perceptions of unacceptable services. Conclusion: Well developed systems and organisation of services can create accessible, affordable and available primary healthcare services, but do not automatically translate into adequate and acceptable services. Focussing attention on how services are delivered might restore the balance between supply (services) and demand (user needs) and promote universal and equitable access. © 2015. The Authors.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954722951	Case series of the long-term psychosocial impact of drug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-negative medical doctors	Padayatchi N., Daftary A., Moodley T., Madansein R., Ramjee A.	2010	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	14	8	None	Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa; Department of Community Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; King George V Hospital, Durban, South Africa	Padayatchi, N., Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa, Department of Community Health, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa; Daftary, A., Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Moodley, T., Centre for AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa; Madansein, R., Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Ramjee, A., King George V Hospital, Durban, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) are at greater risk for tuberculosis (TB), including multidrugresistant TB (MDR-TB), compared to the general population. The psychosocial impact of nosocomial TB on HCWs has received little attention in the literature. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review from 1999 to 2003 found 15 HCWs who were treated for drug-resistant TB at a specialist hospital in South Africa. Five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative doctors with no predisposing factors for drug resistance are included in this case series. We collectively present their clinical case histories based on medical records from 2000 to 2005, and explore the long-term psychosocial impact of TB from interviews conducted in 2009. RESULTS: Four doctors had primary MDR-TB and one had primary resistance to multiple first-line drugs. Time from symptom onset to commencement of effective treatment ranged from 8 to 39 weeks. Time for bacteriological confirmation of drug-resistant TB ranged from 6 to 24 weeks. All were cured within 3 years of initial presentation. Content analysis of follow-up interviews revealed five main themes: 1) prolonged morbidity, 2) psychological impact, 3) poor infection control, 4) weak support structures and 5) attrition from the field. CONCLUSION: Themes emergent from this case series encourage prioritisation of TB infection control education and practice to minimise HCW morbidity and prevent HCW attrition from high-burden resource-constrained settings. © 2010 The Union.	Drug-resistant tuberculosis; Health care workers; Infection control; Psychosocial impact; South Africa	amikacin; clarithromycin; cycloserine; dexamethasone; ethambutol; ethionamide; isoniazid; ofloxacin; prednisone; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; streptomycin; terizidone; valproic acid; tuberculostatic agent; adult; antibiotic therapy; anxiety; article; bladder dysfunction; case study; clinical article; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; depression; disease predisposition; drug resistant tuberculosis; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; insomnia; interview; limb pain; limb weakness; male; medical record review; medical specialist; morbidity; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; muscle spasm; nausea; otosclerosis; panic; physician; priority journal; pruritus; psychological aspect; retrospective study; sensory neuropathy; shoulder pain; side effect; small intestine disease; social aspect; South Africa; tinnitus; tuberculous meningitis; antibiotic resistance; attitude to health; comparative study; complication; disease transmission; incidence; Mental Disorders; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; physician; prevention and control; prognosis; psychology; questionnaire; risk factor; serodiagnosis; time; transmission; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Attitude to Health; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seronegativity; Humans; Incidence; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; Male; Mental Disorders; Physicians; Prognosis; Questionnaires; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Attitude to Health; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seronegativity; Humans; Incidence; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional; Male; Mental Disorders; Physicians; Prognosis; Questionnaires; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant	None
WoS	WOS:000345430400001	Toward utilization of data for program management and evaluation: quality assessment of five years of health management information system data in Rwanda	Amoroso, Cheryl,Basinga, Paulin,Binagwaho, Agnes,Gaju, Eric,Gashayija, Modeste,Hedt-Gauthier, Bethany,Hirschhorn, Lisa R.,Iyer, Hari S.,Muhire, Andrew,Nisingizwe, Marie Paul,Rubyutsa, Eric,Wilson, Randy	2014	GLOBAL HEALTH ACTION	7	None	10.3402/gha.v7.25829	Dartmouth College, Gates Foundation, Harvard University, University of Rwanda, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Minist Hlth, Partners In Hlth, Partners In Hlth Inshuti Mu Buzima	"Basinga, Paulin: Gates Foundation",	Background: Health data can be useful for effective service delivery, decision making, and evaluating existing programs in order to maintain high quality of healthcare. Studies have shown variability in data quality from national health management information systems (HMISs) in sub-Saharan Africa which threatens utility of these data as a tool to improve health systems. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of Rwanda's HMIS data over a 5-year period. Methods: The World Health Organization (WHO) data quality report card framework was used to assess the quality of HMIS data captured from 2008 to 2012 and is a census of all 495 publicly funded health facilities in Rwanda. Factors assessed included completeness and internal consistency of 10 indicators selected based on WHO recommendations and priority areas for the Rwanda national health sector. Completeness was measured as percentage of non-missing reports. Consistency was measured as the absence of extreme outliers, internal consistency between related indicators, and consistency of indicators over time. These assessments were done at the district and national level. Results: Nationally, the average monthly district reporting completeness rate was 98% across 10 key indicators from 2008 to 2012. Completeness of indicator data increased over time: 2008, 88%; 2009, 91%; 2010, 89%; 2011, 90%; and 2012, 95% (p&lt;B0.0001). Comparing 2011 and 2012 health events to the mean of the three preceding years, service output increased from 3% (2011) to 9% (2012). Eighty-three percent of districts reported ratios between related indicators (ANC/DTP1, DTP1/DTP3) consistent with HMIS national ratios. Conclusion and policy implications: Our findings suggest that HMIS data quality in Rwanda has been improving over time. We recommend maintaining these assessments to identify remaining gaps in data quality and that results are shared publicly to support increased use of HMIS data.	"DATA QUALITY","data use","global health","health management information system","QUALITY IMPROVEMENT",RWANDA,CHALLENGES,DISTRICT,"IMMUNIZATION DATA",IMPLEMENTATION,INNOVATIONS,MALAWI,MOZAMBIQUE,SOUTH-AFRICA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879807578	Health insurance in Ghana: Evaluation of policy holders' perceptions and factors influencing policy renewal in the Volta region	Boateng D., Awunyor-Vitor D.	2013	International Journal for Equity in Health	12	1	10.1186/1475-9276-12-50	Department of Community Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Boateng, D., Department of Community Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Awunyor-Vitor, D., Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Background: Health insurance is an important mechanism that succors individuals, states and the nation at large. The purpose of this study was to assess individual's attitude towards health insurance policy and the factors that influence respondents' decision to renew their health insurance policy when it expires. Methods. This cross sectional study was conducted in the Volta region of Ghana. A total of 300 respondents were randomly sampled and interviewed for the study. Data was collected at the household level and analyzed with STATA software. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the demographic characteristics of the respondents while Logistic regression model was used to assess factors that influence respondents' decision to take up health insurance policy and renew it. Results: The study results indicate that 61.1% of respondents are currently being enrolled in the NHIS, 23.9% had not renewed their insurance after enrollment and 15% had never enrolled. Reasons cited for non-renewal of insurance included poor service quality (58%), lack of money (49%) and taste of other sources of care (23%). The gender, marital status, religion and perception of health status of respondents significantly influenced their decision to enroll and remain in NHIS. Conclusion: NHIS has come to stay with clients testifying to its benefits in keeping them strong and healthy. Efforts therefore must be put in by all stakeholders including the community to educate the individuals on the benefits of health insurance to ensure all have optimal access. © 2013 Boateng and Awunyor-vitor; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Ghana; Health insurance; Policy renewal; Volta region	assessment method; decision making; demography; health insurance; numerical model; policy making; software; adult; agricultural worker; article; attitude to health; christian; cross-sectional study; education; female; gender; Ghana; health insurance; health status; household; human; income; male; marriage; married person; money; moslem; perception; priority journal; quantitative study; religion; Adolescent; Adult; Attitude to Health; Cross-Sectional Studies; Decision Making; Female; Ghana; Health Policy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; National Health Programs; Socioeconomic Factors; Young Adult; Ghana; Volta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-14544289513	Evaluation of a photo-poster on nurses' perceptions of teething problems in South-western Nigeria	Bankole O.O., Aderinokun G.A., Denloye O.O.	2005	Public Health	119	4	10.1016/j.puhe.2004.05.019	Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bankole, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aderinokun, G.A., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Denloye, O.O., Department of Preventive Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Health problems commonly associated with the eruption of teeth in babies continue to pose problems in Nigeria. Even nurses who should be well informed have misconceived views. In order to enlighten mothers and healthcare workers on this issue, a photo-poster was developed as a health-education tool. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the poster, displayed in the workplace for 18 months, on the knowledge, attitude and reported practice of nurses. The study also aimed to assess the outcome of the inclusion of the photo-poster in training materials in a workshop setting. Methods: The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, 542 nurses working in children's units within the city of Ibadan, South-western Nigeria were selected using a stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to gather information on their perceptions of teething problems at baseline. Photo-posters were displayed in the nurses' workplaces for 18 months, and a follow-up survey was conducted using the same questionnaire. In the second part of the study, two groups of nurses (n=21 and n=18 nurses) working in similar healthcare facilities in Ibadan participated in two separate workshops. One workshop used the photo-poster in addition to the standard educational materials, and the other workshop did not. Percentage differences between pre- and postintervention responses to perceived health problems were calculated. Intervention effects were the differences between the percentage changes in the intervention (with poster) and comparison (without poster) groups. Statistical differences were determined by Chi-squared test or one-tailed t-test, as appropriate. Results: Five hundred and forty-two nurses (519 female and 23 male) completed the questionnaire survey at baseline and 403 (371 female and 32 male) at follow-up. Their ages ranged between 23 and 56 years, with the greatest percentage aged 25-40 years. At baseline, many respondents indicated that several of the listed health problems were a consequence of tooth eruption. After exposure to the posters at their workplace for 18 months, there were slight changes in their opinions but most were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The use of posters in a workshop setting revealed percentage changes ranging from -11 to 61% for the different associated health problems. Many of these changes were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Displaying photo-posters in the workplace did little to change nurses' perceptions of teething problems; the posters had more influence when they were used in an instructional, interactive atmosphere. It is recommended that the use of photo-posters in health education for such culturally entrenched health issues should be accompanied by discussion of the same subject wherever possible. © 2004 The Royal Institute of Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Evaluation; Infants; Photo-poster; Teething	adult; article; calculation; chi square test; city; controlled study; female; health care facility; health education; hospital department; human; literature; male; Nigeria; nurse attitude; pediatrics; questionnaire; sampling; staff training; statistical analysis; statistical significance; tooth eruption; workshop; Adult; Audiovisual Aids; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Nigeria; Nurses; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Tooth Eruption	None
WoS	WOS:000312954300012	Measuring social accountability in health professional education: Development and international pilot testing of an evaluation framework	Buso, David,Larkins, Sarah L.,Lindemann, Iris C.,Matte, Marie C.,Neusy, Andre-Jacques,Palsdottir, Bjorg,Preston, Robyn,Ross, Simone J.,Samson, Rex,Tandinco, Filedito D.,THEnet	2013	MEDICAL TEACHER	35	1	10.3109/0142159X.2012.731106	Dalhousie University, Flinders University South Australia, James Cook University, Ateneo de Zamboanga Univ, No Ontario Sch Med, Univ Philippines, Walter Sisulu University of Technology & Science	"Larkins, Sarah L.: James Cook University","Lindemann, Iris C.: Flinders University South Australia",	Background: Health professional schools are responsible for producing graduates with competencies and attitudes to address health inequities and respond to priority health needs. Health professional schools striving towards social accountability founded the Training for Health Equity Network (THEnet). Aim: This article describes the development of THEnet evaluation framework for socially accountable health professional education, presents the framework to be used as a tool by other schools and discusses the findings of pilot implementation at five schools. Methods: The framework was designed collaboratively and built on Boelen and Woollard's conceptualization, production and usability model. It includes key components, linked to aspirational statements, indicators and suggested measurement tools. Five schools completed pilot implementation, involving workshops, document/data review and focus group discussions with faculty, students and community members. Results: Three sections of the framework consider: How does our school work?; What do we do? and What difference do we make? Pilot testing proved that the evaluation framework was acceptable and feasible across contexts and produced findings useful at school level and to compare schools. The framework is designed as a formative exercise to help schools take a critical look at their performance and progress towards social accountability. Initiatives to implement the framework more widely are underway. The framework effectively aids in identifying strengths, weaknesses and gaps, with a view to schools striving for continuous self-improvement. Conclusion: THEnet evaluation framework is applicable and useful across contexts. It is possible and desirable to assess progress towards social accountability in health professional schools and this is an important step in producing health professionals with knowledge, attitudes, and skills to meet the challenges of priority health needs of underserved populations.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858961003	Evaluation of in-vitro anthelmintic activity of the roots of ziziphus oenoplia Linn, Mill. (Rhamnaceae)	Kuppuram G., Dhunmati K., Jaison D., Kousalya M., Mohammad Yaseen A., Swetha S.	2012	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	4	None	None	Department of Educational planning, Management Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia; College of pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -600003, India; Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India	Kuppuram, G., Department of Educational planning, Management Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia; Dhunmati, K., College of pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -600003, India; Jaison, D., College of pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -600003, India; Kousalya, M., College of pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -600003, India; Mohammad Yaseen, A., College of pharmacy, Madras Medical College, Chennai -600003, India; Swetha, S., Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India	Background: Helminth infections are most common infections in man which affects a large proportion of world's population which interrupts their quality of life. The aim of this study is to prove the anthelmintic activity of the roots of Ziziphus oenoplia linn (Rhamnaceae). Methods: Four groups each containing three earthworms of approximately same size were released into 10ml of desired formulation. Each group was treated with one of the following; Albendazole 40mg/ml in Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) as standard and ethanolic extracts 5mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 50mg/ml of the root powder Ziziphus oenoplia in CMC. The time taken for the paralysis and death of earthworm by ethonolic extract was compared with that of standard Albendazole. Result: The result of this study shows that the anthelmintic activity of the drug increases with increase in the concentration of ethanolic extract of the root powder of Ziziphus oenoplia. In comparison with the standard drug Albendazole, the time taken for the paralysis and death of the earthworm by the ethanolic extract is found to be desirable. Conclusion: The present investigation proves that the alcoholic extract of Ziziphus oenoplia, exerts significant activity against roundworm infections. We hope that in future the shrub Ziziphus oenoplia will be able to replace the anthelmintic drugs which have an increased risk of drug interactions.	Albendazole; Anthelmintic; Earthworms; Ethanolic extract; Ziziphus oenoplia	albendazole; alcohol; carboxymethylcellulose; jujube extract; unclassified drug; Ziziphus oenoplia extract; anthelmintic activity; article; concentration response; controlled study; death; drug effect; earthworm; in vitro study; jujube; nematodiasis; nonhuman; paralysis; plant root; Ziziphus oenoplia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870866033	Impact of Anthelminthic Treatment in Pregnancy and Childhood on Immunisations, Infections and Eczema in Childhood: A Randomised Controlled Trial	Ndibazza J., Mpairwe H., Webb E.L., Mawa P.A., Nampijja M., Muhangi L., Kihembo M., Lule S.A., Rutebarika D., Apule B., Akello F., Akurut H., Oduru G., Naniima P., Kizito D., Kizza M., Kizindo R., Tweyongere R., Alcock K.J., Muwanga M., Elliott A.M.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	12	10.1371/journal.pone.0050325	Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Ndibazza, J., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Mpairwe, H., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Webb, E.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mawa, P.A., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nampijja, M., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Muhangi, L., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kihembo, M., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Lule, S.A., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Rutebarika, D., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Apule, B., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Akello, F., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Akurut, H., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Oduru, G., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Naniima, P., Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Kizito, D., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kizza, M., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kizindo, R., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Tweyongere, R., School of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Alcock, K.J., Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; Muwanga, M., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Elliott, A.M., Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Helminth infections may modulate immune responses to unrelated pathogens and allergens; these effects may commence prenatally. We addressed the hypothesis that anthelminthic treatment in pregnancy and early childhood would improve responses to immunisation and modulate disease incidence in early childhood with both beneficial and detrimental effects. Methods and Findings: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Entebbe, Uganda [ISRCTN32849447]. In three independent randomisations, 2507 pregnant women were allocated to receive single-dose albendazole or placebo, and praziquantel or placebo; 2016 of their offspring were randomised to receive quarterly single-dose albendazole or placebo from age 15 months to 5 years. Primary outcomes were post-immunisation recall responses to BCG and tetanus antigens, and incidence of malaria, diarrhoea, and pneumonia; incidence of eczema was an important secondary outcome. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Of 2345 live births, 1622 (69%) children remained in follow-up at age 5 years. 68% of mothers at enrolment, and 11% of five-year-olds, had helminth infections. Maternal hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni were effectively treated by albendazole and praziquantel, respectively; and childhood hookworm and Ascaris by quarterly albendazole. Incidence rates of malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia, and eczema were 34, 65, 10 and 5 per 100 py, respectively. Albendazole during pregnancy caused an increased rate of eczema in the children (HR 1.58 (95% CI 1.15-2.17), p = 0.005). Quarterly albendazole during childhood was associated with reduced incidence of clinical malaria (HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.73-0.98), p = 0.03). There were no consistent effects of the interventions on any other outcome. Conclusions: Routine use of albendazole in pregnancy may not always be beneficial, even in tropical developing countries. By contrast, regular albendazole treatment in preschool children may have an additional benefit for malaria control where helminths and malaria are co-endemic. Given the low helminth prevalence in our children, the effect of albendazole on malaria is likely to be direct. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN32849447. © 2012 Ndibazza et al.	None	albendazole; BCG vaccine; placebo; praziquantel; tetanus toxoid; adult; article; ascariasis; child; child health care; childhood; childhood mortality; diarrhea; dose response; drug use; eczema; female; follow up; hookworm infection; human; hymenolepiasis; immunization; incidence; major clinical study; malaria control; malaria falciparum; male; mansonelliasis; newborn tetanus; pneumonia; pregnancy outcome; prenatal drug exposure; preschool child; randomized controlled trial (topic); risk benefit analysis; schistosomiasis mansoni; single drug dose; treatment outcome; trichostrongylosis; trichuriasis; tuberculosis; Adult; Albendazole; Anthelmintics; Child, Preschool; Double-Blind Method; Eczema; Female; Helminthiasis; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Treatment Outcome; Uganda; Vaccination; Ancylostomatoidea; Ascaris; Schistosoma mansoni; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250327238	The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: Design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and e	Elliott A.M., Kizza M., Quigley M.A., Ndibazza J., Nampijja M., Muhangi L., Morison L., Namujju P.B., Muwanga M., Kabatereine N., Whitwortha J.A.G.	2007	Clinical Trials	4	1	10.1177/1740774506075248	Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford University, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Elliott, A.M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kizza, M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Quigley, M.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford University, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ndibazza, J., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Nampijja, M., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muhangi, L., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Morison, L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Namujju, P.B., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanga, M., Entebbe Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabatereine, N., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Whitwortha, J.A.G., Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Helminths have profound effects on the immune response, allowing long-term survival of parasites with minimal damage to the host. Some of these effects "spill-over", altering responses to non-helminth antigens or allergens. It is suggested that this may lead to impaired responses to immunizations and infections, while conferring benefits against inflammatory responses in allergic and autoimmune disease. These effects might develop in utero, through exposure to maternal helminth infections, or through direct exposure in later life. Purpose: To determine the effects of helminths and their treatment in pregnancy and in young children on immunological and disease outcomes in childhood. Methods: The trial has three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled interventions at two times, in two people: a pregnant woman and her child. Pregnant women are randomized to albendazole or placebo and praziquantel or placebo. At age 15 months their children are randomized to three-monthly albendazole or placebo, to continue to age five years. The proposed designation for this sequence of interventions is a 2 × 2(×2) factorial design. Children are immunized with BCG and against polio, Diphtheria, tetanus, Pertussis, Haemophilus, hepatitis B and measles. Primary immunological outcomes are responses to BCG antigens and tetanus toxoid in whole blood cytokine assays and antibody assays at one, three and five years of age. Primary disease outcomes are incidence of malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, measles, vertical HIV transmission, and atopic disease episodes, measured at clinic visits and twice-monthly home visits. Effects on anaemia, growth and intellectual development are also assessed. Conclusion: This trial, with a novel design comprising related interventions in pregnant women and their offspring, is the first to examine effects of helminths and their treatment in pregnancy and early childhood on immunological, infectious disease and allergic disease outcomes. The results will enhance understanding of both detrimental and beneficial effects of helminth infection and inform policy. © Society for Clinical Trials 2007.	None	albendazole; BCG vaccine; cytokine; diphtheria pertussis poliomyelitis tetanus Haemophilus influenzae type b hepatitis B vaccine; measles vaccine; placebo; praziquantel; antiparasitic agent; anemia; article; atopy; child growth; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; double blind procedure; drug efficacy; factorial analysis; female; helminthiasis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune response; immunization; immunoassay; infant; infection rate; informed consent; major clinical study; malaria; mental development; outcome assessment; pregnant woman; preschool child; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; research ethics; sample size; single drug dose; tuberculosis; animal; child; helminth; immunology; incidence; male; methodology; parasitology; pregnancy; pregnancy complication; Uganda; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Double-Blind Method; Female; Helminthiasis; Helminths; Humans; Immunization; Incidence; Male; Praziquantel; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Randomized Controlled Trials; Research Design; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861847252	Impact on postpartum hemorrhage of prophylactic administration of oxytocin 10 IU via Uniject™ by peripheral health care providers at home births: Design of a community-based cluster-randomized trial	Stanton C.K., Newton S., Mullany L.C., Cofie P., Agyemang C.T., Adiibokah E., Darcy N., Khan S., Levisay A., Gyapong J., Armbruster D., Owusu-Agyei S.	2012	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	12	None	10.1186/1471-2393-12-42	Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana; PATH, Accra, Ghana; Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States; PATH, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Ghana, Formerly of Ghana Health Service, Health Research Unit, Accra, Ghana; United States Agency for International Development, Formerly of PATH, Washington, DC, United States	Stanton, C.K., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Newton, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana; Mullany, L.C., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States; Cofie, P., PATH, Accra, Ghana; Agyemang, C.T., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana; Adiibokah, E., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana; Darcy, N., Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle, North Carolina, United States; Khan, S., PATH, Seattle, WA, United States; Levisay, A., PATH, Seattle, WA, United States; Gyapong, J., University of Ghana, Formerly of Ghana Health Service, Health Research Unit, Accra, Ghana; Armbruster, D., United States Agency for International Development, Formerly of PATH, Washington, DC, United States; Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana	Background: Hemorrhage is the leading direct cause of maternal death globally. While oxytocin is the drug of choice for postpartum hemorrhage prevention, its use has generally been limited to health facilities. This trial assesses the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of expanding the use of prophylactic intramuscular oxytocin to peripheral health care providers at home births in four predominantly rural districts in central Ghana.Methods: This study is designed as a community-based cluster-randomized trial in which Community Health Officers are randomized to provide (or not provide) an injection of oxytocin 10 IU via the Uniject™ injection system within one minute of delivery of the baby to women who request their presence at home at the onset of labor. The primary aim is to determine if administration of prophylactic oxytocin via Uniject™ by this cadre will reduce the risk of postpartum hemorrhage by 50 % relative to deliveries which do not receive the prophylactic intervention. Postpartum hemorrhage is examined under three sequential definitions: 1) blood loss ≥500 ml (BL); 2) treatment for bleeding (TX) and/or BL; 3) hospital referral for bleeding and/or TX and/or BL. Secondary outcomes address safety and feasibility of the intervention and include adverse maternal and fetal outcomes and logistical concerns regarding assistance at home births and the storage and handling of oxytocin, respectively.Discussion: Results from this trial will build evidence for the effectiveness of expanding the delivery of this established prophylactic intervention to peripheral settings. Complementary data on safety and logistical issues related to this intervention will assist policymakers in low-income countries in selecting both the best uterotonic and service delivery strategy for postpartum hemorrhage prevention. Results of this trial are expected in mid-2013. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01108289. © 2012 Stanton et al. licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Oxytocin; Postpartum hemorrhage; Randomized trial; Uterotonics	oxytocin; article; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; female; fetus outcome; follow up; Ghana; home delivery; human; labor onset; maternal care; outcome assessment; patient safety; postpartum hemorrhage; prophylaxis; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; rural area; Blood Volume; Community Health Workers; Drug Storage; Female; Ghana; Home Childbirth; Humans; Oxytocics; Oxytocin; Postpartum Hemorrhage; Pregnancy; Research Design	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954553103	Economic, organizational and budget impact of a new diagnostic plan for HCV detection: what’s “new”?	Monari M., Foglia E., Montanelli A., Assandri R., Lagioia M., Ferrario L., Garagiola E., Porazzi E., Croce D.	2015	Rivista Italiana della Medicina di Laboratorio	11	4	10.1007/s13631-015-0098-y	Clinical Investigation Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Centre for Research on Health Economics, Social and Health Care Management—CREMS, University Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC, Corso Matteotti 22, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Medical Superintendent, Health Directorate Humanitas, Rozzano, MI, Italy; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Monari, M., Clinical Investigation Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Foglia, E., Centre for Research on Health Economics, Social and Health Care Management—CREMS, University Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC, Corso Matteotti 22, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Montanelli, A., Clinical Investigation Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Assandri, R., Clinical Investigation Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Lagioia, M., Medical Superintendent, Health Directorate Humanitas, Rozzano, MI, Italy; Ferrario, L., Centre for Research on Health Economics, Social and Health Care Management—CREMS, University Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC, Corso Matteotti 22, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Garagiola, E., Centre for Research on Health Economics, Social and Health Care Management—CREMS, University Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC, Corso Matteotti 22, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Porazzi, E., Centre for Research on Health Economics, Social and Health Care Management—CREMS, University Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC, Corso Matteotti 22, Castellanza, VA, Italy; Croce, D., Centre for Research on Health Economics, Social and Health Care Management—CREMS, University Carlo Cattaneo—LIUC, Corso Matteotti 22, Castellanza, VA, Italy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background.: Hepatitis C (HCV) is a liver inflammation which, through the activation of the immune defense system, causes the death of liver cells (liver necrosis). Like Hepatitis B, it can become chronic, turning into a long term pathology. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a new technology useful to diagnose HCV, based on a serological kit HCVAg, comparing it with the standard technology, according to a multi-dimensional approach. Methods.: In order to analyze the differences between the two technologies, three dimensions were considered: (i) process costs, (ii) organizational aspects and (iii) budget impact. Data were collected by observational analysis and supported with administrative data. Activity Based Costing methodology (ABC), and a Budget Impact Analysis approach (BIA) were implemented. Results.: The new technology reduced the time needed to complete a medical report to 90 minutes, with a positive organizational impact, and allowed an immediate definition of the presence or absence of HCV infection, with quantitative results. Data showed that its introduction would bring economic savings to the Regional and National Health Service: a hospital could reduce the direct and indirect costs by 47.90% each and contribute to a reduction in funding at Regional or National level by 26.96%. Conclusions.: The introduction of the new technology, if compared with the standard one, would give similar effectiveness, with a lower organizational and economic impact, both for a hospital and for a Regional/National Health Service, with a good equity impact for HCV infected patients. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Italia.	Economic evaluation; Economic savings; HCV; Multi-dimensional approach; Serological kit	Article; budget; cost control; cost utility analysis; diagnostic kit; diagnostic procedure; economic aspect; health care organization; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; major clinical study; observational study; serology; virus detection	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928723410	Impact of repeated NeemAzal®-treated blood meals on the fitness of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes	Dembo E.G., Abay S.M., Dahiya N., Ogboi J.S., Christophides G.K., Lupidi G., Chianese G., Lucantoni L., Habluetzel A.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0700-1	School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, Naples, Italy; Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia	Dembo, E.G., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Abay, S.M., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dahiya, N., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Ogboi, J.S., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Christophides, G.K., Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Lupidi, G., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy; Chianese, G., Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, Naples, Italy; Lucantoni, L., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy, Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia; Habluetzel, A., School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy	Background: Herbal remedies are widely used in many malaria endemic countries to treat patients, in particular in the absence of anti-malarial drugs and in some settings to prevent the disease. Herbal medicines may be specifically designed for prophylaxis and/or for blocking malaria transmission to benefit both, the individual consumer and the community at large. Neem represents a good candidate for this purpose due to its inhibitory effects on the parasite stages that cause the clinical manifestations of malaria and on those responsible for infection in the vector. Furthermore, neem secondary metabolites have been shown to interfere with various physiological processes in insect vectors. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of the standardised neem extract NeemAzal® on the fitness of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi following repeated exposure to the product through consecutive blood meals on treated mice. Methods: Batches of An. stephensi mosquitoes were offered 5 consecutive blood meals on female BALB/c mice treated with NeemAzal® at an azadirachtin A concentration of 60, 105 or 150 mg/kg. The blood feeding capacity was estimated by measuring the haematin content of the rectal fluid excreted by the mosquitoes during feeding. The number of eggs laid was estimated by image analysis and their hatchability assessed by direct observations. Results: A dose and frequency dependent impact of NeemAzal® treatment on the mosquito feeding capacity, oviposition and egg hatchability was demonstrated. In the 150 mg/kg treatment group, the mosquito feeding capacity was reduced by 50% already at the second blood meal and by 50 to 80% in all treatment groups at the fifth blood meal. Consequently, a 50-65% reduction in the number of eggs laid per female mosquito was observed after the fifth blood meal in all treatment groups. Similarly, after the fifth treated blood meal exposure, hatchability was found to be reduced by 62% and 70% in the 105 and 150 mg/kg group respectively. Conclusions: The findings of this study, taken together with the accumulated knowledge on neem open the challenging prospects of designing neem-based formulations as multi-target phytomedicines exhibiting preventive, parasite transmission-blocking as well as anti-vectorial properties. © 2015 Dembo et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Anti-vectorial; Azadirachtin; Malaria; Neem; Transmission-blocking; Vectors	Azadirachta indica extract; azadirachtin; hematin; animal experiment; animal model; Anopheles stephensi; Article; blood; body fluid; comparative study; controlled study; egg laying; feeding behavior; female; fitness; image analysis; malaria; meal; mouse; nonhuman; Anopheles stephensi; Azadirachta indica; Hexapoda; Mus	None
None	None	Long-term impact of acyclovir suppressive therapy on genital and plasma HIV RNA in Tanzanian women: A randomized controlled trial	Tanton C., Weiss H.A., Rusizoka M., Legoff J., Changalucha J., Baisley K., Mugeye K., Everett D., Belec L., Clayton T.C., Ross D.A., Hayes R.J., Watson-Jones D.	2010	Journal of Infectious Diseases	201	9	10.1086/651696	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; African Medical and Research Foundation, Mwanza, Tanzania; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Inserm U743, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi	Tanton, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Weiss, H.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rusizoka, M., African Medical and Research Foundation, Mwanza, Tanzania; Legoff, J., Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Changalucha, J., National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Baisley, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Mugeye, K., African Medical and Research Foundation, Mwanza, Tanzania; Everett, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi; Belec, L., Inserm U743, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Clayton, T.C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ross, D.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hayes, R.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Watson-Jones, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, African Medical and Research Foundation, Mwanza, Tanzania	Background. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) suppressive therapy reduces genital and plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA over periods up to 3 months, but the long-term effect is unknown. Methods. A total of 484 HIV-1 and HSV type 2 seropositive Tanzanian women aged 16-35 years were enrolled in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir administered at a dosage of 400 mg twice daily. Cervicovaginal lavage and blood samples were collected at 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months for quantification of genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA and genital HSV DNA. Primary outcomes were detection and quantity of cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA at 6 months. Results. At 6 months, there was little difference between the acyclovir and placebo arms for cervico-vaginal HIV-1 RNA detection (88 [41.3%] of 213 vs 84 [44.0%] of 191; odds ratio [OR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.33), HSV DNA detection (20 [9.4%] of 213 vs 22 [11.5%] of 191; OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.42-1.51), genital HIV or HSV loads, or plasma HIV-1 RNA load. Estimated median adherence was 91%. There was a suggestion of an impact on cervico-vaginal HIV-1 RNA detection among women with estimated adherence 3≥90% (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.50-1.09) when data from all 3 visits were included. Conclusions. Acyclovir administered at a dosage of 400 mg twice daily is unlikely to be a useful long-term intervention to reduce HIV transmission. The lack of effect on HIV may be attributable to suboptimal adherence or treatment regimen. © 2010 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	aciclovir; placebo; virus DNA; virus RNA; aciclovir; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; antivirus agent; virus DNA; virus RNA; adolescent; adult; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; drug effect; female; Herpes simplex virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; Tanzania; uterine cervix cytology; blood; disease transmission; genital herpes; Herpes simplex virus 2; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; patient compliance; time; vagina; virology; Acyclovir; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiviral Agents; DNA, Viral; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Patient Compliance; RNA, Viral; Tanzania; Time Factors; Vagina; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861911931	Development and evaluation of an assay for HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase drug resistance genotyping of all major group-M subtypes	Aitken S.C., Kliphuis A., Wallis C.L., Chu M.L., Fillekes Q., Barth R., Stevens W., Rinke de Wit T.F., Schuurman R.	2012	Journal of Clinical Virology	54	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.010	Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; PharmAccess International, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Global Health Department, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	Aitken, S.C., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Kliphuis, A., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands, PharmAccess International, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, Netherlands; Wallis, C.L., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa; Chu, M.L., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; Fillekes, Q., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Barth, R., Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands; Stevens, W., Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Road, Johannesburg, South Africa; Rinke de Wit, T.F., PharmAccess International, Pietersbergweg 17, 1105BM Amsterdam, Netherlands, Global Health Department, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Schuurman, R., Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands	Background: High cost and varying sensitivity for non-B HIV-1 subtypes limits application of current commercial kits for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping of all major HIV-1 group-M subtypes. Objectives: Our research aimed to develop and validate an assay specific for all major HIV-1 group-M subtypes for use as an alternative to commercial assays for HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) drug resistance genotyping. Study design: A nested RT-PCR encompassing the entire PR and RT up to amino acid 321 of HIV-1 was designed to detect HIV-1 group-M subtypes. Primers compatible with group-M subtypes were defined and analytical sensitivity of the assay evaluated using a panel of reference viruses for subtypes A-H and CRF01_AE. The assay was subsequently evaluated on 246 plasma samples from HIV-1 infected individuals harboring various group-M subtypes and viral loads (VLs). Results: All major group-M HIV-1 subtypes were detected with an overall analytical sensitivity of 1.00E+03 RNA copies/ml. Application of the genotyping assay on 246 primarily African clinical samples comprising subtypes A (n= 52; 21.7%), B (n= 12; 5.0%), C (n= 127; 52.9%), D (n= 25; 10.4%), CRF01_AE (n= 10; 4.2%), and CRF02_AG (n= 10; 4.2%), and unassigned variants (n= 10; 4.2%), VL range 4.32E+02-8.63E+06 (median 2.66E+04) RNA copies/ml, was ∼98% successful. Conclusions: A group-M subtype-independent genotyping assay for detection of HIV-1 drug resistance was developed. The described assay can serve as an alternative to commercial assays for HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping in routine diagnostics, and for surveillance and monitoring of drug resistance in resource-limited settings (RLS). © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Drug resistance; Genotyping; Group-m subtypes; HIV-1	amino acid; efavirenz; Human immunodeficiency virus proteinase; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nevirapine; RNA; RNA directed DNA polymerase; stavudine; zidovudine; adult; article; child; controlled study; enzyme assay; female; genotype; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; male; nonhuman; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; single drug dose; validation process; virus detection; virus load; Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Primers; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Protease; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult	None
None	None	Simplified models of vector control impact upon malaria transmission by zoophagic mosquitoes	Kiware S.S., Chitnis N., Moore S.J., Devine G.J., Majambere S., Merrill S., Killeen G.F.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0037661	Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Kiware, S.S., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Chitnis, N., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Moore, S.J., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Devine, G.J., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Majambere, S., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Merrill, S., Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Killeen, G.F., Biomedical and Environmental Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: High coverage of personal protection measures that kill mosquitoes dramatically reduce malaria transmission where vector populations depend upon human blood. However, most primary malaria vectors outside of sub-Saharan Africa can be classified as "very zoophagic," meaning they feed occasionally (&10% of blood meals) upon humans, so personal protection interventions have negligible impact upon their survival. Methods and Findings: We extended a published malaria transmission model to examine the relationship between transmission, control, and the baseline proportion of bloodmeals obtained from humans (human blood index). The lower limit of the human blood index enables derivation of simplified models for zoophagic vectors that (1) Rely on only three field-measurable parameters. (2) Predict immediate and delayed (with and without assuming reduced human infectivity, respectively) impacts of personal protection measures upon transmission. (3) Illustrate how appreciable indirect communal-level protection for non-users can be accrued through direct personal protection of users. (4) Suggest the coverage and efficacy thresholds required to attain epidemiological impact. The findings suggest that immediate, indirect, community-wide protection of users and non-users alike may linearly relate to the efficacy of a user's direct personal protection, regardless of whether that is achieved by killing or repelling mosquitoes. High protective coverage and efficacy (≥80%) are important to achieve epidemiologically meaningful impact. Non-users are indirectly protected because the two most common species of human malaria are strict anthroponoses. Therefore, the small proportion of mosquitoes that are killed or diverted while attacking humans can represent a large proportion of those actually transmitting malaria. Conclusions: Simplified models of malaria transmission by very zoophagic vectors may be used by control practitioners to predict intervention impact interventions using three field-measurable parameters; the proportion of human exposure to mosquitoes occurring when an intervention can be practically used, its protective efficacy when used, and the proportion of people using it. © 2012 Kiware et al.	None	article; blood; malaria; malaria control; mosquito; probability; process model; statistical parameters; vector control; animal; disease carrier; disease transmission; human; malaria; methodology; theoretical model; Animals; Culicidae; Humans; Insect Vectors; Malaria; Models, Theoretical; Mosquito Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947698925	Impact and process evaluation of integrated community and clinic-based HIV-1 control: A cluster-randomised trial in Eastern Zimbabwe	Gregson S., Adamson S., Papaya S., Mundondo J., Nyamukapa C.A., Mason P.R., Garnett G.P., Chandiwana S.K., Foster G., Anderson R.M.	2007	PLoS Medicine	4	3	10.1371/journal.pmed.0040102	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Postgraduate Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Gregson, S., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Adamson, S., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Papaya, S., Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Mundondo, J., Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Nyamukapa, C.A., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mason, P.R., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe; Garnett, G.P., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Chandiwana, S.K., Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe, Faculty of Health Sciences Research and Postgraduate Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Foster, G., Family AIDS Caring Trust, Mutare, Zimbabwe; Anderson, R.M., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: HIV-1 control in sub-Saharan Africa requires cost-effective and sustainable programmes that promote behaviour change and reduce cofactor sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at the population and individual levels. Methods and Findings: We measured the feasibility of community-based peer education, free condom distribution, income-generating projects, and clinic-based STI treatment and counselling services and evaluated their impact on the incidence of HIV-1 measured over a 3-y period in a cluster-randomised controlled trial in eastern Zimbabwe. Analysis of primary outcomes was on an intention-to-treat basis. The income-generating projects proved impossible to implement in the prevailing economic climate. Despite greater programme activity and knowledge in the intervention communities, the incidence rate ratio of HIV-1 was 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-1.75) compared to the control communities. No evidence was found for reduced incidence of self-reported STI symptoms or high-risk sexual behaviour in the intervention communities. Males who attended programme meetings had lower HIV-1 incidence (incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.98), and fewer men who attended programme meetings reported unprotected sex with casual partners (odds ratio 0.45, 95% CI 0.28-0.75). More male STI patients in the intervention communities reported cessation of symptoms (odds ratio 2.49, 95% CI 1.21-5.12). Conclusions: Integrated peer education, condom distribution, and syndromic STI management did not reduce population-level HIV-1 incidence in a declining epidemic, despite reducing HIV-1 incidence in the immediate male target group. Our results highlight the need to assess the community-level impact of interventions that are effective amongst targeted population subgroups. © 2007 Gregson et al.	None	article; clinical trial; community program; condom; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; economic aspect; female; health education; health program; human; human experiment; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; income; infection control; knowledge; male; patient counseling; prognosis; randomized controlled trial; risk factor; sex ratio; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; Zimbabwe; community care; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; outcome assessment; outpatient department; risk; sexually transmitted disease; time; treatment outcome; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Community Health Services; Female; Health Education; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Odds Ratio; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944459286	Risk charts to guide targeted HIV-1 viral load monitoring of art: Development and validation in patients from resource-limited settings	Koller M., Fatti G., Chi B.H., Keiser O., Hoffmann C.J., Wood R., Prozesky H., Stinson K., Giddy J., Mutevedzi P., Fox M.P., Law M., Boulle A., Egger M.	2015	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	70	3	None	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Kheth'Impilo, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gugulethu ART Programme and Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa; Sinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Center for Global Health and Development, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Biostatistics and Databases Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Koller, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Fatti, G., Kheth'Impilo, Cape Town, South Africa; Chi, B.H., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Keiser, O., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland; Hoffmann, C.J., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wood, R., Gugulethu ART Programme and Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Prozesky, H., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Stinson, K., Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Giddy, J., Sinikithemba Clinic, McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Mutevedzi, P., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; Fox, M.P., Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Center for Global Health and Development, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Law, M., Biostatistics and Databases Program, Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Boulle, A., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Egger, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, Bern, Switzerland, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background: HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) testing is recommended to monitor antiretroviral therapy (ART) but not available in many resource-limited settings. We developed and validated CD4-based risk charts to guide targeted VL testing. Methods: We modeled the probability of virologic failure up to 5 years of ART based on current and baseline CD4 counts, developed decision rules for targeted VL testing of 10%, 20%, or 40% of patients in 7 cohorts of patients starting ART in South Africa, and plotted cutoffs for VL testing on colour-coded risk charts. We assessed the accuracy of risk chart-guided VL testing to detect virologic failure in validation cohorts from South Africa, Zambia, and the Asia-Pacific. Results: In total, 31,450 adult patients were included in the derivation and 25,294 patients in the validation cohorts. Positive predictive values increased with the percentage of patients tested: from 79% (10% tested) to 98% (40% tested) in the South African cohort, from 64% to 93% in the Zambian cohort, and from 73% to 96% in the Asia-Pacific cohort. Corresponding increases in sensitivity were from 35% to 68% in South Africa, from 55% to 82% in Zambia, and from 37% to 71% in Asia-Pacific. The area under the receiver operating curve increased from 0.75 to 0.91 in South Africa, from 0.76 to 0.91 in Zambia, and from 0.77 to 0.92 in Asia-Pacific. Conclusions: CD4-based risk charts with optimal cutoffs for targeted VL testing maybe useful to monitor ART in settings where VL capacity is limited. Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.	Antiretroviral therapy; CD4 cell counts; HIV-1 RNA viral load; Monitoring; Risk charts; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tripartite decision rules	antiretrovirus agent; CD4 antigen; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; accuracy; adolescent; adult; Article; Asia; CD4 lymphocyte count; drug monitoring; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; major clinical study; male; nonhuman; Pacific islands; predictive value; priority journal; risk assessment; South Africa; validation study; virus load; Zambia; biological model; cohort analysis; economics; epidemiology; HIV Infections; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; middle aged; physiology; reproducibility; risk factor; treatment failure; virology; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Asia; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Reproducibility of Results; Risk Factors; South Africa; Treatment Failure; Viral Load; Young Adult; Zambia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947041939	Monitoring and switching of first-line antiretroviral therapy in adult treatment cohorts in sub-Saharan Africa: Collaborative analysis	Haas A.D., Keiser O., Balestre E., Brown S., Bissagnene E., Chimbetete C., Dabis F., Davies M.-A., Hoffmann C.J., Oyaro P., Parkes-Ratanshi R., Reynolds S.J., Sikazwe I., Wools-Kaloustian K., Zannou D.M., Wandeler G., Egger M., Boulle A., Campbell L., Cor	2015	The Lancet HIV	2	7	10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00087-9	Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Centre de Recherche INSERM U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Institut de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Newlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kenya Medical Research Institute - RCTP FACES Program, Kisumu, Kenya; Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin; Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire du Centre National Hospitalier, Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Benin; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre (Gugulethu and Masiphumelele clinics), Cape Town, South Africa; Khayelitsha ART Programme and Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Kheth'Impilo Programme, South Africa; Lighthouse Trust Clinic, Lilongwe, Malawi; McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SolidarMed SMART Programme, Pemba Region, Mozambique; SolidarMed SMART Programme, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; SolidarMed SMART Programme, Maseru, Lesotho; Themba Lethu Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Empilweni Clinic, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa; Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya; Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; National AIDS Control Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Morogoro Regional Hospital, Morogoro, Tanzania; Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tumbi Regional Hospital, Kibaha, Tanzania; Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda; Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Indiana University, Indianapolis, ID, United States; CNHU Hubert Maga, Cotonou, Benin; CHU Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; ACONDACePReF, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; ACONDA-MTCTPlus, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; CIRBA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; CMSDS/CNTS, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; SMIT, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; USAC, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Centre Medical Macenta, Macenta, Guinea; CH Gabriel Toure, Bamako, Mali; CH Point G, Bamako, Mali; UATH, Abuja, Nigeria; National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; UBTH, Benin City, Nigeria; SMIT, CHU Fann, Dakar, Senegal; CHU Tokoin/Sylvanus Olympio, Lome, Togo; Bordeaux, France; Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; UMB/IHV, Abuja, Nigeria	Haas, A.D., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Keiser, O., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Balestre, E., Centre de Recherche INSERM U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Institut de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Brown, S., Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Bissagnene, E., Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Chimbetete, C., Newlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe; Dabis, F., Centre de Recherche INSERM U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Institut de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Développement, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Bordeaux, France; Davies, M.-A., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hoffmann, C.J., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Oyaro, P., Kenya Medical Research Institute - RCTP FACES Program, Kisumu, Kenya; Parkes-Ratanshi, R., Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda; Reynolds, S.J., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Sikazwe, I., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Wools-Kaloustian, K., Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Zannou, D.M., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Benin, Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire du Centre National Hospitalier, Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga, Cotonou, Benin, CNHU Hubert Maga, Cotonou, Benin; Wandeler, G., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Egger, M., Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Boulle, A., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Campbell, L., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cornell, M., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Johnson, L., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Maxwell, N., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Schomaker, M., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Porter, M., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Chi, B., Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; Tanser, F., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Somkhele, South Africa; Hoffimann, C., Aurum Institute for Health Research, Johannesburg, South Africa; Naniche, D., Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhiça, Mozambique; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre (Gugulethu and Masiphumelele clinics), Cape Town, South Africa; Stinson, K., Khayelitsha ART Programme and Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa; Fatti, G., Kheth'Impilo Programme, South Africa; Phiri, S., Lighthouse Trust Clinic, Lilongwe, Malawi; Giddy, J., McCord Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Malisita, K., Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi; Eley, B., Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hobbins, M., SolidarMed SMART Programme, Pemba Region, Mozambique; Kamenova, K., SolidarMed SMART Programme, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Faturiyele, O., SolidarMed SMART Programme, Maseru, Lesotho; Fox, M., Themba Lethu Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa; Prozesky, H., Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Technau, K., Empilweni Clinic, Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sawry, S., Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, South Africa; Bohlius, J., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Blaser, N., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Estill, J., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Salazar-Vizcaya, L., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Haas, A., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ballif, M., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Rohner, E., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Wyss, N., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Baranczuk, Z., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Goodwin, K., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ha, C., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ostinelli, D., Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland; Ayaya, S., AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya; Diero, L., AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya; Sang, E., AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya; Rotich, E., AMPATH, Eldoret, Kenya; Bukusi, E., Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Somi, G.R., National AIDS Control Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lyamuya, R., Morogoro Regional Hospital, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lugina, E., Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Urassa, M., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkwasa, D.M., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ngonyani, K., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kambugu, A., Tumbi Regional Hospital, Kibaha, Tanzania; Philippa Easterbrook, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Achieng-Kariuki, M., Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Ssali, J., Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda; Bwana, M.B., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Muyindike, W., Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; Yiannoutsos, C.T., Indiana University, Indianapolis, ID, United States; Musick, B.S., Indiana University, Indianapolis, ID, United States; Kuhn, Y.H., Indiana University, Indianapolis, ID, United States; Drabo, J., CHU Yalgado, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Sawadogo, A.B., CHU Souro Sanou, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Messou, E., ACONDACePReF, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Bosse, C.A., ACONDA-MTCTPlus, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Chenal, H., CIRBA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Minga, A., CMSDS/CNTS, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; KoffiTanon, A., SMIT, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Koule, S.O., USAC, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Wejse, C., Bandim Health Project, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau; Leuenberger, D., Centre Medical Macenta, Macenta, Guinea; Hebelamou, J., Centre Medical Macenta, Macenta, Guinea; Maïga, M.Y., CH Gabriel Toure, Bamako, Mali; Traore, H.A., CH Point G, Bamako, Mali; Minta, D., CH Point G, Bamako, Mali; Kwaghe, M.V., UATH, Abuja, Nigeria; Igbinoba, F., National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Benson, O., UBTH, Benin City, Nigeria; Adebamowo, C., UBTH, Benin City, Nigeria; Seydi, M., SMIT, CHU Fann, Dakar, Senegal; Patassi, A., CHU Tokoin/Sylvanus Olympio, Lome, Togo; Arrivé, E., Bordeaux, France; de Rekeneire, N., Bordeaux, France; Jaquet, A., Bordeaux, France; Leroy, V., Bordeaux, France; Lewden, C., Bordeaux, France; Sasco, A., Bordeaux, France; Coffie, P., Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Ekouevi, D., Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Charurat, M., UMB/IHV, Abuja, Nigeria	Background HIV-1 viral load testing is recommended to monitor antiretroviral therapy (ART) but is not universally available. The aim of our study was to assess monitoring of first-line ART and switching to second-line ART in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We did a collaborative analysis of cohort studies from 16 countries in east Africa, southern Africa, and west Africa that participate in the international epidemiological database to evaluate AIDS (IeDEA). We included adults infected with HIV-1 who started combination ART between January, 2004, and January, 2013. We defined switching of ART as a change from a non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen to one including a protease inhibitor, with adjustment of one or more nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Virological and immunological failures were defined according to WHO criteria. We calculated cumulative probabilities of switching and hazard ratios with 95% CIs comparing routine viral load monitoring, targeted viral load monitoring, CD4 monitoring, and clinical monitoring, adjusting for programme and individual characteristics. Findings Of 297 825 eligible patients, 10 352 (3%) switched to second-line ART during 782 412 person-years of follow-up. Compared with CD4 monitoring, hazard ratios for switching were 3.15 (95% CI 2.92-3.40) for routine viral load monitoring, 1.21 (1.13-1.30) for targeted viral load monitoring, and 0.49 (0.43-0.56) for clinical monitoring. Of 6450 patients with confirmed virological failure, 58.0% (95% CI 56.5-59.6) switched by 2 years, and of 15 892 patients with confirmed immunological failure, 19.3% (18.5-20.0) switched by 2 years. Of 10 352 patients who switched, evidence of treatment failure based on one CD4 count or viral load measurement ranged from 86 (32%) of 268 patients with clinical monitoring to 3754 (84%) of 4452 with targeted viral load monitoring. Median CD4 counts at switching were 215 cells per μL (IQR 117-335) with routine viral load monitoring, but were lower with other types of monitoring (range 114-133 cells per μL). Interpretation Overall, few patients switched to second-line ART and switching happened late in the absence of routine viral load monitoring. Switching was more common and happened earlier after initiation of ART with targeted or routine viral load testing.	None	efavirenz; emtricitabine; lamivudine; nevirapine; stavudine; tenofovir; zidovudine; adult; Africa south of the Sahara; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; drug monitoring; drug substitution; female; funding; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; priority journal; treatment failure; virus load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862653554	The impact of HIV, an antiretroviral programme and tuberculosis on mortality in South African platinum miners, 1992-2010	Lim M.S.C., Dowdeswell R.J., Murray J., Field N., Glynn J.R., Sonnenberg P.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0038598	Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, Rustenburg, South Africa; National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Lim, M.S.C., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Dowdeswell, R.J., Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, Rustenburg, South Africa; Murray, J., National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Field, N., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Glynn, J.R., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sonnenberg, P., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: HIV and tuberculosis (TB) are the most common causes of death in South Africa. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes should have had an impact on mortality rates. This study describes the impact of HIV, a Wellness (HIV/ART) programme and TB on population-wide trends in mortality and causes of death among South African platinum miners, from before the HIV epidemic into the ART era. Methodology/Principal Findings: Retrospective analysis was conducted using routinely-collected data from an open cohort. Mortality and causes of death were determined from multiple sources, including cardiorespiratory autopsy records. All-cause and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated by calendar year. 41,665 male miners were observed for 311,938 person years (py) with 3863 deaths. The all-cause age-standardised mortality rate increased from 5.9/1000py in 1992 to 20.2/1000py in 2002. Following ART rollout in 2003, annual mortality rates fluctuated between 12.4/1000py and 19.3/1000py in the subsequent 7 years. Half of all deaths were HIV-related and 21% were caused by TB. Half (50%) of miners who died of HIV after ART rollout had never been registered on the Wellness programme. TB was the most common cause of death in HIV positive miners, increasing from 28% of deaths in the pre-ART period to 41% in the post-ART period. Conclusions/Significance: This population-based cohort experienced a rapid increase in mortality from 1996 to 2003 due to increases in HIV and TB mortality. Following ART rollout there was a decrease in mortality, but a steady decrease has not been sustained. Possible explanations for these trends include the changing composition of the workforce, maturation of the HIV epidemic, insufficient uptake of ART and an increase in the proportion of deaths due to TB. In order to make a significant and sustained reduction in mortality in this population, expanding and integrating HIV and TB care and treatment is essential. © 2012 Lim et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adult; antiviral therapy; article; autopsy; cause of death; cohort analysis; disease registry; epidemic; ethnic group; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; medical record; miner; mortality; platinum miner; population research; retrospective study; South African; trend study; tuberculosis; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cause of Death; HIV; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mining; Mortality; Mycobacterium; Platinum; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; South Africa; Survival Rate; Time Factors; Tuberculosis	None
WoS	WOS:000281862300002	The correlates of HIV testing and impacts on sexual behavior: evidence from a life history study of young people in Kisumu, Kenya	Izugbara, Chimaraoke O.,Kabiru, Caroline W.,Luke, Nancy,Zulu, Eliya M.	2010	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	10	None	10.1186/1471-2458-10-412	Brown University, African Inst Dev Policy AFIDEP, African Populat & Hlth Res Ctr	"Luke, Nancy: Brown University",	Background: HIV counseling and testing is considered an important component of HIV prevention and treatment. This paper examines the characteristics of young males and females at the time of first reported HIV test, including the influence of recent sexual partnerships, and investigates how HIV testing and the cumulative number of tests are associated with sexual behaviors within six months of testing. Methods: The study uses data from a random sample of youth aged 18-24 years living in Kisumu, Kenya, who were interviewed using a 10-year retrospective life history calendar. Cox regression models were used to examine the correlates of the timing of first HIV test. Variance-correction models for unordered repeated events were employed to examine whether having an HIV test in the previous six months and the cumulative number of tests predict unsafe sexual practices in a given month. Results: Sixty-four percent of females and 55% of males reported at least one HIV test in the last 10 years and 40% of females were pregnant the month of first test. Significant correlates of first HIV test included marital aspirations among non-pregnant females, unprotected sex in the previous six months among pregnant females, and concurrency in the previous six months among males. Having a recent HIV test was associated with a decreased likelihood of unprotected sex among ever-pregnant females, an increased likelihood of unprotected sex and "risky" sexual partnerships among never-pregnant females, and an increased likelihood of concurrency among males. Repeated HIV testing was associated with a lower likelihood of concurrency among males and involvement in "risky" sexual partnerships among males and never-pregnant females. Conclusions: The high rate of pregnancy at first test suggests that promotion of HIV testing as part of prevention of mother-to-child transmission is gaining success. Further research is warranted to examine how and why behavior change is influenced by client-versus provider-initiated testing. The influence of different sexual partnership variables for males and females suggests that interventions to assess risk and promote testing should be gender-and relationship-specific. The findings also suggest that encouraging repeat or routine testing could potentially increase the uptake of safer sexual behaviors.	,ADOLESCENTS,BOTSWANA,CALENDAR,CLIENTS,"CONDOM USE",FERTILITY,HIGH-RISK,POPULATION,PREVALENCE,SERVICES	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943139179	The Impact of Company-Level ART Provision to a Mining Workforce in South Africa: A Cost–Benefit Analysis	Meyer-Rath G., Pienaar J., Brink B., van Zyl A., Muirhead D., Grant A., Churchyard G., Watts C., Vickerman P.	2015	PLoS Medicine	12	9	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001869	Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Highveld Hospital, Anglo American Coal, Emalahleni, South Africa; Johannesburg, South Africa; The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom	Meyer-Rath, G., Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pienaar, J., Highveld Hospital, Anglo American Coal, Emalahleni, South Africa; Brink, B., Johannesburg, South Africa; van Zyl, A., The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Muirhead, D., The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Grant, A., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Churchyard, G., The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Watts, C., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Vickerman, P., School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom	Background: HIV impacts heavily on the operating costs of companies in sub-Saharan Africa, with many companies now providing antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in the workplace. A full cost–benefit analysis of workplace ART provision has not been conducted using primary data. We developed a dynamic health-state transition model to estimate the economic impact of HIV and the cost–benefit of ART provision in a mining company in South Africa between 2003 and 2022. Methods and Findings: A dynamic health-state transition model, called the Workplace Impact Model (WIM), was parameterised with workplace data on workforce size, composition, turnover, HIV incidence, and CD4 cell count development. Bottom-up cost analyses from the employer perspective supplied data on inpatient and outpatient resource utilisation and the costs of absenteeism and replacement of sick workers. The model was fitted to workforce HIV prevalence and separation data while incorporating parameter uncertainty; univariate sensitivity analyses were used to assess the robustness of the model findings. As ART coverage increases from 10% to 97% of eligible employees, increases in survival and retention of HIV-positive employees and associated reductions in absenteeism and benefit payments lead to cost savings compared to a scenario of no treatment provision, with the annual cost of HIV to the company decreasing by 5% (90% credibility interval [CrI] 2%–8%) and the mean cost per HIV-positive employee decreasing by 14% (90% CrI 7%–19%) by 2022. This translates into an average saving of US$950,215 (90% CrI US$220,879–US$1.6 million) per year; 80% of these cost savings are due to reductions in benefit payments and inpatient care costs. Although findings are sensitive to assumptions regarding incidence and absenteeism, ART is cost-saving under considerable parameter uncertainty and in all tested scenarios, including when prevalence is reduced to 1%—except when no benefits were paid out to employees leaving the workforce and when absenteeism rates were half of what data suggested. Scaling up ART further through a universal test and treat strategy doubles savings; incorporating ART for family members reduces savings but is still marginally cost-saving compared to no treatment. Our analysis was limited to the direct cost of HIV to companies and did not examine the impact of HIV prevention policies on the miners or their families, and a few model inputs were based on limited data, though in sensitivity analysis our results were found to be robust to changes to these inputs along plausible ranges. Conclusions: Workplace ART provision can be cost-saving for companies in high HIV prevalence settings due to reductions in healthcare costs, absenteeism, and staff turnover. Company-sponsored HIV counselling and voluntary testing with ensuing treatment of all HIV-positive employees and family members should be implemented universally at workplaces in countries with high HIV prevalence. © 2015 Meyer-Rath et al.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; cost benefit analysis; health care cost; health care policy; health economics; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; morbidity; prevalence; South Africa; treatment outcome; virus load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938934617	Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on hematological indices among HIV-1 infected children at Kenyatta National Hospital-Kenya: Retrospective study	Kibaru E.G., Nduati R., Wamalwa D., Kariuki N.	2015	AIDS Research and Therapy	12	1	10.1186/s12981-015-0069-4	Egerton University, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; University of London, Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, London, United Kingdom; P.O. Box 2275-20100, Nakuru, Kenya	Kibaru, E.G., Egerton University, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya, P.O. Box 2275-20100, Nakuru, Kenya; Nduati, R., University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Wamalwa, D., University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Kariuki, N., University of Nairobi, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya, University of London, Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, London, United Kingdom	Background: HIV infected children experience a range of hematological complications which show marked improvement within 6 months of initiating anti-retroviral therapy. The Objectives of the study was to describe the changes in hematological indices of HIV-1 infected children following 6 months of treatment with first line antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) regimen. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between September and November 2008. During this period medical records of children attending Comprehensive Care Clinic at Kenyatta National hospital were reviewed daily. HIV infected children aged 5-144 months were enrolled if they had received antiretroviral drugs for at least 6 months with available and complete laboratory results. Results: Medical records of 337 children meeting enrollment criteria were included in the study. The median age was 63 months with equal male to female ratio. Following 6 months of HAART, prevalence of anemia (Hemoglobin (Hb) <10 g/dl) declined significantly from 35.9 to 16.6 % a nearly 50 % reduction in the risk of anemia RR = 0.56 [(95 % CI 0.44, 0.70) p < 0.001]. There was significant increase in Hb, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and platelets above the baseline measurements (p < 0.0001) and a significant decline in total white blood cell counts >11,000 cell/mm3 but a none significant decrease in red blood cells (RBC). Pre-HAART, World Health Organization (WHO) stage 3 and 4 was associated with a ten-fold increased likelihood of anemia. Chronic malnutrition was associated with anemia but not wasting and immunologic staging of disease. Conclusion: Hematological abnormalities changed significantly within 6 months of antiretroviral therapy with significant increase in hemoglobin level, MCV, MCH and platelet and decrease in WBC and RBC. © 2015 Kibaru et al.	Changes of hematological parameters; Hematological abnormalities; Paediatric HIV infection	abacavir; antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; dapsone; efavirenz; hemoglobin; iron; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; stavudine; zidovudine; anemia; Article; child; cohort analysis; disease classification; drug choice; drug safety; erythrocyte count; female; hematologic disease; hematological parameters; hemoglobin blood level; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; infant; Kenya; laboratory test; leukocyte count; major clinical study; male; malnutrition; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; medical record review; patient monitoring; priority journal; retrospective study; risk reduction; sex ratio; thrombocyte count; treatment duration; wasting syndrome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746728277	Effect of progression of disease on cognitive performance in HIV/AIDS	Odiase F., Ogunrin O., Ogunniyi A.	2006	Journal of the National Medical Association	98	8	None	Neurology Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria	Odiase, F., Neurology Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunrin, O., Neurology Unit, University Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunniyi, A., Neurology Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: HIV infection causes a range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms that become more frequent and severe as the immune system deteriorates and symptomatic illness ensues. Objective: To determine the impact of disease progression on cognitive abilities of Nigerian Africans who present in the HIV/AIDS clinic of the university Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, using the CD4 levels as the measure of disease progression. Methods: A total of 288 subjects comprising 96 randomly selected symptomatic AIDS patients, 96 randomly selected asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and 96 HIV-negative controls participated in the study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect HIV infection, and CD4 levels were obtained for all subjects. The Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI 'D') was used to assess cognitive performance of subjects. Subjects were matched for age, sex and level of education. Results: Each category of subjects comprised 48 males and 48 females. The mean ages were 32.94 ± 8.0 years, 31.47 ± 6.7 years and 33.56 ± 7.1 years for the controls, asymptomatic HIV-positive and symptomatic AIDS subjects respectively (p=0.127). The mean CD4 levels were 684 ± 44/μL (controls), 284 ± 62/μL (asymptomatic HIV positive) and 142 ± 36/μL (symptomatic AIDS). The mean CSI 'D' scores were 66.46 ± 1.90 (controls), 66.31 ± 2.14 (asymptomatic HIV positive) and 56.62 ± 4.23 (symptomatic AIDS). Conclusion: Cognitive abilities of HIV/AIDS patients decline as the disease progresses. This is reflected in the cognitive performances of the symptomatic AIDS patients. The lower the CD4 levels, the worse the cognitive deficits. There was, however, no significant difference in the performance of asymptomatic HIV-positive patients and the controls.	CD4 levels; Cognition; HIV/AIDS	CD4 antigen; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cognition; cognitive defect; Community Screening Interview for Dementia; controlled study; deterioration; disease course; disease severity; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; priority journal; rating scale; symptomatology; Adult; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Disease Progression; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; HIV; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Prevalence; Prognosis	None
None	None	Evaluation of cervical cancer screening programs in Côte d'Ivoire, Guyana, and Tanzania: Effect of HIV status	Anderson J., Wysong M., Estep D., Besana G., Kibwana S., Varallo J., Sun K., Lu E.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0139242	Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Jhpiego/Tanzania, Johns Hopkins University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Anderson, J., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Wysong, M., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Estep, D., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Besana, G., Jhpiego/Tanzania, Johns Hopkins University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kibwana, S., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Varallo, J., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Sun, K., Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Lu, E., Jhpiego, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: HIV infection increases a woman's risk for cervical cancer, and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in countries with high HIV prevalence and limited resources for screening. Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) allows screening and treatment of cervical lesions in a single-visit approach (SVA), but data on its performance in HIV-infected women are limited. This study's objective was to examine cervical cancer screening using VIA/SVA in programs serving HIV-infected women. Methods: A VIA/SVA program with cryotherapy for VIA-positive lesions was implemented in Côte d'Ivoire, Guyana, and Tanzania from 2009 to 2012. The effect of HIV status on VIA positivity and on presence of cryotherapy-eligible lesions was examined using a cross-sectional study design, with Chi-square tests for comparisons and constructed multivariate logistic regression models. A P-value of < 0.05 was significant. Findings: VIA was performed on 34,921 women, 10% (3,580) were VIA positive; 2,508 (85%) eligible women received cryotherapy during the same visit; only 234 (52%) of those who postponed returned for treatment; 622 (17%) VIA-positive women had lesions too large to be treated with cryotherapy and were referred for excisional treatment. In multivariate analysis-controlling for HIV status, location of the screening clinic, facility location, facility type, and country-compared to HIV-uninfected/unknown women, HIV-infected women had higher odds of being VIA positive (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.76, 2.16, P<0.0001) and of having large lesions requiring referral (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.49, 2.51, P< 0.0001). Minor treatment complications occurred in 19 of 3,032 (0.63%) women; none required further intervention. Conclusions: This study found that compared to HIV-uninfected/unknown women, HIV-infected women had nearly twice the odds of being VIA-positive and to require referral for large lesions. SVA was safe and resulted in significant reductions in loss to follow-up. There is increased need for excisional treatment in countries with high HIV prevalence. © 2015 Anderson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	adult; Article; cancer screening; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; cryotherapy; female; health care facility; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; rural area; screening test; Tanzania; treatment response; urban area; uterine cervix cancer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951876879	HIV-subtype A is associated with poorer neuropsychological performance compared with subtype D in antiretroviral therapy-naive Ugandan children	Boivin M.J., Ruel T.D., Boal H.E., Bangirana P., Cao H., Eller L.A., Charlebois E., Havlir D.V., Kamya M.R., Achan J., Akello C., Wong J.K.	2010	AIDS	24	8	10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283389dcc	International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA, United States; Makerere University-Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Boivin, M.J., International Neurologic and Psychiatric Epidemiology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Ruel, T.D., Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Boal, H.E., Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States; Bangirana, P., Department of Psychiatry, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Cao, H., California Department of Public Health, Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Richmond, CA, United States; Eller, L.A., Makerere University-Walter Reed Program, Kampala, Uganda; Charlebois, E., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States; Havlir, D.V., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kamya, M.R., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Achan, J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Akello, C., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Wong, J.K., Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: HIV-subtype D is associated with more rapid disease progression and higher rates of dementia in Ugandan adults compared with HIV-subtype A. There are no data comparing neuropsychological function by HIV subtype in Ugandan children. Design: One hundred and two HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive Ugandan children 6-12 years old (mean 8.9) completed the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, second edition (KABC-2), the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test for Motor Proficiency, second edition (BOT-2). Using a PCR-based multiregion assay with probe hybridization in five different regions (gag, pol, vpu, env, gp-41), HIV subtype was defined by hybridization in env and by total using two or more regions. Analysis of covariance was used for multivariate comparison. Results: The env subtype was determined in 54 (37 A, 16 D, 1 C) children. Subtype A and D groups were comparable by demographics, CD4 status, and WHO stage. Subtype A infections had higher log viral loads (median 5.0 vs. 4.6, P = 0.02). Children with A performed more poorly than those with D on all measures, especially on KABC-2 Sequential Processing (memory) (P = 0.01), Simultaneous Processing (visual-spatial analysis) (P = 0.005), Learning (P = 0.02), and TOVA visual attention (P = 0.04). When adjusted for viral load, Sequential and Simultaneous Processing remained significantly different. Results were similar comparing by total HIV subtype. Conclusion: HIV subtype A children demonstrated poorer neurocognitive performance than those with HIV subtype D. Subtype-specific neurocognitive deficits may reflect age-related differences in the neuropathogenesis of HIV. This may have important implications for when to initiate ART and the selection of drugs with greater central nervous system penetration. © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Attention; CD activation; Children; Cognitive ability; Encephalopathy; HIV clades; Home environment; Memory; Motor; Viral load	antiretrovirus agent; Gag protein; glycoprotein gp 41; Pol protein; virus envelope protein; Vpu protein; article; Bruininks Oseretsky Test for Motor Proficiency; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; comparative study; controlled study; depth perception; disease association; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; kaufman assessment battery for children; learning; major clinical study; male; neuropsychological test; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; priority journal; school child; Test of Variables of Attention; Uganda; virus load; vision; AIDS Dementia Complex; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Child; Disease Progression; Female; Genetic Variation; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; RNA, Viral; Uganda; Viral Tropism	None
WoS	WOS:000268259800012	Impact of Prior HAART Use on Clinical Outcomes in a Large Kenyan HIV Treatment Program	Chung, Michael H.,Drake, Alison L.,John-Stewart, Grace C.,Kiarie, James N.,Reddy, Ashok,Richardson, Barbra A.,Sakr, Samah R.,Thiga, Joan,Yowakim, Paul	2009	CURRENT HIV RESEARCH	7	4	None	Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, University of Nairobi, University of Washington, University of Washington Seattle, Copt Hosp	"Chung, Michael H.: University of Washington","Chung, Michael H.: University of Washington Seattle","Drake, Alison L.: University of Washington","Drake, Alison L.: University of Washington Seattle","John-Stewart, Grace C.: University of Washington","John-Stewart, Grace C.: University of Washington Seattle","Kiarie, James N.: University of Nairobi",	Background: HIV treatment programs in Africa typically approach all enrolling patients uniformly. Growing numbers of patients are antiretroviral experienced. Defining patients on the basis of antiretroviral experience may inform enrollment practices, particularly if medical outcomes differ. Methods: Baseline and follow-up measures (CD4, weight change, and survival) were compared in a retrospective analysis between antiretroviral-naive (ARV-N) and antiretroviral experience (ARV-E) patients enrolled at the Coptic Hope Center for Infectious Diseases in Nairobi, Kenya and followed between January 2004 and August 2006. Results: 1,307 ARV-N and 962 ARV-E patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were followed for median of 9 months (interquartile range: 4-16 months). Compared to ARV-N, ARV-E had substantially higher CD4 count (median cells/mm(3), 193 versus 95, P &lt; 0.001) and weight (median kg, 62 versus 57, P &lt; 0.001) at baseline, and lower rates of change in CD4 (-9.2 cells/mm(3)/month; 95% CI, -11.4--7.0) and weight (-0.24 kg/month; 95% CI, -0.35--0.14) over 12 months. Mortality was significantly higher in ARV-N than ARV-E (P = 0.001). Conclusions: ARV-E patients form a growing group that differs significantly from ARV-N patients and requires a distinct approach from ARV-N clients. Systematic approaches to streamline care of ARV-E patients may allow focused attention on early ARV-N clients whose mortality risks are substantially higher.	Africa,"clinic flow",experience,HAART,HIV-1,MORTALITY,"1ST YEAR","ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",COHORT,COUNTRIES,"EARLY MORTALITY","RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS",SCALE-UP,SERVICE,SOUTH-AFRICA,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872845700	Impact of recommendation updates in well-controlled patients on nonrecommended antiretroviral therapies: The swiss HIV cohort study	Boillat-Blanco N., Darling K.E.A., Taffe P., Osih R., Strahm C., Adami M., Elzi L., Daou S., Fehr J., Wandeler G., Cavassini M.	2013	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	62	2	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31827b626a	Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Data Coordination Centre for the Swiss HIV Cohort, Lausanne, Switzerland; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, St Gallen, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, BERN, Switzerland	Boillat-Blanco, N., Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Darling, K.E.A., Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Taffe, P., Data Coordination Centre for the Swiss HIV Cohort, Lausanne, Switzerland; Osih, R., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Strahm, C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, St Gallen, Switzerland; Adami, M., Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland; Elzi, L., Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Daou, S., Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Fehr, J., Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wandeler, G., Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, BERN, Switzerland; Cavassini, M., Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland	BACKGROUND: HIV treatment recommendations are updated as clinical trials are published. Whether recommendations drive clinicians to change antiretroviral therapy in well-controlled patients is unexplored. METHODS: We selected patients with undetectable viral loads (VLs) on nonrecommended regimens containing double-boosted protease inhibitors (DBPIs), triple-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), or didanosine (ddI) plus stavudine (d4T) at publication of the 2006 International AIDS Society recommendations. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics with those of control patients with undetectable VL not on these regimens and examined clinical outcome and reasons for treatment modification. RESULTS: At inclusion, 104 patients were in the DBPI group, 436 in the triple-NRTI group, and 19 in the ddI/d4T group. By 2010, 28 (29%), 204 (52%), and 1 (5%) patient were still on DBPIs, triple-NRTIs, and ddI plus d4T, respectively. 'Physician decision,' excluding toxicity/virological failure, drove 30% of treatment changes. Predictors of recommendation nonobservance included female sex [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1 to 7.26; P = 0.01] for DPBIs, and undetectable VL (aOR 3.53, 95% CI 1.6 to 7.8; P = 0.002) and lack of cardiovascular events (aOR 2.93, 95% CI 1.23 to 6.97; P = 0.02) for triple-NRTIs. All patients on DBPIs with documented diabetes or a cardiovascular event changed treatment. Recommendation observance resulted in lower cholesterol values in the DBPI group (P = 0.06), and more patients having undetectable VL (P = 0.02) in the triple-NRTI group. CONCLUSION: The physician's decision is the main factor driving change from nonrecommended to recommended regimens, whereas virological suppression is associated with not switching. Positive clinical outcomes observed postswitch underline the importance of observing recommendations, even in well-controlled patients. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	double-boosted protease inhibitors; HIV; nonobservance; recommendations; triple-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors	abacavir; didanosine; lamivudine; proteinase inhibitor; ritonavir; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; stavudine; tenofovir; zidovudine; adult; article; cardiovascular disease; clinical decision making; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection control; major clinical study; male; patient compliance; priority journal; sex difference; Switzerland; virus load; Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chi-Square Distribution; Cholesterol; Diabetes Complications; Didanosine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Guideline Adherence; HIV Infections; HIV Protease Inhibitors; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Physician's Practice Patterns; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Sex Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; Stavudine; Switzerland; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-37749042809	Impact of home-based management of malaria on health outcomes in Africa: A systematic review of the evidence	Hopkins H., Talisuna A., Whitty C.J.M., Staedke S.G.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-134	Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Uganda Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda	Hopkins, H., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States, c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Talisuna, A., Uganda Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Whitty, C.J.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Staedke, S.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, c/o MU-UCSF Malaria Research Collaboration, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda	Background. Home-based management of malaria (HMM) is promoted as a major strategy to improve prompt delivery of effective malaria treatment in Africa. HMM involves presumptively treating febrile children with pre-packaged antimalarial drugs distributed by members of the community. HMM has been implemented in several African countries, and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) will likely be introduced into these programmes on a wide scale. Case presentations. The published literature was searched for studies that evaluated the health impact of community- and home-based treatment for malaria in Africa. Criteria for inclusion were: 1) the intervention consisted of antimalarial treatment administered presumptively for febrile illness; 2) the treatment was administered by local community members who had no formal education in health care; 3) measured outcomes included specific health indicators such as malaria morbidity (incidence, severity, parasite rates) and/or mortality; and 4) the study was conducted in Africa. Of 1,069 potentially relevant publications identified, only six studies, carried out over 18 years, were identified as meeting inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity of the evaluations, including variability in study design, precluded meta-analysis. Discussion and evaluation. All trials evaluated presumptive treatment with chloroquine and were conducted in rural areas, and most were done in settings with seasonal malaria transmission. Conclusions regarding the impact of HMM on morbidity and mortality endpoints were mixed. Two studies showed no health impact, while another showed a decrease in malaria prevalence and incidence, but no impact on mortality. One study in Burkina Faso suggested that HMM decreased the proportion of severe malaria cases, while another study from the same country showed a decrease in the risk of progression to severe malaria. Of the four studies with mortality endpoints only one from Ethiopia showed a positive impact, with a reduction in the under-5 mortality rate of 40.6% (95% CI 29.2 - 50.6). Conclusion. Currently the evidence base for HMM in Africa, particularly regarding use of ACTs, is narrow and priorities for further research are discussed. To optimize treatment and maximize health benefits, drug regimens and delivery strategies in HMM programmes may need to be tailored to local conditions. Additional research could help guide programme development, policy decision-making, and implementation. © 2007 Hopkins et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	artemisinin; chloroquine; maloprim; antimalarial agent; article; Burkina Faso; community care; Democratic Republic Congo; disease course; disease severity; disease transmission; Ethiopia; fever; Gambia; health care; health education; health status; home care; human; incidence; Kenya; literature; malaria; methodology; morbidity; mortality; outcome assessment; patient care; prevalence; publishing; rural area; treatment outcome; Africa; drug self administration; health auxiliary; home care; malaria; phase 3 clinical trial; psychological aspect; review; treatment outcome; Africa; Antimalarials; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Community Health Aides; Home Nursing; Humans; Malaria; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Self Administration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953576202	Impact of maternal Helicobacter pylori infection on trace elements (Copper, Iron and Zinc) and pregnancy outcomes	Ugwuja E.I., Akubugwo E.I.	2009	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	8	4	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria	Ugwuja, E.I., Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria; Akubugwo, E.I., Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria	Background: H. pylori infection has been suggested to interfere with micronutrient metabolism and influence pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: This study therefore seeks to document the prevalence of H. pylori seroposivity among pregnant women and to determine its impact on some trace element status and pregnancy outcomes. Materials and methods: Three hundred and forty nine consenting pregnant women aged 15-40 years (mean; 27. 04 ± 4. 75 years) and gestational age ≤ 25 weeks (mean 21.77 ± 3.14 wks) attending antenatal clinic at Federal Medical Centre, Abakaliki, between July 2007 and September 2008 participated in the study. H. Pylori antibody (IgG) was determined by a new generation ELISA method. Plasma copper, iron and zinc were analysed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Bulk Scientific AVG 210 Model) while haemoglobin and albumin were analysed using standard haematological and biochemical techniques. Both maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters were recorded at recruitment. The women were followed-up till delivery after which neonatal anthropometrics and other birth outcomes were recorded. Results: H. pylori seroprevalence of 24.1% (84/349) was recorded with higher prevalence in multiparous and older women. H. pylori infected women had significantly higher BMI (29.00 ± 3.89 vs. 26.86 ± 4.10, p = 0.020) and lower (p > 0.05) plasma levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, albumin, and haemoglobin when compared to non-infected women. Also H. pylori infected women had significantly (p < 0.05) higher rates of convulsion and concomitant illnesses than their non-infected counterparts, although there was no difference in the two groups for other pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: H. pylori infection during pregnancy seems to interfere with trace element metabolism and contribute significantly to increased maternal morbidity. Prior to confirmation of these findings in a well controlled randomised trial, it is suggested that pregnant women be screened for H. pylori infection to reduce H. pylori associated morbidities during pregnancy.	Copper; H. pylori; Iron; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Trace elements; Zinc	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51649098396	Impact of hepatitis C co-infection on CD4 cell count in HIV infected subjects	Emokpae M.A., Nwokedi E.E., Jegede E.E.	2008	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	7	2	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 3452, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasilogy, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Haematology, Blood Group Serology Aminu Kano	Emokpae, M.A., Department of Chemical Pathology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, P.M.B 3452, Kano, Nigeria; Nwokedi, E.E., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasilogy, Faculty of Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Jegede, E.E., Department of Haematology, Blood Group Serology Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection is reported to be common among HIV infected subjects due to share routes of transmission. The fact that HCV infection may act as cofactor for HIV disease progression has been suggested. Objective: To determine if HCV and HIV co-infection affect the immunocompetence (CD4) of the infected subjects and response to Highly Active Anti Retroviral therapy. Subjects and methods: Fifty HIV/HCV co-infected and fifty HIV monoinfected adults were retrospectively studied. Their baseline CD4 cell counts were done using Dynal beads technique before commencement of HAART and repeated after six months. Results: The CD4 cell counts of co-infected subjects were lower than the mono-infected subjects. Sixty eight percent of the co-infected subjects had CD4 cell count less than 200cells/uL, and they responded poorly to HAART therapy than the mono-infected subjects (P<0.05). Those with CD4 cell count greater than 200cells/uL responded better to treatment than those with CD4 cell count less than 200cells/uL (P<0.001) Conclusion: HCV/HIV co-infection affects the immunocompetence of the patients and HCV may acts as cofactor for HIV disease progression. It is needful to screen all HIV positive subjects for HCV antibody as this will improve their clinical management and outcome.	CD4 cell count; Co-infection; Hepatitis C; Human immunodeficiency virus	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84871398016	Cystatin C-based evaluation of kidney function of HIV-infected children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria	Abiodun M.T., Iduoriyekemwen N.J., Abiodun P.O.	2012	International Journal of Nephrology	2012	None	10.1155/2012/861296	Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria	Abiodun, M.T., Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria; Iduoriyekemwen, N.J., Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria; Abiodun, P.O., Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria	Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a confirmed risk factor for kidney disease with an increased burden in persons of African descent. Method. We measured the serum cystatin C levels of 205 ART-naive, HIV-infected children by an ELISA technique and compared them with the levels of apparently healthy children. Result. The mean ± SD serum cystatin C level of children with HIV infection was 1.01 ± 0.44 mg/L, significantly higher than the mean value in the control group, that is, 0.72 ± 0.20 mg/L (P=0.000). The mean ± SD cystatin C-based estimated GFR of children with HIV infection was 102.7 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m2, significantly lower than 126.9 ± 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the control group, (P=0.014). A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children compared to controls had eGFR &lt; 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (21.5% versus 5.4%; P=0.00). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the HIV-infected children was 10.7%. The cystatin C-based eGFR of the HIV-infected children ≥5 years old correlated positively with their CD4 count (r=0.23; P=0.022). Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of CKD among HIV-infected children, requiring regular monitoring of their kidney function using a cystatin C-based method. © 2012 Moses Temidayo Abiodun et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899427203	Human resource management practices in a medical complex in the Eastern cape, South Africa: Assessing their impact on the retention of doctors	Longmore B., Ronnie L.	2014	South African Medical Journal	104	5	10.7196/SAMJ.7751	Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Longmore, B., Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Ronnie, L., Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Human resource management (HRM) practices have the potential to influence retention of doctors in the public health sector. Objective. To explore the key human resource (HR) practices affecting doctors in a medical complex in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Methods. We used an open-ended questionnaire to gather data from 75 doctors in this setting. Results. The most important HR practices were paying salaries on time and accurately, the management of documentation, communication, HR staff showing that they respected and valued the doctors, and reimbursement for conferences and special leave requests. All these practices were judged to be poorly administered. Essential HR characteristics were ranked in the following order: task competence of HR staff, accountability, general HR efficiency, occupation-specific dispensation adjustments and performance management and development system efficiency, and availability of HR staff. All these characteristics were judged to be poor. Conclusion. HRM practices in this Eastern Cape medical complex were inadequate and a source of frustration. This lack of efficiency could lead to further problems with regard to retaining doctors in public sector service.	None	adult; aged; article; female; health care personnel management; human; interpersonal communication; job characteristics; job performance; male; middle aged; physician; professional competence; professional practice; public health service; questionnaire; South Africa; team building; Adult; Aged; Female; Health Facilities; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physicians; Questionnaires; South Africa; Staff Development	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896065245	Evaluation of haematological, hepatic and renal functions of petroleum tanker drivers in Lagos, Nigeria	Awodele O., Sulayman A.A., Akintonwa A.	2014	African Health Sciences	14	1	None	Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Awodele, O., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Sulayman, A.A., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Akintonwa, A., Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Hydrocarbons which are among the major components of petroleum products are considered toxic and have been implicated in a number of human diseases. Tanker drivers are continuously exposed to hydrocarbons by inhalation and most of these drivers do not use protective devices to prevent inhalation of petroleum products; nor do they visit hospital regularly for routine check-up. Objective: In view of this occupational hazard, we investigated the haematological, renal and hepatic functions of workers of petroleum tankers drivers in Lagos, Nigeria. Method: Twenty-five tanker drivers' and fifteen control subjects were randomly selected based on the selection criteria of not smoking and working for minimum of 5 years as petroleum tanker driver. The liver, renal and haematological parameters were analyzed using automated clinical and haematological analyzers while the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant level tests were assayed using standard methods. Results: There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in the levels of serum alanine amino transferase (31.14±13.72; 22.38±9.89), albumin (42.50±4.69; 45.36±1.74) and alkaline phosphatase (84.04±21.89; 62.04±23.33) of petroleum tanker drivers compared with the controls. A significant (p≤0.05) increase in the levels of creatinine, urea and white blood cells of the tanker drivers, compared with the controls, were also obtained. Conclusion: The results have enormous health implications of continuous exposure to petroleum products reflected hepatic and renal damage of petroleum tanker drivers. Therefore, there is need for this group of workers to be sensitized on the importance of protective devises, regular medical checkup and management. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.	Hydrocarbons; Liver functions; Oxidative stress; Petroleum tanker drivers; Renal	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; creatinine; petroleum; urea; adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; albumin blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; article; autoanalyzer; controlled study; driver; eye infection; health status; hematological parameters; hematology analyzer; human; kidney function; kidney injury; leukocyte; lipid peroxidation; liver function; liver injury; major clinical study; Nigeria; occupational exposure; occupational hazard; ocular pruritus; rash; skin infection; thorax pain	None
None	None	Evaluation of quality of hydrogen peroxide-based antiseptic solutions available in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kaale E.A., Haule A.F., Mung'ong'o S., Kishiwa M.	2007	Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics	32	6	10.1111/j.1365-2710.2007.00868.x	Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65545, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kaale, E.A., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, PO Box 65545, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Haule, A.F., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mung'ong'o, S., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kishiwa, M., Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Hydrogen peroxide solutions of low concentrations are important antiseptics and deodorants used in hospitals and as home-remedies. The preparations have the disadvantage of being unstable when exposed to sunlight and when stored for a long time. They decompose slowly, releasing oxygen and water thus decreasing the available hydrogen peroxide for antimicrobial action. Objective: To assess the quality of hydrogen peroxide solution-based antiseptics available in Dar es Salaam. Methodology: One hundred and sixty-five samples were collected at random from pharmacies and medical stores, and analysed. One hundred and forty samples were hydrogen peroxide solutions intended for wound cleansing and 25 samples were eardrops. Among these samples, 116 were from manufacturer A, 24 from manufacturer B and 25 samples of eardrops were from manufacturer C. Results: Eighteen (26%) of the samples from medical stores failed to meet specifications. Of the 70 samples from pharmacies, 20 (29%) failed to meet the BP 2005 specifications. All the 25 samples of eardrops failed to comply with specifications. The average hydrogen peroxide contents (±SD) of the samples from medical stores and pharmacies were 6.6 ± 0.6%, 6.8 ± 0.4% w/v respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A significant proportion of hydrogen peroxide products in the Dar es Salaam market is of poor quality. There is a need for continuous monitoring of the quality of hydrogen peroxide available in the city. © 2007 The Authors.	Antiseptics; Hydrogen peroxide; Pharmacopoeial requirements; Quality assessment	antiinfective agent; ear drops; hydrogen peroxide; oxygen; water; antimicrobial activity; article; comparative study; decomposition; drug labeling; drug manufacture; drug quality; drug research; sun exposure; Tanzania; wound care; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Drug Labeling; Drug Storage; Hydrogen Peroxide; Solutions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955652016	Impact of urbanization on obesity, anthropometric profile and blood pressure in the Igbos of Nigeria	Ekezie J., Anyanwu E.G., Danborno B., Anthony U.	2011	North American Journal of Medical Sciences	3	5	10.4297/najms.2011.3242	Department of Prosthesis and Orthopaedics Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imos, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahma	Ekezie, J., Department of Prosthesis and Orthopaedics Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imos, Nigeria; Anyanwu, E.G., Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria; Danborno, B., Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Anthony, U., Department of Anatomy and Surgery, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria	Background: Hypertension in developing setting is often attributed to westernization of life style and stresses of urbanization, some of these increases have been noted in Nigeria. Aim: This is a study on rural-urban differences on the blood pressure, obesity and anthropometrics among a major ethnic group in Nigeria. Patients and Method: A total of 325 men and 242 women aged 20 to 80 years, of the Igbo ethnicity were selected for this study. The samples were selected from the rural and urban subgroups of the Igbo population. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist- hip ratio, waist-height ratio, waist circumference, triceps, subscapular, calf and sum of the three skin fold thicknesses and other anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard procedures. Result: Blood pressure correlated with age and most of the anthropometric parameters (p< 0.05). All adiposity and blood pressure indicators were higher in the urban than in the rural sample. Women showed higher predisposition to both general and abdominal obesities in both samples. High blood pressure occurred more often in the urban sample than the rural. Urban men had the highest mean blood pressure (p< 0.05). High blood pressure appeared much connected with the pressures of city life. Regression formulae were derived for all the adiposity measures of Igbos in both rural and urban locations. Conclusion: High rates of obesity and hypertension are noted among Igbos in both rural and urban areas. This is especially in the urban setting. The finding is indicative of a low level of attention on hypertension and obesity in the Igbos. The data reported here call for intervention programs on the risks, preventions and management of obesity and obesity related conditions.	Anthropometry; Hypertension; Impact; Obesity; Urbanization	adult; age; aged; anthropometric parameters; article; blood pressure measurement; body mass; controlled study; diastolic blood pressure; ethnicity; female; human; hypertension; male; Nigeria; obesity; rural population; sex difference; skinfold thickness; systolic blood pressure; urban population; urban rural difference; urbanization; waist circumference; waist height ratio; waist hip ratio	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66949149382	Evaluation of the effect of the introduction of a hypertension club on the management of hypertension at a community health centre in the Cape Town Metropole	Slingers N., De Villiers P.J.T.	2009	South African Family Practice	51	2	None	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Slingers, N., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; De Villiers, P.J.T., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background: Hypertension is a widespread problem of immense economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa because of its high prevalence in urban areas, its frequent under-diagnosis, and the severity of its complications. A systematic review of interventions used to improve the management of hypertension in primary care showed that effective delivery of hypertensive care requires a systematic approach in the community. The rationale for establishing a hypertension club at the Mitchell's Plain Community Health Centre (MPCHC), Cape Town, South Africa is based on the findings of and recommendations made by a study done previously at MPCHC by the Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle Programme of the Medical Research Council. This study found that the blood pressure of hypertensive patients was not optimally controlled and both the drug and non-drug management of hypertension needed to be improved. The patients had asked for the introduction of a dedicated hypertension club. Methods: A dedicated hypertension club was started at MPCHC and hypertensive patients were enrolled. A booking system with an appointment register was initiated. A hypertension record sheet was kept in the patient's folder. Observations like blood pressure (BP), weight, and urinalysis were recorded by the club's nurses. Health information officers were used to educate the patients about hypertension, its treatment and complications. The doctors' role was to fully assess the patients' risk profiles and to develop a management plan. To audit the club, a questionnaire was conducted on an initial group of 100 patients at the inception of the club and repeated on a group of 100 patients after six months. The aim was to assess the patients' knowledge of issues affecting the management of hypertension and their satisfaction with the service received at MPCHC. A folder review was done on the second group of patients. The intention was to evaluate whether there had been a change in the patients' BP over the preceding six months, whether the patients were compliant and whether observations were made regularly. Results: The average age of the study population was early sixties. More women than men were studied. The knowledge of the follow-up group regarding factors affecting hypertension control was slightly better than that of the initial group, but remained poor. The knowledge of the consequences of poor hypertension control did not improve after six months. Salt use stayed the same. The patients were satisfied with the service received, although shorter waiting times were desired. About 64% of the patients had collected their medication as per schedule. In the initial group, 48% of the patients had a BP > 140/90 mmHg. After six months, 33% of the patients had a BP > 140/90 mmHg. Conclusions: The study did not show much change in the patients' knowledge in the first six months after the institution of the hypertension club. Compliance was poor, although BP control improved somewhat. The benefit was in setting up the system.	Chronic diseases blood pressure; Hypertension club; Management; Mitchell's Plain Community Health Centre	adult; article; blood pressure monitoring; blood pressure regulation; body weight; disease control; female; health care organization; health center; health promotion; health service; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; medical information; medical record; patient education; patient satisfaction; questionnaire; risk assessment; South Africa; urinalysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68949125199	Evaluation of serum uric acid levels in normal pregnant nigerian women	Nwagha U.I., Ejezie F.E., Iyare E.E.	2009	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	12	1	None	Department of Physiology/ Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	Nwagha, U.I., Department of Physiology/ Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Ejezie, F.E., Department of Physiology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria; Iyare, E.E., Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria	Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are common in our environment. The aetiology is unknown and the prognostic indicators of the severity of maternal and fetal complications are variable. The level of uric acid, which is one of the prognostic indicators, is altered in normal pregnancy and as pregnancy advances. Base line values are thus extremely important to enable reasonable prognostic assessment in hypertensive pregnancies. Objectives: To determine levels of serum uric acid during normal pregnancy in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. Study design: settings and methods: Sixty- five pregnant and 65 non-pregnant women with age range 20-38 years were recruited. The pregnant women were in their second and third trimesters, attending antenatal clinic at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. Serum levels of uric acid were determined for the entire subjects. Results: The serum uric acid levels were significantly lower in the pregnant women than in controls (P< 0.001). 0.15+ 0.03mmol/L in the second trimester, 0.14 +0.02 mmol/L in the third trimester and 0.29 + 0.04 mmol/L for control. Conclusion: The low levels in pregnancy and as pregnancy progresses should be taken into consideration when monitoring hypertensive disorders in pregnancy using serum uric acid. Thus levels that are within normal for non pregnant population may indeed be an indication for intervention in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia.	Hypertension; Pregnancy; Uric acid	uric acid; adult; article; blood; case control study; cross-sectional study; female; human; Nigeria; pregnancy; reference value; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Reference Values; Uric Acid; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861792865	Impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on hysterosalpingography pain and discomfort	Ugwu A.C., Imo A.O., Erondu O.F.	2009	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	1	1	10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.40	Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Radiology, Ebonyi State University, Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; Department of Physics (Medical Physics), Rivers Sta	Ugwu, A.C., Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria; Imo, A.O., Department of Radiology, Ebonyi State University, Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; Erondu, O.F., Department of Physics (Medical Physics), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria	Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility. It is the radiographic delineation of uterine and tubal cavities and is part of the diagnostic evaluation of conjugal infertility.1 This diagnostic procedure is associated with high levels of anxiety, pain and stress from various causes. This study was designed to investigate the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on HSG pain and discomfort. Method: One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception, Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson's correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical signifi cance. Results: Some of the patients (34%) indicated that the administration of analgesics prior to the procedure reduced the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36 ± 2.19 respectively. Age correlated signifi cantly with pain perception (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), while pain correlated signifi cantly with perception of discomfort (r = -0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Age signifi cantly correlated with pain. This is a factor that could be harnessed for clinical use. © 2009. The Authors.	Discomfort; Hysterosalpingography; Infertility; Pain; Radiographic delineation	None	None
None	None	Monitoring mosquitoes in urban Dar es Salaam: Evaluation of resting boxes, window exit traps, CDC light traps, Ifakara tent traps and human landing catches	Govella N.J., Chaki P.P., Mpangile J.M., Killeen G.F.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-40	Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Salvation Army of Tanzania, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, P.O. Box 1273, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Govella, N.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Chaki, P.P., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Mpangile, J.M., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Salvation Army of Tanzania, Monitoring and Evaluation Department, P.O. Box 1273, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Killeen, G.F., Ifakara Health Institute, Coordination Office, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background. Ifakara tent traps (ITT) are currently the only sufficiently sensitive, safe, affordable and practical method for routine monitoring host-seeking mosquito densities in Dar es Salaam. However, it is not clear whether ITT catches represent indoors or outdoors biting densities. ITT do not yield samples of resting, fed mosquitoes for blood meal analysis. Methods. Outdoors mosquito sampling methods, namely human landing catch (HLC), ITT (Design B) and resting boxes (RB) were conducted in parallel with indoors sampling using HLC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps (LT) and RB as well as window exit traps (WET) in urban Dar es Salaam, rotating them thirteen times through a 3 × 3 Latin Square experimental design replicated in four blocks of three houses. This study was conducted between 6th May and 2rd July 2008, during the main rainy season when mosquito biting densities reach their annual peak. Results. The mean sensitivities of indoor RB, outdoor RB, WET, LT, ITT (Design B) and HLC placed outdoor relative to HLC placed indoor were 0.01, 0.005, 0.036, 0.052, 0.374, and 1.294 for Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (96% An. gambiae s.s and 4% An. arabiensis), respectively, and 0.017, 0.053, 0.125, 0.423, 0.372 and 1.140 for Culex spp, respectively. The ITT (Design B) catches correlated slightly better to indoor HLC (r2 = 0.619, P &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.231, P = 0.001) than outdoor HLC (r2 = 0.423, P &lt; 0.001, r2 = 0.228, P = 0.001) for An. gambiae s.l. and Culex spp respectively but the taxonomic composition of mosquitoes caught by ITT does not match those of the indoor HLC (χ2 = 607.408, degrees of freedom = 18, P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of An. gambiae caught indoors was unaffected by the use of an LLIN in that house. Conclusion. The RB, WET and LT are poor methods for surveillance of malaria vector densities in urban Dar es Salaam compared to ITT and HLC but there is still uncertainty over whether the ITT best reflects indoor or outdoor biting densities. The particular LLIN evaluated here failed to significantly reduce house entry by An. gambiae s.l. suggesting a negligible repellence effect. © 2011 Govella et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; biological monitoring; blood analysis; breeding; catchment; controlled study; Culex; female; male; mosquito; nonhuman; public health service; Tanzania; taxonomy; urban area; vector control; adult; animal; animal behavior; Anopheles; classification; Culex; disease carrier; growth, development and aging; human; methodology; physiology; zoology; Anopheles gambiae; Adult; Animals; Anopheles; Behavior, Animal; Culex; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Humans; Male; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929297666	Evaluating the effect of innovative motivation and supervision approaches on community health worker performance and retention in Uganda and Mozambique: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial	Källander K., Strachan D., Soremekun S., Hill Z., Lingam R., Tibenderana J., Kasteng F., Vassall A., Meek S., Kirkwood B.	2015	Trials	16	1	10.1186/s13063-015-0657-6	Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden; Makerere University College of Health Science, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, PO box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; University College London, Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium Africa, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Källander, K., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen 18A, Stockholm, Sweden, Makerere University College of Health Science, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, PO box 8045, Kampala, Uganda; Strachan, D., University College London, Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom; Soremekun, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom; Hill, Z., University College London, Institute for Global Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, United Kingdom; Lingam, R., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom; Tibenderana, J., Malaria Consortium Africa, Plot 25 Upper Naguru East Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kasteng, F., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Vassall, A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health and Development, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Meek, S., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, London, United Kingdom; Kirkwood, B., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Population Health, London, United Kingdom	Background: If trained, equipped and utilised, community health workers (CHWs) delivering integrated community case management for sick children can potentially reduce child deaths by 60%. However, it is essential to maintain CHW motivation and performance. The inSCALE project aims to evaluate, using a cluster randomised controlled trial, the effect of interventions to increase CHW supervision and performance on the coverage of appropriate treatment for children with diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria. Methods/Design: Participatory methods were used to identify best practices and innovative solutions. Quantitative community based baseline surveys were conducted to allow restricted randomisation of clusters into intervention and control arms. Individual informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Following formative research and stakeholder consultations, two intervention packages were developed in Uganda and one in Mozambique. In Uganda, approximately 3,500 CHWs in 39 clusters were randomised into a mobile health (mHealth) arm, a participatory community engagement arm and a control arm. In Mozambique, 275 CHWs in 12 clusters were randomised into a mHealth arm and a control arm. The mHealth interventions encompass three components: 1) free phone communication between users; 2) data submission using phones with automated feedback, messages to supervisors for targeted supervision, and online data access for district statisticians; and 3) motivational messages. The community engagement arm in Uganda established village health clubs seeking to 1) improve the status and standing of CHWs, 2) increase demand for health services and 3) communicate that CHWs' work is important. Process evaluation was conducted after 10 months and end-line surveys will establish impact after 12 months in Uganda and 18 months in Mozambique. Main outcomes include proportion of sick children appropriately treated, CHW performance and motivation, and cost effectiveness of interventions. Discussion: Study strengths include a user-centred design to the innovations, while weaknesses include the lack of a robust measurement of coverage of appropriate treatment. Evidence of cost-effective innovations that increase motivation and performance of CHWs can potentially increase sustainable coverage of iCCM at scale. Trial registration: (identifier NCT01972321) on 22 April 22 2013 © Källander et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	community health worker; diarrhoea; integrated community case management; malaria; pneumonia	Article; case management; child death; childhood disease; clinical supervision; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; diarrhea; feedback system; health auxiliary; health care delivery; health care facility; health service; hospital cost; human; job performance; malaria; medical record review; motivation; Mozambique; pneumonia; program effectiveness; randomized controlled trial; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869055060	Incidence, Clinical Spectrum, Risk Factors and Impact of HIV-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in South Africa	Haddow L.J., Moosa M.-Y.S., Mosam A., Moodley P., Parboosing R., Easterbrook P.J.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0040623	Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Dermatology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Virology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa	Haddow, L.J., Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Moosa, M.-Y.S., Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Mosam, A., Department of Dermatology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Moodley, P., Department of Virology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Parboosing, R., Department of Virology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Services, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa; Easterbrook, P.J., Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background: Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a widely recognised complication of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but there are still limited data from resource-limited settings. Our objective was to characterize the incidence, clinical spectrum, risk factors and contribution to mortality of IRIS in two urban ART clinics in South Africa. Methods and Findings: 498 adults initiating ART in Durban, South Africa were followed prospectively for 24 weeks. IRIS diagnosis was based on consensus expert opinion, and classified by mode of presentation (paradoxical worsening of known opportunistic infection [OI] or unmasking of subclinical disease). 114 patients (22.9%) developed IRIS (36% paradoxical, 64% unmasking). Mucocutaneous conditions accounted for 68% of IRIS events, mainly folliculitis, warts, genital ulcers and herpes zoster. Tuberculosis (TB) accounted for 25% of IRIS events. 18/135 (13.3%) patients with major pre-ART OIs (e.g. TB, cryptococcosis) developed paradoxical IRIS related to the same OI. Risk factors for this type of IRIS were baseline viral load &gt;5.5 vs. &lt;4.5 log10 (adjusted hazard ratio 7.23; 95% confidence interval 1.35-38.76) and ≤30 vs. &gt;30 days of OI treatment prior to ART (2.66; 1.16-6.09). Unmasking IRIS related to major OIs occurred in 25/498 patients (5.0%), and risk factors for this type of IRIS were baseline C-reactive protein ≥25 vs. &lt;25 mg/L (2.77; 1.31-5.85), haemoglobin &lt;10 vs. &gt;12 g/dL (3.36; 1.32-8.52), ≥10% vs. &lt;10% weight loss prior to ART (2.31; 1.05-5.11) and mediastinal lymphadenopathy on pre-ART chest x-ray (9.15; 4.10-20.42). IRIS accounted for 6/25 (24%) deaths, 13/65 (20%) hospitalizations and 10/35 (29%) ART interruptions or discontinuations. Conclusion: IRIS occurred in almost one quarter of patients initiating ART, and accounted for one quarter of deaths in the first 6 months. Priority strategies to reduce IRIS-associated morbidity and mortality in ART programmes include earlier ART initiation before onset of advanced immunodeficiency, improved pre-ART screening for TB and cryptococcal infection, optimization of OI therapy prior to ART initiation, more intensive clinical monitoring in initial weeks of ART, and education of health care workers and patients about IRIS. © 2012 Haddow et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; C reactive protein; hemoglobin; adult; adverse outcome; antiviral therapy; article; clinical feature; cryptococcosis; disease association; female; folliculitis; genital ulcer; geographic distribution; hemoglobin blood level; herpes zoster; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; incidence; major clinical study; male; mediastinum lymphadenopathy; morbidity; mortality; mucocutaneous disease; mucosal disease; protein blood level; risk factor; South Africa; thorax radiography; tuberculosis; urban area; verruca vulgaris; virus load; weight reduction; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome; Incidence; Male; Risk Factors; South Africa; Viral Load; Herpes zoster	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883391145	Comparing the Performance of Cluster Random Sampling and Integrated Threshold Mapping for Targeting Trachoma Control, Using Computer Simulation	Smith J.L., Sturrock H.J.W., Olives C., Solomon A.W., Brooker S.J.	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	8	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002389	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom; Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Smith, J.L., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom; Sturrock, H.J.W., Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Olives, C., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Solomon, A.W., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom; Brooker, S.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, London Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Research, London, United Kingdom, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Background:Implementation of trachoma control strategies requires reliable district-level estimates of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), generally collected using the recommended gold-standard cluster randomized surveys (CRS). Integrated Threshold Mapping (ITM) has been proposed as an integrated and cost-effective means of rapidly surveying trachoma in order to classify districts according to treatment thresholds. ITM differs from CRS in a number of important ways, including the use of a school-based sampling platform for children aged 1-9 and a different age distribution of participants. This study uses computerised sampling simulations to compare the performance of these survey designs and evaluate the impact of varying key parameters.Methodology/Principal Findings:Realistic pseudo gold standard data for 100 districts were generated that maintained the relative risk of disease between important sub-groups and incorporated empirical estimates of disease clustering at the household, village and district level. To simulate the different sampling approaches, 20 clusters were selected from each district, with individuals sampled according to the protocol for ITM and CRS. Results showed that ITM generally under-estimated the true prevalence of TF over a range of epidemiological settings and introduced more district misclassification according to treatment thresholds than did CRS. However, the extent of underestimation and resulting misclassification was found to be dependent on three main factors: (i) the district prevalence of TF; (ii) the relative risk of TF between enrolled and non-enrolled children within clusters; and (iii) the enrollment rate in schools.Conclusions/Significance:Although in some contexts the two methodologies may be equivalent, ITM can introduce a bias-dependent shift as prevalence of TF increases, resulting in a greater risk of misclassification around treatment thresholds. In addition to strengthening the evidence base around choice of trachoma survey methodologies, this study illustrates the use of a simulated approach in addressing operational research questions for trachoma but also other NTDs. © 2013 Smith et al.	None	azithromycin; article; classification; cluster random sampling; computer simulation; disease control; endemic disease; health survey; human; Integrated Threshold Mapping; prevalence; receiver operating characteristic; risk factor; sample size; sampling; sensitivity analysis; trachoma	B&MGF, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; 098045, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864487227	Performance of health workers in the management of seriously sick children at a Kenyan tertiary hospital: Before and after a training intervention	Irimu G.W., Gathara D., Zurovac D., Kihara H., Maina C., Mwangi J., Mbori-Ngacha D., Todd J., Greene A., English M.	2012	PLoS ONE	7	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0039964	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Child Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Irimu, G.W., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Gathara, D., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Zurovac, D., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Kihara, H., Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Maina, C., Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Mwangi, J., Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbori-Ngacha, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Todd, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Greene, A., Child Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; English, M., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Implementation of WHO case management guidelines for serious common childhood illnesses remains a challenge in hospitals in low-income countries. The impact of locally adapted clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on the quality-of-care of patients in tertiary hospitals has rarely been evaluated. Methods and Findings: We conducted, in Kenyatta National Hospital, an uncontrolled before and after study with an attempt to explore intervention dose-effect relationships, as CPGs were disseminated and training was progressively implemented. The emergency triage, assessment and treatment plus admission care (ETAT+) training and locally adapted CPGs targeted common, serious childhood illnesses. We compared performance in the pre-intervention (2005) and post-intervention periods (2009) using quality indicators for three diseases: pneumonia, dehydration and severe malnutrition. The indicators spanned four domains in the continuum of care namely assessment, classification, treatment, and follow-up care in the initial 48 hours of admission. In the pre-intervention period patients' care was largely inconsistent with the guidelines, with nine of the 15 key indicators having performance of below 10%. The intervention produced a marked improvement in guideline adherence with an absolute effect size of over 20% observed in seven of the 15 key indicators; three of which had an effect size of over 50%. However, for all the five indicators that required sustained team effort performance continued to be poor, at less than 10%, in the post-intervention period. Data from the five-year period (2005-09) suggest some dose dependency though the adoption rate of the best-practices varied across diseases and over time. Conclusion: Active dissemination of locally adapted clinical guidelines for common serious childhood illnesses can achieve a significant impact on documented clinical practices, particularly for tasks that rely on competence of individual clinicians. However, more attention must be given to broader implementation strategies that also target institutional and organisational aspects of service delivery to further enhance quality-of-care. © 2012 Irimu et al.	None	gentamicin; Hartmann solution; infusion fluid; penicillin G; article; child; child care; clinical practice; compliance (physical); critically ill patient; dehydration; disease classification; disease severity; emergency care; fluid therapy; follow up; health care access; health care delivery; health care personnel; health care quality; hospital admission; human; information dissemination; job performance; Kenya; malnutrition; medical documentation; mortality; patient care; patient monitoring; physical examination; pneumonia; practice guideline; protein intake; quantitative analysis; recommended drug dose; shock; task performance; tertiary health care; training; Dehydration; Education, Nursing; Employee Performance Appraisal; Female; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Male; Malnutrition; Medical Staff, Hospital; Nurses; Pediatrics; Pneumonia; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Severity of Illness Index; Tertiary Care Centers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897618941	Factors influencing performance of health workers in the management of seriously sick children at a Kenyan tertiary hospital - Participatory action research	Irimu G.W., Greene A., Gathara D., Kihara H., Maina C., Mbori-Ngacha D., Zurovac D., Migiro S., English M.	2014	BMC Health Services Research	14	None	10.1186/1472-6963-14-59	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya; Child Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom; Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Division of Child Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Irimu, G.W., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya; Greene, A., Child Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Gathara, D., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya; Kihara, H., Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Maina, C., Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbori-Ngacha, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya; Zurovac, D., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom, Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Migiro, S., Division of Child Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; English, M., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230 Kilifi, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Implementation of World Health Organization case management guidelines for serious childhood illnesses remains a challenge in hospitals in low-income countries. Facilitators of and barriers to implementation of locally adapted clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have not been explored. Methods. This ethnographic study based on the theory of participatory action research (PAR) was conducted in Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya's largest teaching hospital. The primary intervention consisted of dissemination of locally adapted CPGs. The PRECEDE-PROCEED health education model was used as the conceptual framework to guide and examine further reinforcement activities to improve the uptake of the CPGs. Activities focussed on introduction of routine clinical audits and tailored educational sessions. Data were collected by a participant observer who also facilitated the PAR over an eighteen-month period. Naturalistic inquiry was utilized to obtain information from all hospital staff encountered while theoretical sampling allowed in-depth exploration of emerging issues. Data were analysed using interpretive description. Results: Relevance of the CPGs to routine work and emergence of a champion of change facilitated uptake of best-practices. Mobilization of basic resources was relatively easily undertaken while activities that required real intellectual and professional engagement of the senior staff were a challenge. Accomplishments of the PAR were largely with the passive rather than active involvement of the hospital management. Barriers to implementation of best-practices included i) mismatch between the hospital's vision and reality, ii) poor communication, iii) lack of objective mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating quality of clinical care, iv) limited capacity for planning strategic change, v) limited management skills to introduce and manage change, vi) hierarchical relationships, and vii) inadequate adaptation of the interventions to the local context. Conclusions: Educational interventions, often regarded as 'quick-fixes' to improve care in low-income countries, may be necessary but are unlikely to be sufficient to deliver improved services. We propose that an understanding of organizational issues that influence the behaviour of individual health professionals should guide and inform the implementation of best-practices. © 2014 Irimu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Clinical audits; Clinical practice guidelines; Continuous medical educational sessions; ETAT+; Ethnographic study; Implementation of best-practices; Interpretive description; Participant observer; Participatory action research; Performance of health worke	child; epidemiology; health care quality; health services research; hospital personnel; human; interpersonal communication; Kenya; medical audit; organization and management; practice guideline; practice guideline; procedures; standards; tertiary care center; Child; Communication; Guideline Adherence; Health Services Research; Humans; Kenya; Medical Audit; Personnel, Hospital; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Quality of Health Care; Tertiary Care Centers	084538, Wellcome Trust; 097170, Wellcome Trust; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934755299	Improved performance of cobas ampliprep/cobas taqman version 2.0 assay over amplicor monitor version 1.5 in the quantification of HIV-1 RNA viral load in Abuja, Nigeria	Abubakar A., Ndembi N., Ogbanufe O., Inalegwu A., Wilson S., Ebagua I., Peters S., Chime C., Dakum P., Abimiku A.G.	2015	Current HIV Research	13	4	None	Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medici	Abubakar, A., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Ndembi, N., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Ogbanufe, O., US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria; Inalegwu, A., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Wilson, S., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Ebagua, I., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Peters, S., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Chime, C., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Dakum, P., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria; Abimiku, A.G., Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business, District Garki Abuja, Nigeria, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street N446, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background: Improved viral detections by the real time PCR over the manual assays have been reported by various manufacturers. However, discrepancies and discordance between different platforms targeting the same pathogen have also been observed at different settings. Methods: We used an analytical study design to compare the performance of the Cobas Taqman /Cobas Ampliprep version 2.0 against the standard Amplicor Monitor 1.5 using 200 routine clinical samples, in Abuja-Nigeria. Results: Taqman and Amplicor detected 118/200 (59%) and 83/200 (41.5%) samples respectively. Two of 83 samples (2.4%) undetectable by Cobas Taqman, were detectable by Roche Amplicor, while 5 of 37 samples (13.5%) which were undetectable by Amplicor using Taqman. Among the 81 detectable samples by both assays 4 samples (4.9%) had a log10 difference > 0.5 log copies, while 9 samples (11.1%) showed a wider discrepancy of >1 log10. Bland and Altman’s comparison shows no significant difference between the two methods (p=0.2825) and CI-0.06171 to 0.2087. Conclusion: We observed a remarkable improvement in the performance of COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan version 2.0 Assay over Amplicor Monitor version 1.5 in the quantification of HIV1 RNA viral load. Discrepancies of clinical significance, in the viral load between the two platforms were also recorded. The implications of the inability of the automated Taqman 2.0 to detect 2.4% of samples detectable by the Amplicor need to be considered by programs, clinicians and the manufacturers. Periodic evaluation of platforms to detect new circulating HIV subtypes within each locality is also recommended. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.	HIV-1 RNA; Improved performance; Quantification; Viral load	adult; Article; clinical article; COBAS AmpliPrep; COBAS TaqMan; female; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; limit of quantitation; male; molecular diagnostics; molecular phylogeny; performance; real time polymerase chain reaction; regression analysis; sequence analysis; virus load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84932129388	Assessing the quality of tuberculosis evaluation for children with prolonged cough presenting to routine community health care settings in rural Uganda	Marquez C., Davis J.L., Katamba A., Haguma P., Ochom E., Ayakaka I., Chamie G., Dorsey G., Kamya M.R., Charlebois E., Havlir D.V., Cattamanchi A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0105935	Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Marquez, C., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Davis, J.L., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Katamba, A., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Haguma, P., MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ochom, E., MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Ayakaka, I., MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda; Chamie, G., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Dorsey, G., Division of Infectious Diseases, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kamya, M.R., School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Charlebois, E., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Havlir, D.V., Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Cattamanchi, A., Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Background: Improving childhood tuberculosis (TB) evaluation and care is a global priority, but data on performance at community health centers in TB endemic regions are sparse. Objective: To describe the current practices and quality of TB evaluation for children with cough ≥2 weeks' duration presenting to community health centers in Uganda. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of children (<15 years) receiving care at five Level IV community health centers in rural Uganda for any reason between 2009-2012. Quality of TB care was assessed using indicators derived from the International Standards of Tuberculosis Care (ISTC). Results: From 2009-2012, 1713 of 187,601 (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4-1.4%) children presenting to community health centers had cough ≥ 2 weeks' duration. Of those children, only 299 (17.5%, 95% CI: 15.7-19.3%) were referred for sputum microscopy, but 251 (84%, 95% CI: 79.8-88.1%) completed sputum examination if referred. The yield of sputum microscopy was only 3.6% (95% CI: 1.3-5.9%), and only 55.6% (95% CI: 21.2-86.3%) of children with acid-fast bacilli positive sputum were started on treatment. Children under age 5 were less likely to be referred for sputum examination and to receive care in accordance with ISTC. The proportion of children evaluated in accordance with ISTC increased over time (4.6% in 2009 to 27.9% in 2012, p = 0.03), though this did not result in increased case-detection. Conclusion: The quality of TB evaluation was poor for children with cough ≥2 weeks' duration presenting for health care. Referrals for sputum smear microscopy and linkage to TB treatment were key gaps in the TB evaluation process, especially for children under the age of five. © 2014 Marquez et al.	None	amoxicillin; antibiotic agent; ceftriaxone; cotrimoxazole; doxycycline; erythromycin; penicillin derivative; acid fast bacterium; age distribution; article; child; child health care; community care; controlled study; coughing; cross-sectional study; female; health care quality; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; patient referral; pneumonia; prescription; rural area; sex difference; sputum cytodiagnosis; sputum examination; thorax radiography; tuberculosis; Uganda; upper respiratory tract infection; adolescent; child health care; clinical trial; community care; complication; Cough; drug effects; evaluation study; health; microbiology; multicenter study; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; preschool child; procedures; quality control; sputum; standards; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Child; Child Health Services; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Cough; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Quality Control; Rural Health; Sputum; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Uganda	K23 AI080147, NIH, National Institutes of Health; K23 HL94141, NIH, National Institutes of Health; R21 A1096158, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952518011	The impact on nurses and nurse managers of introducing PEPFAR clinical services in urban government clinics in Uganda	Nankumbi J., Groves S., Leontsini E., Kyegombe N., Coutinho A., Manabe Y.	2011	BMC International Health and Human Rights	11	SUPPL. 1	10.1186/1472-698X-11-S1-S8	Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Disease, Kampala, Uganda; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States	Nankumbi, J., Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Groves, S., Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Leontsini, E., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Kyegombe, N., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Coutinho, A., Institute of Infectious Disease, Kampala, Uganda; Manabe, Y., Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States	Background: Improving provider performance is central to strengthening health services in developing countries. Because of critical shortages of physicians, many clinics in sub-Saharan Africa are led by nurses. In addition to clinical skills, nurse managers need practical managerial skills and adequate resources to ensure procurement of essential supplies, quality assurance implementation, and productive work environment. Giving nurses more autonomy in their work empowers them in the workplace and has shown to create positive influence on work attitudes and behaviors. The Infectious Disease Institute, an affiliate of Makerere University College of Health Science, in an effort to expand the needed HIV services in the Ugandan capital, established a community-university partnership with the Ministry of Health to implement an innovative model to build capacity in HIV service delivery. This paper evaluates the impact on the nurses from this innovative program to provide more health care in six nurse managed Kampala City Council (KCC) Clinics. Methods. A mixed method approach was used. The descriptive study collected key informant interviews from the six nurse managers, and administered a questionnaire to 20 staff nurses between September and December 2009. Key themes were manually identified from the interviews, and the questionnaire data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Introducing new HIV services into six KCC clinics was positive for the nurses. They identified the project as successful because of perceived improved environment, increase in useful in-service training, new competence to manage patients and staff, improved physical infrastructure, provision of more direct patient care, motivation to improve the clinic because the project acted on their suggestions, and involvement in role expansion. All of these helped empower the nurses, improving quality of care and increasing job satisfaction. Conclusions: This community-university HIV innovative model was successful from the point of view of the nurses and nurse managers. This model shows promise in increasing effective, quality health service; HIV and other programs can build capacity and empower nurses and nurse managers to directly implement such services. It also demonstrates how MakCHS can be instrumental through partnerships in designing and testing effective strategies, building human health resources and improving Ugandan health outcomes. © 2011 Nankumbi et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; clinical article; government; health care; health care quality; health program; hospital; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; interview; job satisfaction; medical service; multicenter study; nurse manager; patient care; prpfar clinical service; questionnaire; staff nurse; Uganda; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893785971	Impact of Intermittent Screening and Treatment for Malaria among School Children in Kenya: A Cluster Randomised Trial	Halliday K.E., Okello G., Turner E.L., Njagi K., Mcharo C., Kengo J., Allen E., Dubeck M.M., Jukes M.C.H., Brooker S.J.	2014	PLoS Medicine	11	1	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001594	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Teacher Education, College of Charleston, South Carolina, United States; Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Malaria Public Health Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Halliday, K.E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Okello, G., Health Systems and Social Science Research Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Turner, E.L., Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Njagi, K., Division of Malaria Control, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Mcharo, C., Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; Kengo, J., Health and Literacy Intervention Project, Ukunda, Kenya; Allen, E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Dubeck, M.M., Department of Teacher Education, College of Charleston, South Carolina, United States; Jukes, M.C.H., Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States; Brooker, S.J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Background:Improving the health of school-aged children can yield substantial benefits for cognitive development and educational achievement. However, there is limited experimental evidence of the benefits of alternative school-based malaria interventions or how the impacts of interventions vary according to intensity of malaria transmission. We investigated the effect of intermittent screening and treatment (IST) for malaria on the health and education of school children in an area of low to moderate malaria transmission.Methods and Findings:A cluster randomised trial was implemented with 5,233 children in 101 government primary schools on the south coast of Kenya in 2010-2012. The intervention was delivered to children randomly selected from classes 1 and 5 who were followed up for 24 months. Once a school term, children were screened by public health workers using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and children (with or without malaria symptoms) found to be RDT-positive were treated with a six dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine (AL). Given the nature of the intervention, the trial was not blinded. The primary outcomes were anaemia and sustained attention. Secondary outcomes were malaria parasitaemia and educational achievement. Data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis.During the intervention period, an average of 88.3% children in intervention schools were screened at each round, of whom 17.5% were RDT-positive. 80.3% of children in the control and 80.2% in the intervention group were followed-up at 24 months. No impact of the malaria IST intervention was observed for prevalence of anaemia at either 12 or 24 months (adjusted risk ratio [Adj.RR]: 1.03, 95% CI 0.93-1.13, p = 0.621 and Adj.RR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.90-1.11, p = 0.953) respectively, or on prevalence of P. falciparum infection or scores of classroom attention. No effect of IST was observed on educational achievement in the older class, but an apparent negative effect was seen on spelling scores in the younger class at 9 and 24 months and on arithmetic scores at 24 months.Conclusion:In this setting in Kenya, IST as implemented in this study is not effective in improving the health or education of school children. Possible reasons for the absence of an impact are the marked geographical heterogeneity in transmission, the rapid rate of reinfection following AL treatment, the variable reliability of RDTs, and the relative contribution of malaria to the aetiology of anaemia in this setting.Trial registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00878007" xlink:type="simple" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NCT00878007</ext-link>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2014 Halliday et al.	None	Adolescent; Adolescent Development; Anemia; Antimalarials; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Female; Humans; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mass Screening; Parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; Prevalence; Students; Young Adult	092765, Wellcome Trust; 098045, Wellcome Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956600180	Health worker performance in the management of paediatric fevers following in-service training and exposure to job aids in Kenya	Wasunna B., Zurovac D., Bruce J., Jones C., Webster J., Snow R.W.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-261	Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States; KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya	Wasunna, B., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Zurovac, D., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Center for International Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, 85 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Bruce, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Jones, C., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya; Webster, J., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit (DCVBU), Keppel Street, WCIE 7HT, London, United Kingdom; Snow, R.W., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMRC), P.O. Box 43640-00100 GPO, Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: Improving the way artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is provided to patients attending clinics is critical to maximize the benefit of this new medicine. In 2007, a new initiative was launched in one part of Kenya to improve malaria case-management through enhanced in-service training and provision of job aids. Methods: An evaluation of the intervention using pre- and post-intervention cross sectional health facility surveys was conducted in Bondo district. The surveys included: audit of government health facilities, health worker structured interviews and exit interviews with caretakers of sick children below five years of age. The outcome indicators were the proportions of febrile children who had AL prescribed, AL dispensed, and four different dispensing and counseling tasks performed. Results: At baseline 33 government health facilities, 48 health workers and 386 febrile child consultations were evaluated. At follow-up the same health facilities were surveyed and 36 health workers and 390 febrile child consultations evaluated. The findings show: 1) no health facility or health worker was exposed to all components of the intervention; 2) the proportion of health workers who received the enhanced in-service training was 67%; 3) the proportion of febrile children with uncomplicated malaria treated with the first-line anti-malarial drug, artemether-lumefantrine (AL), at health facilities where AL was in stock increased from 76.9% (95%CI: 69.4, 83.1) to 87.6% (95% CI: 82.5, 91.5); 4) there were modest but non-significant improvements in dispensing and counseling practices; and 5) when the analyses were restricted to health workers who received the enhanced in-service training and/or had received new guidelines and job aids, no significant improvements in reported case-management tasks were observed compared to baseline. Conclusion: In-service training and provision of job aids alone may not be adequate to improve the prescribing, dispensing and counseling tasks necessary to change malaria case-management practices and the inclusion of supervision and post-training follow-up should be considered in future clinical practice change initiatives. © 2010 Wasunna et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	artemether plus benflumetol; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; article; case management; child; child care; consultation; counseling; endemic disease; fever; follow up; government; health care facility; health care personnel; health care practice; health care quality; health survey; human; in service training; infant; job performance; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; medical audit; practice guideline; preschool child; cross-sectional study; drug combination; education; health services research; malaria; newborn; professional competence; pyrexia idiopathica; statistics; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Combinations; Ethanolamines; Fever of Unknown Origin; Fluorenes; Health Personnel; Health Services Research; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kenya; Malaria; Professional Competence	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947262801	Effects of different missing data imputation techniques on the performance of undiagnosed diabetes risk prediction models in a mixed-ancestry population of South Africa	Masconi K.L., Matsha T.E., Erasmus R.T., Kengne A.P.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0139210	Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Masconi, K.L., Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Matsha, T.E., Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa; Erasmus, R.T., Division of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Kengne, A.P., Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Imputation techniques used to handle missing data are based on the principle of replacement. It is widely advocated that multiple imputation is superior to other imputation methods, however studies have suggested that simple methods for filling missing data can be just as accurate as complex methods. The objective of this study was to implement a number of simple and more complex imputation methods, and assess the effect of these techniques on the performance of undiagnosed diabetes risk prediction models during external validation. Methods. Data from the Cape Town Bellville-South cohort served as the basis for this study. Imputation methods and models were identified via recent systematic reviews. Models' discrimination was assessed and compared using C-statistic and non-parametric methods, before and after recalibration through simple intercept adjustment. Results. The study s.ample consisted of 1256 individuals, of whom 173 were excluded due to previously diagnosed diabetes. Of the final 1083 individuals, 329 (30.4%) had missing data. Family history had the highest proportion of missing data (25%). Imputation of the outcome, undiagnosed diabetes, was highest in stochastic regression imputation (163 individuals). Overall, deletion resulted in the lowest model performances while simple imputation yielded the highest C-statistic for the Cambridge Diabetes Risk model, Kuwaiti Risk model, Omani Diabetes Risk model and Rotterdam Predictive model. Multiple imputation only yielded the highest C-statistic for the Rotterdam Predictive model, which were matched by simpler imputation methods. Conclusions. Deletion was confirmed as a poor technique for handling missing data. However, despite the emphasized disadvantages of simpler imputation methods, this study showed that implementing these methods results in similar predictive utility for undiagnosed diabetes when compared to multiple imputation. © 2015 Masconi et al.	None	adult; Article; Cambridge Diabetes Risk model; cohort analysis; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; family history; female; human; Kuwaiti Risk model; male; Omani Diabetes Risk model; prediction; risk assessment; Rotterdam Predictive model; South Africa; statistical analysis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-26944485916	Public-health impact of accelerated measles control in the WHO African Region 2000-03	Otten M., Kezaala R., Fall A., Masresha B., Martin R., Cairns L., Eggers R., Biellik R., Grabowsky M., Strebel P., Okwo-Bele J.-M., Nshimirimana D.	2005	Lancet	366	9488	10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67216-9	Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Otten, M., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS E05, 1600 Clifton, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kezaala, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Fall, A., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Masresha, B., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Martin, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Cairns, L., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Eggers, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Nairobi, Kenya; Biellik, R., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grabowsky, M., American Red Cross, Washington, DC, United States; Strebel, P., Global Measles Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Okwo-Bele, J.-M., Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Nshimirimana, D., WHO Regional Office for Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: In 2000, the WHO African Region adopted a plan to accelerate efforts to lower measles mortality with the goal of decreasing the number of measles deaths to near zero. By June, 2003,19 African countries had completed measles supplemental immunisation activities (SIA) in children aged 9 months to 14 years as part of a comprehensive measles-control strategy. We assessed the public-health impact of these control measures by use of available surveillance data. Methods: We calculated percentage decline in reported measles cases during 1-2 years after SIA, compared with 6 years before SIA. On the basis of data from 13 of the 19 countries, we assumed that the percentage decline in measles deaths equalled that in measles cases. We also examined data on routine and SIA measles vaccine coverage, measles case-based surveillance, and suspected measles outbreaks. Findings: Between 2000 and June, 2003, 82-1 million children were targeted for vaccination during initial SIA in 12 countries and follow-up SIA in seven countries. The average decline in the number of reported measles cases was 91%. In 17 of the 19 countries, measles case-based surveillance confirmed that transmission of measles virus, and therefore measles deaths, had been reduced to low or very low rates. The total estimated number of deaths averted in the year 2003 was 90 043. Between 2000 and 2003 in the African Region as a whole, we estimated that the percentage decline in annual measles deaths was around 20% (90 043 of 454 000). Interpretation: The burden of measles in sub-Saharan Africa can be reduced to very low levels by means of appropriate strategies, resources, and personnel.	None	Africa; article; death; disease control; disease transmission; epidemic; health survey; human; measles; Measles virus; priority journal; public health; time; world health organization; adolescent; Africa south of the Sahara; child; epidemic; infant; measles; preschool child; preventive health service; world health organization; Adolescent; Africa South of the Sahara; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Measles; Population Surveillance; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-66549114612	Impact of individual-donation nucleic acid testing on risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus transmission by blood transfusion in South Africa	Reddy R., Vermeulen M., Lelie N., Sykes W., Crookes R., Swanevelder J., Gaggia L., Le Roux M., Kuun E., Gulube S.	2009	Transfusion	49	6	10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02110.x	South African National Blood Service, 2 Constantia Boulevard, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa; South African National Blood Service, Roodepoort, South Africa	Reddy, R., South African National Blood Service, 2 Constantia Boulevard, Roodepoort 1709, South Africa, South African National Blood Service, Roodepoort, South Africa; Vermeulen, M.; Lelie, N.; Sykes, W.; Crookes, R.; Swanevelder, J.; Gaggia, L.; Le Roux, M.; Kuun, E.; Gulube, S.	Background: In 2005, the South African National Blood Service introduced individual-donation (ID) nucleic acid test (NAT) screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA, hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. At the same time the use of ethnic origin to prioritize the transfusion of blood according to a hierarchy of residual risk was discontinued. Study design and methods: ID-NAT (Ultrio on Procleix Tigris, Chiron) and serology (PRISM, Abbott) repeat test and confirmation testing algorithms were designed to enable differentiation between false-positive and true-NAT and -serology yields. After 1 year, the NAT and serology yield rates in first-time, lapsed, and repeat donors were analyzed and used to estimate the residual risk of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections by blood transfusion. Results: The HIV, HBV, and HCV ID-NAT window phase yield rates in 732,250 blood donations were 1:45,765, 1:11,810, and 1:732,200, respectively. Seven of 16 HIV window phase donations with viral loads above 16,000 copies/mL were HIV p24 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay positive. PRISM detected anti-HIV and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 89.4 and 73.9% of early infections in repeat donors. The Procleix assay detected viremia in 99.7 and 95.5% of anti-HIV- and HBsAg-positive first-time donors. In these donors, the occult HBV DNA carrier rate was 1:5200. The residual transmission risk of ID-NAT HIV, HBV, and HCV window phase donations was estimated at 1:479,000, 1:61,500, and 1:21,000,000 respectively. Conclusion: One-year ID-NAT screening of 732,250 donations interdicted 16 HIV, 20 HBV, and 1 HCV window phase donations and 42 anti-hepatitis B core antigen-reactive infections during an early recovery or a later stage of occult HBV infection. © 2009 American Association of Blood Banks.	None	antigen p24; hepatitis B surface antigen; article; blood donor; blood transfusion; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; ethnic difference; false positive result; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; hepatitis C; Hepatitis C virus; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; major clinical study; serodiagnosis; South Africa; viremia; virus transmission; Blood Donors; Blood Transfusion; DNA, Viral; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Humans; Prevalence; Risk; RNA, Viral; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927716182	The impact of a faculty development programme for health professions educators in sub-Saharan Africa: An archival study	Frantz J.M., Bezuidenhout J., Burch V.C., Mthembu S., Rowe M., Tan C., Van Wyk J., Van Heerden B.	2015	BMC Medical Education	15	1	10.1186/s12909-015-0320-7	Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing, Pietermaritzburg KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Medical Education and Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Frantz, J.M., Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, J., Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Burch, V.C., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Mthembu, S., KwaZulu-Natal College of Nursing, Pietermaritzburg KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Rowe, M., Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Tan, C., Medical Education and Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Van Wyk, J., College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Van Heerden, B., Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Background: In 2008 the sub-Saharan FAIMER Regional Institute launched a faculty development programme aimed at enhancing the academic and research capacity of health professions educators working in sub-Saharan Africa. This two-year programme, a combination of residential and distance learning activities, focuses on developing the leadership, project management and programme evaluation skills of participants as well as teaching the key principles of health professions education-curriculum design, teaching and learning and assessment. Participants also gain first-hand research experience by designing and conducting an education innovation project in their home institutions. This study was conducted to determine the perceptions of participants regarding the personal and professional impact of the SAFRI programme. Methods: A retrospective document review, which included data about fellows who completed the programme between 2008 and 2011, was performed. Data included fellows' descriptions of their expectations, reflections on achievements and information shared on an online discussion forum. Data were analysed using Kirkpatrick's evaluation framework. Results: Participants (n=61) came from 10 African countries and included a wide range of health professions educators. Five key themes about the impact of the SAFRI programme were identified: (1) belonging to a community of practice, (2) personal development, (3) professional development, (4) capacity development, and (5) tools/strategies for project management and/or advancement. Conclusion: The SAFRI programme has a positive developmental impact on both participants and their respective institutions. © 2015 Frantz et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Evaluation; Faculty development; Kirkpatrick framework	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869001464	Performance and Safety of Praziquantel for Treatment of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Infants and Preschool Children	Sousa-Figueiredo J.C., Betson M., Atuhaire A., Arinaitwe M., Navaratnam A.M.D., Kabatereine N.B., Bickle Q., Stothard J.R.	2012	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	6	10	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001864	Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Sousa-Figueiredo, J.C., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Betson, M., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Atuhaire, A., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Arinaitwe, M., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Navaratnam, A.M.D., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Kabatereine, N.B., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Bickle, Q., Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Stothard, J.R., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: In 2012 the WHO formally recognised that infants and preschool children are at significant risk of schistosomiasis and qualify for treatment with praziquantel (PZQ). Targeted surveys determining both the performance and safety of this drug are now needed in endemic areas. We have formally assessed parasitological cure and putative side-effects in a prospective cohort of Schistosoma mansoni-infected children (aged 5 months-7 years old) in lakeshore settings of Uganda. Methodology/Principal Findings: From a total of 369 children found to be egg-patent for intestinal schistosomiasis, 305 were followed-up three to four weeks after PZQ treatment and infection status re-assessed. Separately, a previously tested side-effect questionnaire was employed before and 24 hours after PZQ treatment to assess incidence and amelioration of symptoms in young children and their mothers. While the overall observed parasitological cure was 56.4%, a significant difference was found between a sub-set of children who had a history of multiple PZQ treatments (between one and four in an 18 month period), where cure rate was 41.7%, and those who had never received treatment (cure rate was 77·6%). PZQ proved to be safe, with only mild reported side effects which cleared within a month after treatment. Prevalence of reported symptoms was significantly lower in children than in mothers, and fewer side-effects were reported upon subsequent rounds of PZQ treatment. Conclusion/Significance: Our findings show that PZQ treatment of young children resulted in satisfactory cure rates, and marked reduction in egg-output, with only mild and transient reported side-effects. However, the cure rate is clearly lower in younger children and those with history of previous treatment. Cure rate, but not egg reduction rate, was also lower in children with heavier pre-intervention infection intensity. With chemotherapy now recommended as a long-term strategy for disease control in young children, research into optimising the periodicity of targeted treatment strategies is now crucial. © 2012 Sousa-Figueiredo et al.	None	ALB; albendazole; antimalarial agent; lonart; paracetamol; praziquantel; unclassified drug; abdominal pain; article; child; controlled study; diarrhea; dizziness; drug efficacy; drug safety; fatigue; female; fever; follow up; headache; human; infant; low back pain; major clinical study; male; monotherapy; muscle cramp; nausea; parasite identification; preschool child; prevalence; questionnaire; rash; rectum hemorrhage; schistosomiasis mansoni; school child; side effect; somnolence; sweating; treatment outcome; urticaria; vertigo; vomiting; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Toxicity; Feces; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Parasite Egg Count; Praziquantel; Questionnaires; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149174847	Impact of orphanhood on underweight prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa	Rivers J., Mason J., Silvestre E., Gillespie S., Mahy M., Monasch R.	2008	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	29	1	None	Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; UNICEF, Zimbabwe; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States; 17B Sur 3517, Colonia Reforma Agua Azul, Puebla 72430, Mexico	Rivers, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States, 17B Sur 3517, Colonia Reforma Agua Azul, Puebla 72430, Mexico; Mason, J., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Silvestre, E., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Gillespie, S., International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, United States; Mahy, M., Division of Policy and Planning, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States; Monasch, R., UNICEF, Zimbabwe	Background. In Africa, approximately 25 million people live with HIV/ AIDS and 12 million children are orphaned. Although evidence indicates that orphans risk losing opportunities for adequate education, health care, and future employment, the immediate effects of orphanhood on child nutritional status remain poorly understood. Objective. This paper assesses the nutritional impact of orphanhood, with particular emphasis on taking account of various factors potentially confounding or masking these impacts. Methods. Child anthropometry and orphan status were examined in 23 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys throughout sub-Saharan Africa, which were subsequently merged into larger, region-specific datasets (East, West, and Southern Africa). To compare orphans and nonorphans, linear regression and probit models were developed, taking account of orphan status and type, presence of a surviving parent in the household, household structure, child age and sex, urban versus rural residence, and current wealth status. Results. Few differences emerged between orphans and nonorphans in controlled and uncontrolled comparisons, regardless of orphan type, presence of surviving parent, or household structure. Age differentials did confound nutritional comparisons, although in the counterintuitive direction, with orphans (who were 8 months older on average) becoming less malnourished when age differences were taken into account. Wealth did appear to be associated with orphanhood status, although it did not significantly confound nutritional comparisons. Conclusions. Orphans were not consistently more malnourished than nonorphans, even when potential confounding variables were examined. Since household wealth status is likely to change after becoming affected by HIV, ruling out wealth as a potential confounder would require more detailed, prospective studies. © 2008, The United Nations University.	Child anthropometry; Fostering; HIV/AIDS; Orphanhood; Sub-Saharan Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; disease prevalence; health care; health status; human immunodeficiency virus; malnutrition; nutritional status; orphan; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Africa south of the Sahara; age; anthropometry; article; body weight; cluster analysis; cross-sectional study; family size; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; male; mortality; multivariate analysis; newborn; nutritional status; orphan; physiology; poverty; preschool child; prevalence; socioeconomics; statistical model; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Africa South of the Sahara; Age Factors; Anthropometry; Body Weight; Child, Orphaned; Child, Preschool; Cluster Analysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nutritional Status; Poverty; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors; Thinness; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884677486	The PRIME trial protocol: Evaluating the impact of an intervention implemented in public health centres on management of malaria and health outcomes of children using a cluster-randomised design in Tororo, Uganda	Staedke S.G., Chandler C.I.R., DiLiberto D., Maiteki-Sebuguzi C., Nankya F., Webb E., Dorsey G., Kamya M.R.	2013	Implementation Science	8	1	10.1186/1748-5908-8-114	Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 95H, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Staedke, S.G., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Chandler, C.I.R., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 95H, United Kingdom; DiLiberto, D., Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Nankya, F., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Webb, E., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Dorsey, G., Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Kamya, M.R., Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, PO Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Background: In Africa, inadequate health services contribute to the lack of progress on malaria control. Evidence of the impact of interventions to improve health services on population-level malaria indicators is needed. We are conducting a cluster-randomised trial to assess whether a complex intervention delivered at public health centres in Uganda improves health outcomes of children and treatment of malaria, as compared to the current standard of care.Methods/Design: Twenty public health centres (level II and III) in Tororo district will be included; 10 will be randomly assigned to the intervention and 10 to control. Clusters will include households located within 2 km of health centres. The trial statistician will generate the random allocation sequence and assign clusters. Health centres will be stratified by level, and restricted randomisation will be employed to ensure balance on cluster location and size. Allocation will not be blinded. The intervention includes training in health centre management, fever case management with use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria, and patient-centered services, and provision of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and RDTs when stocks run low. The impact of the intervention on population-level health indicators will be assessed through community surveys conducted at baseline in randomly selected children from each cluster, and repeated annually for two years. The impact on individuals over time will be assessed in a cohort study of children recruited from households randomly selected per cluster. The impact on health centres will be assessed using patient exit interviews, monthly surveillance, and assessment of health worker knowledge and skills. The primary outcome is the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin <11.0 g/dL) in individual children under five measured in the annual community surveys. The primary analysis will be based on the cluster-level results.Discussion: The PRIME trial findings will be supplemented by the PROCESS study, an evaluation of the process, context, and wider impact of the PRIME intervention which will be conducted alongside the main trial, together providing evidence of the health impact of a public sector intervention in Uganda. Trial registration and funding: This trial is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01024426) and is supported by the ACT Consortium. © 2013 Staedke et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cluster-randomised trial; Complex intervention; Malaria; Public sector; Uganda	article; child; cluster analysis; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; human; information processing; malaria; methodology; outcome assessment; program evaluation; public health; qualitative research; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; rural health care; total quality management; Uganda; Child; Cluster Analysis; Focus Groups; Humans; Malaria; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Program Evaluation; Public Health; Qualitative Research; Quality Improvement; Questionnaires; Rural Health Services; Uganda	None
None	None	Diagnosing Severe Falciparum Malaria in Parasitaemic African Children: A Prospective Evaluation of Plasma PfHRP2 Measurement	Hendriksen I.C.E., Mwanga-Amumpaire J., von Seidlein L., Mtove G., White L.J., Olaosebikan R., Lee S.J., Tshefu A.K., Woodrow C., Amos B., Karema C., Saiwaew S., Maitland K., Gomes E., Pan-Ngum W., Gesase S., Silamut K., Reyburn H., Joseph S., Chotivanich	2012	PLoS Medicine	9	8	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001297	Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mbarara University of Science and Technology and Epicentre Research Base, Mbarara, Uganda; Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Centre, Tanga, Tanzania; Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia; Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kingasani Research Centre, Kinshasa, Congo; Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Hospital Central da Beira, Beira, Mozambique; National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Medical Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania; London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom	Hendriksen, I.C.E., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Mwanga-Amumpaire, J., Mbarara University of Science and Technology and Epicentre Research Base, Mbarara, Uganda; von Seidlein, L., Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia; Mtove, G., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Centre, Tanga, Tanzania; White, L.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Olaosebikan, R., Medical Research Council Laboratories, Banjul, Gambia; Lee, S.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Tshefu, A.K., Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kingasani Research Centre, Kinshasa, Congo; Woodrow, C., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Amos, B., Teule Hospital, Muheza, Tanzania; Karema, C., Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Saiwaew, S., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Maitland, K., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Gomes, E., Hospital Central da Beira, Beira, Mozambique; Pan-Ngum, W., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Gesase, S., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Medical Research Centre, Tanga, Tanzania; Silamut, K., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Reyburn, H., London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London, United Kingdom; Joseph, S., Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom; Chotivanich, K., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Fanello, C.I., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Day, N.P.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; White, N.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Dondorp, A.M., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom	Background: In African children, distinguishing severe falciparum malaria from other severe febrile illnesses with coincidental Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia is a major challenge. P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) is released by mature sequestered parasites and can be used to estimate the total parasite burden. We investigated the prognostic significance of plasma PfHRP2 and used it to estimate the malaria-attributable fraction in African children diagnosed with severe malaria. Methods and Findings: Admission plasma PfHRP2 was measured prospectively in African children (from Mozambique, The Gambia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) aged 1 month to 15 years with severe febrile illness and a positive P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-based rapid test in a clinical trial comparing parenteral artesunate versus quinine (the AQUAMAT trial, ISRCTN 50258054). In 3,826 severely ill children, Plasmadium falciparum PfHRP2 was higher in patients with coma (p = 0.0209), acidosis (p&lt;0.0001), and severe anaemia (p&lt;0.0001). Admission geometric mean (95%CI) plasma PfHRP2 was 1,611 (1,350-1,922) ng/mL in fatal cases (n = 381) versus 1,046 (991-1,104) ng/mL in survivors (n = 3,445, p&lt;0.0001), without differences in parasitaemia as assessed by microscopy. There was a U-shaped association between log10 plasma PfHRP2 and risk of death. Mortality increased 20% per log10 increase in PfHRP2 above 174 ng/mL (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.21, 95%CI 1.05-1.39, p = 0.009). A mechanistic model assuming a PfHRP2-independent risk of death in non-malaria illness closely fitted the observed data and showed malaria-attributable mortality less than 50% with plasma PfHRP2≤174 ng/mL. The odds ratio (OR) for death in artesunate versus quinine-treated patients was 0.61 (95%CI 0.44-0.83, p = 0.0018) in the highest PfHRP2 tertile, whereas there was no difference in the lowest tertile (OR 1.05; 95%CI 0.69-1.61; p = 0.82). A limitation of the study is that some conclusions are drawn from a mechanistic model, which is inherently dependent on certain assumptions. However, a sensitivity analysis of the model indicated that the results were robust to a plausible range of parameter estimates. Further studies are needed to validate our findings. Conclusions: Plasma PfHRP2 has prognostic significance in African children with severe falciparum malaria and provides a tool to stratify the risk of "true" severe malaria-attributable disease as opposed to other severe illnesses in parasitaemic African children. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2012 Hendriksen et al.	None	artesunate; Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein 2; protozoal protein; quinine; unclassified drug; acidosis; adolescent; Africa; anemia; article; child; clinical trial; coma; death; disease severity; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; morbidity; mortality; newborn; parasite load; parasitemia; preschool child; prognosis; prospective study; school child; sensitivity analysis; shock; Adolescent; Africa; Antigens, Protozoan; Artemisinins; Child; Child, Preschool; Demography; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Models, Biological; Odds Ratio; Parasitemia; Prospective Studies; Protozoan Proteins; Quinine; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908498374	Comparing a paper based monitoring and evaluation system to a mHealth system to support the national community health worker programme, South Africa: An evaluation	Neupane S., Odendaal W., Friedman I., Jassat W., Schneider H., Doherty T.	2014	BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making	14	1	10.1186/1472-6947-14-69	School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Seed Trust, Durban, South Africa; Health Systems Trust, Durban, South Africa	Neupane, S., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Odendaal, W., Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Friedman, I., Seed Trust, Durban, South Africa; Jassat, W., Health Systems Trust, Durban, South Africa; Schneider, H., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Doherty, T., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, Health Systems Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: In an attempt to address a complex disease burden, including improving progress towards MDGs 4 and 5, South Africa recently introduced a re-engineered Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy, which has led to the development of a national community health worker (CHW) programme. The present study explored the development of a cell phone-based and paper-based monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system to support the work of the CHWs.Methods. One sub-district in the North West province was identified for the evaluation. One outreach team comprising ten CHWs maintained both the paper forms and mHealth system to record household data on community-based services. A comparative analysis was done to calculate the correspondence between the paper and phone records. A focus group discussion was conducted with the CHWs. Clinical referrals, data accuracy and supervised visits were compared and analysed for the paper and phone systems.Results: Compared to the mHealth system where data accuracy was assured, 40% of the CHWs showed a consistently high level (>90% correspondence) of data transfer accuracy on paper. Overall, there was an improvement over time, and by the fifth month, all CHWs achieved a correspondence of 90% or above between phone and paper data. The most common error that occurred was summing the total number of visits and/or activities across the five household activity indicators. Few supervised home visits were recorded in either system and there was no evidence of the team leader following up on the automatic notifications received on their cell phones.Conclusions: The evaluation emphasizes the need for regular supervision for both systems and rigorous and ongoing assessments of data quality for the paper system. Formalization of a mHealth M&E system for PHC outreach teams delivering community based services could offer greater accuracy of M&E and enhance supervision systems for CHWs. © 2014Neupane et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community based services; Community health workers; mHealth; Monitoring and evaluation	comparative study; evaluation study; health auxiliary; human; medical record; public health; South Africa; standards; telemedicine; Community Health Workers; Humans; Medical Records; National Health Programs; South Africa; Telemedicine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901269592	Diagnostic Performance of Schistosoma Real-Time PCR in Urine Samples from Kenyan Children Infected with Schistosoma haematobium: Day-to-day Variation and Follow-up after Praziquantel Treatment	Vinkeles Melchers N.V.S., van Dam G.J., Shaproski D., Kahama A.I., Brienen E.A.T., Vennervald B.J., van Lieshout L.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	4	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002807	Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands; Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya; Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novartis Animal Health Canada Inc. (Aqua Health Victoria Site), Victoria, PE, Canada	Vinkeles Melchers, N.V.S., Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands; van Dam, G.J., Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands; Shaproski, D., Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands; Kahama, A.I., Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya, Novartis Animal Health Canada Inc. (Aqua Health Victoria Site), Victoria, PE, Canada; Brienen, E.A.T., Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands; Vennervald, B.J., Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; van Lieshout, L., Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Centre of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands	Background:In an effort to enhance accuracy of diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium, this study explores day-to-day variability and diagnostic performance of real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Schistosoma DNA compared to other diagnostic tools in an endemic area before and after treatment.Methodology:Previously collected urine samples (N = 390) from 114 preselected proven parasitological and/or clinical S. haematobium positive Kenyan schoolchildren were analyzed by a Schistosoma internal transcribed spacer-based real-time PCR after 14 years of storage. Pre-treatment day-to-day fluctuations of PCR and microscopy over three consecutive days were measured for 24 children using intra-class correlation coefficient. A combined 'gold standard' (PCR and/or microscopy positive) was used to measure sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of several diagnostic tools at baseline, two and 18 months post-treatment with praziquantel.Principal Findings:All 24 repeatedly tested children were PCR-positive over three days with little daily variation in median Ct-values, while 83.3% were found to be egg-positive for S. haematobium at day 1 and 75.0% at day 2 and 3 pre-treatment, signifying daily fluctuations in microscopy diagnosis. Of all 114 preselected schoolchildren, repeated microscopic measurements were required to detect 96.5% versus 100% of positive pre-treatment cases by single PCR. At two months post-treatment, microscopy and PCR detected 22.8% versus 69.3% positive children, respectively. Based on the 'gold standard', PCR showed high sensitivity (>92%) as compared to >31% sensitivity for microscopy, both pre- and post-treatment.Conclusions/Significance:Detection and quantification of Schistosoma DNA in urine by real-time PCR was shown to be a powerful and specific diagnostic tool for detection of S. haematobium infections, with less day-to-day variation and higher sensitivity compared to microscopy. The superior performance of PCR before, and two and 18 months post-treatment provides a compelling argument for PCR as an accurate and reproducible tool for monitoring treatment efficacy. © 2014 Vinkeles Melchers et al.	None	antigen; circulating soluble egg antigen; praziquantel; unclassified drug; article; child; data analysis; diagnostic test accuracy study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; follow up; hematuria; human; major clinical study; male; predictive value; real time polymerase chain reaction; Schistosoma; schistosomiasis haematobia; sensitivity and specificity; Adolescent; Animals; Anthelmintics; Child; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Kenya; Male; Microscopy; Parasitology; Praziquantel; Predictive Value of Tests; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Retrospective Studies; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942258758	The appropriateness of preoperative blood testing: A retrospective evaluation and cost analysis	Buley H.E., Bishop D., Rodseth R.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	6	10.7196/SAMJ.9318	Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	Buley, H.E., Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bishop, D., Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rodseth, R., Perioperative Research Group, Department of Anaesthetics and Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States	Background. Inappropriate preoperative blood testing can negatively contribute to healthcare costs. Objective. To determine the extent and cost implications of inappropriate preoperative blood testing in adult patients booked for orthopaedic, general or trauma surgical procedures at a regional hospital in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa (SA). Methods. We undertook a retrospective observational study using routine clinical data collected from eligible patient charts. The appropriateness of preoperative blood tests was evaluated against locally published guidelines on testing for elective and non-elective surgery. The cost of the relevant blood tests was determined using the National Health Laboratory Service 2014 State Pricing List. Results. A total of 320 eligible patient charts were reviewed over a 4-week period. Preoperative blood testing was performed in 318 patients. There was poor compliance with current departmental guidelines, with an estimated over-expenditure of ZAR81 019. Non-compliance was particularly prevalent in younger patients, patients graded as American Society of Anesthesiologists 1 and 2, and low-risk surgery groups. Conclusion. Inappropriate preoperative blood testing is common in our hospital, particularly in low-risk patients. This is associated with an increase in healthcare costs, and highlights the need for SA doctors to become more cost-conscious in their approach to blood testing practices. © 2015, South African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	None	albumin; C reactive protein; calcium; creatinine; electrolyte; magnesium; phosphate; urea; adult; aged; Article; blood cell count; blood examination; blood gas analysis; comorbidity; cost benefit analysis; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; human; international normalized ratio; liver function test; major clinical study; middle aged; observational study; preoperative evaluation; retrospective study; South Africa; surgical technique	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954470591	Evaluation of prescription pattern and patients’ opinion on healthcare practices in selected primary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria	Adisa R., Fakeye T.O., Aindero V.O.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	4	10.4314/ahs.v15i4.35	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adisa, R., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Fakeye, T.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aindero, V.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Inappropriate prescribing negatively impacts on health and economy of individual and the society. Objectives: To evaluate the prescribing patterns and patients’ opinions on healthcare practices in selected primary healthcare centres (PHC) in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among patients and healthcare workers in selected PHCs using semi-structured questionnaires. Also, patients’ prescription records were reviewed using the WHO-prescribing indicators. Results: About one-half (210; 52.5%) were very satisfied with convenience of obtaining prescribed medicines in the PHCs, accessibility of PHC to abode (158;39.5%) and affordable medications (136;34.0%). Patients were dissatisfied with follow-up of care (191; 47.8%), courtesy of workers (184; 46.3%) and non-availability of medicines (138;34.5%). Number of drugs per encounter was 5.8±2.3 and % encounter with an antibiotic was >26.8% in each facility. Hematinics accounted for (814; 35.0%), analgesics (544; 23.4%), antimicrobials (303;13.0%) and antihypertensives (5; 0.2%). Conclusion: Primary healthcare attendees were satisfied with medication costs affordability and accessibility of PHC to abode but expressed dissatisfaction with follow-up of care and courtesy of workers. Also, inappropriate prescriptions characterized by polypharmacy and overuse of antibiotics were common underscoring the need for regular training of PHC workers on rational drug use and instituting appropriate measures for improvement. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Healthcare workers; Prescribing patterns; Primary healthcare	amoxicillin; amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin plus cloxacillin; artesunate; ascorbic acid; cefalexin; cefixime; cefuroxime; ciprofloxacin; cotrimoxazole; cyanocobalamin; diclofenac; doxycycline; erythromycin; ferrous sulfate; folic acid; gentamicin; ibuprofen; magnesium trisilicate; metronidazole; multivitamin; ofloxacin; paracetamol; procaine penicillin; sulfadimidine; tetracycline; unindexed drug; vitamin B complex; zinc sulfate; adolescent; adult; Article; cross-sectional study; drug cost; drug use; female; health care delivery; health care facility; health care practice; human; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; patient satisfaction; polypharmacy; prescription; prospective study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941670445	A cluster randomised trial introducing rapid diagnostic tests into registered drug shops in Uganda: Impact on appropriate treatment of malaria	Mbonye A.K., Magnussen P., Lal S., Hansen K.S., Cundill B., Chandler C., Clarke S.E.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	7	10.1371/journal.pone.0129545	Ministry of Health, Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Mbonye, A.K., Ministry of Health, Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Magnussen, P., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lal, S., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Hansen, K.S., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Cundill, B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Chandler, C., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Clarke, S.E., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Inappropriate treatment of malaria is widely reported particularly in areas where there is poor access to health facilities and self-treatment of fevers with anti-malarial drugs bought in shops is the most common form of care-seeking. The main objective of the study was to examine the impact of introducing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria (mRDTs) in registered drug shops in Uganda, with the aim to increase appropriate treatment of malaria with artemisininbased combination therapy (ACT) in patients seeking treatment for fever in drug shops. Methods: A cluster-randomized trial of introducing mRDTs in registered drug shops was implemented in 20 geographical clusters of drug shops in Mukono district, central Uganda. Ten clusters were randomly allocated to the intervention (diagnostic confirmation of malaria by mRDT followed by ACT) and ten clusters to the control arm (presumptive treatment of fevers with ACT). Treatment decisions by providers were validated by microscopy on a reference blood slide collected at the time of consultation. The primary outcome was the proportion of febrile patients receiving appropriate treatment with ACT defined as: malaria patients with microscopicallyconfirmed presence of parasites in a peripheral blood smear receiving ACT or rectal artesunate, and patients with no malaria parasites not given ACT. Findings: appropriate ACT treatment was 72·9% versus 33·7% in the control arm; a difference of 36·1% (95% CI: 21·3-50·9), p<0·001. The majority of patients with fever in the intervention arm accepted to purchase an mRDT (97·8%), of whom 58·5% tested mRDT-positive. Drug shop vendors adhered to the mRDT results, reducing over-treatment of malaria by 72·6% (95% CI: 46·7-98·4), p<0·001) compared to drug shop vendors using presumptive diagnosis (control arm). Conclusion: Diagnostic testing with mRDTs compared to presumptive treatment of fevers implemented in registered drug shops substantially improved appropriate treatment of malaria with ACT. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01194557. A total of 15,517 eligible patients (8672 intervention and 6845 control) received treatment for fever between January-December 2011. The proportion of febrile patients who received © 2015 Mbonye et al.	None	artemisinin; artesunate; adolescent; adult; Article; blood smear; child; controlled study; drug response; female; fever; geographic distribution; health care availability; health impact assessment; health service; help seeking behavior; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria rapid test; male; microscopy; middle aged; nonhuman; outcome assessment; parasite control; patient assessment; pharmacy; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944877292	Using pay for performance incentives (P4P) to improve management of suspected malaria fevers in rural Kenya: A cluster randomized controlled trial	Menya D., Platt A., Manji I., Sang E., Wafula R., Ren J., Cheruiyot O., Armstrong J., Neelon B., O'Meara W.P.	2015	BMC Medicine	13	1	10.1186/s12916-015-0497-y	Moi University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Moi University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	Menya, D., Moi University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Platt, A., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Manji, I., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Sang, E., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Wafula, R., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Ren, J., Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Cheruiyot, O., Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya; Armstrong, J., Moi University School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya; Neelon, B., Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; O'Meara, W.P., Moi University School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States	Background: Inappropriate treatment of non-malaria fevers with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) is a growing concern, particularly in light of emerging artemisinin resistance, but it is a behavior that has proven difficult to change. Pay for performance (P4P) programs have generated interest as a mechanism to improve health service delivery and accountability in resource-constrained health systems. However, there has been little experimental evidence to establish the effectiveness of P4P in developing countries. We tested a P4P strategy that emphasized parasitological diagnosis and appropriate treatment of suspected malaria, in particular reduction of unnecessary consumption of ACTs. Methods: A random sample of 18 health centers was selected and received a refresher workshop on malaria case management. Pre-intervention baseline data was collected from August to September 2012. Facilities were subsequently randomized to either the comparison (n=9) or intervention arm (n=9). Between October 2012 and November 2013, facilities in the intervention arm received quarterly incentive payments based on seven performance indicators. Incentives were for use by facilities rather than as payments to individual providers. All non-pregnant patients older than 1year of age who presented to a participating facility and received either a malaria test or artemether-lumefantrine (AL) were eligible to be included in the analysis. Our primary outcome was prescription of AL to patients with a negative malaria diagnostic test (n=11,953). Our secondary outcomes were prescription of AL to patients with laboratory-confirmed malaria (n=2,993) and prescription of AL to patients without a malaria diagnostic test (analyzed at the cluster level, n=178 facility-months). Results: In the final quarter of the intervention period, the proportion of malaria-negative patients in the intervention arm who received AL was lower than in the comparison arm (7.3% versus 10.9%). The improvement from baseline to quarter 4 in the intervention arm was nearly three times that of the comparison arm (ratio of adjusted odds ratios for baseline to quarter 4=0.36, 95% CI: 0.24-0.57). The rate of prescription of AL to patients without a test was five times lower in the intervention arm (adjusted incidence rate ratio=0.18, 95% CI: 0.07-0.48). Prescription of AL to patients with confirmed infection was not significantly different between the groups over the study period. Conclusions: Facility-based incentives coupled with training may be more effective than training alone and could complement other quality improvement approaches. Trial registration: This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT01809873 ) on 11 March 2013. © 2015 Menya et al.	Kenya; Malaria; Malaria case management; Pay for performance; Performance-based incentives	artemether; artemisinin; benflumetol; Article; child; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; endemic disease; evidence based medicine; financial management; funding; health care cost; health care delivery; health care facility; health center; health program; human; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; microscopy; multicenter study; outcome assessment; pay for performance program; preschool child; quality control; randomized controlled trial; rural population; school child; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879767059	The impact of revised PMTCT guidelines: A view from a public sector ARV clinic in Cape Town, South Africa	Van Schalkwyk M., Andersson M.I., Zeier M.D., La Grange M., Taljaard J.J., Theron G.B.	2013	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	63	2	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31828bb721	Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Van Schalkwyk, M., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Andersson, M.I., Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Zeier, M.D., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; La Grange, M., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Taljaard, J.J., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Theron, G.B., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa	Background: In April 2010, revised Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission guidelines were implemented in South Africa, advising fast-tracked lifelong highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation at a higher CD4 count (#350 cells per microliter). This study describes the impact of these changes on the management of pregnant women who initiated HAART at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all women who initiated HAART in pregnancy at the Tygerberg Hospital between January 2008 and December 2010. Year cohorts were compared. Results: Two hundred and fifty HIV-infected women were included in the study and stratified by HAART initiation year: 2008:N = 82, 2009: N = 71, 2010:N = 97. There were no differences between the groups in age or parity. Median booking CD4 count was 155 cells per microliter [interquartile range (IQR) 107-187], 157 cells per microliter (IQR 104- 206) and 208 cells per microliter (IQR 138-270), respectively (P , 0.001). Median gestation at HAART initiation was 31 weeks (IQR 27-35), 30 weeks (IQR 26-34), and 25 weeks (IQR 21-31; P , 0.001). HIV transmission rates were 3/65 (4.6%), 4/57 (7.0%), and 0/ 90 (0.0%; P = 0.021). Women ,8 weeks on HAART before delivery were more likely to transmit than women $8 weeks [odds ratio 9.69; 95% confidence interval 1.66 to 56.58; P = 0.017]. Ninety-four (37.6%) women were lost to follow-up, 18.4% within 28 days of delivery. Conclusions: The positive impact of the new Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program is evident. A longer duration of HAART before delivery was associated with less transmission. However, the lost to follow-up rates remain concerning. Further research is needed to better understand the reasons for nonadherence and mechanisms to improve support for these women. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antenatal; Antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Mother-to-child transmission; South Africa	adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; female; follow up; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; major clinical study; organization and management; practice guideline; pregnancy; pregnant woman; priority journal; retrospective study; South Africa; disease transmission; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; outpatient department; patient compliance; practice guideline; pregnancy complication; vertical transmission; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Female; Guidelines as Topic; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Lost to Follow-Up; Patient Compliance; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Retrospective Studies; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84902593551	Complex tactile performance in low visibility: The effect of nitrogen narcosis	van Wijk C.H., Meintjes W.A.J.	2014	Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine	44	2	None	Division of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	van Wijk, C.H., Division of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Meintjes, W.A.J., Division of Community Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Background: In a task-environment where visibility has deteriorated, individuals rely heavily on tactile performance (perception and manipulation) to complete complex tasks. When this happens under hyperbaric conditions, factors like nitrogen narcosis could influence a person's ability to successfully complete such tasks. Objective: To examine the effect of nitrogen narcosis on a complex neuropsychological task measuring tactile performance at a pressure of 608 kPa (6 atm abs), in the absence of visual access to the task. Methods: In a prospective cross-over study, 139 commercial divers were tested in a dry chamber at 101.3 kPa and 608 kPa. They completed the Tupperware Neuropsychological Task (TNT) of tactile performance without visual access to the task, and completed questionnaires to provide psychological and biographical data, which included trait anxiety and transient mood states, as well as formal qualifications and technical proficiency. Results: A significant decrement (9.5%, P < 0.001) in performance on the TNT at depth was found, irrespective of the sequence of testing. Generally, neither the psychological nor biographical variables showed any significant effect on tactile performance. Tactile performance on the surface was a good indicator of performance at depth. Conclusion: These findings have practical implications for professional diving where conditions of low visibility during deeper diving occur. Recommendations are made towards managing potential impairments in tactile performance, such as pre-dive practical learning ('rehearsal') as an aid to successful completion of tasks.	Deep diving; Diving research; Nitrogen narcosis; Performance; Psychology	deep diving; diving research; Nitrogen narcosis; performance; psychology; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Atmospheric Pressure; Cross-Over Studies; Diving; Educational Status; Feedback, Sensory; Female; Humans; Inert Gas Narcosis; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Prospective Studies; Seawater; Sensory Deprivation; Task Performance and Analysis; Touch; Touch Perception; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645056674	Impact of HIV infection on the epidemiology of tuberculosis in a peri-urban community in South Africa: The need for age-specific interventions	Lawn S.D., Bekker L.-G., Middelkoop K., Myer L., Wood R.	2006	Clinical Infectious Diseases	42	7	10.1086/501018	Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Epidemiolgy Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Lawn, S.D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd., Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Middelkoop, K., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Myer, L., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Epidemiolgy Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. In August 2005, the World Health Organization declared the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic in Africa to be a regional emergency. Current TB-control measures are failing, largely as a result of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Evaluation of additional control interventions requires detailed understanding of the epidemiological relationship between these diseases at the community level. Methods. We examined age- and sex-specific trends in TB notifications and their association with the prevalence of HIV infection in a peri-urban township in South Africa during 1996-2004. Denominators for TB notifications were derived from population census data. The local TB-control program used the World Health Organization directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy. Results. TB notification rates increased 2.5-fold during the period, reaching a rate of 1468 cases per 100,000 persons in 2004 (P = .007, by test for trend); the estimated population prevalence of HIV infection increased from 6% to 22% during the same period. After stabilization of prevalence of HIV infection, the TB notification rate continued to increase steeply, indicating ongoing amplification of the TB epidemic. In 2004, at least 50% of children aged 0-9 years who developed TB were HIV infected. Annual TB notification rates among adolescents increased from 0 cases in 1996-1997 to 436 cases per 100,000 persons in 2003-2004, and these increases were predominantly among female. However, 20-39-year-old persons were affected most, with TB notification rates increasing from 706 to 2600 cases per 100,000 persons among subjects in their 30s. In contrast, TB rates among persons aged >50 years did not change. Conclusions. HIV infection is driving the TB epidemic in this population, and use of the DOTS strategy alone is insufficient. TB notifications have reached unprecedented levels, and additional targeted, age-specific interventions for control of TB and HIV infection in such populations are needed. © 2006 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	adult; age; article; epidemic; female; gender; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; infection control; infection rate; major clinical study; male; prevalence; priority journal; South Africa; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; urban population; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65649096932	Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody detection performance in Kisumu, Kenya, using the HerpeSelect ELISA, Kalon ELISA, Western blot and inhibition testing	Smith J.S., Bailey R.C., Westreich D.J., Maclean I., Agot K., Ndinya-Achola J.O., Hogrefe W., Morrow R.A., Moses S.	2009	Sexually Transmitted Infections	85	2	10.1136/sti.2008.031815	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States; University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; UNIM Project, Kisumu, Kenya; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, McGavran-Greenberg, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States	Smith, J.S., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, McGavran-Greenberg, Campus Box 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, United States; Bailey, R.C., University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States; Westreich, D.J., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Maclean, I., University of Manitoba, MB, Canada; Agot, K., UNIM Project, Kisumu, Kenya; Ndinya-Achola, J.O., University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Hogrefe, W., Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA, United States; Morrow, R.A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Moses, S., University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States	Background: In certain parts of Africa, type-specific herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) ELISAs may have limited specificity. To date, no study has been conducted to validate HerpeSelect and Kalon type-specific HSV-2 ELISAs using both the Western blot and recombinant gG ELISA inhibition testing as reference standards. Methods: A total of 120 men who were HIV seronegative (aged 18-24 years) provided blood samples. HSV-2 IgG serum antibodies were detected using four different methods: HerpeSelect HSV-2 ELISA (n = 120), Kalon HSV-2 ELISA (n = 120), University of Washington Western blot (n = 101) and a recombinant inhibition test (n = 93). Results: HSV-2 seroprevalence differed significantly by HSV-2 detection method, ranging from 24.8% with the Western blot to 69.8% with the HerpeSelect ELISA. Using the Western blot as the reference standard, the HerpesSelect had the highest sensitivity for HSV-2 antibody detection (100%) yet lowest specificity (40%). Similar results were obtained using the inhibition test as the reference standard. The sensitivity and specificity of the Kalon test versus the Western blot were 92% and 79%, respectively, and 80% and 82% versus the inhibition test. Using the inhibition test as the reference standard, the sensitivity of the Western blot appeared low (49%). Conclusions: In men in western Kenya who were HIV seronegative, the HerpeSelect and Kalon type-specific ELISAs had high sensitivities yet limited specificities using the Western blot as reference standard. Overall, the Kalon ELISA performed better than the HerpeSelect ELISA in these young men from Kisumu. Further understanding is needed for the interpretation of HSV-2 inhibition or ELISA test positive/Western blot seronegative results. Before HSV-2 seropositivity may be reliably reported in selected areas of Africa, performance studies of HSV-2 serological assays in individual geographical areas are recommended.	None	virus antibody; adult; antibody blood level; antibody detection; article; blood sampling; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; geographic distribution; Herpes simplex virus 2; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Kenya; major clinical study; male; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; sensitivity and specificity; seroprevalence; United States; virus detection; Western blotting; Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Blotting, Western; Circumcision, Male; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Seronegativity; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Kenya; Male; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serologic Tests; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953303691	Cost-effectiveness analysis of clinical specialist outreach as compared to referral system in Ethiopia: An economic evaluation	Kifle Y.A., Nigatu T.H.	2010	Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation	8	None	10.1186/1478-7547-8-13	College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Monitoring, Evaluation and Research, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kifle, Y.A., College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Nigatu, T.H., Department of Monitoring, Evaluation and Research, African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: In countries with scarce specialized Human resource for health, patients are usually referred. The other alternative has been mobilizing specialists, clinical specialist outreach. This study examines whether clinical specialist outreach is a cost effective way of using scarce health expertise to provide specialist care as compared to provision of such services through referral system in Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study on four purposively selected regional hospitals and three central referral hospitals was conducted from Feb 4-24, 2009. The perspective of analysis was societal covering analytic horizon and time frame from 1 April 2007 to 31 Dec 2008. Data were collected using interview of specialists, project focal persons, patients and review of records. To ensure the propriety standards of evaluation, Ethical clearance was obtained from Jimma University.Results: It was found that 532 patients were operated at outreach hospitals in 125 specialist days. The unit cost of surgical procedures was found to be ETB 4,499.43. On the other hand, if the 125 clinical specialist days were spent to serve patients referred from zonal and regional hospitals at central referral hospitals, 438 patients could have been served. And the unit cost of surgical procedures through referral would have been ETB 6,523.27 per patient. This makes clinical specialist outreach 1.45 times more cost effective way of using scarce clinical specialists' time as compared to referral system.Conclusion: Clinical specialist outreach is a cost effective and cost saving way of spending clinical specialists' time as compared to provision of similar services through referral system. © 2010 Kifle and Nigatu; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; clinical trial; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; Ethiopia; health care cost; human; major clinical study; medical specialist; multicenter study; patient referral; resource allocation; surgical technique	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38649114066	Psychiatric evaluation of intellectually disabled offenders referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex, 1993-2003	Calitz F.J.W., van Rensburg P.H.J.J., de Jager P.P., Olander M.L., Thomas L., Venter R., Wessels G.A., Joubert G.	2007	South African Journal of Psychiatry	13	4	None	Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Calitz, F.J.W., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; van Rensburg, P.H.J.J., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; de Jager, P.P., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Olander, M.L., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Thomas, L., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Venter, R., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Wessels, G.A., Department of Psychiatry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Joubert, G., Department of Biostatistics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Background. Increased crime is a problem in South Africa and complications arise when the accused is intellectually disabled. The accountability and fitness to stand trial of such individuals is an important facet that needs to be managed by the judicial and health systems. Objective. To analyse the accountability and triability of intellectually disabled people awaiting trial referred to the Free State Psychiatric Complex (FSPC) from 1993 to 2003 according to Sections 77 ond 78 of the Criminal Procedures Act (Act 51 of 1977). Method. A retrospective study was conducted. The study population consisted of 80 intellectually disabled people awaiting trial in the Free State, referred to the FSPC. The reason for referral was the possibility that they were not triable or accountable. A data form was compiled to transfer the relevant information from the patients' clinical files. Results. The study found that the majority of subjects were male (96.3%), unmarried (76.3%) and unemployed (63.8%). The median age was 27 years. A relatively high percentage (49%) had received some schooling and 16% had attended a special school. Most (32%) were referred from the Bloemfontein area and 68% were referred from the remainder of the Free State and other areas. The majority were referred according to Sections 77 and 78. The highest number of the offences were of a sexual nature (78%). Of the subjects, 62 (62.5%) were diagnosed as having mild mental retardation, while 16% were diagnosed as having moderate mental retardation. A total of 71 (71.25%) were found to be untriable and unaccountable. Conclusion. Triability and accountability are not only reflected by IQ score, but also involve the accused's understanding of his/her environment, his/her speech and language proficiency, level of education, reasoning ability and the manner in which the crime was committed. It is important to note that having an IQ of 70 or less does not automatically mean that the accused is unfit to stand trial or is not accountable. It is possible for an intellectually disabled person to be triable, accountable or diminished accoountable.	None	adult; age distribution; article; criminal behavior; criminal justice; female; human; intellectual impairment; intelligence quotient; major clinical study; male; mental deficiency; offender; patient referral; population research; psychologic test; retrospective study; risk factor; sex difference; sexual crime; single man; single woman; special education; unemployment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908094529	Impact of second-line antiretroviral regimens on lipid profiles in an African setting: The DART trial sub-study	Gomo Z.A.R., Hakim J.G., Walker S.A., Tinago W., Mandozana G., Kityo C., Munderi P., Katabira E., Reid A., Gibb D.M., Gilks C.F., Grosskurth H., Kabuye G., Nsibambi D., Kasirye R., Zalwango E., Nakazibwe M., Kikaire B., Nassuna G., Massa R., Fadhiru K., N	2014	AIDS Research and Therapy	11	1	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; MRC Programme on AIDS/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda; Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Independent DART Trial Monitors; DART Virology Group; Trial Steering Committee; Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Endpoint Review Committee	Gomo, Z.A.R., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe; Hakim, J.G., Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, Trial Steering Committee; Walker, S.A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Tinago, W., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mandozana, G., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Kityo, C., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Munderi, P., MRC Programme on AIDS/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Katabira, E., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda, Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda, Endpoint Review Committee; Reid, A., Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, PO Box A178, Harare, Zimbabwe, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gibb, D.M., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom, DART Virology Group; Gilks, C.F., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, DART Virology Group, Trial Steering Committee; Grosskurth, H., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kabuye, G., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nsibambi, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kasirye, R., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Zalwango, E., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakazibwe, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kikaire, B., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nassuna, G., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Massa, R., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Fadhiru, K., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Namyalo, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Zalwango, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Generous, L., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Khauka, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Rutikarayo, N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakahima, W., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Mugisha, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Todd, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Levin, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Muyingo, S., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Ruberantwari, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kaleebu, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Yirrell, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Ndembi, N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Lyagoba, F., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Hughes, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Aber, M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Lara, A.M., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Medina, A., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Foster, S., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Amurwon, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Wakholi, B.N., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nyanzi, B., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Wangati, K., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Amuron, B., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Kajungu, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nakiyingi, J., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Omony, W., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Fadhiru, K., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nsibambi, D., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Khauka, P., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Mugyenyi, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Ssali, F., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tumukunde, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Otim, T., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kabanda, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Musana, H., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Akao, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kyomugisha, H., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Byamukama, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Sabiiti, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Komugyena, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Wavamunno, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mukiibi, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Drasiku, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Byaruhanga, R., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Labeja, O., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Katundu, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tugume, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Awio, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Namazzi, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Bakeinyaga, G.T., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Abaine, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tukamushaba, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Anywar, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Ojiambo, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Angweng, E., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Murungi, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Haguma, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Atwiine, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kigozi, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Namale, L., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mukose, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mulindwa, G., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Atwiine, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Muhwezi, A., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Nimwesiga, E., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Barungi, G., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Takubwa, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Murungi, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mwebesa, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kagina, G., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mulindwa, M., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Ahimbisibwe, F., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Mwesigwa, P., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Akuma, S., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Zawedde, C., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Nyiraguhirwa, D., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Tumusiime, C., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Bagaya, L., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Namara, W., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kigozi, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Karungi, J., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Kankunda, R., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Enzama, R., Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda; Latif, A., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Robertson, V., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chidziva, E., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bulaya-Tembo, R., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Musoro, G., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Taziwa, F., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chimbetete, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chakonza, L., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mawora, A., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muvirimi, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Svovanapasis, P., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Simango, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chirema, O., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Machingura, J., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mutsai, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Phiri, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bafana, T., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chirara, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muchabaiwa, L., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Muzambi, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chigwedere, E., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Pascoe, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Warambwa, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zengeza, E., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mapinge, F., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Makota, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Jamu, A., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ngorima, N., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chirairo, H., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chitsungo, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chimanzi, J., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Maweni, C., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Warara, R., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Matongo, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mudzingwa, S., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Jangano, M., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Moyo, K., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Vere, L., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Machingura, I., University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ronald, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Kambungu, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Lutwama, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Mambule, I., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nanfuka, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Walusimbi, J., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nabankema, E., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nalumenya, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Namuli, T., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Kulume, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Namata, I., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nyachwo, L., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Florence, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Kusiima, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Lubwama, E., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nairuba, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Oketta, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Buluma, E., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Waita, R., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Ojiambo, H., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Sadik, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Wanyama, J., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Nabongo, P., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Oyugi, J., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Sematala, F., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Muganzi, A., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Twijukye, C., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Byakwaga, H., Infectious Diseases Institute (formerly the Academic Alliance) Makerere University, Mulago, Uganda; Ochai, R., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Muhweezi, D., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Coutinho, A., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Etukoit, B., The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Uganda; Boocock, K., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Puddephatt, C., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Grundy, C., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Bohannon, J., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Winogron, D., Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Darbyshire, J., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Burke, A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Bray, D., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Babiker, A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Wilkes, H., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Rauchenberger, M., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Sheehan, S., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Spencer-Drake, C., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Taylor, K., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Spyer, M., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Ferrier, A., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Naidoo, B., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Dunn, D., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Goodall, R., MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom; Nanfuka, R., Independent DART Trial Monitors; Mufuka-Kapuya, C., Independent DART Trial Monitors; Kaleebu, P., DART Virology Group; Pillay, D., DART Virology Group; Awio, P., DART Virology Group; Chirara, M., DART Virology Group; Dunn, D., DART Virology Group; Goodall, R., DART Virology Group; Kapaata, A., DART Virology Group; Katuramur, M., DART Virology Group; Lyagoba, F., DART Virology Group; Magala, R., DART Virology Group; Magambo, B., DART Virology Group; Mataruka, K., DART Virology Group; McCormick, A., DART Virology Group; Mugarura, L., DART Virology Group; Musunga, T., DART Virology Group; Nabankkema, M., DART Virology Group; Nkalubo, J., DART Virology Group; Nkurunziza, P., DART Virology Group; Parry, C., DART Virology Group; Robertson, V., DART Virology Group; Spyer, M., DART Virology Group; Yirrell, D., DART Virology Group; Weller, I., Trial Steering Committee; Babiker, A., Trial Steering Committee; Bahendeka, S., Trial Steering Committee; Bassett, M., Trial Steering Committee; Chogo Wapakhabulo, A., Trial Steering Committee; Darbyshire, J., Trial Steering Committee; Gazzard, B., Trial Steering Committee; Grosskurth, H., Trial Steering Committee; Latif, A., Trial Steering Committee; Mapuchere, C., Trial Steering Committee; Mugurungi, O., Trial Steering Committee; Mugyenyi, P., Trial Steering Committee; Burke, C., Trial Steering Committee; Distel, M., Trial Steering Committee; Jones, S., Trial Steering Committee; Loeliger, E., Trial Steering Committee; Naidoo, P., Trial Steering Committee; Newland, C., Trial Steering Committee; Pearce, G., Trial Steering Committee; Rahim, S., Trial Steering Committee; Rooney, J., Trial Steering Committee; Smith, M., Trial Steering Committee; Snowden, W., Trial Steering Committee; Steens, J.-M., Trial Steering Committee; Breckenridge, A., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; McLaren, A., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Hill, C., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Matenga, J., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Pozniak, A., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Serwadda, D., Data and Safety Monitoring Committee; Peto, T., Endpoint Review Committee; Palfreeman, A., Endpoint Review Committee; Borok, M., Endpoint Review Committee	Background: Increasing numbers of HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan Africa are exposed to antiretroviral therapy (ART), but there are few data on lipid changes on first-line ART, and even fewer on second-line.Methods: DART was a randomized trial comparing monitoring strategies in Ugandan/Zimbabwean adults initiating first-line ART and switching to second-line at clinical/immunological failure. We evaluated fasting lipid profiles at second-line initiation and ≥48 weeks subsequently in stored samples from Zimbabwean patients switching before 18 September 2006.Results: Of 91 patients switched to second-line ART, 65(73%) had fasting samples at switch and ≥48 weeks, 14(15%) died or were lost <48 weeks, 10(11%) interrupted ART for >14 days and 2(2%) had no samples available. 56/65(86%) received ZDV/d4T + 3TC + TDF first-line, 6(9%) ZDV/d4T + 3TC + NVP and 3(5%) ZDV + 3TC with TDF and NVP. Initial second-line regimens were LPV/r + NNRTI in 27(41%), LPV/r + NNRTI + ddI in 33(50%) and LPV/r + TDF + ddI/3TC/ZDV in 6(9%). At second-line initiation median (IQR) TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG (mmol/L) were 3.3(2.8-4.0), 1.7(1.3-2.2), 0.7(0.6-0.9) and 1.1(0.8-1.9) respectively. Levels were significantly increased 48 weeks later, by mean (SE) +2.0(0.1), +1.1(0.1), +0.5(0.05) and +0.4(0.2) respectively (p < 0.001; TG p = 0.01). 3% at switch vs 25% 48 weeks later had TC >5.2 mmol/L; 3% vs 25% LDL-C >3.4 mmol/L and 91% vs 41% HDL-C <1.1 mmol/L (p < 0.001). Similar proportions had TG >1.8 mmol/L (0 vs 3%) and TC/HDL-C ≥5 (40% vs 33%) (p > 0.15).Conclusion: Modest lipid elevations were observed in African patients on predominantly LPV/r + NNRTI-based second-line regimens. Routine lipid monitoring during second-line ART regimens may not be warranted in this setting but individual cardiovascular risk assessment should guide practice. © 2014 Gomo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	African setting; Antiretroviral therapy; Lipid profile changes; Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; Protease inhibitors	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; didanosine; efavirenz; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; nevirapine; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; stavudine; tenofovir; triacylglycerol; zidovudine; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; blood sampling; cholesterol blood level; combination chemotherapy; diet restriction; drug eruption; drug substitution; drug withdrawal; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; middle aged; triacylglycerol blood level; Ugandan; Zimbabwean	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053619329	Prescribing practices for malaria in a rural Ugandan hospital: Evaluation of a new malaria treatment policy	Ucakacon P.S., Achan J., Kutyabami P., Odoi A.R., Kalyango N.J.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	SPEC. ISSUE	None	Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda	Ucakacon, P.S., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Achan, J., Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kutyabami, P., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Odoi, A.R., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kalyango, N.J., Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala University Road, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Increasing resistance to first line antimalarial drugs led to a change in the antimalarial policy of Uganda in 2005. Successful implementation of this policy depends on changing prescribing patterns of health workers. Objectives: To describe prescribing patterns for malaria and associated factors in a rural Ugandan hospital following a change in antimalarial treatment policy from chloroquine plus sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine to artemisinin-based combination therapies. Methods: From the outpatients register, 715 prescriptions for malaria were reviewed. Data was collected on patient demographics, prescriber factors and prescription patterns. Prescriptions were considered to conform to the new antimalarial policy if artemether-lumefantrine was prescribed for uncomplicated malaria or quinine for treatment failure or complicated malaria. Results: The most frequently prescribed antimalarials for uncomplicated and complicated malaria were artemetherlumefantrine (n=564, 88.5%) and quinine (n=66, 84.6%) respectively. The proportion of prescriptions conforming to the new antimalarial treatment policy was 88.1% (n=630). Predictors of conformity were: duration in service of less than 6 years (OR=3.40. CI=1.24-9.33), prescriber's profession (OR=97.51, CI=27.29-348.34) and diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria (OR=10.13, CI=3.37-30.42). Conclusions: Adequate training and provision of information relevant to the needs of different cadres of health workers is needed to promote effective uptake of new treatment policies.	Malaria policy; Malaria treatment; Prescribing practices	artemether plus benflumetol; chloroquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; article; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; drug choice; female; health care need; health care policy; human; malaria; male; medical decision making; practice guideline; prescription; professional competence; professional standard; rural population; school child; treatment planning; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Health Policy; Hospitals, Rural; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Middle Aged; Physician's Practice Patterns; Prescriptions; Registries; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447262797	Evaluation of a learner-designed course for teaching health research skills in Ghana	Bates I., Ansong D., Bedu-Addo G., Agbenyega T., Akoto A.Y.O., Nsiah-Asare A., Karikari P.	2007	BMC Medical Education	7	None	10.1186/1472-6920-7-18	Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana	Bates, I., Disease Control Strategy Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Ansong, D., Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Bedu-Addo, G., Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; Agbenyega, T., School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; Akoto, A.Y.O., Department of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Nsiah-Asare, A., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana; Karikari, P., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana	Background. In developing countries the ability to conduct locally-relevant health research and high quality education are key tools in the fight against poverty. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel UK accredited, learner-designed research skills course delivered in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Methods. Study participants were 15 mixed speciality health professionals from Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. Effectiveness measures included process, content and outcome indicators to evaluate changes in learners' confidence and competence in research, and assessment of the impact of the course on changing research-related thinking and behaviour. Results were verified using two independent methods. Results. 14/15 learners gained research competence assessed against UK Quality Assurance Agency criteria. After the course there was a 36% increase in the groups' positive responses to statements concerning confidence in research-related attitudes, intentions and actions. The greatest improvement (45% increase) was in learners' actions, which focused on strengthening institutional research capacity. 79% of paired before/after responses indicated positive changes in individual learners' research-related attitudes (n = 53), 81% in intention (n = 52) and 85% in action (n = 52). The course had increased learners' confidence to start and manage research, and enhanced life-long skills such as reflective practice and self-confidence. Doing their own research within the work environment, reflecting on personal research experiences and utilising peer support and pooled knowledge were critical elements that promoted learning. Conclusion. Learners in Ghana were able to design and undertake a novel course that developed individual and institutional research capacity and met international standards. Learning by doing and a supportive peer community at work were critical elements in promoting learning in this environment where tutors were scarce. Our study provides a model for delivering and evaluating innovative educational interventions in developing countries to assess whether they meet external quality criteria and achieve their objectives. © 2007 Bates et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; behavior; clinical article; competence; controlled study; course evaluation; curriculum; evaluation; Ghana; health practitioner; human; knowledge; learning; medical education; medical practice; medical research; outcome assessment; peer group; quality control; self control; skill; teaching; thinking; work environment; curriculum; developing country; education; female; health care quality; health services research; male; methodology; professional competence; program development; Biomedical Research; Competency-Based Education; Developing Countries; Education, Medical, Graduate; Female; Ghana; Health Services Research; Humans; Male; Professional Competence; Program Development; Program Evaluation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645964957	Performance of a trained traditional bonesetter in primary fracture care	Onuminya J.E.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	4	None	Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Onuminya, J.E., Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria	Background. In developing nations traditional bonesetters (TBSs) play a significant role in primary fracture care. However, despite high patronage the TBS remains an untrained quack whose practice is often associated with high morbidity. This study evaluated the performance of a trained TBS in primary fracture care. Methods. Between 2002 and 2004 a prospective study was undertaken comparing the performance of a trained TBS with that of an untrained TBS at two separate locations. The two centres selected were both popular in traditional bone setting. A 1-day instructional course was given to the TBS at Afuje study centre, while the TBS at Ogua control centre received no instruction. The outcome of treatment of tibial shaft fractures at the two centres was evaluated and compared to assess the success of the course. Results. There was a considerable decrease in the rate of gangrenous limbs, infection, non-union and malunion at the trained TBS centre compared with the untrained TBS centre (2.5% v. 10%, 5% v. 12.5%, 7.5% v. 15%, and 20.0% v. 30%, respectively). The observed difference between the trained and untrained TBSs was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion. It appears that training TBSs can reduce morbidity rates fo llowing TBS treatment.	None	adult; aged; article; bone infection; clinical trial; competence; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; education program; female; fracture healing; gangrene; health practitioner; human; major clinical study; male; morbidity; Nigeria; paramedical education; primary health care; professional practice; tibia fracture; traditional medicine; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fracture Fixation; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Male; Medicine, African Traditional; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; Tibial Fractures; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898719323	Evaluation of the efficacy of DDT indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets against insecticide resistant populations of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) from Ethiopia using experimental huts	Asale A., Getachew Y., Hailesilassie W., Speybroeck N., Duchateau L., Yewhalaw D.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-131	Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium	Asale, A., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia, Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Getachew, Y., Department of Horticulture and Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Hailesilassie, W., Department of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Speybroeck, N., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Duchateau, L., Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Yewhalaw, D., Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia	Background: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and Long-Lasting Insecticidal nets (LLINs) are major malaria vector control tools in Ethiopia. However, recent reports from different parts of the country showed that populations of Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector, have developed resistance to most families of insecticides recommended for public health use which may compromise the efficacy of both of these key vector control interventions. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy of DDT IRS and LLINs against resistant populations of An. arabiensis using experimental huts in Asendabo area, southwestern Ethiopia. Methods. The susceptibility status of populations of An. arabiensis was assessed using WHO test kits to DDT, deltamethrin, malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin, fenitrothion and bendiocarb. The efficacy of LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0), was evaluated using the WHO cone bioassay. Moreover, the effect of the observed resistance against malaria vector control interventions (DDT IRS and LLINs) were assessed using experimental huts. Results: The findings of this study revealed that populations of An. arabiensis were resistant to DDT, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion with mortality rates of 1.3%, 18.8%, 36.3% and 72.5%, respectively but susceptible to fenitrothion and bendiocarb with mortality rates of 98.81% and 97.5%, respectively. The bio-efficacy test of LLIN (PermaNet® 2.0) against An. arabiensis revealed that the mosquito population showed moderate knockdown (64%) and mortality (78%). Moreover, mosquito mortalities in DDT sprayed huts and in huts with LLINs were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from their respective controls. Conclusion: The evaluation of the efficacy of DDT IRS and LLINs using experimental huts showed that both vector control tools had only low to moderate efficacy against An. arabiensis populations from Ethiopia. Despite DDT being replaced by carbamates for IRS, the low efficacy of LLINs against the resistant population of An. arabiensis is still a problem. Thus, there is a need for alternative vector control tools and implementation of appropriate insecticide resistance management strategies as part of integrated vector management by the national malaria control program. © 2014 Asale et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	An. arabiensis; Ethiopia; Experimental huts; Insecticide resistance; Long-lasting insecticide treated nets	bendiocarb; carbamic acid derivative; chlorphenotane; cyhalothrin; deltamethrin; fenitrothion; insecticide; malathion; chlorphenotane; animal experiment; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bed net; bioassay; controlled study; Diptera; Ethiopia; female; health program; indoor residual spraying; insecticide resistance; malaria; malaria control; mortality; mosquito; nonhuman; population; vector control; animal; Anopheles; drug effects; housing; human; insecticide resistance; procedures; Animals; Anopheles; Biological Assay; DDT; Ethiopia; Housing; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Mosquito Control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38849159193	Monitoring the operational impact of insecticide usage for malaria control on Anopheles funestus from Mozambique	Casimiro S.L., Hemingway J., Sharp B.L., Coleman M.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-142	National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa	Casimiro, S.L., National Institute of Health, Av. Eduardo Mondlane/Salvador Allende, Maputo, Mozambique; Hemingway, J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Sharp, B.L., Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa; Coleman, M., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom, Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Ridge Road, Durban, South Africa	Background. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has again become popular for malaria control in Africa. This combined with the affirmation by WHO that DDT is appropriate for use in the absence of longer lasting insecticide formulations in some malaria endemic settings, has resulted in an increase in IRS with DDT as a major malaria vector control intervention in Africa. DDT was re-introduced into Mozambique's IRS programme in 2005 and is increasingly becoming the main insecticide used for malaria vector control in Mozambique. The selection of DDT as the insecticide of choice in Mozambique is evidence-based, taking account of the susceptibility of Anopheles funestus to all available insecticide choices, as well as operational costs of spraying. Previously lambda cyhalothrin had replaced DDT in Mozambique in 1993. However, resistance appeared quickly to this insecticide and, in 2000, the pyrethroid was phased out and the carbamate bendiocarb introduced. Low level resistance was detected by biochemical assay to bendiocarb in 1999 in both An. funestus and Anopheles arabiensis, although this was not evident in WHO bioassays of the same population. Methods. Sentinel sites were established and monitored for insecticide resistance using WHO bioassays. These assays were conducted on 1-3 day old F1 offspring of field collected adult caught An. funestus females to determine levels of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector population. WHO biochemical assays were carried out to determine the frequency of insecticide resistance genes within the same population. Results. In surveys conducted between 2002 and 2006, low levels of bendiocarb resistance were detected in An. funestus, populations using WHO bioassays. This is probably due to significantly elevated levels of Acetylcholinesterase levels found in the same populations. Pyrethroid resistance was also detected in populations and linked to elevated levels of p450 monooxygenase activity. One site had shown reduction in pyrethroid resistance since the base line in 1999. © 2007 Casimiro et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	bendiocarb; chlorphenotane; insecticide; lambda cyhalothrin; pyrethroid; unclassified drug; insecticide; Anopheles; article; bioassay; biological monitoring; controlled study; disease predisposition; female; health program; health survey; human; malaria; malaria control; Mozambique; nonhuman; world health organization; animal; Anopheles; disease carrier; economics; housing; infection control; insecticide resistance; methodology; mosquito; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Female; Fumigation; Housing; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Mozambique	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43649098407	Impact of self-reported visual impairment on quality of life in the Ibadan study of ageing	Bekibele C., Gureje O.	2008	British Journal of Ophthalmology	92	5	10.1136/bjo.2007.124859	Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Bekibele, C., Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Information is lacking on the impact of visual impairment on the quality of life of elderly Africans. This study aims to examine the impact of self-reported visual impairment on the quality life of an elderly Nigerian sample. Results: Four hundred and fifty-three (22.3%) of the respondents reported impairment for distant vision, 377 (18.4%) reported near vision, and 312 (15.2) reported impairment for both far and near. Impairment of near vision had a significant impact on all domains of quality of life. Distant vision had less impact, with a significant decrement only in the domain of environment. After adjusting for the possible effects of age, sex, and co-occurring chronic physical illness, near-vision impairment accounted for 3.92% decrement in the overall quality of life of elderly persons. Conclusion: Impairment of vision is associated with significant decrement in diverse areas of quality of life in this elderly sample. Problems with near vision were nevertheless more likely than those of distant vision to affect quality of life.	None	aged; aging; article; controlled study; elderly care; environmental factor; female; human; major clinical study; male; physical disease; priority journal; psychological aspect; quality of life; self report; social aspect; visual impairment; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Developing Countries; Educational Status; Female; Geriatric Assessment; Health Status; Health Surveys; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Presbyopia; Quality of Life; Self Disclosure; Visual Acuity; Visually Impaired Persons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-55149125393	Evaluation of the quality of informed consent in a vaccine field trial in a developing country setting	Minnies D., Hawkridge T., Hanekom W., Ehrlich R., London L., Hussey G.	2008	BMC Medical Ethics	9	None	10.1186/1472-6939-9-15	Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Minnies, D., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hawkridge, T., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hanekom, W., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ehrlich, R., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; London, L., School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Hussey, G., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement for research involving human participants. However, few studies have evaluated the process, particularly in Africa. Participants in a case control study designed to identify correlates of immune protection against tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa. This study was in turn nested in a large TB vaccine efficacy trial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of consent in the case control study, and to identify factors that may influence the quality of consent. Cross-sectional study conducted over a 4 month period. Methods. Consent was obtained from parents of trial participants. These parents were asked to complete a questionnaire that contained questions about the key elements of informed consent (voluntary participation, confidentiality, the main risks and benefits, etc.). The recall (success in selecting the correct answers) and understanding (correctness of interpretation of statements presented) were measured. Results. The majority of the 192 subjects interviewed obtained scores greater than 75% for both the recall and understanding sections. The median score for recall was 66%; interquartile range (IQR) = 55%-77% and for understanding 75% (IQR = 50%-87%). Most (79%) were aware of the risks and 64% knew that they participated voluntarily. Participants who had completed Grade 7 at school and higher were more likely (OR = 4.94; 95% CI = 1.57 - 15.55) to obtain scores greater than 75% for recall than those who did not. Participants who were consented by professional nurses who had worked for more than two years in research were also more likely (OR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.35-5.07) to obtain such scores for recall than those who were not. Conclusion. Notwithstanding the constraints in a developing country, in a population with low levels of literacy and education, the quality of informed consent found in this study could be considered as building blocks for establishing acceptable standards for public health research. Education level of respondents and experience of research staff taking the consent were associated with good quality informed consent. © 2008 Minnies et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	BCG vaccine; adolescent; adult; article; BCG vaccination; comprehension; developing country; education; female; health services research; human; informed consent; mother; normal human; nurse attitude; quality control; questionnaire; recall; research ethics; South Africa; tuberculosis; case control study; cross-sectional study; educational status; ethics; evaluation; lung tuberculosis; male; standard; Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Comprehension; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Informed Consent; Male; Mental Recall; South Africa; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884476512	Evaluation of facilitative supervision visits in primary health care service delivery in Northern Ghana	Aikins M., Laar A., Nonvignon J., Sackey S., Ikeda T., Woode G., Nang-Beifubah A., Nyonator F.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-358	School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana; Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Upper West Region, Accra, Wa, Ghana; Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana	Aikins, M., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Laar, A., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Nonvignon, J., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Sackey, S., School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ikeda, T., Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana; Woode, G., Japanese International Cooperation Agency, Ghana Office, Accra, Ghana; Nang-Beifubah, A., Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Upper West Region, Accra, Wa, Ghana; Nyonator, F., Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana	Background: In Ghana's health delivery services, facilitative supervisory visit (FSV) as a system of management is new. This paper presents the standard evaluation results of FSV, which formed an integral part of the community-based health planning services (CHPS) initiative. Methods. The study was conducted in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The Project developed guidelines and tools for FSV for four different health system levels - regional, district, sub-district and community levels. Electronic data from all four levels representing quarterly results were compiled into their annual equivalents, and summarized graphically for comparison. Results: The data show that all the nine districts embraced the FSV concept even though they differed markedly with regard to the degree of adherence to some set benchmarks. Three DHMTs (Wa Municipal, Lawra and Jirapa) were graded as good while the remaining six DHMTs were adjudged as fair in relation to management of supplies, transport and equipment, information, meeting, and technical support. Conclusions: The data further suggest that there is much to gain both individually and institutionally from FSVs. Generally, FSVs are crucial to the delivery of primary health care services in especially rural areas. © 2013 Aikins et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Facilitative supervision visit; Ghana; Primary health care; Service delivery	article; community care; evaluation study; Ghana; health care delivery; health care planning; human; methodology; organization and management; primary health care; standard; Community Health Services; Delivery of Health Care; Ghana; Humans; Primary Health Care; Regional Medical Programs	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053631758	Evaluation of adherence to national guideline for clinical follow up of hiv infected children using the proxy hematological, biochemical and anthropometric indicators of care	Berhan Y.	2011	Ethiopian Medical Journal	49	3	None	Department of Obs and Gynaecology, Hawassa Univeristy, P.O.Box 1560, Ethiopia	Berhan, Y., Department of Obs and Gynaecology, Hawassa Univeristy, P.O.Box 1560, Ethiopia	Background: In HIV-infected children, assessment of liver and renal functions, growth pattern, hematologic and immunologic profiles is highly recommended. However, no study has evaluated the regularity of these kinds of assessment in hospital population. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the regularity of selected haematological, biochemical and anthropometric monitoring. Methods: A Multi-Centre Retrospective Cohort Study was done to analyze 1163 HIV-infected children who had follow up in seven public hospitals in Ethiopia. The frequency of the following measures was used as a proxy indicator of the quality of assessment: weight & height measurement, absolute CD4 count, haemoglobin level and Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT). Paired sample t-test was done to evaluate the change in weight, haemoglobin and SGOT levels. Results: Initially, for all children CD4 and haemoglobin levels were assessed. At 6 and 24 months after start of ART, the proportion of children with a CD4 assessment was 68% and 37% respectively; 55% and 28%for haemoglobin; 62.7% and 6.4% for weight; and, 47% and 23% for SGOT. Mean weight for children age ten years and above, and mean height for children age two years and above was below the 5"1 percentile. Initially and at 24 months, the prevalence of all types of anemia was about 50% and 7%, respectively. There were no children with severe hepatotoxicity. Cnclusion: The proportion of children being assessed for CD4, haemoglobin, SGOT and weight measures were initially two-third and markedly declined as the cohort progressed. The prevalence of anemia after two years follow up reduced by about 8-fold, growth appears to be poor in older children while hepatotoxicity is observed to be a rare phenomenon.	ART; Haemoglobin; HIV-infected children; Liver transaminase; Weight	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; aspartate aminotransferase; adolescent; anemia; anthropometry; article; blood; body height; body weight; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; drug effect; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; follow up; health care delivery; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; liver; male; newborn; practice guideline; preschool child; prevalence; retrospective study; standard; treatment outcome; Adolescent; Anemia; Anthropometry; Anti-HIV Agents; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Body Height; Body Weight; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Child; Child, Preschool; Delivery of Health Care; Ethiopia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Liver; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome	None
None	None	Optimal CD4 count for initiating HIV treatment: Impact of CD4 observation frequency and grace periods, and performance of dynamic marginal structural models	Ewings F.M., Ford D., Walker A.S., Carpenter J., Copas A.	2014	Epidemiology	25	2	10.1097/EDE.0000000000000043	Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Ewings, F.M., Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania; Ford, D., Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Walker, A.S., Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Carpenter, J., Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Copas, A., Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND:: In HIV infection, dynamic marginal structural models have estimated the optimal CD4 for treatment initiation to minimize AIDS/death. The impact of CD4 observation frequency and grace periods (permitted delay to initiation) on the optimal regimen has not been investigated nor has the performance of dynamic marginal structural models in moderately sized data sets - two issues that are relevant to many applications. METHODS:: To determine optimal regimens, we simulated 31,000,000 HIV-infected persons randomized at CD4 500-550 cells/mm to regimens "initiate treatment within a grace period following observed CD4 first <x cells/mm," x = 200, 210, ..., 500. Natural history and treatment response were simulated using previous model estimates from CASCADE data. Optimal treatment regimens for the observation frequencies and grace periods were defined by highest 10-year AIDS-free survival. To evaluate the performance of dynamic marginal structural models, we simulated 1000 observational studies (n = 3,000) with CD4-dependent treatment initiation. RESULTS:: Decreasing the frequency of CD4 measurements from monthly to every 3, 6, and 12 months increased the optimal regimen from a CD4 level of 350 (10-year AIDS-free survival, 0.8657) to 410 (0.8650), 460 (0.8634), and 490 (0.8564), respectively. Under a regimen defined by x = 350 with annual CD4s, 10-year AIDS-free survival dropped to 0.8304. Extending the grace period from 1 to 3 or 6 months, with 3-monthly CD4s, maintained the optimal regimen at 410 for 3 months and increased it to 460 for 6 months. In observational studies with 3-monthly CD4s, the mean (SE) estimated optimal regimen was 402 (76), 424 (66), and 430 (63) with 1-, 3-, and 6-month grace periods; 24%, 15%, and 14% of estimated optimal regimens resulted in >0.5% lower AIDS-free survival compared with the true optimal regimen. CONCLUSIONS:: The optimal regimen is strongly influenced by CD4 frequency and less by grace period length. Dynamic marginal structural models lack precision at moderate sample sizes. Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	None	Anti-HIV Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Computer Simulation; Disease-Free Survival; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Monitoring; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Observational Study as Topic; Proportional Hazards Models; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Research Design; Sample Size; Treatment Outcome	None
WoS	WOS:000282408400001	Bed net ownership in Kenya: the impact of 3.4 million free bed nets	Akhwale, Willis,Buluma, Robert,Hamel, Mary,Hightower, Allen,Kiptui, Rebecca,Laserson, Kayla,Manya, Ayub,Noor, Abdisalan,Sharif, Shahnaz K.,Slutsker, Laurence,Vanden Eng, Jodi Leigh,Vulule, John,Wolkon, Adam	2010	MALARIA JOURNAL	9	None	10.1186/1475-2875-9-183	Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Kenya Natl Bur Stat, KNH Grounds, Off Director Publ Hlth & Sanitat	None	Background: In July and September 2006, 3.4 million long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) were distributed free in a campaign targeting children 0-59 months old (CU5s) in the 46 districts with malaria in Kenya. A survey was conducted one month after the distribution to evaluate who received campaign LLINs, who owned insecticide-treated bed nets and other bed nets received through other channels, and how these nets were being used. The feasibility of a distribution strategy aimed at a high-risk target group to meet bed net ownership and usage targets is evaluated. Methods: A stratified, two-stage cluster survey sampled districts and enumeration areas with probability proportional to size. Handheld computers (PDAs) with attached global positioning systems (GPS) were used to develop the sampling frame, guide interviewers back to chosen households, and collect survey data. Results: In targeted areas, 67.5% (95% CI: 64.6, 70.3%) of all households with CU5s received campaign LLINs. Including previously owned nets, 74.4% (95% CI: 71.8, 77.0%) of all households with CU5s had an ITN. Over half of CU5s (51.7%, 95% CI: 48.8, 54.7%) slept under an ITN during the previous evening. Nearly forty percent (39.1%) of all households received a campaign net, elevating overall household ownership of ITNs to 50.7% (95% CI: 48.4, 52.9%). Conclusions: The campaign was successful in reaching the target population, families with CU5s, the risk group most vulnerable to malaria. Targeted distribution strategies will help Kenya approach indicator targets, but will need to be combined with other strategies to achieve desired population coverage levels.	,CHILD-MORTALITY,COVERAGE,"INSECTICIDE-TREATED BEDNETS",MALARIA,MORBIDITY,PROGRAM,"WESTERN KENYA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859422964	Decentralised CD38 activation monitoring: Aspects of practical implementation and standardisation	Moodley K., Coetzee L.M., Glencross D.K.	2012	Journal of Immunological Methods	378	42371	10.1016/j.jim.2012.02.013	Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa	Moodley, K., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coetzee, L.M., National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Glencross, D.K., Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: In light of the HIV pandemic, significant strides have been made in improving treatment options for patients. Technologies to monitor the progress of a patient on such treatment have therefore also been scaled up. Immune activation as measured by CD38 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) on CD8 T cells has been successfully shown in a clinical trial to predict response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and reported as a cost effective real time test to supplement more costly VL testing. In this study we report transfer of this technology from the research into the routine environment. Methods: This study was conducted in 2 parts: Firstly, fresh random samples (n = 75) were tested at four time intervals (0, 24, 36 and 48. h) post-venesection to review reproducibility of CD38 MFI expression. Secondly, the CD38 MFI assay was introduced into a pilot regional testing facility and random samples (n = 40) were validated against values obtained on matched samples tested at the reference laboratory. Results: The CD38 assay showed acceptable accuracy and reproducibility up to 36. h (98% similarity) after venesection with some reduction in CD38 MFI to 94% at 48. h (bias < 0.2MFI, %CV < 5).Implementation at the secondary testing site was successful with 98% similarity (% SIM CV < 5%) compared to the reference laboratory. Conclusion: The assay proved stable over time and could be tested until 48. h after venesection with no loss of CD38 MFI. Off-site implementation also proved successful, as such, the CD38 assay offers a reliable real time supplementary test to long-term VL monitoring of HIV infected patients on the national ART programme. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	CD38 activation; Flow cytometry; Implementation	CD38 antigen; accuracy; antigen expression; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; comparative study; controlled study; human; human cell; phlebotomy; postoperative period; priority journal; reproducibility; scale up; standardization; T lymphocyte activation; validation process; Antigens, CD38; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Fluorescence; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Pilot Projects; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results	None
None	None	Potential impact of host immunity on malaria treatment outcome in Tanzanian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum	Enevold A., Nkya W.M.M.M., Theisen M., Vestergaard L.S., Jensen A.T., Staalsoe T., Theander T.G., Bygbjerg I.C., Alifrangis M.	2007	Malaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2875-6-153	Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mbeya Referral Hospital (MRH), Mbeya, Tanzania; Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark	Enevold, A., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Nkya, W.M.M.M., Mbeya Referral Hospital (MRH), Mbeya, Tanzania; Theisen, M., Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Vestergaard, L.S., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Jensen, A.T., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Staalsoe, T., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Theander, T.G., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bygbjerg, I.C., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Alifrangis, M., Centre for Medical Parasitology, Institute of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background. In malaria endemic areas children may recover from malaria after chemotherapy in spite of harbouring genotypically drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. This phenomenon suggests that there is a synergy between drug treatment and acquired immunity. This hypothesis was examined in an area of moderately intense transmission of P. falciparum in Tanzania during a drug trail with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) or amodiaquine (AQ). Methods. One hundred children with uncomplicated malaria were treated with either SP or AQ and followed for 28 days. Mutations in parasite genes related to SP and AQ-resistance as well as human sickle cell trait and alpha-thalassaemia were determined using PCR and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SSOP-ELISA), and IgG antibody responses to a panel of P. falciparum antigens were assessed and related to treatment outcome. Results. Parasitological or clinical treatment failure (TF) was observed in 68% and 38% of children receiving SP or AQ, respectively. In those with adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) compared to children with TF, and for both treatment regimens, prevalence and levels of anti-Glutamate-rich Protein (GLURP)-specific IgG antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.001), while prevalence of parasite haplotypes associated with SP and AQ resistance was lower (P = 0.02 and P = 0.07, respectively). Interestingly, anti-GLURP-IgG antibodies were more strongly associated with treatment outcome than parasite resistant haplotypes, while the IgG responses to none of the other 11 malaria antigens were not significantly associated with ACPR. Conclusion. These findings suggest that GLURP-specific IgG antibodies in this setting contribute to clearance of drug-resistant infections and support the hypothesis that acquired immunity enhances the clinical efficacy of drug therapy. The results should be confirmed in larger scale with greater sample size and with variation in transmission intensity. © 2007 Enevold et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine; fansidar; immunoglobulin G; protein antibody; glutamate rich protein, Plasmodium; glutamate-rich protein, Plasmodium; protozoal protein; protozoon antibody; pyrimethamine; sulfadoxine; sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; unclassified drug; alpha thalassemia; antibody response; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; gene mutation; haplotype; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; oligonucleotide probe; parasite immunity; Plasmodium falciparum; polymerase chain reaction; preschool child; prevalence; randomized controlled trial; sickle cell trait; Tanzania; treatment failure; treatment outcome; animal; blood; drug combination; drug effect; drug resistance; genetics; immunocompetence; immunology; methodology; Amodiaquine; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Female; Humans; Immunocompetence; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Proteins; Pyrimethamine; Sulfadoxine; Tanzania; Treatment Outcome	None
WoS	WOS:000296348200001	Keeping health staff healthy: evaluation of a workplace initiative to reduce morbidity and mortality from HIV/AIDS in Malawi	Bemelmans, Marielle,Chiomba, Harriet,Ford, Nathan,Hermann, Katharina,Jalasi, Winnie,Mwagomba, Beatrice,Pasulani, Olesi,Philips, Mit,Tayub, Nabila Saddiq,van den Akker, Thomas	2011	JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL AIDS SOCIETY	14	None	10.1186/1758-2652-14-1	University of Cape Town, Inst Trop Med, Med Sans Frontieres, Minist Hlth & Populat, Natl Org Nurses & Midwives	None	Background: In Malawi, the dramatic shortage of human resources for health is negatively impacted by HIV-related morbidity and mortality among health workers and their relatives. Many staff find it difficult to access HIV care through regular channels due to fear of stigma and discrimination. In 2006, two workplace initiatives were implemented in Thyolo District: a clinic at the district hospital dedicated to all district health staff and their first-degree relatives, providing medical services, including HIV care; and a support group for HIV-positive staff. Methods: Using routine programme data, we evaluated the following outcomes up to the end of 2009: uptake and outcome of HIV testing and counselling among health staff and their dependents; uptake and outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among health staff; and membership and activities of the support group. In addition, we included information from staff interviews and a job satisfaction survey to describe health workers' opinions of the initiatives. Results: Almost two-thirds (91 of 144, 63%) of health workers and their dependents undergoing HIV testing and counselling at the staff clinic tested HIV positive. Sixty-four health workers had accessed ART through the staff clinic, approximately the number of health workers estimated to be in need of ART. Of these, 60 had joined the support group. Cumulative ART outcomes were satisfactory, with more than 90% alive on treatment as of June 2009 (the end of the study observation period). The availability, confidentiality and quality of care in the staff clinic were considered adequate by beneficiaries. Conclusions: Staff clinic and support group services successfully provided care and support to HIV-positive health workers. Similar initiatives should be considered in other settings with a high HIV prevalence.	,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY","CARE WORKERS",IMPACT,SCALE-UP,ZAMBIA	None	None
None	None	Tanzania national survey on iodine deficiency: Impact after twelve years of salt iodation	Assey V.D., Peterson S., Kimboka S., Ngemera D., Mgoba C., Ruhiye D.M., Ndossi G.D., Greiner T., Tylleskär T.	2009	BMC Public Health	9	None	10.1186/1471-2458-9-319	Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, 22 Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Council for Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders(NCCIDD), P.O. Box 977, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, rstadveien 21, N-5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Unit of International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, SE -75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of International Health (IHCAR), Nobel v 9. Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; UNICEF Kitgum Zonal Office, C/o UNICEF Kampala, George Street, Kampala, Uganda; Food and Nutrition Department, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu Seoul 133-790, South Korea	Assey, V.D., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, 22 Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, National Council for Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders(NCCIDD), P.O. Box 977, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, rstadveien 21, N-5009 Bergen, Norway, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Unit of International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, SE -75185 Uppsala, Sweden; Peterson, S., Department of Women's and Children's Health, Unit of International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala University, SE -75185 Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of International Health (IHCAR), Nobel v 9. Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Kimboka, S., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, 22 Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, National Council for Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders(NCCIDD), P.O. Box 977, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Ngemera, D., UNICEF Kitgum Zonal Office, C/o UNICEF Kampala, George Street, Kampala, Uganda; Mgoba, C., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, 22 Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ruhiye, D.M., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, 22 Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ndossi, G.D., Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, 22 Ocean Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Greiner, T., Food and Nutrition Department, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu Seoul 133-790, South Korea; Tylleskär, T., Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, rstadveien 21, N-5009 Bergen, Norway	Background. In many low-income countries, children are at high risk of iodine deficiency disorders, including brain damage. In the early 1990s, Tanzania, a country that previously suffered from moderate to severe iodine deficiency, adopted universal salt iodation (USI) as an intervention strategy, but its impact remained unknown. Methods. We report on the first national survey in mainland Tanzania, conducted in 2004 to assess the extent to which iodated salt was used and its apparent impact on the total goitre prevalence (TGP) and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) among the schoolchildren after USI was initiated. In 2004, a cross-sectional goitre survey was conducted; covering 140,758 schoolchildren aged 6 - 18 years were graded for goitre according to new WHO goitre classification system. Comparisons were made with district surveys conducted throughout most of the country during the 1980s and 90s. 131,941 salt samples from households were tested for iodine using rapid field test kits. UIC was determined spectrophotometrically using the ammonium persulfate digestion method in 4523 sub-sampled children. Results. 83.6% (95% CI: 83.4 - 83.8) of salt samples tested positive for iodine. Whereas the TGP was about 25% on average in the earlier surveys, it was 6.9% (95%CI: 6.8-7.0) in 2004. The TGP for the younger children, 6-9 years old, was 4.2% (95%CI: 4.0-4.4), n = 41,965. In the 27 goitre-endemic districts, TGP decreased from 61% (1980s) to 12.3% (2004). The median UIC was 204 (95% CF: 192-215) g/L. Only 25% of children had UIC <100 g/L and 35% were 300 g/L, indicating low and excess iodine intake, respectively. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates a marked improvement in iodine nutrition in Tanzania, twelve years after the initiation of salt iodation programme. The challenge in sustaining IDD elimination in Tanzania is now two-fold: to better reach the areas with low coverage of iodated salt, and to reduce iodine intake in areas where it is excessive. Particular attention is needed in improving quality control at production level and perhaps the national salt iodation regulations may need to be reviewed. © 2009 Assey et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	ammonium derivative; persulfate ammonium; sodium chloride; unclassified drug; iodine; iodized salt; adolescent; adult; article; child; controlled study; diet; diet supplementation; disease classification; female; goiter; health survey; human; iodination; iodine deficiency; major clinical study; male; preschool child; school child; spectrophotometry; Tanzania; world health organization; cross-sectional study; goiter; prevalence; salt intake; Tanzania; urine; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Goiter; Health Surveys; Humans; Iodine; Prevalence; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69949099120	Impact of income on the profile of cardiovascular risk factors among hypertensives in a Nigerian tertiary health centre: A cross-sectional study	Karaye K.M., Okeahialam B.N., Wali S.S.	2009	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	20	4	None	Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu, Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Murtala Muhammad Specialists' Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	Karaye, K.M., Department of Medicine, Bayero University and Aminu, Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Okeahialam, B.N., Department of Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Wali, S.S., Department of Medicine, Murtala Muhammad Specialists' Hospital, Kano, Nigeria	Background: In most developed countries, risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are more prevalent in low socioeconomic classes. However, the pattern in developing countries appears to be different. This study sought to evaluate and compare risk factors for CVD as well as absolute CVD risk in hypertensive subjects grouped by income in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: The study was cross-sectional in design and carried out in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Seventy treatment-naïve hypertensives and an equal number of hypertensives on treatment were recruited by balloting from the outpatient clinics, and then regrouped into low- and high-income earners. These two groups were then compared in terms of their profile of CVD risk factors and absolute CVD risk. All the assessed CVD risk factors are recognised in standard guidelines for the management of persons with systemic hypertension. Results: The low-income group comprised 45 patients (32.1%) while the remaining 95 (67.9%) had a high income. The most prevalent CVD risk factor was dyslipidaemia, found in 77.8 and 71.6% of low- and high-income earners, respectively (p = 0.437). The prevalence of proteinuria was significantly higher among low-income earners (42.2%) compared with high-income earners (15.8%) (p = 0.001). Mean serum creatinine was also higher among low-income earners but the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.154). Very high CVD risk was found in 75.6 and 70.5% of low- and high-income earners, respectively (p = 0.535). Conclusion: Dyslipidaemia and very high CVD risk were found in over 71% of the patients regardless of their level of income. Low-income earners had a higher prevalence of indices of renal damage. These findings pose a great challenge to the present and future management of all subjects, particularly those in the low-income group, given that in Nigeria, healthcare is largely paid for directly out of their pockets.	None	creatinine; adult; article; cardiovascular risk; comparative study; controlled study; creatinine blood level; cross-sectional study; dyslipidemia; female; health center; human; hypertension; income; kidney injury; lowest income group; major clinical study; male; Nigeria; outpatient department; practice guideline; prevalence; proteinuria; social class; social status; tertiary health care; Cardiovascular Diseases; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dyslipidemias; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Income; Logistic Models; Nigeria; Risk Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47649116754	Evaluation of light microscopy and rapid diagnostic test for the detection of malaria under operational field conditions: A household survey in Ethiopia	Endeshaw T., Gebre T., Ngondi J., Graves P.M., Shargie E.B., Ejigsemahu Y., Ayele B., Yohannes G., Teferi T., Messele A., Zerihun M., Genet A., Mosher A.W., Emerson P.M., Richards F.O.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-118	Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom	Endeshaw, T., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Gebre, T., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ngondi, J., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Graves, P.M., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Shargie, E.B., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ejigsemahu, Y., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ayele, B., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Yohannes, G., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Teferi, T., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Messele, A., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Zerihun, M., Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Genet, A., Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Mosher, A.W., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emerson, P.M., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States; Richards, F.O., Carter Center, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background. In most resource-poor settings, malaria is usually diagnosed based on clinical signs and symptoms and not by detection of parasites in the blood using microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). In population-based malaria surveys, accurate diagnosis is important: microscopy provides the gold standard, whilst RDTs allow immediate findings and treatment. The concordance between RDTs and microscopy in low or unstable transmission areas has not been evaluated. Objectives. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasites in randomly selected malarious areas of Amhara, Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' (SNNP) regions of Ethiopia, using microscopy and RDT, and to investigate the agreement between microscopy and RDT under field conditions. Methods. A population-based survey was conducted in 224 randomly selected clusters of 25 households each in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions, between December 2006 and February 2007. Fingerpick blood samples from all persons living in even-numbered households were tested using two methods: light microscopy of Giemsa-stained blood slides; and RDT (ParaScreen device for Pan/Pf). Results. A total of 13,960 people were eligible for malaria parasite testing of whom 11,504 (82%) were included in the analysis. Overall slide positivity rate was 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4-5.0%) while ParaScreen RDT was positive in 3.3% (95% CI 2.6-4.1%) of those tested. Considering microscopy as the gold standard, ParaScreen RDT exhibited high specificity (98.5%; 95% CI 98.3-98.7) and moderate sensitivity (47.5%; 95% CI 42.8-52.2) with a positive predictive value of 56.8% (95% CI 51.7-61.9) and negative predictive value of 97.6% (95% CI 97.6-98.1%) under field conditions. Conclusion. Blood slide microscopy remains the preferred option for population-based prevalence surveys of malaria parasitaemia. The level of agreement between microscopy and RDT warrants further investigation in different transmission settings and in the clinical situation. © 2008 Endeshaw et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adult; article; blood sampling; confidence interval; controlled study; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; health survey; household; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; Plasmodium; prevalence; sensitivity and specificity; animal; blood; chromatography; epidemiology; Ethiopia; family size; immunoassay; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; methodology; parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; prediction and forecasting; time; parasite antigen; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Protozoan; Blood; Blood Specimen Collection; Chromatography; Ethiopia; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Immunoassay; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Predictive Value of Tests; Prevalence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Time Factors	None
WoS	WOS:000339283500001	The impact of home-based HIV counseling and testing on care-seeking and incidence of common infectious disease syndromes in rural western Kenya	Ackers, Marta,Amolloh, Manase,Audi, Allan,Aura, Barrack,Bigogo, Godfrey,Breiman, Robert F.,Burton, Deron,Dalal, Warren,Feikin, Daniel R.,Laserson, Kayla F.	2014	BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES	14	None	10.1186/1471-2334-14-376	Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr	None	Background: In much of Africa, most individuals living with HIV do not know their status. Home-based counseling and testing (HBCT) leads to more HIV-infected people learning their HIV status. However, there is little data on whether knowing one's HIV-positive status necessarily leads to uptake of HIV care, which could in turn, lead to a reduction in the prevalence of common infectious disease syndromes. Methods: In 2008, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered HBCT to individuals (aged &gt;= 13 years) under active surveillance for infectious disease syndromes in Lwak in rural western Kenya. HIV test results were linked to morbidity and healthcare-seeking data collected by field workers through bi-weekly home visits. We analyzed changes in healthcare seeking behaviors using proportions, and incidence (expressed as episodes per person-year) of acute respiratory illness (ARI), severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), acute febrile illness (AFI) and diarrhea among first-time HIV testers in the year before and after HBCT, stratified by their test result and if HIV-positive, whether they sought care at HIV Patient Support Centers (PSCs). Results: Of 9,613 individuals offered HBCT, 6,366 (66%) were first-time testers, 698 (11%) of whom were HIV-infected. One year after HBCT, 50% of HIV-infected persons had enrolled at PSCs - 92% of whom had started cotrimoxazole and 37% of those eligible for antiretroviral treatment had initiated therapy. Among HIV-infected persons enrolled in PSCs, AFI and diarrhea incidence decreased in the year after HBCT (rate ratio [RR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77 - 0.91 and RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73 - 0.98, respectively). Among HIV-infected persons not attending PSCs and among HIV-uninfected persons, decreases in incidence were significantly lower. While decreases also occurred in rates of respiratory illnesses among HIV-positive persons in care, there were similar decreases in the other two groups. Conclusions: Large scale HBCT enabled a large number of newly diagnosed HIV-infected persons to know their HIV status, leading to a change in care seeking behavior and ultimately a decrease in incidence of common infectious disease syndromes through appropriate treatment and care.	"healthcare seeking","Home based HIV counseling and testing","Infectious disease incidence",AFRICA,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",COTRIMOXAZOLE,FOLLOW-UP,HEALTH,"MORBIDITY SURVEILLANCE",MORTALITY,PROPHYLAXIS,TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE,"UGANDAN ADULTS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42549129231	Long-term field performance of a polyester-based long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net in rural Uganda	Kilian A., Byamukama W., Pigeon O., Atieli F., Duchon S., Phan C.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-49	Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, EC2A 4JX, London, United Kingdom; Department Health, Education, Social Security, German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany; District Health Services Kabarole District, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department Phytopharmacie, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium; Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Institut de Recherche Pour Le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Vestergaard-Frandsen Quality Control Laboratories, Hanoi, Viet Nam	Kilian, A., Malaria Consortium, Development House, 56-64 Leonard Street, EC2A 4JX, London, United Kingdom, Department Health, Education, Social Security, German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Eschborn, Germany; Byamukama, W., District Health Services Kabarole District, Fort Portal, Uganda; Pigeon, O., Department Phytopharmacie, Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium; Atieli, F., Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States, Centre for Vector Biology and Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya; Duchon, S., Laboratoire de Lutte Contre Les Insectes Nuisibles (LIN), Institut de Recherche Pour Le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Phan, C., Vestergaard-Frandsen Quality Control Laboratories, Hanoi, Viet Nam	Background. In order to evaluate whether criteria for LLIN field performance (phase III) set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme are met, first and second generations of one of these products, PermaNet®, a polyester net using the coating technology were tested. Methods. A randomized, double blinded study design was used comparing LLIN to conventionally treated nets and following LLIN for three years under regular household use in rural conditions. Primary outcome measures were deltamethrin residue and bioassay performance (60 minute knock-down and 24 hour mortality after a three minute exposure) using a strain of Anopheles gambiae s.s. sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides. Results. Baseline concentration of deltamethrin was within targets for all net types but was rapidly lost in conventionally treated nets and first generation PermaNet® with median of 0.7 and 2.5 mg/m2 after six months respectively. In contrast, second generation PermaNet® retained insecticide well and had 41.5% of baseline dose after 36 months (28.7 mg/m 2). Similarly, vector mortality and knockdown dropped to 18% and 70% respectively for first generation LLIN after six months but remained high (88.5% and 97.8% respectively) for second generation PermaNet® after 36 months of follow up at which time 90.0% of nets had either a knockdown rate ≥ 95% or mortality rate ≥ 80%. Conclusion. Second generation PermaNet® showed excellent results after three years of field use and fulfilled the WHOPES criteria for LLIN. Loss of insecticide on LLIN using coating technology under field conditions was far more influenced by factors associated with handling rather than washing. © 2008 Kilian et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	deltamethrin; polyester; pyrethroid; insecticide; nitrile; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; bioassay; comparative study; controlled study; follow up; household; mortality; nonhuman; rural area; Uganda; animal; bed; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; disease carrier; double blind procedure; family size; health; human; malaria falciparum; mosquito; phase 3 clinical trial; randomized controlled trial; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Bedding and Linens; Biological Assay; Double-Blind Method; Family Characteristics; Humans; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Malaria, Falciparum; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Polyesters; Pyrethrins; Rural Health; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84874092176	Statistical profiling of hospital performance using acute coronary syndrome mortality	Manda S.O.M., Gale C.P., Hall A.S., Gilthorpe M.S.	2012	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	23	10	10.5830/CVJA-2011-064	Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom	Manda, S.O.M., Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Gale, C.P., Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Hall, A.S., Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Gilthorpe, M.S., Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom	Background: In order to improve the quality of care delivered to patients and to enable patient choice, public reports comparing hospital performances are routinely published. Robust systems of hospital 'report cards' on performance monitoring and evaluation are therefore crucial in medical decision-making processes. In particular, such systems should effectively account for and minimise systematic differences with regard to definitions and data quality, care and treatment quality, and 'case mix'. Methods: Four methods for assessing hospital performance on mortality outcome measures were considered. The methods included combinations of Bayesian fixed- and randomeffects models, and risk-adjusted mortality rate, and rankbased profiling techniques. The methods were empirically compared using 30-day mortality in patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Agreement was firstly assessed using median estimates between risk-adjusted mortality rates for a hospital and between ranks associated with a hospital's risk-adjusted mortality rates. Secondly, assessment of agreement was based on a classification of hospitals into low, normal or high performing using risk-adjusted mortality rates and ranks. Results: There was poor agreement between the point estimates of risk-adjusted mortality rates, but better agreement between ranks. However, for categorised performance, the observed agreement between the methods' classification of the hospital performance ranged from 90 to 98%. In only two of the six possible pair-wise comparisons was agreement reasonable, as reflected by a Kappa statistic; it was 0.71 between the methods of identifying outliers with the fixedeffect model and 0.77 with the hierarchical model. In the remaining four pair-wise comparisons, the agreement was, at best, moderate. Conclusions: Even though the inconsistencies among the studied methods raise questions about which hospitals performed better or worse than others, it seems that the choice of the definition of outlying performance is less critical than that of the statistical approach. Therefore there is a need to find robust systems of 'regulation' or 'performance monitoring' that are meaningful to health service practitioners and providers.	Bayesian methods; Health provider performance; League tables	acute coronary syndrome; age; article; bayesian fixed model; cardiovascular mortality; case mix; comparative study; electrocardiogram; health care personnel; heart rate; hospital admission; human; kappa statistics; outcomes research; performance; probability; random effect model; rank based profiling; receiver operating characteristic; risk adjusted mortality rate; risk assessment; risk factor; standardized mortality ratio; statistical model; systolic blood pressure; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Bayes Theorem; Delivery of Health Care; Diagnosis-Related Groups; Hospital Mortality; Hospitals; Humans; Models, Statistical; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Quality Improvement; Quality Indicators, Health Care; South Africa	None
None	None	Does training on performance based financing make a difference in performance and quality of health care delivery? Health care provider's perspective in Rungwe Tanzania	Manongi R., Mushi D., Kessy J., Salome S., Njau B.	2014	BMC Health Services Research	14	None	10.1186/1472-6963-14-154	Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Manongi, R., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Mushi, D., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Kessy, J., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Salome, S., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; Njau, B., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, P. O. Box 3010, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, P. O. Box 2240, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania	Background: In recent years, Performance Based Financing (PBF); a form of result based financing, has attracted a global attention in health systems in developing countries. PBF promotes autonomous health facilities, motivates and introduces financial incentives to motivate health facilities and health workers to attain pre-determined targets. To achieve this, the Tanzanian government through the Christian Social Services Commission initiated a PBF pilot project in Rungwe district, Mbeya region. Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center was given the role of training health workers on PBF principles in Rungwe. The aim of this study was to explore health care providers' perception on a three years training on PBF principles in a PBF pilot project at Rungwe District in Mbeya, Tanzania. Methods. This was an explorative qualitative study, which took place at Rungwe PBF pilot area in October 2012. Twenty six (26) participants were purposively selected. Six took part in- depth interviews (IDIs) and twenty (20) in the group discussions. Both the IDIs and the GDs explored the perceived benefit and challenges of implementing PBF in their workplace. Data were manually analyzed using content analysis approach. Results: Overall informants had positive perspectives on PBF training. Most of the health facilities were able to implement some of the PBF concepts in their work places after the training, such as developing job descriptions for their staff, creating quarterly business plans for their facilities, costing for their services and entering service agreement with the government, improved record keeping, customer care and involving community as partners in running their facilities. The most common principle of paying individual performance bonuses was mentioned as a major challenge due to inadequate funding and poor design of Rungwe PBF pilot project. Conclusion: Despite poor design and inadequate funding, our findings have shown some promising results after PBF training in the study area. The findings have highlighted the potential of PBF to act as leverage for initiating innovative and proactive actions, which may motivate health personnel performance and quality of care in the study setting with minimal support. However, key policy issues at the national level should be addressed in order to exploit this opportunity. © 2014 Manongi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	PBF pilot project; Performance based financing; Rungwe; Tanzania	adult; female; health care financing; health care policy; health care quality; human; in service training; male; nonbiological model; qualitative research; reimbursement; Tanzania; Adult; Female; Health Care Reform; Healthcare Financing; Humans; Inservice Training; Male; Models, Organizational; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care; Reimbursement, Incentive; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869228594	Knowledge and performance of the Ethiopian health extension workers on antenatal and delivery care: A cross-sectional study	Medhanyie A., Spigt M., Dinant G., Blanco R.	2012	Human Resources for Health	10	None	10.1186/1478-4491-10-44	Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of General Practice, Tromso University, Tromso, Norway	Medhanyie, A., Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, Department of Medicine, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Spigt, M., CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, Department of General Practice, Tromso University, Tromso, Norway; Dinant, G., CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Blanco, R., Department of Medicine, University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain	Background: In recognition of the critical shortage of human resources within health services, community health workers have been trained and deployed to provide primary health care in developing countries. However, very few studies have investigated whether these health workers can provide good quality of care. This study investigated the knowledge and performance of health extension workers (HEWs) on antenatal and delivery care. The study also explored the barriers and facilitators for HEWs in the provision of maternal health care.Methods: In conducting this research, a cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 50 HEWs working in 39 health posts, covering a population of approximately 195,000 people, were interviewed. Descriptive statistics was used and a composite score of knowledge of HEWs was made and interpreted based on the Ethiopian education scoring system.Results: Almost half of the respondents had at least 5 years of work experience as a HEW. More than half (27 (54%)) of the HEWs had poor knowledge on contents of antenatal care counseling, and the majority (44 (88%)) had poor knowledge on danger symptoms, danger signs, and complications in pregnancy. Health posts, which are the operational units for HEWs, did not have basic infrastructures like water supply, electricity, and waiting rooms for women in labor. On average within 6 months, a HEW assisted in 5.8 births. Only a few births (10%) were assisted at the health posts, the majority (82%) were assisted at home and only 20% of HEWs received professional assistance from a midwife.Conclusion: Considering the poor knowledge of HEWs, poorly equipped health posts, and poor referral systems, it is difficult for HEWs to play a key role in improving health facility deliveries, skilled birth attendance, and on-time referral through early identification of danger signs. Hence, there is an urgent need to design appropriate strategies to improve the performance of HEWs by enhancing their knowledge and competencies, while creating appropriate working conditions. © 2012 Medhanyie et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antenatal care; Community health workers; Health extension workers; Maternal health care; Primary health care	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873051514	The clinical and economic impact of genotype testing at first-line antiretroviral therapy failure for HIV-infected patients in South Africa	Levison J.H., Wood R., Scott C.A., Ciaranello A.L., Martinson N.A., Rusu C., Losina E., Freedberg K.A., Walensky R.P.	2013	Clinical Infectious Diseases	56	4	10.1093/cid/cis887	Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Center, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Departments of Biostatistics, United States; Departments of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States; Harvard Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	Levison, J.H., Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Center, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Scott, C.A., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Ciaranello, A.L., Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Martinson, N.A., Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Rusu, C., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Losina, E., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Departments of Biostatistics, United States, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States, Harvard Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Departments of Epidemiology, Boston University, School of Public Health, United States, Harvard Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, United States, Harvard Center for AIDS Research, Harvard University, United States, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States	Background. In resource-limited settings, genotype testing at virologic failure on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) may identify patients with wild-type (WT) virus. After adherence counseling, these patients may safely and effectively continue first-line ART, thereby delaying more expensive second-line ART.Methods. We used the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications International model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease to simulate a South African cohort of HIV-infected adults at first-line ART failure. Two strategies were examined: no genotype vs genotype, assuming availability of protease inhibitor-based second-line ART. Model inputs at first-line ART failure were mean age 38 years, mean CD4 173/μL, and WT virus prevalence 20%; genotype cost was $300 per test and delay to results, 3 months. Outcomes included life expectancy, per-person costs (2010 US dollars), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (dollars per years of life saved [YLS]).Results. No genotype had a projected life expectancy of 106.1 months, which with genotype increased to 108.3 months. Per-person discounted lifetime costs were $16 360 and $16 540, respectively. Compared to no genotype, genotype was very cost-effective, by international guidance, at $900/YLS. The cost-effectiveness of genotype was sensitive to prevalence of WT virus (very cost-effective when prevalence ≥12%), CD4 at first-line ART failure, and ART efficacy. Genotype-associated delays in care ≥5 months decreased survival and made no genotype the preferred strategy. When the test cost was <$100, genotype became cost-saving. Conclusions. Genotype resistance testing at first-line ART failure is very cost-effective in South Africa. The cost-effectiveness of this strategy will depend on prevalence of WT virus and timely response to genotype results. © 2012 The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup. com.	antiretroviral treatment failure; HIV; resistance testing; resource-limited settings	antiretrovirus agent; darunavir; etravirine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; proteinase inhibitor; tenofovir; antiviral therapy; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cost effectiveness analysis; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug treatment failure; genotype; gross national product; health care cost; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life expectancy; major clinical study; priority journal; South Africa; survival; wild type; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Genotype; Health Resources; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Models, Theoretical; South Africa; Treatment Failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870060620	Evaluating the performance of interpreting Verbal Autopsy 3.2 model for establishing pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death in Ethiopia: A population-based cross-sectional study	Tadesse S., Tadesse T.	2012	BMC Public Health	12	1	10.1186/1471-2458-12-1039	Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia	Tadesse, S., Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tadesse, T., Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia	Background: In resource- poor settings, verbal autopsy data are often reviewed by physicians in order to assign the probable cause of death. But in addition to being time and energy consuming, the method is liable to produce inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the InterVA 3.2 model for establishing pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death in comparison with physician review of verbal autopsy data. Methods. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April, 2012. All adults aged ≥14 years and died between 01 January 2010 and 15 February 2012 were included in the study. Data were collected by using a pre-tested and modified WHO designed verbal autopsy questionnaire. The verbal autopsy interviews were reviewed by the InterVA model and the physicians. Cohen's kappa statistic, receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, and specificity values were applied to compare the agreement between the InterVA model and the physician review. Results: A total of 408 adult deaths were studied. The proportion of tuberculosis-specific mortality was established to be 36.0% and 23.0% by the InterVA model and the physicians, respectively. The InterVA model predicted pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of death with the probability of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.85). In classifying all deaths as tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis, the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.82 and 0.78, respectively. A moderate agreement was found between the model and physicians in assigning pulmonary tuberculosis as a cause of deaths [kappa= 0.5; 95% CI: (0.4-0.6)]. Conclusions: This study has revealed that the InterVA model showed a more promising result as a community-level tool for generating pulmonary tuberculosis-specific mortality data from verbal autopsy. The conclusion is believed to provide policymakers with a highly needed piece of information for allocating resources for health intervention. © 2012 Tadesse and Tadesse; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cause of death; Pulmonary tuberculosis; The InterVA model	adolescent; adult; aged; article; autopsy; cause of death; comparative study; cross-sectional study; Ethiopia; evaluation; female; human; lung tuberculosis; male; methodology; middle aged; mortality; reproducibility; statistical model; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Statistical; Reproducibility of Results; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evaluation of ICON Maxx, a long-lasting treatment kit for mosquito nets: Experimental hut trials against anopheline mosquitoes in Tanzania	Tungu P.K., Malima R., Mosha F.W., Lyimo I., Maxwell C., Kaur H., Kisinza W.N., Magesa S.M., Kirby M.J., Rowland M.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0742-z	National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Tungu, P.K., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Malima, R., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Lyimo, I., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kaur, H., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kisinza, W.N., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania; Magesa, S.M., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Kirby, M.J., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium (PAMVERC), P.O.Box 81, Muheza, Tanga, Tanzania, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Insecticide-treated nets are the primary method of preventing malaria. To remain effective, the pyrethroid insecticide must withstand multiple washes over the lifetime of the net. ICON® Maxx is a 'dip-it-yourself' kit for long-lasting treatment of polyester nets. The twin-sachet kit contains a slow-release capsule suspension of lambda-cyhalothrin plus binding agent. To determine whether ICON Maxx meets the standards required by the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES), the efficacy and wash fastness of ICON Maxx was evaluated against wild, free-flying anopheline mosquitoes. Methods: ICON Maxx was subjected to bioassay evaluation and experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional lambda-cyhalothrin treated nets (CTN) washed either four times (cut-off threshold) or 20 times, and ICON Maxx-treated nets either unwashed or washed 20 times. Results: In bioassay, ICON Maxx demonstrated superior wash resistance to the CTN. In the experimental hut trial, ICON Maxx killed 75 % of An. funestus, 71 % of An. gambiae and 47 % of An. arabiensis when unwashed and 58, 66 and 42 %, respectively, when 20 times washed. The CTN killed 52 % of An. funestus, 33 % of An. gambiae and 30 % of An. arabiensis when washed to the cut-off threshold of four washes and 40, 40 and 36 %, respectively, when 20 times washed. Percentage mortality with ICON Maxx 20 times washed was similar (An. funestus) or significantly higher (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis) than with CTN washed to the WHOPES cut-off threshold. Blood-feeding inhibition with ICON Maxx 20 times washed was similar to the CTN washed to cut-off for all three species. Personal protection was significantly higher with ICON Maxx 20 times washed (66-79 %) than with CTN washed to cut-off (48-60 %). Conclusions: Nets treated with ICON Maxx and washed 20 times met the approval criteria set by WHOPES for Phase II trials in terms of mortality and blood-feeding inhibition. This finding raises the prospect of conventional polyester nets and other materials being made long-lastingly insecticidal through simple dipping in community or home, and thus represents a major advance over conventional pyrethroid treatments. © 2015 Tungu et al.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Experimental huts; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Long-lasting insecticidal nets	cyhalothrin; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; bed net; bioassay; blood; chemical analysis; controlled study; cyhalothrin treated net; experimental study; feeding behavior; insecticide resistance; mortality; nonhuman; reference value; Tanzania	None
None	None	Evaluation of a national universal coverage campaign of long-lasting insecticidal nets in a rural district in north-west Tanzania	West P.A., Protopopoff N., Rowland M.W., Kirby M.J., Oxborough R.M., Mosha F.W., Malima R., Kleinschmidt I.	2012	Malaria Journal	11	None	10.1186/1475-2875-11-273	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	West, P.A., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Protopopoff, N., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M.W., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Kirby, M.J., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Oxborough, R.M., Department of Disease Control, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Mosha, F.W., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania; Malima, R., National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania; Kleinschmidt, I., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are one of the most effective measures for preventing malaria. Mass distribution campaigns are being used to rapidly increase net coverage in at-risk populations. This study had two purposes: to evaluate the impact of a universal coverage campaign (UCC) of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on LLIN ownership and usage, and to identify factors that may be associated with inadequate coverage. Methods: In 2011 two cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 50 clusters in Muleba district, north-west Tanzania. Prior to the UCC 3,246 households were surveyed and 2,499 afterwards. Data on bed net ownership and usage, demographics of household members and household characteristics including factors related to socio-economic status were gathered, using an adapted version of the standard Malaria Indicator Survey. Specific questions relating to the UCC process were asked. Results: The proportion of households with at least one ITN increased from 62.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 60.9-64.2) before the UCC to 90.8% (95% CI = 89.0-92.3) afterwards. ITN usage in all residents rose from 40.8% to 55.7%. After the UCC 58.4% (95% CI = 54.7-62.1) of households had sufficient ITNs to cover all their sleeping places. Households with children under five years (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.9-2.9) and small households (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5-2.4) were most likely to reach universal coverage. Poverty was not associated with net coverage. Eighty percent of households surveyed received LLINs from the campaign. Conclusions: The UCC in Muleba district of Tanzania was equitable, greatly improving LLIN ownership and, more moderately, usage. However, the goal of universal coverage in terms of the adequate provision of nets was not achieved. Multiple, continuous delivery systems and education activities are required to maintain and improve bed net ownership and usage. © 2012 West et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Evaluation; LLIN; Malaria; Tanzania; Universal coverage; Vector control	adolescent; adult; article; bed net; child; cross-sectional study; demography; health program; household; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria control; poverty; preschool child; questionnaire; rural area; school child; social status; Tanzania; universal coverage campaign; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Services Research; Humans; Infant; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Ownership; Pregnancy; Rural Population; Tanzania; Universal Coverage	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953770102	Using mathematical modelling to estimate the impact of periodic presumptive treatment on the transmission of sexually transmitted infections and HIV among female sex workers	Vickerman P., Ndowa F., O'Farrell N., Steen R., Alary M., Delany-Moretlwe S.	2010	Sexually Transmitted Infections	86	3	10.1136/sti.2008.034678	Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Pasteur Suite, Ealing Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Population Health Research Unit, Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa	Vickerman, P., Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ndowa, F., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; O'Farrell, N., Pasteur Suite, Ealing Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Steen, R., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Alary, M., Population Health Research Unit, Universitaire de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Delany-Moretlwe, S., Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: In settings with poor sexually transmitted infection (STI) control in high-risk groups, periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) can quickly reduce the prevalence of genital ulcers, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT). However, few studies have assessed the impact on HIV. Mathematical modelling is used to quantify the likely HIV impact of different PPT interventions. Methods: A mathematical model was developed to project the impact of PPT on STI/HIV transmission amongst a homogeneous population of female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients. Using data from Johannesburg, the impact of PPT interventions with different coverages and PPT frequencies was estimated. A sensitivity analysis explored how the projections were affected by different model parameters or if the intervention was undertaken elsewhere. Results: Substantial decreases in NG/CT prevalence are achieved among FSWs receiving PPT. Although less impact is achieved among all FSWs, large decreases in NG/CT prevalence (>50%) are possible with >30% coverage and supplying PPT every month. Higher PPT frequencies achieve little additional impact, whereas improving coverage increases impact until NG/CT becomes negligible. The impact on HIV incidence is smaller, longer to achieve, and depends heavily on the assumed NG/CT cofactors, whether they are additive, the assumed STI/HIV transmission probabilities and STI durations. Greater HIV impact can be achieved in settings with lower sexual activity (except at high coverage), less STI treatment or high prevalences of Haemophilus ducreyi. Conclusions: Despite the model's assumption of homogeneous risk behaviour probably resulting in optimistic projections, and uncertainty in STI cofactors and transmission probabilities, projections suggest PPT interventions with sufficient coverage (≥40%) and follow-up (≥2 years) could noticeably decrease the HIV incidence (>20%) among FSW populations with inadequate STI treatment.	None	article; Chlamydia trachomatis; controlled study; disease transmission; female; Haemophilus ducreyi; high risk population; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; information processing; male; mathematical model; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; prevalence; priority journal; prostitution; sensitivity analysis; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted disease; South Africa; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Male; Models, Biological; Prevalence; Prostitution; Risk Reduction Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-27744546272	Perceptions of hospital managers regarding the impact of doctors' community service	Omole O.B., Marincowitz G., Ogunbanjo G.A.	2005	South African Family Practice	47	8	None	Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa	Omole, O.B., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa, Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Medunsa, 0204, South Africa; Marincowitz, G., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Ogunbanjo, G.A., Dept. of Family Medicine and PHC, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: In South Africa, the distribution of doctors is skewed in favour of the urban areas, but it is not uncommon to find many peri-urban facilities in short supply of doctors. In 1997, the South African government introduced compulsory community service (CS) to address this uneven distribution of doctors in the country. The CS doctors posted to the Letaba-Sekororo hospital complex in Limpopo Province refused to take up their appointments for various reasons, ranging from lack of supervision to poor basic infrastructure. This study is one of the earliest conducted to understand the perceptions of hospital managers on the impact of the national community service on the health service. Methods: After ethical approval was obtained from the Research, Ethics and Publications Committee (REPC) of the Medical University of Southern Africa (now University of Limpopo - Medunsa Campus), three focus group interviews were conducted with hospital managers from three purposefully selected hospitals. The interviews were audio-visually taped and supplemented with field notes, transcribed verbatim, with themes identified using the 'cut and paste' and 'colour coding' methods. Combined themes were categorised and interpreted within the context of the study and the available literature. Results: CS has improved health services delivery, alleviated work pressure, and improved the image of hospital managers. In addition, it has provided a constant supply of manpower, and increased the utilisation of health services by the community. The negative perceptions identified included a lack of experience and skills, poor relationships with the rural health team, lack of support structures for CS doctors, poor continuity of care and budgetary constraints. Conclusions: Hospital managers perceive CS to have had a positive impact on the supply of needed manpower, health service delivery and patient care. As this was a qualitative study, further quantitative and community-oriented studies are required to validate the results.	Community service doctors; Hospital managers; Impact; Perceptions	article; government; health care quality; health care utilization; health economics; health service; hospital management; human; manager; medical ethics; medical literature; medical practice; medical research; physician; poverty; qualitative analysis; quantitative analysis; rural health care; skill; social welfare; South Africa; urban area	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35448968769	The medical management of central nervous system infections in Uganda and the potential impact of an algorithm-based approach to improve outcomes	Trachtenberg J.D., Kambugu A.D., McKellar M., Semitala F., Mayanja-Kizza H., Samore M.H., Ronald A., Sande M.A.	2007	International Journal of Infectious Diseases	11	6	10.1016/j.ijid.2007.01.014	Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, United States; Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Salt Lake City VA Medical, Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States	Trachtenberg, J.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, United States; Kambugu, A.D., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; McKellar, M., Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, United States; Semitala, F., Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Department of Medicine, Makerere University School of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda; Samore, M.H., Salt Lake City VA Medical, Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Ronald, A., Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man., Canada; Sande, M.A., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States	Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV has increased the spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) infections. The etiological diagnosis is often difficult. Mortality from CNS infections is higher in sub-Saharan Africa compared to Western countries. This study examines the medical management of CNS infections in Uganda. We also propose a clinical algorithm to manage CNS infections in an effective, systematic, and resource-efficient manner. Methods: We prospectively followed 100 consecutive adult patients who were admitted to Mulago Hospital with a suspected diagnosis of a CNS infection without any active participation in their management. From the clinical and outcome data, we created an algorithm to manage CNS infections, which was appropriate for this resource-limited, high HIV prevalence setting. Results: Only 32 patients had a laboratory confirmed diagnosis and 23 of these were diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis. Overall mortality was 39%, and mortality trended upward when the diagnosis was delayed past 3 days. The initial diagnoses were made clinically without significant laboratory data in 92 of the 100 patients. Because HIV positive patients have a unique spectrum of CNS infections, we created an algorithm that identified HIV-positive patients and diagnosed those with cryptococcal meningitis. After cryptococcal infection was ruled out, previously published algorithms were used to assist in the early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and other common central nervous system infections. In retrospective comparison with current management, the CNS algorithm reduced overall time to diagnosis and initiate treatment of cryptococcal meningitis from 3.5 days to less than 1 day. Conclusions: CNS infections are complex and difficult to diagnose and treat in Uganda, and are associated with high in-hospital mortality. A clinical algorithm may significantly decrease the time to diagnose and treat CNS infections in a resource-limited setting. © 2007 International Society for Infectious Diseases.	Africa; Algorithm; Central nervous system infection; Cryptococcus; HIV; Meningitis; Neurologic infections	amphotericin B; antimalarial agent; chloramphenicol; fluconazole; penicillin G; adult; algorithm; article; bacterial meningitis; central nervous system infection; controlled study; demography; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lumbar puncture; major clinical study; male; meningitis; prevalence; treatment outcome; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Anti-Infective Agents; Central Nervous System Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Factors; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000260124500027	Assessing the Impact of the Trauma Team Training Program in Tanzania	Bergman, Simon,Deckelbaum, Dan,Demyttenaere, Sebastian,Haas, Barbara,Lett, Ronald,Mbembati, Naboth,Munthali, Victoria,Museru, Lawrence,Razek, Tarek	2008	JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE	65	4	10.1097/TA.0b013e318184a9fe	McGill University, University of British Columbia, Muhimbili Univ	"Bergman, Simon: McGill University","Deckelbaum, Dan: McGill University","Demyttenaere, Sebastian: McGill University","Haas, Barbara: McGill University","Lett, Ronald: University of British Columbia","Razek, Tarek: McGill University",	Background. In sub-Saharan Africa, injury is responsible for more deaths and disability-adjusted life years than AIDS and malaria combined. The trauma team training (TTT) program is a low-cost course designed to teach a multidisciplinary team approach to trauma evaluation and resuscitation. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of TTT on trauma knowledge and performance of Tanzanian physicians and nurses; and to demonstrate the validity of a questionnaire assessing trauma knowledge. Methods: This is a prospective stud.), of physicians and nurses from Dar es Salaam undergoing TTT (n = 20). Subjects received a precourse test and, after the course, an alternate postcourse test. The equivalence and construct validity of these 15-item multiple-choice questionnaires was previously demonstrated. After the course, subjects were divided into four teams and underwent a multiple injuries simulation, which was scored with a trauma resuscitation simulation assessment checklist. A satisfaction questionnaire was then administered. Test data are expressed as median score (interquartile ratio) and were analyzed with the Wilcoxon's signed rank test. Results: After the TTT course, subjects improved their scores from 9 (5-12) to 13 (9-13), p = 0.0004. Team performance scores for the simulation were all &gt;80%. Seventy-rive percent of subjects were very satisfied with TTT and 90% would strongly recommend it to others and would agree to teach future courses. Conclusions: After completion of TTT, there was a significant improvement in trauma resuscitation knowledge, based on results from a validated questionnaire. Trauma team performance was excellent when assessed with a novel trauma simulation assessment tool. Participants were very supportive of the course.	EDUCATION,Tanzania,"team assessment","Trauma team training",EDUCATION,"LIFE-SUPPORT PROGRAM",MODULE,PHYSICIANS,"SENIOR MEDICAL-STUDENTS","TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS",UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953094758	Development and evaluation of a patient centered cardiovascular health education program for insured patients in rural Nigeria (QUICK - II)	Odusola A.O., Hendriks M., Schultsz C., Stronks K., Lange J., Osibogun A., Akande T., Alli S., Adenusi P., Agbede K., Haafkens J.	2011	BMC Public Health	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-171	Dept of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Pietersbergweg 17, Amsterdam, 1105 BM, Netherlands; PharmAccess Foundation, 1c Raymond Njoku Street, S.W. Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria; Dept of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Universit	Odusola, A.O., Dept of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Pietersbergweg 17, Amsterdam, 1105 BM, Netherlands, PharmAccess Foundation, 1c Raymond Njoku Street, S.W. Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria; Hendriks, M., Dept of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Pietersbergweg 17, Amsterdam, 1105 BM, Netherlands, Dept of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands; Schultsz, C., Dept of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Pietersbergweg 17, Amsterdam, 1105 BM, Netherlands, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, Ho Chi Min City, District 5, Viet Nam; Stronks, K., Dept of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands; Lange, J., Dept of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Pietersbergweg 17, Amsterdam, 1105 BM, Netherlands; Osibogun, A., Dept of Community Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B.12003, Idi-Araba, Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria; Akande, T., Dept of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1459, Ilorin, postal code 240001, Nigeria; Alli, S., Dept of Cardiology, Lagoon Hospitals, 8 Marine Road, Apapa, Lagos, Nigeria; Adenusi, P., Hygeia Nigeria Ltd, 13B Idejo Street, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Agbede, K., Ogo Oluwa Hospital, 64/65 Ahmadu Bello Way, Bacita, Kwara State, Nigeria; Haafkens, J., Dept of General Practice, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Netherlands	Background: In Sub Saharan Africa, the incidence of hypertension and other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors is growing rapidly. Poor adherence to prescribed prevention and treatment regimens by patients can compromise treatment outcomes. Patient-centered cardiovascular health education is likely to improve shortcomings in adherence. This paper describes a study that aims to develop a cardiovascular health education program for patients participating in a subsidized insurance plan in Nigeria and to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness in patients at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Methods/Design. Design: The study has two parts. Part 1 will develop a cardiovascular health education program, using qualitative interviews with stakeholders. Part 2 will evaluate the effectiveness of the program in patients, using a prospective (pre-post) observational design. Setting: A rural primary health center in Kwara State, Nigeria. Population: For part 1: 40 patients, 10 healthcare professionals, and 5 insurance managers. For part 2: 150 patients with uncontrolled hypertension or other cardiovascular risk factors after one year of treatment. Intervention: Part 2: patient-centered cardiovascular health education program. Measurements: Part 1: Semi-structured interviews to identify stakeholder perspectives. Part 2: Pre- and post-intervention assessments including patients' demographic and socioeconomic data, blood pressure, body mass index and self-reporting measures on medication adherence and perception of care. Feasibility of the intervention will be measured using process data. Outcomes: For program development (part 1): overview of healthcare professionals' perceptions on barriers and facilitators to care, protocol for patient education, and protocol implementation plan. For program evaluation (part 2): changes in patients' scores on adherence to medication and life style changes, blood pressure, and other physiological and self-reporting measures at six months past baseline. Analysis: Part 1: content analytic technique utilizing MAXQDA software. Part 2: univariate and multilevel analysis to assess outcomes of intervention. Discussion. Diligent implementation of patient-centered education should enhance adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention and management programs in low income countries. Trial Registration. ISRCTN47894401. © 2011 Odusola et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	adolescent; adult; article; cardiovascular disease; evaluation; female; health care quality; health insurance; human; insurance; male; methodology; middle aged; Nigeria; organization and management; patient care; patient education; program development; prospective study; risk factor; rural health care; Adolescent; Adult; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Insurance Coverage; Insurance, Health; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Patient Education as Topic; Patient-Centered Care; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Prospective Studies; Research Design; Risk Factors; Rural Health Services; Young Adult	None
WoS	WOS:000264890300033	The intergenerational impact of the African orphans crisis: a cohort study from an HIV/AIDS affected area	Beegle, Kathleen,Dercon, Stefan,De Weerdt, Joachim	2009	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY	38	2	10.1093/ije/dyn197	University of Oxford, EDI	"Dercon, Stefan: University of Oxford",	Background In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of orphanhood among children has been greatly exacerbated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. If orphanhood harms a childs development and these effects perpetuate into adult life, then the African orphan crisis could seriously jeopardize the continents future generations. Whether or not there exists an adverse, causal and intergenerational effect of HIV/AIDS on development is of crucial importance for setting medical priorities. This study is the first to empirically investigate the impact of orphanhood on health and schooling using long-term longitudinal data following children into adulthood. Methods We examined a cohort of 718 children interviewed in the early 1990s and again in 2004. Detailed survey questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were administered at baseline and during a follow-up survey. Final attained height and education (at adulthood) between children who lost a parent before the age of 15 and those who did not were compared. Results On average, children who lose their mother before the age of 15 suffer a deficit of around 2 cm in final attained height (mean 1.96; 95 CI 0.063.77) and 1 year of final attained schooling (mean 1.01; 95 CI 0.391.81). This effect is permanent and the hypothesis that it is causal cannot be rejected by our study. Although fathers death is a predictor of lower height and schooling as well, we reject the hypothesis of a causal link. Conclusions The African orphan crisis, exacerbated by the HIV/AIDS epidemic will have important negative intergenerational effects.	Africa,"COHORT STUDIES","HUMAN CAPITAL",MORTALITY,ORPHANS,AIDS,GROWTH,"HIV-1 INFECTION","KAGERA REGION",POVERTY,PREVALENCE,TANZANIA	None	None
None	None	Assessing the performance of nurses in the management of malaria patients in Tanzania	Kanamori S., Kohi T.W., Nyamhanga T., Mkude S.	2011	Journal of Tropical Pediatrics	57	5	10.1093/tropej/fmq100	IC Net Limited, Saitama, Japan; School of Nursing, Muhimbili University College of Health and Applied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kanamori, S., IC Net Limited, Saitama, Japan; Kohi, T.W., School of Nursing, Muhimbili University College of Health and Applied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nyamhanga, T., School of Nursing, Muhimbili University College of Health and Applied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkude, S., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Background: In Tanzania, nurses play an important role in the management of patients with malaria. The study was conducted to identify the current status of the performance of nurses in the management of malaria patients, in order to provide the baseline data before the training intervention.Methods: The study was conducted at 19 government health facilities in four districts of Tanzania. In order to assess the performance of nurses, 60 procedures involved in the management of malaria patients were observed and evaluated. Additionally, exit interviews were conducted with 60 malaria patients or caretakers upon leaving the health facilities.Results: Of the 60 procedures observed, only 4 satisfied the standard established in the national guideline for treatment and diagnosis of malaria. The proportions of the interviewed patients who were able to correctly provide information were: 83.7-88% on home treatment topics; 6.1-33.3% on follow-up after treatment; and 48.3% on preventive measures on malaria.Conclusion: The nurses do not satisfy the required standard in the management of malaria patients. The weak areas identified by the study are the quinine IV administration and health education provided to patients. Conducting a training programme for nurses and the provision of working aids, such as a dosage table and a wall chart, are recommended. Furthermore, in order to alleviate incorrect dosage in intravenous quinine administration associated with dosage calculation, the possibility of adopting treatment drugs that can be administered by other dosage routes could be explored. © The Author [2010]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.	None	quinine; article; caregiver; follow up; health care facility; health education; home care; human; malaria; nurse patient relationship; patient care; performance; Tanzania; Antimalarials; Clinical Competence; Employee Performance Appraisal; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Malaria; Nursing Care; Patient Education as Topic; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Quinine; Tanzania	None
WoS	WOS:000267029700010	An Evaluation of the Quality of IMCI Assessments among IMCI Trained Health Workers in South Africa	Haskins, Lyn,Horwood, Christiane,Nkosi, Phumla,Qazi, Shamim,Rollins, Nigel,Vermaak, Kerry	2009	PLOS ONE	4	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0005937	None	None	Background: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a strategy to reduce mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years by improving case management of common and serious illnesses at primary health care level, and was adopted in South Africa in 1997. We report an evaluation of IMCI implementation in two provinces of South Africa. Methodology/Principal Findings: Seventy-seven IMCI trained health workers were randomly selected and observed in 74 health facilities; 1357 consultations were observed between May 2006 and January 2007. Each health worker was observed for up to 20 consultations with sick children presenting consecutively to the facility, each child was then reassessed by an IMCI expert to determine the correct findings. Observed health workers had been trained in IMCI for an average of 32.2 months, and were observed for a mean of 17.7 consultations; 50/77(65%) HW's had received a follow up visit after training. In most cases health workers used IMCI to assess presenting symptoms but did not implement IMCI comprehensively. All but one health worker referred to IMCI guidelines during the period of observation. 9(12%) observed health workers checked general danger signs in every child, and 14(18%) assessed all the main symptoms in every child. 51/109(46.8%) children with severe classifications were correctly identified. Nutritional status was not classified in 567/1357(47.5%) children. Conclusion/Significance: Health workers are implementing IMCI, but assessments were frequently incomplete, and children requiring urgent referral were missed. If coverage of key child survival interventions is to be improved, interventions are required to ensure competency in identifying specific signs and to encourage comprehensive assessments of children by IMCI practitioners. The role of supervision in maintaining health worker skills needs further investigation.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449504151	Experiences of training and implementation of integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) in South Africa: A qualitative evaluation of the IMCI case management training course	Horwood C., Voce A., Vermaak K., Rollins N., Qazi S.	2009	BMC Pediatrics	9	None	10.1186/1471-2431-9-62	Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland	Horwood, C., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Voce, A., Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Vermaak, K., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Rollins, N., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa, Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland; Qazi, S., Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland	Background: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a strategy to reduce mortality and morbidity in children under-5 years by improving management of common illnesses at primary level. IMCI has been shown to improve health worker performance, but constraints have been identified in achieving sufficient coverage to improve child survival, and implementation remains sub-optimal. At the core of the IMCI strategy is a clinical guideline whereby health workers use a series of algorithms to assess and manage a sick child, and give counselling to carers. IMCI is taught using a structured 11-day training course that combines classroom work with clinical practise; a variety of training techniques are used, supported by comprehensive training materials and detailed instructions for facilitators. Methods: We conducted focus group discussions with IMCI trained health workers to explore their experiences of the methodology and content of the IMCI training course, whether they thought they gained the skills required for implementation, and their experiences of follow-up visits. Results: Health workers found the training interesting, informative and empowering, and there was consensus that it improved their skills in managing sick children. They appreciated the variety of learning methods employed, and felt that repetition was important to reinforce knowledge and skills. Facilitators were rated highly for their knowledge and commitment, as well as their ability to identify problems and help participants as required. However, health workers felt strongly that the training time was too short to acquire skills in all areas of IMCI. Their increased confidence in managing sick children was identified by health workers as an enabling factor for IMCI implementation in the workplace, but additional time required for IMCI consultations was expressed as a major barrier. Although follow-up visits were described as very helpful, these were often delayed and there was no ongoing clinical supervision. Conclusion: The IMCI training course was reported to be an effective method of acquiring skills, but more time is required, either during the course, or with follow-up, to improve IMCI implementation. Innovative solutions may be required to ensure that adequate skills are acquired and maintained. © 2009 Horwood et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; case management; child care; child health care; childhood disease; consensus development; consultation; controlled study; follow up; health care personnel; health care planning; health education; human; information processing; learning style; problem identification; professional knowledge; skill; South Africa; training; work experience; workplace; Case Management; Child; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Education, Professional; Health Policy; Humans; Pediatrics; Program Evaluation; Quality of Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449397355	Paediatric HIV management at primary care level: An evaluation of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) guidelines for HIV	Horwood C., Vermaak K., Rollins N., Haskins L., Nkosi P., Qazi S.	2009	BMC Pediatrics	9	None	10.1186/1471-2431-9-59	Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland	Horwood, C., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Vermaak, K., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Rollins, N., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa, Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland; Haskins, L., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Nkosi, P., Centre for Rural Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Umbilo Road, Durban 4013, South Africa; Qazi, S., Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland	Background: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a WHO/UNICEF strategy to improve child survival in resource poor settings. South Africa adopted IMCI in 1997, and IMCI guidelines were adapted to include identification and management of HIV infected and exposed children. This study describes the validity of the IMCI/HIV algorithm when used by IMCI experts, the use of IMCI/HIV guidelines by IMCI trained health workers in routine clinical practice, and the burden of HIV among children under 5 years attending first level health facilities. Methods: Seventy seven randomly selected IMCI trained health workers were observed in 74 health facilities in two provinces of South Africa. Consultations were observed with 1357 sick children; each child was reassessed by an IMCI expert to confirm the correct findings. Consent was requested for HIV testing of all children who attended with a parent or legal guardian. Positive rapid HIV tests were confirmed with HIV PCR in children aged less than 18 months. HIV positive children had a CD4 count and HIV clinical staging done. Results: Of 1064 children with HIV results available, 76 (7.1% CI: 5.7% - 8.9%) children were confirmed HIV positive. IMCI experts using the HIV algorithm classified 54/76 (71.1% CI: 59.5%-80.9%) HIV positive children as suspected symptomatic HIV, and 15/22 remaining HIV positive children were identified as HIV exposed. Therefore, 69/76 (90.8% CI: 81.9-96.2) HIV infected children were identified by IMCI experts. No classification was made for HIV by observed health workers in 899/1357(66.2%) children. Conclusion: 906/1243(72.9%) mothers had been tested previously for HIV, of whom 221(24.4%) reported testing positive. Of 221 children therefore identified as HIV exposed, only 78(35.3%) had been tested for HIV within routine services. The HIV algorithm is a valid tool for identifying HIV infected and exposed children when correctly and comprehensively implemented. However, it is not being used by IMCI trained health workers in routine practise, leading to a failure to implement life saving interventions. © 2009 Horwood et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; nevirapine; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; child health care; clinical protocol; continuing education; health care personnel; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; major clinical study; polymerase chain reaction; practice guideline; preschool child; primary medical care; South Africa; Algorithms; Child, Preschool; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Practice Guidelines as Topic; Primary Health Care; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Survival Rate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928266864	Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography for evaluation of mediastinal lymph node staging of non-small-cell lung cancer in a tuberculosisendemic area: A 5-year prospective observational study	Shaw J.A., Irusen E.M., von Groote-Bidlingmaier F., Warwick J.M., Jeremic B., Du Toit R., Koegelenberg C.F.N.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	2	10.7196/SAMJ.8357	Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Shaw, J.A., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Irusen, E.M., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Warwick, J.M., Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Jeremic, B., Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Du Toit, R., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa; Koegelenberg, C.F.N., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) is a well-validated modality for assessing mediastinal lymph node metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which determines management and predicts survival. Tuberculosis (TB) is known to lead to false-positive PET-CT findings. Objectives. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of PET-CT in identifying mediastinal lymph node involvement of NSCLC in a high TB-endemic area. Methods. Patients who underwent both PET-CT and lymph node tissue sampling for the investigation of suspected NSCLC were prospectively included in this observational study. Results were analysed per patient and per lymph node stage. A post-hoc analysis was performed to test the validity of a maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) cut-off for lymph node positivity. Results. PET-CT had a sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 48.6%, positive predictive value of 56.8% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.0% in the per-patient analysis. Diagnostic accuracy was 67.2%. Similar values were obtained in the per-lymph node stage analysis. TB was responsible for 21.1% of false-positive results. A SUVmax cut-off of 4.5 yielded an improvement in diagnostic accuracy from 64.0% to 84.7% compared with a cut-off of 2.5, but at the cost of decreasing the NPV from 90.6% to 83.5%. Conclusion. In a high TB-endemic area, PET-CT remains a valuable method for excluding mediastinal lymph node involvement in NSCLC. Patients with a negative PET-CT may proceed to definitive management without further invasive procedures. However, PET-CT-positive lymph nodes require pathological confirmation, and the possibility of TB must be considered. © 2015, South African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	None	adult; aged; Article; cancer staging; computer assisted emission tomography; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; fine needle aspiration biopsy; human; human tissue; major clinical study; male; mediastinum lymph node; middle aged; non small cell lung cancer; observational study; predictive value; prospective study; receiver operating characteristic; sensitivity and specificity; transthoracic aspiration; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948757618	The diagnostic accuracy of integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography in the evaluation of pulmonary mass lesions in a tuberculosis-endemic area	du Toit R., Shaw J.A., Irusen E.M., von Groote-Bidlingmaier F., Warwick J.M., Koegelenberg C.F.N.	2015	South African Medical Journal	105	12	10.7196/SAMJ.2015.v105i12.10300	Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	du Toit, R., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Shaw, J.A., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Irusen, E.M., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; von Groote-Bidlingmaier, F., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Warwick, J.M., Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Koegelenberg, C.F.N., Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) is a well-validated modality for assessing pulmonary mass lesions and specifically for estimating risk of malignancy. Tuberculosis (TB) is known to cause false-positive PET-CT findings. Objective. To investigate the utility of PET-CT in the evaluation of pulmonary mass lesions and nodules in a high TB prevalence setting. Methods. All patients referred for the evaluation of a solitary pulmonary nodule or mass and who underwent PET-CT scanning over a 3-year period were included. The PET-CT findings, including maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax), were compared with the gold standard (tissue or microbiological diagnosis). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic accuracy for malignant disease were calculated according to the SUVmax cut-off of 2.5 and a proposed cut-off obtained from a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results. Forty-nine patients (mean (standard deviation) age 60.1 (10.2) years; 29 males) were included, of whom 30 had malignancy. Using an SUVmax cut-off of 2.5, PET-CT had a sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy for malignancy of 93.3%, 36.8%, 70.0%, 77.8% and 71.4%, respectively. After a ROC curve analysis, a suggested SUVmax cut-off of 5.0 improved the specificity to 78.9% and the diagnostic accuracy to 86.7%, with a small reduction in sensitivity to 90.0%. Conclusions. The diagnostic accuracy of PET-CT in the evaluation of pulmonary mass lesions using the conventional SUVmax cut-off of 2.5 was reduced in a TB-endemic area. An SUVmax cut-off of 5.0 has a higher specificity and diagnostic accuracy for malignancy, with a comparable sensitivity. © 2015, South African Medical Association. All rights reserved.	PET/CT; Positron emission tomography/computed tomography; Pulmonary mass lesions; Tuberculosis-endemic area	fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; adult; Article; clinical article; computer assisted emission tomography; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; histology; human; human tissue; lung cancer; lung lesion; lung nodule; lung tuberculosis; male; predictive value; receiver operating characteristic; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865551471	Impact of drought and HIV on child nutrition in Eastern and Southern Africa	Mason J.B., Chotard S., Bailes A., Mebrahtu S., Hailey P.	2011	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	32	3 SUPPL.	None	Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; UNICEF Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa, South Africa	Mason, J.B., Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St., New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Chotard, S.; Bailes, A.; Mebrahtu, S., UNICEF Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa, South Africa; Hailey, P., UNICEF Regional Office for Eastern and Southern Africa, South Africa	Background. Intermittent food insecurity due to drought and the effects of HIV/AIDS affect child nutritional status in sub-Saharan Africa. In Southern Africa in 2001-3 drought and HIV were previously shown to interact to cause substantial deterioration in child nutrition. With additional data available from Southern and Eastern Africa, the size of the effects of drought and HIV on child underweight up to 2006 were estimated. Objective. To determine short-and long-term trends in child malnutrition in Eastern and Southern Africa and how these are affected by drought and HIV. Methods. A secondary epidemiologic analysis was conducted of area-level data derived from national surveys, generally from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s. Data from countries in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda) and Southern Africa (Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) were compiled from available survey results. Secondary data were obtained on weight-for-age for preschool children, HIV prevalence data were derived from antenatal clinic surveillance, and food security data were obtained from United Nations sources (Food and Agriculture Organization, International Labour Office, and others). Results. Overall trends in child nutrition are improving as national averages; the improvement is slowed but not stopped by the effects of intermittent droughts. In Southern Africa, the prevalence rates of underweight showed signs of recovery from the 2001-03 crisis. As expected, food production and price indicators were related (although weakly) to changes in malnutrition prevalence; the association was strongest between changes in food production and price indicators and changes in malnutrition prevalence in the following year. Areas of higher HIV prevalence had better nutrition (in both country groups), but this counterintuitive association is removed after controlling for socioeconomic status. In low-HIV areas in Eastern Africa, nutrition deteriorates during drought, with prevalence rates of underweight 5 to 12 percentage points higher than in nondrought periods; less difference was seen in high-HIV areas, in contrast to Southern Africa, where drought and HIV together interact to produce higher prevalence rates of underweight. Conclusions. Despite severe intermittent droughts and the HIV/AIDS epidemic (now declining but still with very high prevalence rates), underlying trends in child underweight are improving when drought is absent: resilience may be better than feared. Preventing effects of drought and HIV could release potential for improvement and, when supported by national nutrition programs, help to accelerate the rates of improvement, now generally averaging around 0.3 percentage points per year, to those needed to meet Millennium Development Goals (0.4 to 0.9 percentage points per year). © 2010, The United Nations University.	Africa; Drought; HIV; Nutrition	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; age class; child care; data set; drought; epidemic; epidemiology; food production; food security; health survey; human immunodeficiency virus; Millenium Development Goal; nutritional status; United Nations; weight; East Africa; South Africa; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
None	None	Cluster-randomized study of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants (IPTi) in southern Tanzania: Evaluation of impact on survival	Armstrong Schellenberg J.R.M., Maokola W., Shirima K., Manzi F., Mrisho M., Mushi A., Alonso P., Mshinda H., Tanner M., Schellenberg D.M.	2011	Malaria Journal	10	None	10.1186/1475-2875-10-387	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland	Armstrong Schellenberg, J.R.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Maokola, W., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Shirima, K., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Manzi, F., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mrisho, M., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mushi, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania; Alonso, P., Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique; Mshinda, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Tanner, M., Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Schellenberg, D.M., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria control in infants (IPTi) consists of the administration of a treatment dose of an anti-malarial drug, usually sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, at scheduled intervals, regardless of the presence of Plasmodium falciparum infection. A pooled analysis of individually randomized trials reported that IPTi reduced clinical episodes by 30%. This study evaluated the effect of IPTi on child survival in the context of a five-district implementation project in southern Tanzania. [Trial registration: clinical trials.gov NCT00152204]. Methods. After baseline household and health facility surveys in 2004, five districts comprising 24 divisions were randomly assigned either to receive IPTi (n = 12) or not (n = 12). Implementation started in March 2005, led by routine health services with support from the research team. In 2007, a large household survey was undertaken to assess the impact of IPTi on survival in infants aged two-11 months through birth history interviews with all women aged 13-49 years. The analysis is based on an "intention-to-treat" ecological design, with survival outcomes analysed according to the cluster in which the mothers lived. Results: Survival in infants aged two-11 months was comparable in IPTi and comparison areas at baseline. In intervention areas in 2007, 48% of children aged 12-23 months had documented evidence of receiving three doses of IPTi, compared to 2% in comparison areas (P < 0.0001). Over the three years of the study there was a marked improvement in survival in both groups. Between 2001-4 and 2005-7, mortality rates in two-11 month olds fell from 34.1 to 23.6 per 1,000 person-years in intervention areas and from 32.3 to 20.7 in comparison areas. In 2007, divisions implementing IPTi had a 14% (95% CI -12%, 49%) higher mortality rate in two-11 month olds in comparison with non-implementing divisions (P = 0.31). Conclusion: The lack of evidence of an effect of IPTi on survival could be a false negative result due to a lack of power or imbalance of unmeasured confounders. Alternatively, there could be no mortality impact of IPTi due to low coverage, late administration, drug resistance, decreased malaria transmission or improvements in vector control and case management. This study raises important questions for programme evaluation design. © 2011 Schellenberg et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antimalarial agent; diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccine; measles vaccine; article; controlled study; evaluation; false negative result; health care facility; health service; health survey; household; human; infant; intention to treat analysis; malaria; mortality; outcome assessment; preventive medicine; randomization; randomized controlled trial; survival; Tanzania; vector control	None
None	None	Economic evaluation of an alternative drug to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy	Sicuri E., Fernandes S., Macete E., González R., Mombo-Ngoma G., Massougbodgi A., Abdulla S., Kuwawenaruwa A., Katana A., Desai M., Cot M., Ramharter M., Kremsner P., Slustker L., Aponte J., Hanson K., Menéndez C.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	4	10.1371/journal.pone.0125072	ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon; Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Paris, France; Université René Descartes, Paris, France; Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria	Sicuri, E., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Fernandes, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Macete, E., Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; González, R., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Mombo-Ngoma, G., Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Massougbodgi, A., Faculté des Sciences de la Santé (FSS), Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kuwawenaruwa, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Katana, A., Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Desai, M., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Cot, M., Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement (IRD), Paris, France, Université René Descartes, Paris, France; Ramharter, M., Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Kremsner, P., Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné(CERMEL), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Slustker, L., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Aponte, J., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique; Hanson, K., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Menéndez, C., ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, Manhiça Health Research Center (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique	Background: Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is recommended in HIV-negative women to avert malaria, while this relies on cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (CTXp) in HIV-positive women. Alternative antimalarials are required in areas where parasite resistance to antifolate drugs is high. The cost-effectiveness of IPTp with alternative drugs is needed to inform policy. Methods: The cost-effectiveness of 2-dose IPTp-mefloquine (MQ) was compared with IPTp-SP in HIV-negative women (Benin, Gabon, Mozambique and Tanzania). In HIV-positive women the cost-effectiveness of 3-dose IPTp-MQ added to CTXp was compared with CTXp alone (Kenya, Mozambique and Tanzania). The outcomes used were maternal clinical malaria, anaemia at delivery and non-obstetric hospital admissions. The poor tolerability to MQ was included as the value of women's loss of working days. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated and threshold analysis undertaken. Results: For HIV-negative women, the ICER for IPTp-MQ versus IPTp-SP was 136.30 US$ (2012 US$) (95%CI 131.41; 141.18) per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted, or 237.78 US$ (95%CI 230.99; 244.57), depending on whether estimates from Gabon were included or not. For HIV-positive women, the ICER per DALY averted for IPTp-MQ added to CTXp, versus CTXp alone was 6.96 US$ (95%CI 4.22; 9.70). In HIV-negative women, moderate shifts of variables such as malaria incidence, drug cost, and IPTp efficacy increased the ICERs above the cost-effectiveness threshold. In HIV-positive women the intervention remained cost-effective for a substantial (up to 21 times) increase in cost per tablet. Conclusions: Addition of IPTp with an effective antimalarial to CTXp was very cost-effective in HIV-positive women. IPTp with an efficacious antimalarial was more cost-effective than IPTp-SP in HIV-negative women. However, the poor tolerability of MQ does not favour its use as IPTp. Regardless of HIV status, prevention of malaria in pregnancy with a highly efficacious, well tolerated antimalarial would be cost-effective despite its high price. Trials Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT 00811421; Pan African Trials Registry PACTR2010020001429343 and PACTR2010020001813440. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.	None	cotrimoxazole; mefloquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; adult; anemia; Article; Benin; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; disability adjusted life year; drug cost; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug tolerability; economic evaluation; female; Gabon; hospital admission; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; monotherapy; Mozambique; outcome assessment; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; quality of life; Tanzania; working time	None
WoS	WOS:000291851000001	Two-year evaluation of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Children (IPTc) combined with timely home treatment for malaria control in Ghana	Ahorlu, Collins K.,Koram, Kwadwo A.,Seake-Kwawu, Atsu,Weiss, Mitchell G.	2011	MALARIA JOURNAL	10	None	10.1186/1475-2875-10-127	Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Basel, University of Ghana, Keta Dist Hlth Management Team, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute	"Ahorlu, Collins K.: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research","Ahorlu, Collins K.: University of Ghana","Koram, Kwadwo A.: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research","Koram, Kwadwo A.: University of Ghana","Weiss, Mitchell G.: University of Basel",	Background: Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) has recently been accepted as an important component of the malaria control strategy. Intermittent preventive treatment for children (IPTc) combined with timely treatment of malaria related febrile illness at home to reduce parasite prevalence and malaria morbidity in children aged between six and 60 months in a coastal community in Ghana. This paper reports persistence of reduced parasitaemia two years into the intervention. The baseline and year-one-evaluation findings were published earlier. Objective: The main objective in the second year was to demonstrate whether the two interventions would further reduce parasite prevalence and malaria-related febrile illness in the study population. Methods: This was an intervention study designed to compare baseline and evaluation findings without a control group. The study combined home-based delivery of intermittent preventive treatment for children (IPTc) aged 6 - 60 months and home treatment of suspected febrile malaria-related illness within 24 hours. All children aged 6 - 60 months received home-based delivery of intermittent preventive treatment using amodiaquine + artesunate, delivered at home by community assistants every four months (6 times in 24 months). Malaria parasite prevalence surveys were conducted before the first and after the third and sixth IPTc to the children. The evaluation surveys were done four months after the third and sixth IPTc was given. Results: Parasite prevalence which reduced from 25% to 3.0% at year-one evaluation had reduced further from 3% to 1% at year-two-evaluation. At baseline, 13.8% of the children were febrile (axilary temperature of &gt;= 37.5 degrees C) compared to 2.2% at year-one-evaluation while 2.1% were febrile at year-two-evaluation. Conclusion: The year-two-evaluation result indicates that IPTc given three times in a year (every four months) combined with timely treatment of febrile malaria illness, is effective to reduce malaria parasite prevalence in children aged 6 to 60 months in the study community. This must give hope to malaria control programme managers in sub-Saharan Africa where the burden of the disease is most debilitating.	,AFRICA,ANEMIA,DELIVERY,INFANTS,"PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL",RANDOMIZED-TRIAL,"ROUTINE VACCINATIONS","SOUTHERN GHANA",SULFADOXINE-PYRIMETHAMINE,TRANSMISSION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861311153	Comparative performance of HbA1c 6.5% for FPG &gt;7.0 vs 2hr PG&gt;11.1 criteria for diagnosis of type 2 diabetes	Adamu A.N.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	3	None	Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Adamu, A.N., Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria	Background: International expert committee on the use of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes mellitus in 2009 and World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 has advocated the use of HbA1c to diagnose diabetes mellitus. Objective: To determine and compare the relationship between the new cut off value of HbA1c with established criteria. Methods: Thirty-one hypertensive subjects attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital were recruited for HbA1c and standard oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and two-hour plasma glucose (2hrpp) value of e"126mg/dl and >200mg/dl were used as standard respectively for diagnosis of diabetes. The HbA1c of e"6.5% was used to diagnose diabetes. The performance and correlation of HbA1c with FPG and 2hrpp were calculated and results were compared. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 53.97±6.27years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), efficiency and correlation of FPG is 50%, 68%, 27%, 85%, 64% and 0.5 respectively while the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, efficiency and correlation of 2hrpp is 73.91%, 62.5%,85%, 41.66%, 70.97% and 0.73% respectively. There was a significant difference between FPG and 2hrpp interms of sensitivity, PPV and NPV. Conclusion: The results of HbA1c with 2hrpp has better correlation, sensitivity, and PPV compared to HbA1c with FPG.	2-hour post-prandial glucose; Diabetes diagnosis; Fasting plasma glucoe; HbA1c	glucose; hemoglobin A1c; glycosylated hemoglobin; hemoglobin A1c protein, human; adult; article; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; diet restriction; female; glucose blood level; human; hypertension; male; non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus; oral glucose tolerance test; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; standard; university hospital; blood; cross-sectional study; glucose blood level; glucose tolerance test; middle aged; reference value; Blood Glucose; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863838354	Population pharmacokinetic model for adherence evaluation using lamivudine concentration monitoring	Zhang C., Denti P., Van Der Walt J.-S., Ren Y., Smith P., Karlsson M.O., McIlleron H.	2012	Therapeutic Drug Monitoring	34	4	10.1097/FTD.0b013e31825c6067	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Zhang, C., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Denti, P., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Van Der Walt, J.-S., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Ren, Y., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Smith, P., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Karlsson, M.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; McIlleron, H., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Interpretation of antiretroviral drug concentration measurements could be aided by information about adherence to recent doses. We developed a population pharmacokinetic model of lamivudine in young children to propose reference lamivudine concentrations for evaluation of adherence to recent treatment doses. METHODS: The steady state pharmacokinetics of lamivudine were evaluated in 68 young HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral treatment twice daily. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using NONMEM 7. RESULTS: A 2-compartment model with transit absorption best described lamivudine pharmacokinetics. After adjustment for maturation and body weight (using allometric scaling), the variability of clearance was small, hence simulations could accurately predict lamivudine concentrations. Higher lamivudine trough concentrations were detected before the morning dose, possibly owing to slower overnight clearance. Reference values for lamivudine concentrations that can be used to evaluate adherence to recent doses are proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Lamivudine concentration measurement can be used to assess recent treatment adherence. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	lamivudine; NONMEM; population pharmacokinetics	lamivudine; lopinavir plus ritonavir; allometry; article; body weight; child; compartment model; drug absorption; drug blood level; drug clearance; drug monitoring; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; major clinical study; patient compliance; preschool child; priority journal; steady state; Absorption; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Area Under Curve; Child, Preschool; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Lamivudine; Models, Biological	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945341623	Participant evaluation of an education module on interprofessional collaboration for students in healthcare studies	Tsakitzidis G., Timmermans O., Callewaert N., Truijen S., Meulemans H., Van Royen P.	2015	BMC Medical Education	15	1	10.1186/s12909-015-0477-0	Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation in Care, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Hz University of Applied Sciences, Vlissingen, Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, Artesis-Plantijn University College of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Tsakitzidis, G., Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Timmermans, O., Department of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre for Research and Innovation in Care, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Hz University of Applied Sciences, Vlissingen, Netherlands; Callewaert, N., Department of Health Sciences, Artesis-Plantijn University College of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Truijen, S., Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Meulemans, H., Department of Sociology and Research, Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Centre for Health Systems Research and Development, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Van Royen, P., Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium	Background: Interprofessional collaboration is considered a key-factor to deliver the highest quality of care. Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) assumes a model of working together, in particular with awareness of the process of interprofessional collaboration, to develop an integrated and cohesive answer to the needs of the client/family/population. Educational modules are developed in response to a perceived need to improve interprofessional collaboration for the benefit of patientcare. Up until 2005 no explicit module on interprofessional collaboration existed in the education programs of the Antwerp University Association (AUHA). During a decade the 'Interprofessional Collaboration In Healthcare (IPCIHC) - module' is organised and evaluated by its participants. Methods: One group, post-test design was used to gather data from the participating students using a structured questionnaire. Data was collected between March 2005 and March 2014 from participating final year students in healthcare educational programs. Results: 3568 (84 % overall response) students evaluated the IPCIHC module from 2005 up to 2014. Over 80 % of the participants were convinced the IPCIHC increased their knowledge and changed their understanding that it will impact their future professional relationships, and felt a greater understanding about problem-solving in healthcare teams. Even though the results indicate that the goals of the IPCIHC module were achieved, less than 60 % of the participants experienced a change in attitude towards other professional groups. Conclusions: Despite the positive outcomes from the participants, the challenge still remains to keep on educating future healthcare providers in interprofessional collaboration in order to achieve an increase in interprofessional behaviour towards other professional groups. Research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of undergraduate programs on the quality and safety of patientcare in practice. © 2015 Tsakitzidis et al.	Collaborate; Education; Healthcare; Interprofessional	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928637366	Assessment of demographic, health and nutrition related factors to a school performance among school children in Arb-Gebeya Town, Tach-Gaynt Woreda, South Gondar, Ethiopia	Admasie A., Ali A., Kumie A.	2013	Ethiopian Journal of Health Development	27	2	None	Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia; Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Ethiopia	Admasie, A., Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia; Ali, A., Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Ethiopia; Kumie, A., Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Ethiopia	Background: Intestinal parasite and malnutrition are prevalent among children in general and school aged children in particular, in the Ethiopian context. There is limited information how these factors are associated with school performance. Objective: This study assessed the effect of intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status on academic performance of school children. Methods: A school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected 601 school childrenattending grades 5th-8th. Data was collected using standardized, closed ended and coded questionnaire. Physical health assessment, parasitological laboratory examinations and anthropometric measurements were the means used to assess the presence of parasitic infections and nutritional status. Grade scores were used to evaluate school performance. Graduate nurses and laboratory technicians were involved in the data collection. EPO INFO version 6.04 and SPSS version 13.0 were used for data management and analysis, respectively. Results: Out of the 601 students, who had stool examination, 216 (35.9%) had at least one parasite. Of those, the dominant parasite was E-histolytica, 80 (13.3%), followed by ascariasis, 50 (8.3%). The prevalence of underweight (BMI value below the 5th percentile) in the area was 30(5%) in all age groups.The mean of the students' grade is 62.25% (SD±9.25). Three hundred twenty-eight (54.6%) of the students had scored below the mean. The rate of absenteeism in the group below five days was 540 (74.9%) students who had parasitic infection were less likely to achieve higher academic performance than those who had not (AOR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.41-0.83). Nutritional status as measured by BMI did not shows an association with academic performance. Conclusion: Even though the prevalence of intestinal parasites in the area seemed low, it affected school performance in the Arb-Gebeya school. However, nutritional status did not affect academic performance according to this study.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946220074	Impact of gender participation in non-farming activities on household income and poverty levels in Pakistan	Ali A., Erenstein O., Rahut D.B.	2015	Work	52	2	10.3233/WOR-152103	International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ali, A., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NARC, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan; Erenstein, O., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Rahut, D.B., International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	BACKGROUND: In the rural areas of Pakistan, the majority of farm households have small landholdings of less than 2 hectares. Both male and females are engaged in farming and non-farming activities. However, in Pakistan the gender-wise participation in farming activities is not much documented. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the current study is to estimate the impact of male and female participation in non-farming activities on a household's income level and poverty status in Pakistan. METHODS: The current study is based on a cross-sectional data set collected from 325 households through a purposive random sampling technique. A detailed comprehensive questionnaire was prepared for data collection. The data were analyzed by employing the propensity score matching approach. RESULTS: The empirical results indicate that both male and female participation in non-farming activities has a positive impact on household welfare in Pakistan by raising income levels and thus contributing to poverty reduction. However, the impact is greater when the males of a household take part in these activities rather than the females. CONCLUSIONS: In the past only a few studies have focused on gender-based participation in non-farming activities. The non-farming sector is an important one in rural areas, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. More opportunities need to be created for both men and women in rural areas of Pakistan to find off-farm work, in order to increase household income and reduce poverty levels.	Non-farming opportunities; propensity score matching; rural areas	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897376940	Evaluation of a tailored intervention to improve management of overweight and obesity in primary care: Study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial	Krause J., Agarwal S., Bodicoat D.H., Ring A., Shepherd D., Rogers S., Wensing M., Baker R.	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-82	Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom; Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom; Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Saffron Group Practice, 509 Saffron Lane, Leicester LE2 6UL, United Kingdom; Public Health Department, Guildhall Road, Northampton NN1 5DN, United Kingdom; Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands	Krause, J., Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom; Agarwal, S., Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom; Bodicoat, D.H., Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom, Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom; Ring, A., Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom, Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Shepherd, D., Saffron Group Practice, 509 Saffron Lane, Leicester LE2 6UL, United Kingdom; Rogers, S., Public Health Department, Guildhall Road, Northampton NN1 5DN, United Kingdom; Wensing, M., Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, Netherlands; Baker, R., Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, 22-28 Princess Road West, LE1 6TP Leicester, United Kingdom	Background: In the UK around 22% of men and 24% of women are obese, and there are varying but worrying levels in other European countries. Obesity is a chronic condition that carries an important health risk. National guidelines, for use in England, on the management of people who are overweight or obese have been published by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2006). NICE recommendations for primary care teams are: determine the degree of overweight and obesity; assess lifestyle, comorbidities and willingness to change; offer multicomponent management of overweight and obesity; referral to external services when appropriate. This study investigates a tailored intervention to improve the implementation of these recommendations by primary care teams.Methods/Design: The study is a cluster randomised controlled trial. Primary care teams will be recruited from the East Midlands of England, and randomised into two study arms: 1) the study group, in which primary care teams are offered a set of tailored interventions to help implement the NICE guidelines for overweight and obesity; or 2) the control group in which primary care teams continue to practice usual care. The primary outcome is the proportion of overweight or obese patients for whom the primary care team adheres to the NICE guidelines. Secondary outcomes include the proportion of patients with a record of lifestyle assessment, referral to external weight loss services, the proportion of obese patients who lose weight during the intervention period, and the mean weight change over the same period.Discussion: Although often recommended, the methods of tailoring implementation interventions to account for the determinants of practice are not well developed. This study is part of a programme of studies seeking to develop the methods of tailored implementation.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN07457585. Registered 09/08/2013. Randomisation commenced 30/08/2013. © 2014 Krause et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Obesity; Overweight; Primary care teams; Tailored implementation of chronic diseases; TICD	adolescent; article; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; controlled study; health care personnel; health care planning; human; intervention study; lifestyle modification; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; national Institute for health and clinical excellence; obesity; outcome assessment; practice guideline; primary medical care; randomized controlled trial; tailored intervention; waist circumference; weight change; weight reduction; Clinical Protocols; Combined Modality Therapy; England; Guideline Adherence; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Obesity; Patient Care Team; Patient Education as Topic; Physician's Practice Patterns; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Primary Health Care; Program Evaluation; Referral and Consultation; Research Design; Risk Reduction Behavior; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss	None
None	None	Midwives' intrapartum monitoring process and management resulting in emergency referrals in Tanzania: A qualitative study	Shimoda K., Leshabari S., Horiuchi S., Shimpuku Y., Tashiro J.	2015	BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth	15	1	10.1186/s12884-015-0691-0	St. Luke's International University, 10-1, Akashi-cho, Tokyo, Chuo-ku, Japan; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; St. Luke's Birth Clinic, Tokyo, Japan	Shimoda, K., St. Luke's International University, 10-1, Akashi-cho, Tokyo, Chuo-ku, Japan; Leshabari, S., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Nursing, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Horiuchi, S., St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan, St. Luke's Birth Clinic, Tokyo, Japan; Shimpuku, Y., St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan; Tashiro, J., St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan	Background: In the United Republic of Tanzania, the maternal mortality ratio, and neonatal mortality rate have remained high for the last 10years. It is well documented that many complications of pregnancy are avoidable by providing skilled midwifery care during and immediately after childbirth. However, there have been delays in providing timely and necessary obstetric interventions, most likely due to lack of proper monitoring during labor. Yet, there has been little research concerning how midwives monitor the process of childbirth. Therefore, this study aimed to describe how midwives monitored and managed the process of childbirth to achieve early consulting and timely referral to obstetricians. Methods: The design was qualitative and descriptive, using data from comprehensive semi-structured interviews of midwives. The interviews were conducted at one hospital and one health center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city. Eleven participants were purposively recruited and interviewed about their experiences managing complicated intrapartum cases. After the interviews, data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Derived from the data were three activity phases: initial encounter, monitoring, and acting. During these phases, midwives noticed danger signs, identified problems, revised and confirmed initial problem identification, and organized for medical intervention or referral. The timing of taking action was different for each midwife and depended on the nature of the prolonged and obstructed labor case. Conclusions: For the majority of midwives, the processing of assessments and judgments was brief and without reflection, and only a few midwives took time to continue to monitor the labor after the initial identification of problems and before taking actions. To make a final judgment that the labor was becoming prolonged or obstructed, midwives should consider taking time to review and synthesize all their findings. © 2015 Shimoda et al.	Childbirth; Clinical judgment; Decision making; Developing countries; Emergency referral; Quality of care; Tanzania	Article; childbirth; clinical decision making; controlled study; educational status; emergency care; health care quality; human; intrapartum care; labor management; maternal care; maternal mortality; midwife attitude; midwifery education; patient monitoring; patient referral; personnel shortage; problem identification; professional knowledge; qualitative research; semi structured interview; Tanzania; work experience	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899987684	Design of an impact evaluation using a mixed methods model - An explanatory assessment of the effects of results-based financing mechanisms on maternal healthcare services in Malawi	Brenner S., Muula A.S., Robyn P.J., Bärnighausen T., Sarker M., Mathanga D.P., Bossert T., De Allegri M.	2014	BMC Health Services Research	14	1	10.1186/1472-6963-14-180	Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa	Brenner, S., Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Muula, A.S., Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Robyn, P.J., World Bank, Washington, DC, United States; Bärnighausen, T., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Sarker, M., Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany; Mathanga, D.P., Department of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; Bossert, T., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; De Allegri, M., Institute of Public Health, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany	Background: In this article we present a study design to evaluate the causal impact of providing supply-side performance-based financing incentives in combination with a demand-side cash transfer component on equitable access to and quality of maternal and neonatal healthcare services. This intervention is introduced to selected emergency obstetric care facilities and catchment area populations in four districts in Malawi. We here describe and discuss our study protocol with regard to the research aims, the local implementation context, and our rationale for selecting a mixed methods explanatory design with a quasi-experimental quantitative component. Design. The quantitative research component consists of a controlled pre- and post-test design with multiple post-test measurements. This allows us to quantitatively measure 'equitable access to healthcare services' at the community level and 'healthcare quality' at the health facility level. Guided by a theoretical framework of causal relationships, we determined a number of input, process, and output indicators to evaluate both intended and unintended effects of the intervention. Overall causal impact estimates will result from a difference-in-difference analysis comparing selected indicators across intervention and control facilities/catchment populations over time. To further explain heterogeneity of quantitatively observed effects and to understand the experiential dimensions of financial incentives on clients and providers, we designed a qualitative component in line with the overall explanatory mixed methods approach. This component consists of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with providers, service user, non-users, and policy stakeholders. In this explanatory design comprehensive understanding of expected and unexpected effects of the intervention on both access and quality will emerge through careful triangulation at two levels: across multiple quantitative elements and across quantitative and qualitative elements. Discussion. Combining a traditional quasi-experimental controlled pre- and post-test design with an explanatory mixed methods model permits an additional assessment of organizational and behavioral changes affecting complex processes. Through this impact evaluation approach, our design will not only create robust evidence measures for the outcome of interest, but also generate insights on how and why the investigated interventions produce certain intended and unintended effects and allows for a more in-depth evaluation approach. © 2014 Brenner et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Impact evaluation; Mixed methods; Performance-based incentives; Study design	economics; evaluation study; female; health service; human; Malawi; reimbursement; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Malawi; Maternal Health Services; Reimbursement, Incentive	University of Heidelberg
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880254078	Impact of sociodemographic factors on cognitive function in school-aged HIV-infected Nigerian children	Boyede G.O., Lesi F.E.A., Ezeaka V.C., Umeh C.S.	2013	HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care	5	None	10.2147/HIV.S43260	Division of Developmental Paediatrics, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Lagos, Nigeria; Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria	Boyede, G.O., Division of Developmental Paediatrics, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics, Lagos, Nigeria; Lesi, F.E.A., Department of Paediatrics, Lagos, Nigeria; Ezeaka, V.C., Department of Paediatrics, Lagos, Nigeria; Umeh, C.S., Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: In this study, we sought to evaluate the influence of sociodemographic factors, ie, age, sex, socioeconomic status, maternal education, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, on cognitive performance in school-aged HIV-infected Nigerian children. Methods: Sixty-nine HIV-positive children aged 6-15 years were matched with 69 HIV-negative control children for age and sex. The children were subdivided for the purpose of analysis into two cognitive developmental stages using Piaget's staging, ie, the concrete operational stage (6-11 years) and the formal operational stage (12-15 years). All participants underwent cognitive assessment using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RPM). Sociodemographic data for the study participants, ie, age, sex, socioeconomic status, and level of maternal education, were obtained using a study proforma. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations of HIV status and sociodemographic characteristics with RPM cognitive scores. Results: The overall mean RPM score for the HIV-positive children was 18.2 ± 9.8 (range 8.0-47.0) which was significantly lower than the score of 27.2 ± 13.8 (range 8.0-52.0) for the HIV-negative children (P<0.001). On RPM grading, 56.5% of the HIV-positive children had cognitive performance at below average to intellectually defective range. Below average RPM scores were found to be significantly associated with younger age (6-11 years), positive HIV status, lower socioeconomic status, and low level of maternal education. Conclusion: Younger age, poor socioeconomic status, and low level of maternal education were factors apart from HIV infection that were significantly associated with low cognitive function in school-aged HIV-infected Nigerian children. © 2013 Boyede et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.	Cognitive assessment; Nigeria; Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus; Raven's progressive matrices; School-aged children	adolescent; age; article; child; cognition; controlled study; demography; developmental stage; disease association; educational status; female; gender; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; mother; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; Nigeria; preschool child; Raven Standard Progressive Matrices; school child; social aspect; social status; task performance	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905911793	Findings from the SASA! Study: A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda	Abramsky T., Devries K., Kiss L., Nakuti J., Kyegombe N., Starmann E., Cundill B., Francisco L., Kaye D., Musuya T., Michau L., Watts C.	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/s12916-014-0122-5	Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Raising Voices, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda	Abramsky, T., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Devries, K., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Kiss, L., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Nakuti, J., Raising Voices, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Kyegombe, N., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Starmann, E., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Cundill, B., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Francisco, L., Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States; Kaye, D., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Musuya, T., Centre for Domestic Violence Prevention, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Michau, L., Raising Voices, 16 Tufnell Drive, Kamwokya, Kampala, Uganda; Watts, C., Gender Violence and Health Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom	Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV are important and interconnected public health concerns. While it is recognized that they share common social drivers, there is limited evidence surrounding the potential of community interventions to reduce violence and HIV risk at the community level. The SASA! study assessed the community-level impact of SASA!, a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence and reduce HIV-risk behaviors. Methods: From 2007 to 2012 a pair-matched cluster randomized controlled trial (CRT) was conducted in eight communities (four intervention and four control) in Kampala, Uganda. Cross-sectional surveys of a random sample of community members, 18- to 49-years old, were undertaken at baseline (n = 1,583) and four years post intervention implementation (n = 2,532). Six violence and HIV-related primary outcomes were defined a priori. An adjusted cluster-level intention-to-treat analysis compared outcomes in intervention and control communities at follow-up.Results: The intervention was associated with significantly lower social acceptance of IPV among women (adjusted risk ratio 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 0.79) and lower acceptance among men (0.13, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.15); significantly greater acceptance that a woman can refuse sex among women (1.28, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.52) and men (1.31, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.70); 52% lower past year experience of physical IPV among women (0.48, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.39); and lower levels of past year experience of sexual IPV (0.76, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.72). Women experiencing violence in intervention communities were more likely to receive supportive community responses. Reported past year sexual concurrency by men was significantly lower in intervention compared to control communities (0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.91). Conclusions: This is the first CRT in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the community impact of a mobilization program on the social acceptability of IPV, the past year prevalence of IPV and levels of sexual concurrency. SASA! achieved important community impacts, and is now being delivered in control communities and replicated in 15 countries.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT00790959,. Study protocol available at http://www.trialsjournal.com/content/13/1/96. © 2014 Abramsky et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Community mobilization; East Africa; Gender based violence; HIV; Impact evaluation; Intimate partner violence; Uganda; Violence prevention	adult; Article; community care; concurrent sexual partnership; controlled study; cross-sectional study; female; follow up; health care survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection risk; intention to treat analysis; intervention study; male; outcome assessment; partner violence; random sample; randomized controlled trial; risk reduction; sexual behavior; sexual violence; social acceptance; Uganda; adolescent; cluster analysis; community care; HIV Infections; middle aged; partner violence; prevention and control; risk factor; statistics and numerical data; treatment outcome; Adolescent; Adult; Cluster Analysis; Community Health Services; Community Networks; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Spouse Abuse; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939881225	Impact of introduction of laparoscopic surgery on management of unresolved intra-abdominal malignancies in a West African hospital	Adisa A.O., Lawal O.O., Adesunkanmi A.-R.K., Adejuyigbe O.	2015	World Journal of Surgery	38	10	10.1007/s00268-014-2618-8	Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Adisa, A.O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Lawal, O.O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adesunkanmi, A.-R.K., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Adejuyigbe, O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Background: Intra-abdominal malignancies often pose diagnostic problems to surgeons in resource-challenged centers such as ours due to limitations in modern imaging and other facilities. This prompted the adoption of laparoscopy in our hospital as an adjunctive tool in diagnosing these conditions. Method: Pre- and per-operative data of consecutive cases of clinically unresolved advanced intra-abdominal tumors subjected to laparoscopy from January 2009 through June 2013 were reviewed. Anatomic diagnosis and tissue biopsies were carried out during the procedures. Results: Of the 152 patients seen with intra-abdominal tumors, 74 (48.7 %) had advanced conditions that could not be resolved clinically. Of these, 33 (44.6 %) were able to afford and had computed tomography (CT), scan while the remaining (N = 41; 55.4 %) less endowed only had an ultrasound scan. This cohort underwent laparoscopic evaluation, and biopsies confirmed the following: 27 (36.5 %) metastatic adenocarcinomas, 12 (16.2 %) primary hepatic malignancies, 11 (14.9 %) cases each of lymphomas and colonic adenocarcinomas, 4 (5.4 %) gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 3 (4.1 %) pancreatic carcinomas, 2 (2.7 %) cases each of carcinoid tumors and abdominal tuberculosis, and one case each of schistosomiasis and HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Additionally, 26 (35.1 %) had ascites, while 29 (39.1 %) had peritoneal surface malignancies. With local adaptations and improvisations, laparoscopy was cheaper than an abdominal CT scan in our setting, with the additional benefit of obtaining tissue diagnosis to institute treatment. Conclusion: Although laparoscopy is commonly used for staging intra-abdominal tumors, we found it useful in complementing clinical diagnosis and attaining histopathological confirmation in a setting where access to and funding of modern imaging is limited. © 2014 Société Internationale de Chirurgie.	None	Abdominal Neoplasms; adult; adverse effects; aged; cancer staging; carcinoma; computer assisted tomography; developing country; economics; female; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; hospital; human; laparoscopy; lymphoma; male; middle aged; Nigeria; pathology; sarcoma; Abdominal Neoplasms; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Developing Countries; Female; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Hospitals; Humans; Laparoscopy; Lymphoma; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Nigeria; Sarcoma; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84953299304	Field evaluation of malaria microscopy, rapid malaria tests and loop-mediated isothermal amplification in a rural hospital in south Western Ethiopia	Cuadros J., Pérez-Tanoira R., Prieto-Pérez L., Martin-Martin I., Berzosa P., González V., Tisiano G., Balcha S., Ramos J.M., Górgolas M.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0142842	Department of Microbiology, Universitary Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Medical Entomology Unit, Department of Parasitology, National Centre of Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Health Insitute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Universitario of Alicante.Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Alicante, Spain	Cuadros, J., Department of Microbiology, Universitary Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Pérez-Tanoira, R., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia, Division of Infectious Diseases, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Prieto-Pérez, L., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia, Division of Infectious Diseases, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Martin-Martin, I., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia, Medical Entomology Unit, Department of Parasitology, National Centre of Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Berzosa, P., National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Health Insitute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; González, V., National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Health Insitute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Tisiano, G., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia; Balcha, S., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia; Ramos, J.M., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Universitario of Alicante.Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Górgolas, M., Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, West-Arsi, Gambo, Ethiopia, Division of Infectious Diseases, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain	Background In up to one third of the hospitals in some rural areas of Africa, laboratory services in malaria diagnosis are limited to microscopy by thin film, as no capability to perform thick film exists (gold standard in terms of sensitivity for malaria diagnosis). A new rapid molecular malaria diagnostic test called Loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) has been recently validated in clinical trials showing exceptional sensitivity and specificity features. It could be a reliable diagnostic tool to be implemented without special equipment or training. Objective The objective of this proof of concept study was to confirm the feasibility of using LAMP technique for diagnosis of malaria in a rural Ethiopian hospital with limited resources. Methodology/Principal Findings This study was carried out in Gambo General Hospital, West Arsi Province (Ethiopia), from November 1st to December 31st 2013. A total of 162 patients with a non-focal febrile syndrome were investigated. The diagnostic capability (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values) of rapid malaria tests and microscopy by thin film was evaluated in comparison with LAMP. Eleven (6.79%) out of the 162 patients with fever and suspected malaria, tested positive for LAMP, 3 (1.85%) for rapid malaria tests and none of the eleven cases was detected by thin film microscopy. Conclusions/Significance LAMP can be performed in basic rural laboratories without the need for specialized infrastructure and it may set a reliable tool for malaria control to detect a low level parasitemia. © 2015 Cuadros et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.	None	artemether plus benflumetol; adolescent; adult; aged; Article; child; concept analysis; controlled study; diagnostic equipment; diagnostic test accuracy study; Ethiopia; Ethiopian; feasibility study; female; fever; hospital service; human; human cell; intermethod comparison; loop mediated isothermal amplification; major clinical study; malaria; malaria rapid test; male; microscopy; nonhuman; predictive value; preschool child; prevalence; rural health care; school child; sensitivity and specificity; syndrome; young adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745962104	Childhood unintentional injuries: The perceived impact of the environment, lack of supervision and child characteristics	Munro S.-A., van Niekerk A., Seedat M.	2006	Child: Care, Health and Development	32	3	10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00593.x	University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council, MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505 Cape Town, South Africa	Munro, S.-A., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Medical Research Council, MRC-UNISA Crime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505 Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, M., University of South Africa, Institute for Social and Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa	Background: Investigations into the context and causation of injury, including injury risks, are an essential part of the injury prevention knowledge base. Caregiver perceptions of childhood injury risks may assist in the design of safety interventions and influence the way in which an intervention is received within a community. Methods: Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted in two low-income neighbourhoods in South Africa to collect information on caregiver perceptions of injury risks. The data were analysed via thematic content analysis. Results: The results revealed that injury risks are perceived as multifaceted and as contributing synergistically to an injury event. Parents of children also tended to attribute most risks to the environment instead of individual action. Conclusions: Interventions including passive strategies and less activity from the parent may be welcomed in communities. Attention should be given to child injury prevention methods specifically for low-income contexts. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Developing countries; Environmental influences; Health; Injury; Parent perceptions; Perceptions	accident prevention; accidental injury; adult; article; caregiver; child; child safety; childhood injury; community; content analysis; controlled study; data analysis; environment; female; human; information processing; interview; knowledge base; lowest income group; parent; perception; priority journal; South Africa; thematic analysis; Accidental Falls; Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Attitude to Health; Burns; Caregivers; Child; Child Behavior; Child Development; Female; Heating; Humans; Internal-External Control; Middle Aged; Parenting; Parents; Poisoning; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Wounds and Injuries	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946962360	Comparative validation of five quantitative rapid test kits for the analysis of salt iodine content: Laboratory performance, user-and field-friendliness	Rohner F., Kangambèga M.O., Khan N., Kargougou R., Garnier D., Sanou I., Ouaro B.D., Petry N., Wirth J.P., Jooste P.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	9	10.1371/journal.pone.0138530	GroundWork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny, Switzerland; Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Canada; UNICEF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Direction de la Nutrition, Ministère de Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Iodine Global Network South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Rohner, F., GroundWork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny, Switzerland; Kangambèga, M.O., Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Khan, N., Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Canada; Kargougou, R., UNICEF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Garnier, D., UNICEF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Sanou, I., Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Ouaro, B.D., Direction de la Nutrition, Ministère de Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Petry, N., GroundWork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny, Switzerland; Wirth, J.P., GroundWork LLC, Crans-près-Céligny, Switzerland; Jooste, P., Iodine Global Network South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa, Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Background Iodine deficiency has important health and development consequences and the introduction of iodized salt as national programs has been a great public health success in the past decades. To render national salt iodization programs sustainable and ensure adequate iodization levels, simple methods to quantitatively assess whether salt is adequately iodized are required. Several methods claim to be simple and reliable, and are available on the market or are in development. Objective This work has validated the currently available quantitative rapid test kits (quantRTK) in a comparative manner for both their laboratory performance and ease of use in field settings. Methods Laboratory performance parameters (linearity, detection and quantification limit, intra-and inter-assay imprecision) were conducted on 5 quantRTK. We assessed inter-operator imprecision using salt of different quality along with the comparison of 59 salt samples from across the globe; measurements were made both in a laboratory and a field setting by technicians and non-technicians. Results from the quantRTK were compared against iodometric titration for validity. An 'ease-of-use' rating system was developed to identify the most suitable quantRTK for a given task. Results Most of the devices showed acceptable laboratory performance, but for some of the devices, use by non-technicians revealed poorer performance when working in a routine manner. Of the quantRTK tested, the iCheck1 and I-Reader1 showed most consistent performance and ease of use, and a newly developed paper-based method (saltPAD) holds promise if further developed. Conclusions User-and field-friendly devices are now available and the most appropriate quantRTK can be selected depending on the number of samples and the budget available. © 2015 Rohner et al.	None	formic acid; iodine; potassium iodate; potassium iodide; sodium chloride; analytic method; Article; clinical effectiveness; comparative study; controlled study; function test kit; iodination; iodine deficiency; laboratory test; limit of detection; limit of quantitation; portable equipment; quantitative analysis; rapid test; rapid test kit; validation study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953238035	Neonatal age and point of CareTSH testing in the monitoring of iodine deficiency disorders: Findings from western Uganda	Ehrenkranz J., Fualal J., Ndizihiwe A., Clarke I., Alder S.	2011	Thyroid	21	2	10.1089/thy.2009.0358	Department of Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; International Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Surgery, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Ehrenkranz, J., Department of Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, International Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Fualal, J., Department of Surgery, Mulago Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Ndizihiwe, A.; Clarke, I., International Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Alder, S., Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States	Background: Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem throughout Africa. Although salt for human consumption is said to contain adequate amounts of iodine in Uganda, iodine intake may not be optimal. We undertook a field study to assess the adequacy of iodine nutrition in western Uganda using on-site measurement methods of neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for monitoring the degree of iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Methods: The study design consisted of a prevalence study using the percentage of newborns between the ages of 3 and 7 days with TSH >5 mIU/L, measured with a point-of-care immunochromatographic TSH assay, as a surrogate marker of iodine deficiency. Five districts in western Uganda were selected for study on the basis of a past history of iodine deficiency. One thousand seventy-eight newborns from the five districts were sequentially enrolled in each separate district and tested between July 2007 and January 2008. Results: The prevalence of TSH levels >5 mlU/L ranged from 20% to 32%. Neonates tested on or before the age of 3 days were more likely to have a TSH level >5 mlU/L than those tested beyond the age of three days (28.2% vs. 18.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Assessing neonatal TSH levels in developing countries with a TSH assay method suitable for field use can be successfully used to screen for congenital hypothyroidism and to indirectly assess a population's iodine status. Based on the percentage of neonates with TSH values >5 mIU/L, presumptive iodine deficiency persists in western Uganda. This finding suggests that continued monitoring of iodine nutrition in the area surrounding the Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda and Congo is needed. Due to the progressive fall in the percent of TSH values >5 mIU/L from day three to day five of life, we conclude that TSH measurement earlier than day five of life in newborns at risk for iodine deficiency may be misleading. Guidelines for the use of neonatal TSH to monitor iodine nutrition should specify that TSH measurement take place no earlier than day five of life. © Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	thyrotropin; article; birth weight; congenital hypothyroidism; female; hormone determination; human; iodine deficiency; major clinical study; male; maternal age; newborn; newborn monitoring; nutrition; parity; point of care testing; priority journal; thyrotropin blood level; Uganda; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Male; Mass Screening; Point-of-Care Systems; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Thyrotropin; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929271678	Comparative efficacy evaluation of seven commercial injectable ceftriaxone purchased at Ambo, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, using agar well plate diffusion method	Gunasekaran T., Desta E.D., Seifu M.F., Gelaw B.K., G/Mariam E.T., Ahmed M.	2015	Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research	6	2	10.1111/jphs.12095	Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia	Gunasekaran, T., Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Desta, E.D., Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Seifu, M.F., Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Gelaw, B.K., Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; G/Mariam, E.T., Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia; Ahmed, M., Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia	Background: Irrational use of this drug leads to emergence of resistant bacteria and also leads to infections that are worse than the original diagnosed ones. Important concern is the uncertainty of administered antibiotics about whether the quality of a generic medicine is equal to brand name drug; if both brand/generic are bioequivalent, then antibiotic selection should be based on the cost of therapy. Methods: The efficacy of seven ceftriaxone brands available at Ambo, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, was evaluated by microwell plate diffusion technique against four different bacteria. Results: All brands of two concentrations were showed sufficient inhibitory activity against four microorganisms, so they should all be considered as bioequivalence. Among all brands tested, B6 showed higher activity against Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 10536, Staphylococcus aureusATCC29737 and Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC25619, and B1 showed higher activity against Salmonella typhiATCC06775. Interestingly, the concentration C2 (50μg/ml) of B1-B7 showed equivalent zone of inhibition to that of the standard. Conclusion: We conclude that performance of tested ceftriaxone injectable products were equivalent to the standard. We recommend that the physicians may select the ceftriaxone brand which is low cost in order to reduce the cost of treatment. © 2015 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.	Agar well plate diffusion technique; Comparative antibacterial efficacy; Injectable ceftriaxone	ceftriaxone; agar diffusion; antibacterial activity; antibiotic sensitivity; Article; bioequivalence; comparative effectiveness; concentration response; controlled study; drug determination; Escherichia coli; nonhuman; priority journal; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi; standardization; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957990601	The impact of retail-sector delivery of artemether-lumefantrine on malaria treatment of children under five in Kenya: A cluster randomized controlled trial	Kangwana B.P., Kedenge S.V., Noor A.M., Alegana V.A., Nyandigisi A.J., Pandit J., Fegan G.W., Todd J.E., Brooker S., Snow R.W., Goodman C.A.	2011	PLoS Medicine	8	5	10.1371/journal.pmed.1000437	Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Nairobi, Kenya; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Kangwana, B.P., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya; Kedenge, S.V., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya; Noor, A.M., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Alegana, V.A., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya; Nyandigisi, A.J., Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya; Pandit, J., Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Nairobi, Kenya; Fegan, G.W., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Todd, J.E., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Brooker, S., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Snow, R.W., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Goodman, C.A., Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: It has been proposed that artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) be subsidised in the private sector in order to improve affordability and access. This study in western Kenya aimed to evaluate the impact of providing subsidized artemether-lumefantrine (AL) through retail providers on the coverage of prompt, effective antimalarial treatment for febrile children aged 3-59 months. Methods and Findings: We used a cluster-randomized, controlled design with nine control and nine intervention sublocations, equally distributed across three districts in western Kenya. Cross-sectional household surveys were conducted before and after the delivery of the intervention. The intervention comprised provision of subsidized packs of paediatric ACT to retail outlets, training of retail outlet staff, and community awareness activities. The primary outcome was defined as the proportion of children aged 3-59 months reporting fever in the past 2 weeks who started treatment with AL on the same day or following day of fever onset. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed based on cluster-level summaries, comparing control to intervention arms, while adjusting for other covariates. Data were collected on 2,749 children in the target age group at baseline and 2,662 at follow-up. 29% of children experienced fever within 2 weeks before the interview. At follow-up, the percentage of children receiving AL on the day of fever or the following day had risen by 14.6% points in the control arm (from 5.3% [standard deviation (SD): 3.2%] to 19.9% [SD: 10.0%]) and 40.2% points in the intervention arm (from 4.7% [SD: 3.4%] to 44.9% [SD: 11.7%]). The percentage of children receiving AL was significantly greater in the intervention arm at follow-up, with a difference between the arms of 25.0% points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.1%, 35.9%; unadjusted p = 0.0002, adjusted p = 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between arms in the proportion of caregivers who sought treatment for their child's fever by source, or in the child's adherence to AL. Conclusions: Subsidizing ACT in the retail sector can significantly increase ACT coverage for reported fevers in rural areas. Further research is needed on the impact and cost-effectiveness of such subsidy programmes at a national scale. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN59275137 and Kenya Pharmacy and Poisons Board Ethical Committee for Clinical Trials PPB/ECCT/08/07. © 2011 Kangwana et al.	None	artemether plus benflumetol; antimalarial agent; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; ethanolamine derivative; fluorene derivative; article; awareness; caregiver; child; cluster analysis; community; controlled study; female; fever; follow up; health survey; household; human; infant; Kenya; major clinical study; malaria; male; patient compliance; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; staff; structured questionnaire; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; cost benefit analysis; cross-sectional study; drug combination; drug effect; economics; health care delivery; Kenya; malaria falciparum; organization and management; parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; rural health care; rural population; treatment outcome; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child, Preschool; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Combinations; Ethanolamines; Female; Fluorenes; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Private Sector; Rural Health Services; Rural Population; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350015004	Brazilian network for the surveillance of maternal potentially life threatening morbidity and maternal near-miss and a multidimensional evaluation of their long term consequences	Cecatti J.G., Souza J.P., Parpinelli M.A., Haddad S.M., Camargo R.S., Pacagnella R.C., Silveira C., Zanardi D.T., Costa M.L., Pinto E Silva J.L., Passini Jr. R., Surita F.G., Sousa M.H., Calderon I.M., Say L., Pattinson R.C.	2009	Reproductive Health	6	1	10.1186/1742-4755-6-15	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; CEMICAMP - Campinas Center for Studies in Reproductive Health, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, So Paulo State University, Brazil; Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Cecatti, J.G., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Souza, J.P., UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Parpinelli, M.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Haddad, S.M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Camargo, R.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Pacagnella, R.C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Silveira, C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Zanardi, D.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Costa, M.L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Pinto E Silva, J.L., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Passini Jr., R., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Surita, F.G., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Brazil; Sousa, M.H., CEMICAMP - Campinas Center for Studies in Reproductive Health, Campinas, Brazil; Calderon, I.M., Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, So Paulo State University, Brazil; Say, L., UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Spec. Prog. of Res., Devmt. and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Pattinson, R.C., Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Background. It has been suggested that the study of women who survive life-threatening complications related to pregnancy (maternal near-miss cases) may represent a practical alternative to surveillance of maternal morbidity/mortality since the number of cases is higher and the woman herself is able to provide information on the difficulties she faced and the long-term repercussions of the event. These repercussions, which may include sexual dysfunction, postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder, may persist for prolonged periods of time, affecting women's quality of life and resulting in adverse effects to them and their babies. Objective. The aims of the present study are to create a nationwide network of scientific cooperation to carry out surveillance and estimate the frequency of maternal near-miss cases, to perform a multicenter investigation into the quality of care for women with severe complications of pregnancy, and to carry out a multidimensional evaluation of these women up to six months. Methods/Design. This project has two components: a multicenter, cross-sectional study to be implemented in 27 referral obstetric units in different geographical regions of Brazil, and a concurrent cohort study of multidimensional analysis. Over 12 months, investigators will perform prospective surveillance to identify all maternal complications. The population of the cross-sectional component will consist of all women surviving potentially life-threatening conditions (severe maternal complications) or life-threatening conditions (the maternal near miss criteria) and maternal deaths according to the new WHO definition and criteria. Data analysis will be performed in case subgroups according to the moment of occurrence and determining cause. Frequencies of near-miss and other severe maternal morbidity and the association between organ dysfunction and maternal death will be estimated. A proportion of cases identified in the cross-sectional study will comprise the cohort of women for the multidimensional analysis. Various aspects of the lives of women surviving severe maternal complications will be evaluated 3 and 6 months after the event and compared to a group of women who suffered no severe complications in pregnancy. Previously validated questionnaires will be used in the interviews to assess reproductive function, posttraumatic stress, functional capacity, quality of life, sexual function, postpartum depression and infant development. © 2009 Cecatti et al.	None	adult; article; Brazil; data analysis; disease association; female; functional status; groups by age; health care quality; health survey; human; infant; major clinical study; maternal morbidity; multiple organ failure; posttraumatic stress disorder; pregnancy complication; prevalence; puerperal depression; quality of life; risk factor; sexual dysfunction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906268828	Creation of minimum standard tool for palliative care in India and self-evaluation of palliative care programs using it	Rajagopal M.R., Joad A.K., Muckaden M., George R., Gupta H., Leng M.E.F., Palat G., Patel F., Raghavan B., Reddy S.K., Sunilkumar M.M., Tiruvadanan M., Connor S.R.	2014	Indian Journal of Palliative Care	20	3	10.4103/0973-1075.138395	Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Bhagwan Mahaveer Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; Palliative Medicine, Tata Memorial Cancer Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Department of Palliative Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India; Palliative Care, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Cairdeas International Palliative Care Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, MNJ Institute of Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Post Gradte. Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Department of Palliative Care, Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Department of Palliative Care, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Training, Alpha Palliative Care, Edamuttam, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Lakshmi Pain and Palliative Care Trust, Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance, Washington, CA, United States; WHO, Collaborating Centre for Policy and Training on Access to Pain Relief, Pallium India, Trivandrum, Kerala, India	Rajagopal, M.R., WHO, Collaborating Centre for Policy and Training on Access to Pain Relief, Pallium India, Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Joad, A.K., Department of Palliative Care Medicine, Bhagwan Mahaveer Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; Muckaden, M., Palliative Medicine, Tata Memorial Cancer Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; George, R., Department of Palliative Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India; Gupta, H.; Leng, M.E.F., Palliative Care, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, Cairdeas International Palliative Care Trust, United Kingdom; Palat, G., Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, MNJ Institute of Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India; Patel, F., Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Post Gradte. Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India; Raghavan, B., Department of Palliative Care, Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Trivandrum, Kerala, India; Reddy, S.K., Department of Palliative Care, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Sunilkumar, M.M., Department of Training, Alpha Palliative Care, Edamuttam, Thrissur, Kerala, India; Tiruvadanan, M., Lakshmi Pain and Palliative Care Trust, Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Connor, S.R., Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance, Washington, CA, United States	Background: It is important to ensure that minimum standards for palliative care based on available resources are clearly defined and achieved. Aims: (1) Creation of minimum National Standards for Palliative Care for India. (2) Development of a tool for self-evaluation of palliative care organizations. (3) Evaluation of the tool in India. In 2006, Pallium India assembled a working group at the national level to develop minimum standards. The standards were to be evaluated by palliative care services in the country. Materials and Methods: The working group prepared a "standards" document, which had two parts - the first composed of eight "essential" components and the second, 22 "desirable" components. The working group sent the document to 86 hospice and palliative care providers nationwide, requesting them to self-evaluate their palliative care services based on the standards document, on a modified Likert scale. Results: Forty-nine (57%) palliative care organizations responded, and their self-evaluation of services based on the standards tool was analyzed. The majority of the palliative care providers met most of the standards identified as essential by the working group. A variable percentage of organizations had satisfied the desirable components of the standards. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the "standards tool" could be applied effectively in practice for self-evaluation of quality of palliative care services. © 2014 Indian Journal of Palliative Care.	Audit; Developing countries; Hospice care; India; Limited resources; National standards; Palliative care; Quality assurance; Quality improvement	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80055116563	Performance outcomes of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic in the rural, resource-constrained setting of Eldoret, Kenya	Manji I., Pastakia S.D., Do A.N., Ouma M.N., Schellhase E., Karwa R., Miller M.L., Saina C., Akwanalo C.	2011	Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis	9	11	10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04503.x	Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya; Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States	Manji, I., Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya; Pastakia, S.D., Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Do, A.N., Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Ouma, M.N., Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya; Schellhase, E., Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Karwa, R., Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Miller, M.L., Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Saina, C., Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya; Akwanalo, C., Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya	Background:It is recommended that warfarin therapy should be managed through an anticoagulation monitoring service to minimize the risk of bleeding and subsequent thromboembolic events. There are few studies in Sub-Saharan Africa that describe warfarin management in spite of the high incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and rheumatic heart disease. Objective:To examine the feasibility of the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital anticoagulation monitoring service and compare its performance with clinics in resource-rich settings. Methods:A retrospective chart review compared the percentage time in the therapeutic range (TTR) and rates of bleeding and thromboembolic events to published performance targets using the inference on proportions test. Wilcoxon's rank sum analyses were used to establish predictors of TTR. Results:For the 178 patients enrolled, the mean TTR was 64.6% whereas the rates of major bleeds and thromboembolic events per year were 1.25% and 5%, respectively. In the primary analysis, no statistically significant differences were found between the results of TTR, major bleeds and thromboembolic events for the clinic and published performance rates. In the secondary analysis, having an artificial heart valve and a duration of follow-up of >120days were positively associated with a higher TTR (P<0.05) whereas venous thromboembolism, history of tuberculosis, HIV and a duration of follow-up of <120days were associated with having a lower TTR (P<0.05). Conclusions:The performance of the MTRH anticoagulation clinic is non-inferior to published metrics on the performance of clinics in resource-rich settings. © 2011 International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis.	Anticoagulation; Kenya; Pharmacist; Resource-constrained; Thromboembolism; Warfarin	anticoagulant agent; antiretrovirus agent; tuberculostatic agent; warfarin; adult; anticoagulant therapy; anticoagulation; antiviral therapy; article; bleeding; comparative study; drug indication; feasibility study; female; follow up; heart valve prosthesis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; major clinical study; male; managed care; medical history; medical record review; outcome assessment; pharmacist; pharmacist managed anticoagulation; pharmacological parameters; prediction; priority journal; rheumatic heart disease; rural health care; secondary analysis; time in the therapeutic range; tuberculosis; tuberculosis control; valvular heart disease; venous thromboembolism; Anticoagulants; Drug Monitoring; Health Resources; Humans; Kenya; Pharmacists; Retrospective Studies; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Rural Population; Venous Thromboembolism; Warfarin	None
WoS	WOS:000333602200001	The impact of voluntary counselling and testing services on sexual behaviour change and HIV incidence: observations from a cohort study in rural Tanzania	Cawley, Caoimhe,Kumugola, Yusufu,Michael, Denna,Slaymaker, Emma,Todd, Jim,Urassa, Mark,Wringe, Alison,Zaba, Basia	2014	BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES	14	None	10.1186/1471-2334-14-159	University of London	"Cawley, Caoimhe: University of London","Slaymaker, Emma: University of London","Wringe, Alison: University of London","Zaba, Basia: University of London",	Background: It is widely assumed that voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services contribute to HIV prevention by motivating clients to reduce sexual risk-taking. However, findings from sub-Saharan Africa have been mixed, particularly among HIV-negative persons. We explored associations between VCT use and changes in sexual risk behaviours and HIV incidence using data from a community HIV cohort study in northwest Tanzania. Methods: Data on VCT use, sexual behaviour and HIV status were available from three HIV serological surveillance rounds undertaken in 2003-4 (Sero4), 2006-7 (Sero5) and 2010 (Sero6). We used multinomial logistic regression to assess changes in sexual risk behaviours between rounds, and Poisson regression to estimate HIV incidence. Results: The analyses included 3,613 participants attending Sero4 and Sero5 (3,474 HIV-negative and 139 HIV-positive at earlier round) and 2,998 attending Sero5 and Sero6 (2,858 HIV-negative and 140 HIV-positive at earlier round). Among HIV-negative individuals VCT use was associated with reductions in the number of sexual partners in the last year (aRR Seros 4-5: 1.42, 95% CI 1.07-1.88; aRR Seros 5-6: 1.68, 95% CI 1.25-2.26) and in the likelihood of having a non-cohabiting partner in the last year (aRR Seros 4-5: 1.57, 95% CI 1.10-2.25; aRR Seros 5-6: 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.04) or a high-risk partner in the last year (aRR Seros 5-6 1.57, 95% CI 1.06-2.31). However, VCT was also associated with stopping using condoms with non-cohabiting partners between Seros 4-5 (aRR 4.88, 95% CI 1.39-17.16). There were no statistically significant associations between VCT use and changes in HIV incidence, nor changes in sexual behaviour among HIV-positive individuals, possibly due to small sample sizes. Conclusions: We found moderate associations between VCT use and reductions in some sexual risk behaviours among HIV-negative participants, but no impacts among HIV-positive individuals in the context of low overall VCT uptake. Furthermore, there were no significant changes in HIV incidence associated with VCT use, although declining background incidence and small sample sizes may have prevented us from detecting this. The impact of VCT services will ultimately depend upon rates of uptake, with further research required to better understand processes of behaviour change following VCT use.	"COHORT STUDY",HIV,"sexual behaviour",Tanzania,"voluntary counselling and testing",AFRICA,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",POPULATIONS,RANDOMIZED-TRIAL,"RISK BEHAVIOR",SPREAD,TRENDS,UGANDA,ZIMBABWE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865058945	Impact of health education intervention on insecticide treated nets uptake among nursing mothers in rural communities in Nigeria	Amoran O.E., Fatugase K.O., Fatugase O.M., Alausa K.O.	2012	BMC Research Notes	5	None	10.1186/1756-0500-5-444	Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria	Amoran, O.E., Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria; Fatugase, K.O., Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria; Fatugase, O.M., Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria; Alausa, K.O., Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria	Background: ITN use is generally poor in Nigeria among all categories of people. Although use of ITNs has been shown to reduce malarial morbidity and mortality, this measure needs to be supported by an adequate healthcare system providing ITN possibly at the household level. This study was therefore designed to determine the effect of health education on the uptake of ITN among nursing mothers in rural communities in Nigeria. Methods. The study design was a quasi-experimental study carried out in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State. A multistage random sampling technique was used in choosing the required samples for this study and a semi- structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. The intervention consisted of a structured educational programme based on a course content adapted from the national malaria control programme. A total of 400 respondents were recruited into the study with 200 each in both the experimental and control groups and were followed up for a period of 3months when the knowledge and uptake of ITN was reassessed. Result: There was no significant difference (P >0.05) observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of socio-dermographic characteristics such as age, marital status, religion, and income. The ITN ever users in experimental group were 59 [29.5%] and 138 [72.6%] in pre and post intervention period, respectively (p value =0.0001). These proportions of ITN ever users were 55 [27.5%] and 57 [31.6%] in control group, during the pre and post intervention periods (p=0.37). Post health education intervention, degree of change in knowledge of ITN re-treatment [37.0%] and mounting [33.5%], readiness to use if given free [30.5%] and belief in efficacy [36.9%] improved significantly in the experimental group while there was no significant change in the control group [p=0.84, 0.51, 0.68 &0.69 respectively]. Majority [89%] of the respondents were willing to buy ITN for between US$ 1.5 to US$ 3.0. There was no statistically significant change (P >0.05) despite intervention in the amount the respondents were willing to pay to own an ITN in both the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The study concludes that the use of ITN in the study population was significantly increase by health education and that the free distribution of ITN may not guarantee its use. Uptake of ITN can be significantly improved in rural areas if the nets are made available and backed up with appropriate health education intervention. © 2012 Amoran et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Health education intervention; ITN; Malaria; Nursing mothers; Rural Nigeria; Utilization	insecticide; adult; article; attitude to health; bed net; breast feeding; drug effect; female; health education; human; infection control; malaria falciparum; methodology; Nigeria; organization and management; physiology; Plasmodium falciparum; questionnaire; rural population; statistics; utilization review; Adult; Breast Feeding; Communicable Disease Control; Female; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Insecticides; Malaria, Falciparum; Mosquito Nets; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; Questionnaires; Rural Population	None
None	None	Soil transmitted helminths and scabies in Zanzibar, Tanzania following mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis - A rapid assessment methodology to assess impact	Mohammed K.A., Deb R.M., Stanton M.C., Molyneux D.H.	2012	Parasites and Vectors	5	1	10.1186/1756-3305-5-299	NTD Control Programme Manager, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Mohammed, K.A., NTD Control Programme Manager, Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Deb, R.M., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Stanton, M.C., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Molyneux, D.H., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background: Ivermectin and albendazole are used in annual mass drug administration (MDA) for the lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes in African countries co-endemic for onchocerciasis, but have additional impact on soil transmitted helminths and the ectoparasitic mite which causes scabies. Assessing these collateral impacts at scale is difficult due to the insensitivity of available parasite detection techniques. Methods. The numbers of cases diagnosed with intestinal helminths and scabies and who received prescriptions for treatment were evaluated in 50 health centres in Zanzibar. Records were examined from 2000, prior to the initiation of MDA to 2005, after six rounds of MDA for lymphatic filariasis had taken place. Results: Health centre records showed a consistent decline in the number of cases of intestinal helminths and scabies diagnosed by community health workers in Zanzibar and the number of prescriptions issued across five age groups. A 90-98% decline in soil transmitted helminths and 68-98% decline in scabies infections were recorded. Poisson regression models aggregated to both the island-level and district-level indicated that the decline was statistically significant. Conclusions: The described method of examining health centre records has the potential for use on a large scale, despite limitations, as a rapid method to evaluate the impacts resulting from both lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis MDA. This would result in a reduction in the need for parasitological evaluations to determine prevalence and intensity. © 2012 Mohammed et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albendazole; benzyl benzoate; ivermectin; mebendazole; scabex; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; article; child; groups by age; health auxiliary; health center; health impact assessment; helminth; helminthiasis; human; infant; lymphatic filariasis; major clinical study; medical record review; methodology; newborn; parasite transmission; preschool child; prescription; scabies; school child; soil; Tanzania; Adolescent; Adult; Albendazole; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Endemic Diseases; Helminthiasis; Humans; Infant; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Ivermectin; Neglected Diseases; Onchocerciasis; Prevalence; Scabies; Soil; Tanzania; Young Adult; Acari; Vermes	None
WoS	WOS:000267953700006	Keloids: Assessment of effects and psychosocial- impacts on subjects in a black African population	Olaitan, P. B.	2009	INDIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY VENEREOLOGY &amp; LEPROLOGY	75	4	10.4103/0378-6323.53132	None	None	Background: Keloids are vexatious swelling on the skin or the conjuctiva. The effects and impacts of these lesions have not been assessed in a keloid endemic environment like Nigeria. Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess the psychosocial impact as well as effects of keloids on the subjects in a black African population where lesions are commonly seen. Methods: This is a prospective study which assesses the impacts of keloid on keloid patients. Consented patients who presented to the Plastic Surgery Clinic of the Lautech Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria were recruited into the study. A set of questionnaires were administered to all consented patients. The administered questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 10. Results: One hundred and thirty one patients were involved in this study. They comprised of 61 males and 70 females. Most (96.8) of them had the keloid lesion for more than one year. Sixteen (12.2) of the patients felt that keloids negatively affect their works, 64 (48.9) of the patients felt stigmatized by keloids, 28 (56.0) of them who had lesions in conspicuous parts while 24 (46.2) had lesions in non-conspicuous parts. Females (59.1) felt stigmatized than males. Only 47 (35.8) of the patients believed that keloid swelling limit their social interaction. Conclusion: Keloids do not appear to have significant negative impacts on keloid patients in a keloid-endemic community like a black African population.	BLACK,IMPACT,KELOID,PSYCHOSOCIAL,MANAGEMENT,SCARS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857031403	Long-term impact of the kenya postelection crisis on clinic attendance and medication adherence for HIV-infected children in Western Kenya	Yoder R.B., Nyandiko W.M., Vreeman R.C., Ayaya S.O., Gisore P.O., Braitstein P., Wiehe S.E.	2012	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	59	2	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31823b4448	Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya; Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Regenstrief Institute, Inc, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States	Yoder, R.B., Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Nyandiko, W.M., USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Vreeman, R.C., Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States, USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya, Regenstrief Institute, Inc, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Ayaya, S.O., USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Gisore, P.O., USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya, Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, Moi University School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya; Braitstein, P., USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Wiehe, S.E., Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States, USAID-Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Partnership, Eldoret, Kenya, Regenstrief Institute, Inc, Indianapolis, IN, United States	Background: Kenya experienced a political and humanitarian crisis after presidential elections on December 27, 2007. We sought to describe both the immediate and long-term impact of this conflict for HIV-infected children in western Kenya. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of a cohort of these children for 3 periods: period 1, before the election (October 26, 2007, to December 25, 2007); period 2, immediately after the election (December 26, 2007, to April 15, 2008); and period 3, long-term postelection (April 16, 2008, to December 31, 2008). Two outcome variables of loss-to-follow-up (LTFU) were assessed: initial LTFU and complete LTFU. We assessed clinic adherence by evaluating the difference between actual visits and expected visits. Among children on antiretroviral therapy (ART), we assessed overall medication adherence and changes in medication adherence. Results: Two thousand five hundred forty-nine HIV-infected children ,14 years were seen in period 1. Children on ART had less initial LTFU (3.0% compared with 5.1%, P < 0.01) and less complete LTFU (2.6% compared with 6.8%, P < 0.001) than children not on ART. For children not on ART, clinic adherence improved in period 3 compared with period 2. For children on ART with a more strict measure of clinic adherence, clinic adherence declined over time. Orphans had better clinic adherence than nonorphans. Among children on ART, there were few demographic differences when comparing medication adherence between time. Conclusions: HIV-infected children are at risk for disruptions in clinic follow-up and medication adherence after a humanitarian crisis. Individual and contextual factors moderate the effects of these disruptions. Copyright © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	HIV; Medication adherence; Pediatrics; Postcrisis	antiretrovirus agent; adolescent; article; child; child health care; female; follow up; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; long term care; major clinical study; male; patient compliance; politics; priority journal; retrospective study; treatment outcome; Adolescent; Anti-HIV Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Male; Medication Adherence; Patient Compliance; Politics; Retrospective Studies	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47049109656	Evaluation of dynabeads and cytospheres compared with flow cytometry to enumerate CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected ugandans on antiretroviral therapy	Lutwama F., Serwadda R., Mayanja-Kizza H., Shihab H.M., Ronald A., Kamya M.R., Thomas D., Johnson E., Quinn T.C., Moore R.D., Spacek L.A.	2008	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	48	3	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817bbc3a	Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States	Lutwama, F., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Serwadda, R., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Shihab, H.M., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Ronald, A., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Kamya, M.R., Academic Alliance for AIDS Care and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Thomas, D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johnson, E., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Quinn, T.C., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Moore, R.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States; Spacek, L.A., Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 1830 East Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States	BACKGROUND: Laboratory-based monitoring of antiretroviral therapy is essential but adds a significant cost to HIV care. The World Health Organization 2006 guidelines support the use of CD4 lymphocyte count (CD4) to define treatment failure in resource-limited settings. METHODS: We compared CD4 obtained on replicate samples from 497 HIV-positive Ugandans (before and during ART) followed for 18 months by 2 manual bead-based assays, Dynabeads (Dynal Biotech), and Cytospheres (Beckman Coulter) with those generated by flow cytometry at the Infectious Diseases Institute in Kampala, Uganda. RESULTS: We tested 1671 samples (123 before ART) with Dynabeads and 1444 samples (91 before ART) with Cytospheres. Mean CD4 was 231 cells/mm (SD, 139) and 239 cells/mm (SD, 140) by Dynabeads and flow cytometry, respectively. Mean CD4 was 186 cells/mm (SD, 101) and 242 cells/mm (SD, 136) by Cytospheres and flow cytometry, respectively. The mean difference in CD4 count by flow cytometry versus Dynabeads were 8.8 cells/mm (SD, 76.0) and versus Cytospheres were 56.8 cells/mm (SD, 85.8). The limits of agreement were -140.9 to 158.4 cells/mm for Dynabeads and -112.2 to 225.8 cells/mm for Cytospheres. Linear regression analysis showed higher correlation between flow cytometry and Dynabeads (r = 0.85, r = 0.73, slope = 0.85, intercept = 28) compared with the correlation between flow cytometry and Cytospheres (r = 0.78, r = 0.60, slope = 0.58, intercept = 45). Area under the receiver operating characteristics curve to predict CD4 <200 cells/mm was 0.928 for Dynabeads and 0.886 for Cytospheres. CONCLUSION: Although Dynabeads and Cytospheres both underestimated CD4 lymphocyte count compared with flow cytometry, in resource-limited settings with low daily throughput, manual bead-based assays may provide a less expensive alternative to flow cytometry. © 2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Antiretroviral therapy; CD4 lymphocyte counts; HIV-1 viral load, monitoring and evaluation; Resource-limited setting; Uganda	antiretrovirus agent; virus RNA; antiviral therapy; article; blood sampling; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; controlled study; female; flow cytometry; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; human tissue; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; male; priority journal; Uganda; virus load; adult; CD4+ T lymphocyte; comparative study; evaluation; flow cytometry; highly active antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; immunomagnetic separation; methodology; monitoring; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; Flow Cytometry; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunomagnetic Separation; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876490376	Evaluation of request forms submitted to the haematology laboratory in a Ghanaian tertiary hospital	Olayemi E., Asiamah-Broni R.	2011	Pan African Medical Journal	8	None	None	Department of Haematology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Ghana; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana	Olayemi, E., Department of Haematology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Ghana; Asiamah-Broni, R., Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana	Background: Laboratory request forms provide information about the laboratory test being requested for. They carry demographic data and other information such as location of patient, laboratory number, doctor's name, signature of the doctor, telephone number of the requesting doctor. Omission of information on the forms may lead to laboratory errors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of completion of laboratory request forms at the haematology department of a Ghanaian tertiary hospital. Methods: Three thousand request forms submitted to the haematology department between January and April 2010 were retrieved and studied. The information provided on each request form was recorded in a spread sheet and analyzed. Results: The patient's age and sex were missing in 25.6% and 32.7% of the forms respectively. About half of the request forms did not have the patient's location. No clinical detail was provided on 22.7% of the forms. Doctors were more likely to sign their request forms and provide a name but they all failed to provide an address or a contact telephone number. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that, the standard of completion of request forms was poor. Essential information required on the forms was often missing. This can lead to limited advice given by laboratory physicians and may increase the potential for errors. Conversely, provision of all the information needed on the forms will aid laboratory diagnosis and enhance patient care and save time and resources. There should be closer interaction between clinicians and laboratory personnel to improve quality of services. © Edeghonghon Olayemi et al.	Evaluation; Ghana; Haematology Unit; Request forms; Tertiary hospital	adult; article; clinical laboratory; controlled study; diagnostic error; Ghana; health care quality; health service; human; laboratory diagnosis; laboratory personnel; laboratory request form; medical audit; medical record; patient care; tertiary health care	None
None	None	Evaluation of wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats	Mekala S., Kumar Naresh M., Das L., Shetty N., Amuthan A., Vulli V., Bhogireddy N.	2014	International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences	6	1	None	Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Dept. of Pharmacology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Center, Bangalore, India; Dept. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, India; Dept. of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, India; CSIR- SRF Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Guntur, India; Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania	Mekala, S., Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Kumar Naresh, M., CSIR- SRF Department of Biotechnology, KL University, Guntur, India; Das, L., Dept. of Pharmacology, Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Science and Research Center, Bangalore, India; Shetty, N., Dept. of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, India; Amuthan, A., Dept. of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, India; Vulli, V., Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania; Bhogireddy, N., Dept. of Biochemistry, International Medical and Technological University, Dar-Es- Salaam, Tanzania	Background: Lantana camara (Verbanacea) is a commonly available medicinal plant throughout India. Wound healing property of the plant in various wound models has been studied. Thorough literature survey revealed that the wound healing property of Lantana camara in diabetic wound was not studied. This study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing property of Lantana camara in diabetic rats. Methods: Group-1 rats served as normal control in which excision wound was created in normal, non-diabetic rats and wound was topically applied with vehicle. To induce diabetes mellitus in group 2-5, a single injecting of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.) prepared by dissolving in 0.9% ice cold citrate buffer was given. Excision wound was inflicted in the back of the rats. Group-2 was the diabetic control in which diabetic rats received vehicle ointment topically. Group 3, 4 and 5 were the test drug groups in which diabetic rats were topically applied ethanolic extract of Lantana camara in three doses 10%, 15% and 20% respectively. Wound healing parameters such as percentage of wound contraction rate and epithelialization period were observed. Data was analyzed using SPSS software by one way ANOVA and the statistical significance was fixed as p < 0.005. Results: There was a delay in wound healing in diabetic rats compared to non-diabetic rats. The extract showed dose dependent increase in wound contraction rate and hastened the epithelialization period. Extracts enhanced contraction rate only during later phase of wound healing process. High dose (20%) extract showed maximum healing effect. Conclusion: Topical application of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara showed dose dependent wound healing activity in diabetic rats.	Ayurveda; Diabetic ulcer; Excision wound; Lantana camara; Siddha	alkaloid; flavonoid; Lantana camara extract; saponin; tannin; triterpene; animal experiment; animal model; article; controlled study; drug megadose; epithelization; male; nonhuman; rat; streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus; wound contraction; wound healing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896348149	Automating fault tolerance in high-performance computational biological jobs using multi-agent approaches	Varghese B., McKee G., Alexandrov V.	2014	Computers in Biology and Medicine	48	1	10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.02.005	School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom; Faculty of Computing and IT, Baze University, Nigeria; Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Spain	Varghese, B., School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom; McKee, G., Faculty of Computing and IT, Baze University, Nigeria; Alexandrov, V., Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, Spain	Background: Large-scale biological jobs on high-performance computing systems require manual intervention if one or more computing cores on which they execute fail. This places not only a cost on the maintenance of the job, but also a cost on the time taken for reinstating the job and the risk of losing data and execution accomplished by the job before it failed. Approaches which can proactively detect computing core failures and take action to relocate the computing core[U+05F3]s job onto reliable cores can make a significant step towards automating fault tolerance. Method: This paper describes an experimental investigation into the use of multi-agent approaches for fault tolerance. Two approaches are studied, the first at the job level and the second at the core level. The approaches are investigated for single core failure scenarios that can occur in the execution of parallel reduction algorithms on computer clusters. A third approach is proposed that incorporates multi-agent technology both at the job and core level. Experiments are pursued in the context of genome searching, a popular computational biology application.Result: The key conclusion is that the approaches proposed are feasible for automating fault tolerance in high-performance computing systems with minimal human intervention. In a typical experiment in which the fault tolerance is studied, centralised and decentralised checkpointing approaches on an average add 90% to the actual time for executing the job. On the other hand, in the same experiment the multi-agent approaches add only 10% to the overall execution time. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	Biological jobs; Checkpoint; Fault tolerance; High-performance computing; Multi-agents; Seamless execution	Bioinformatics; Core levels; Experiments; Fault tolerance; Multi agent systems; Biological jobs; Checkpoint; High-performance computing; Multi agent; Seamless execution; Fault tolerant computer systems; algorithm; article; automation; biology; computer; computer analysis; cost; decision making; experiment; genome; intelligence; priority journal; risk; simulation; technology; work; algorithm; computer program; human; theoretical model; Algorithms; Computational Biology; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908205440	Performance of community health workers managing malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea under the community case management programme in central Uganda: A cross sectional study	Bagonza J., Kibira S.P.S., Rutebemberwa E.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-367	Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Bagonza, J., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Kibira, S.P.S., Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Rutebemberwa, E., Department of Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Lay community health workers (CHWs) have been widely used to provide curative interventions in communities that have traditionally lacked access to health care. Optimal performance of CHWs managing children with malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea in communities is desired if a reduction in childhood morbidity and mortality is to be achieved. This study assessed factors influencing performance of CHWs managing malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea under the Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) programme in Wakiso district, central Uganda. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 336 CHWs. Data was collected using interviews and record reviews. Performance was measured using composite scores based on the core activities of CHWs under the iCCM programme. These core activities included: treating children under five years, referring severely sick children including newborns, home visits, counseling caregivers on home care, record keeping and community sensitization. Descriptive and inferential statistics using odds ratios were done to determine factors influencing performance of CHWs. Results: Of the 336 respondents, 242 (72%) were females and the overall level of good performance was 21.7% (95% CI, 17.3-26.1%). Factors significantly associated with performance were: sex (females) (AOR 2.65; 95% CI, 1.29-5.43), community support (AOR 2.29; 95% CI, 1.27-4.14), receiving feedback from health facilities (AOR 4.90; 95% CI, 2.52-9.51) and having drugs in the previous three months (AOR 2.99; 95% CI, 1.64-5.42). Conclusion: Only one in every five CHWs performed optimally under the iCCM programme. Strategies to improve drug supply, community support and feedback provision from the formal health system are necessary to improve the performance of CHWs. © 2014 Bagonza et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	CHWs; Evaluation; iCCM programme; Performance; Uganda	adult; Article; caregiver; child; community care; counseling; cross-sectional study; diarrhea; female; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care system; health program; home care; human; interview; major clinical study; malaria; male; medical record review; performance measurement system; pneumonia; scoring system; Uganda; case management; community care; diarrhea; health auxiliary; malaria; organization and management; pneumonia; procedures; program evaluation; Adult; Case Management; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Female; Humans; Malaria; Male; Pneumonia; Program Evaluation; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908126776	Predictors of death and production performance of layer chickens in opened and sealed pens in a tropical savannah environment	Shittu A., Raji A.A., Madugu S.A., Hassan A.W., Fasina F.O.	2014	BMC Veterinary Research	10	1	10.1186/s12917-014-0214-7	Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Producti	Shittu, A., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Raji, A.A., Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Madugu, S.A., Agricultural Research Council of Nigeria, Plot 223D, Cadastral Zone B6, Mabushi, Abuja, Nigeria; Hassan, A.W., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Fasina, F.O., Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa	Background: Layer chickens are exposed to high risks of production losses and mortality with impact on farm profitability. The harsh tropical climate and severe disease outbreaks, poor biosecurity, sub-minimal vaccination and treatment protocols, poor management practices, poor chick quality, feed-associated causes, and unintended accidents oftentimes aggravate mortality and negatively affect egg production. The objectives of this study were to estimate the probability of survival and evaluate risk factors for death under different intensive housing conditions in a tropical climate, and to assess the production performance in the housing systems. Results: Daily mean mortality percentages and egg production figures were significantly lower and higher in the sealed pens and open houses (P < 0. 001) respectively. The total mean feed consumption/bird/day was similar for the open sided and sealed pens but the mean feed quantity per egg produce was significantly lower in the sealed pens ((P < 0.005). Seasons differently impacted on mortality with the hot-dry season producing significantly higher risk of mortality (61 times) and reduced egg production. Other parameters also differed except the egg production during the cold-dry season. Layers in sealed pens appear to have higher probability of survival and the Kaplan-Meir survival curves differed for each pen; ≥78 weeks old layer have higher probability of survival compared with the younger chickens and the 19-38 weeks age category are at highest risk of death (P < 0.001). The hazard-ratio for mortality of layers raised in sealed pens was 0.568 (56.8%).Conclusion: Reasons for spiked mortality in layer chickens may not always be associated with disease. Hot-dry climatic environment is associated with heat stress, waning immunity and inefficient feed usage and increase probability of death with reduced egg production; usage of environmentally controlled building in conditions where environmental temperature may rise significantly above 25°C will reduce this impact. Since younger birds (19-38 weeks) are at higher risk of death due to stress of coming into production, management changes and diseases, critical implementation of protocols that will reduce death at this precarious period becomes mandatory. Whether older chickens' better protection from death is associated with many prophylactic and metaphylactic regimen of medications/vaccination will need further investigation. © 2014 Shittu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Egg production; Mortality; Survival modeling; Tropical climate	Gallus gallus; animal; animal housing; chicken; eating; egg laying; female; heat; physiological stress; physiology; risk factor; season; survival; tropic climate; Animals; Chickens; Eating; Female; Hot Temperature; Housing, Animal; Oviposition; Risk Factors; Seasons; Stress, Physiological; Survival Analysis; Tropical Climate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959593972	Impacts of elevated prenatal blood lead on trace element status and pregnancy outcomes in occupationally non-exposed women	Ugwuja E.I., Ejikeme B., Obuna J.A.	2011	International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine	2	3	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecol-ogy, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Ugwuja, E.I., Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Ejikeme, B., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecol-ogy, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Obuna, J.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecol-ogy, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Background: Lead toxicity has been reported to affect hematopoietic, nervous, reproductive, cardiovascular and urinary tract systems. Many investigators have so far studied the effects of high blood lead levels on pregnancy outcomes. Objective: To investigate the effects of elevated maternal blood lead during pregnancy on some trace elements and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Blood lead and plasma copper, iron and zinc were measured in 349 pregnant women with a mean±SD age of 27.0±4.8 years, and gestational age of 21.8±3.1 weeks, at recruitment using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Maternal and fetal outcomes were recorded during follow-up and at delivery, respectively. A blood lead level of >10 pg/dL was considered high. Results: Women with elevated blood lead had significantly higher plasma copper and iron and lower plasma zinc than women with low blood lead level (<10 pg/dL). Blood lead level correlated with maternal hemoglobin concentration (r=-0.1054, p=0.051) and total white blood cell count (r=0.1045, p=0.053). Hypertension, malaria and low birth weight were significantly higher (p<0.05) in women with elevated blood lead than in those with low blood lead level. Conclusion: Complications of pregnancy may be induced by a high blood lead level possibly through the alterations in trace element metabolism.	Diabetes, gesta-tional; Fetus; Lead poisoning; Nutritional status; Pre-eclampsia; Stillbirth	copper; iron; lead; zinc; adolescent; adult; article; controlled study; copper blood level; female; fetus outcome; follow up; gestational age; hemoglobin determination; human; hypertension; iron blood level; lead blood level; leukocyte count; low birth weight; malaria; nutritional status; pregnancy complication; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; prenatal exposure; zinc blood level; Copper; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Iron; Lead; Male; Nutritional Status; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; Pregnancy Outcome; Prospective Studies; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Trace Elements; Zinc	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-44949123435	The impact of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on psychological distress and forgiveness in South Africa	Stein D.J., Seedat S., Kaminer D., Moomal H., Herman A., Sonnega J., Williams D.R.	2008	Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology	43	6	10.1007/s00127-008-0350-0	University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; MEDUNSA, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Michigan, Flint, MI, United States; Harward University, Cambridge, MA, United States	Stein, D.J., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Seedat, S., University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Kaminer, D., University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Moomal, H., University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa; Herman, A., MEDUNSA, Pretoria, South Africa; Sonnega, J., University of Michigan, Flint, MI, United States; Williams, D.R., Harward University, Cambridge, MA, United States	Background: Legislation to establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was passed soon after election of South Africa's first democratic government. Discourse around the TRC focused on the importance of bearing witness to the past, and on the healing powers of forgiveness. However, there was also a concern that individuals with TRC relevant experience would simply be re-traumatized by participation in the process. To date, there has been little empirical data for either hypothesis. Methods: A nationally representative survey of the South African population (n = 4,351) was undertaken 6-8 years after the TRC process began. Information about subjects' exposure to and participation in the TRC was collected, and views about the testimony of survivors and perpetrators were assessed. To determine the predictors of distress, anger, and forgiveness, linear regressions were undertaken with inclusion of demographic variables, exposure to TRC variables, and attitudes to the TRC. Results: Distress was significantly associated with specific demographic factors (female gender, less education), with having a TRC-related experience to share, and with negative perceptions of the TRC (a negative view of survivors' testimony). Anger had similar associations but was also predicted by lower age. Forgiveness was associated with age and education, with being Coloured, and with having a positive view of perpetrator's testimony, while it was inversely associated with having a TRC experience to share. Distress and anger correlated inversely with forgiveness. Perceptions of the TRC were moderately positive irrespective of many demographic variables (race, education, age). Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, causal relationships are difficult to ascertain. Nevertheless, relationships between increased distress/anger, having a TRC relevant experience to share, and negative perceptions of the TRC, support a view that bearing testimony is not necessarily helpful to survivors. However, in the population as a whole, moderately positive attitudes towards the TRC across sociodemographic variables support a view that the TRC helped provide knowledge and acknowledgment of the past. © Springer-Verlag 2008.	Distress; Forgiveness; South Africa; Truth and reconciliation commission	adult; age; aged; anger; article; attitude; correlation analysis; disease association; distress syndrome; educational status; ethnicity; female; forgiveness; health survey; human; interview; linear regression analysis; major clinical study; male; mental stress; Negro; offender; personal experience; population research; prediction; race; risk factor; sex difference; South Africa; survivor; victim; witness; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anger; Attitude; Crime Victims; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Ethnic Groups; Female; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution; Social Problems; Socioeconomic Factors; South Africa; Stress, Psychological; Survivors; Violence	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873481498	Evaluation of the potassium channel activator levcromakalim (BRL38227) on the lipid profile, electrolytes and blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-diabetic rats	Owolabi O.J., Omogbai E.K.	2013	Journal of Diabetes	5	1	10.1111/1753-0407.12001	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria	Owolabi, O.J., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria; Omogbai, E.K., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin, Nigeria	Background: Levcromakalim is a vasorelaxant used in the management of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Thus, the effects of levcromakalim were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in Wistar albino rats with a single injection of STZ (60mg/kg, i.p.) following chronic (4weeks) treatment with levcromakalim (75μg/kg per day). Rats were then divided into the following groups (n=5 in each group): (i) a normal saline (2 mL/kg)-treated group; (ii) a 5mg/kg glibenclamide-treated group; (iii) 350mg/kg metformin-treated group; and (iv) 5, 10, 20 and 40IU/kg insulin-treated groups. Rats were transferred to metabolic cages and the lipid profile, plasma and urine electrolytes and blood glucose levels were determined 24h after drug administration. Results: Levcromakalim treatment significantly reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats (all P<0.05 compared with untreated diabetic rats). In addition, levcromakalim reduced plasma sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride levels, but increased urinary bicarbonate and chloride levels, in diabetic rats (all P<0.05 compared with untreated diabetic rats). Levcromakalim significantly inhibited the effects of glibenclamide, metformin, and low-dose (20IU/kg) insulin treatment in diabetic rats (all P<0.05). Only 40IU/kg insulin produced significant reductions in hyperglycemia in levcromakalim-treated diabetic rats. Conclusion: Levcromakalim induced resistance to glibenclamide, metformin, and low-dose insulin treatment in diabetic rats, leading to persistent hyperglycemia. However, reductions in LDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels following chronic levcromokalim treatment may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic rats. © 2012 Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.	Blood glucose; Diabetes mellitus; Potassium activator; Streptozotocin	bicarbonate; chloride; electrolyte; glibenclamide; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; insulin; lemakalim; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; metformin; potassium; sodium; streptozocin; triacylglycerol; animal experiment; animal model; article; chloride urine level; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; electrolyte urine level; glucose blood level; hyperglycemia; insulin treatment; long term care; low drug dose; nonhuman; potassium urine level; priority journal; rat; sodium urine level; treatment duration; triacylglycerol blood level; urine bicarbonate level; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cromakalim; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Electrolytes; Female; Lipids; Male; Potassium Channels; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Streptozocin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960077215	Unintended Pregnancies Observed with Combined Use of the Levonorgestrel Contraceptive Implant and Efavirenz-based Antiretroviral Therapy: A Three-Arm Pharmacokinetic Evaluation over 48 Weeks	Scarsi K.K., Darin K.M., Nakalema S., Back D.J., Byakika-Kibwika P., Else L.J., DIlly Penchala S., Buzibye A., Cohn S.E., Merry C., Lamorde M.	2015	Clinical Infectious Diseases	62	6	10.1093/cid/civ1001	Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Center for Global Health, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland	Scarsi, K.K., Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Darin, K.M., Center for Global Health, United States, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Nakalema, S., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Back, D.J., Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Byakika-Kibwika, P., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Else, L.J., Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; DIlly Penchala, S., Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; Buzibye, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Cohn, S.E., Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Merry, C., Center for Global Health, United States, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Lamorde, M., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda	Background. Levonorgestrel subdermal implants are preferred contraceptives with an expected failure rate of <1% over 5 years. We assessed the effect of efavirenz- or nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) coadministration on levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics. Methods. This nonrandomized, parallel group, pharmacokinetic evaluation was conducted in three groups of human immunodeficiency virus-infected Ugandan women: ART-naive (n = 17), efavirenz-based ART (n = 20), and nevirapine-based ART (n = 20). Levonorgestrel implants were inserted at baseline in all women. Blood was collected at 1, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was week 24 levonorgestrel concentrations, compared between the ART-naive group and each ART group by geometric mean ratio (GMR) with 90% confidence interval (CI). Secondary endpoints included week 48 levonorgestrel concentrations and unintended pregnancies. Results. Week 24 geometric mean levonorgestrel concentrations were 528, 280, and 710 pg/mL in the ART-naive, efavirenz, and nevirapine groups, respectively (efavirenz: ART-naive GMR, 0.53; 90% CI,. 50,. 55 and nevirapine: ART-naive GMR, 1.35; 90% CI, 1.29, 1.43). Week 48 levonorgestrel concentrations were 580, 247, and 664 pg/mL in the ART-naive, efavirenz, and nevirapine groups, respectively (efavirenz: ART-naive GMR, 0.43; 90% CI,. 42,. 44 and nevirapine: ART-naive GMR, 1.14; 90% CI, 1.14, 1.16). Three pregnancies (3/20, 15%) occurred in the efavirenz group between weeks 36 and 48. No pregnancies occurred in the ART-naive or nevirapine groups. Conclusions. Within 1 year of combined use, levonorgestrel exposure was markedly reduced in participants who received efavirenz-based ART, accompanied by contraceptive failures. In contrast, nevirapine-based ART did not adversely affect levonorgestrel exposure or efficacy. © 2015 The Author 2015.	Contraceptive implant; Efavirenz; Levonorgestrel; Nevirapine; Unintended pregnancy	None	None
WoS	WOS:000302068100001	Aligning vertical interventions to health systems: a case study of the HIV monitoring and evaluation system in South Africa	Blaauw, Duane,Fonn, Sharon,Kawonga, Mary	2012	HEALTH RESEARCH POLICY AND SYSTEMS	11	None	10.1186/1478-4505-10-3	University of Witwatersrand	"Blaauw, Duane: University of Witwatersrand","Fonn, Sharon: University of Witwatersrand","Kawonga, Mary: University of Witwatersrand"	Background: Like many low-and middle-income countries, South Africa established a dedicated HIV monitoring and evaluation (M&amp;E) system to track the national response to HIV/AIDS. Its implementation in the public health sector has however not been assessed. Since responsibility for health services management lies at the district (sub-national) level, this study aimed to assess the extent to which the HIV M&amp;E system is integrated with the overall health system M&amp;E function at district level. This study describes implementation of the HIV M&amp;E system, determines the extent to which it is integrated with the district health information system (DHIS), and evaluates factors influencing HIV M&amp;E integration. Methods: The study was conducted in one health district in South Africa. Data were collected through key informant interviews with programme and health facility managers and review of M&amp;E records at health facilities providing HIV services. Data analysis assessed the extent to which processes for HIV data collection, collation, analysis and reporting were integrated with the DHIS. Results: The HIV M&amp;E system is top-down, over-sized, and captures a significant amount of energy and resources to primarily generate antiretroviral treatment (ART) indicators. Processes for producing HIV prevention indicators are integrated with the DHIS. However processes for the production of HIV treatment indicators by-pass the DHIS and ART indicators are not disseminated to district health managers. Specific reporting requirements linked to earmarked funding, politically-driven imperatives, and mistrust of DHIS capacity are key drivers of this silo approach. Conclusions: Parallel systems that bypass the DHIS represent a missed opportunity to strengthen system-wide M&amp;E capacity. Integrating HIV M&amp;E (staff, systems and process) into the health system M&amp;E function would mobilise ear-marked HIV funding towards improving DHIS capacity to produce quality and timely HIV indicators that would benefit both programme and health system M&amp;E functions. This offers a practical way of maximising programme-system synergies and translating the health system strengthening intents of existing HIV policies into tangible action.	"HEALTH SYSTEMS",HIV,INTEGRATION,"monitoring and evaluation","vertical programme","ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT",INFORMATION-SYSTEM,INITIATIVES,MALAWI,POLICY,PUBLIC-HEALTH,STATISTICS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865257808	Monitoring and evaluation of the activities of trainees in the 'training of trainers' workshop at Ibadan, south-west Nigeria	Makanjuola V., Doku V., Jenkins R., Gureje O.	2012	Mental Health in Family Medicine	9	1	None	Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; WHO Collaborating Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom	Makanjuola, V., Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Doku, V., Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Jenkins, R., WHO Collaborating Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Like most low- and middle-income countries, Nigeria has a huge treatment gap for mental disorders. The World Health Organization has proposed the integration of mental health care into primary health service delivery as one of the ways to bridge this treatment gap. Studies have shown an immediate positive impact of mental health training for primary care workers. We evaluated the impact of training on the tutors of primary care workers approximately 12 months after the training. Method: Anintensive five-day training workshop for college teachers of mental health in community health officer (CHO) training institutions in south-west Nigeria was conducted in January 2009. Four of the 24 participants were randomly selected for evaluation of the impact of training on their activities approximately 12 months after the workshop. Qualitative methods were used, namely in-depth interviews, direct observation of classroom teaching by the participants and focus group discussion with their students. Results: The participants interviewed reported a positive impact of the 'training of trainers' (TOT) workshopontheir mental health course teaching. Direct observation of four participants revealed that three of them exhibited a high fidelity with the TOT course material and imbibed the teaching techniques advocated. The tutors' students also reported an improvement in the quality of their mental health classes. Conclusion: The training had an overall positive impact on the activities of the trainees approximately one year after the workshop. © 2012 Radcliffe Publishing.	Community health workers; Mental heath training; Positive impact	adult; article; college; female; health care personnel; human; interview; male; medical education; mental health care; monitoring; Nigeria; participant observation; primary medical care; qualitative analysis; randomization; workshop	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84954557817	In vivo anti-plasmodial activities and toxic impacts of lime extract of a combination of Picralima nitida, Alstonia boonei and Gongronema latifolium in mice infected with Chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei	Idowu E.T., Ajaegbu H.C., Omotayo A.I., Aina O.O., Otubanjo O.A.	2015	African Health Sciences	15	4	10.4314/ahs.v15i4.27	Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Nigeria; Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigeria	Idowu, E.T., Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Ajaegbu, H.C., Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency, Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Nigeria; Omotayo, A.I., Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria; Aina, O.O., Biochemistry Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Nigeria; Otubanjo, O.A., Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Lime extracts of powdered combination of seeds of Picralima nitida, stem bark of Alstonia boonei and leaves of Gongronema latifolium is a common remedy used in the treatment of malaria in South Western Nigeria. Objective: To determine the antiplasmodial activities of the combined herbal extracts and its impact on the haematological, hepatological and renological parameters in mice. Methods: The 4-day suppressive and curative tests were used to assess the antiplasmodial activities of the extract in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei at concentration of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight. The haematological parameters including red blood cells, white blood cells, packed cell volume and haemoglobin count were analysed with an auto analyser. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined, while urea, protein and creatinine were analysed by standard procedural methods. Results: The 4-day suppressive test revealed that the test extract achieved percentage suppression of 39.0%, 41.6% and 54.68% for the 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg concentration respectively. Additionally, the curative test achieved a high percentage suppression of 80.97%, 83.84% and 86.16% at the 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg concentration respectively. The extracts did not induce significant change on haematological parameters (P>0.05), while significant elevation in the values of the ALT and AST (P<0.05) was observed and elevation of creatinine (P<0.05) at 800mg/kg. Conclusions: The results support the traditional use of the herbal combination in the treatment of malaria, however the liver cells were impacted by the extracts in bioassay conducted with mice. © 2015, Makerere University, Medical School. All rights reserved.	Alstonia boonei; Gongronema latifolium; In vivo anti-plasmodial lime extract; Mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei; Picralima nitida	alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; Alstonia boonei extract; antimalarial agent; aspartate aminotransferase; chloroquine; creatinine; Gongronema latifolium extract; hemoglobin; herbaceous agent; Picralima nitida extract; protein; unclassified drug; urea; adult; alanine aminotransferase blood level; alkaline phosphatase blood level; Alstonia; Alstonia boonei; animal experiment; animal model; antimalarial activity; Apocynaceae; Article; aspartate aminotransferase blood level; autoanalyzer; controlled study; creatinine blood level; erythrocyte count; female; Gongronema latifolium; hemoglobin blood level; in vivo study; leukocyte count; male; mouse; Nigeria; nonhuman; Picralima nitida; plant leaf; plant stem; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium berghei infection; protein blood level; traditional medicine; urea blood level	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053475898	Impact of antiretroviral therapy on fertility desires among HIV-infected persons in rural Uganda	Kipp W., Heys J., Jhangri G.S., Alibhai A., Rubaale T.	2011	Reproductive Health	8	1	10.1186/1742-4755-8-27	Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Kabarole District Health Department, P.O. Box 27, Fort Portal, Uganda	Kipp, W., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Heys, J., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Jhangri, G.S., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alibhai, A., Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Rubaale, T., Kabarole District Health Department, P.O. Box 27, Fort Portal, Uganda	Background: Little is known about the fertility desires of HIV infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In order to contribute more knowledge to this topic we conducted a study to determine if HIV-infected persons on HAART have different fertility desires compared to persons not on HAART, and if the knowledge about HIV transmission from mother-to-child is different in the two groups. Methods. The study was a cross-sectional survey comparing two groups of HIV-positive participants: those who were on HAART and those who were not. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 199 HIV patients living in a rural area of western Uganda. The desire for future children was measured by the question in the questionnaire "Do you want more children in future." The respondents' HAART status was derived from the interviews and verified using health records. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze the relationship between HAART treatment status and the desire for future children. Results: Results from the multivariate logistic regression model indicated an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.08 (95% CI 0.40-2.90) for those on HAART wanting more children (crude OR 1.86, 95% CI 0.82-4.21). Statistically significant predictors for desiring more children were younger age, having a higher number of living children and male sex. Knowledge of the risks for mother-to-child-transmission of HIV was similar in both groups. Conclusions: The conclusions from this study are that the HAART treatment status of HIV patients did not influence the desire for children. The non-significant association between the desire for more children and the HAART treatment status could be caused by a lack of knowledge in HIV-infected persons/couples about the positive impact of HAART in reducing HIV transmission from mother-to-child. We recommend that the health care system ensures proper training of staff and appropriate communication to those living with HIV as well as to the general community. © 2011 Kipp et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	family planning; fertility desires; highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV/AIDS; knowledge; mother-to-child-transmission; peri-natal transmission; resource-limited setting; Uganda	adult; article; comparative study; female; fertility; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; knowledge; major clinical study; male; perception; risk assessment; rural area; semi structured interview; Uganda; vertical transmission; adolescent; attitude to health; behavior; clinical trial; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; family size; health; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; multicenter study; psychological aspect; sexual behavior; socioeconomics; statistics; vertical transmission; Adolescent; Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cross-Sectional Studies; Family Characteristics; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; HIV Infections; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Intention; Male; Reproductive Behavior; Rural Health; Socioeconomic Factors; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650649763	Impact of acyclovir on genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA, genital herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA, and ulcer healing among HIV-1-infected African women with herpes ulcers: A randomized placebo-controlled trial	Mayaud P., Legoff J., Weiss H.A., Grésenguet G., Nzambi K., Bouhlal H., Frost E., Pépin J., Malkin J.-E., Hayes R.J., Mabey D.C.W., Bélec L.	2009	Journal of Infectious Diseases	200	2	10.1086/599991	Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France; Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Centre Médical, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de Reference des Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA de Bangui, Unité de Recherches et d'Intervention sur les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA, Central African Republic, Accra, Ghana; West African Project to Combat AIDS and STIs, Accra, Ghana; Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Clinical Research Unit, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Mayaud, P., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France, Clinical Research Unit, School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Legoff, J., Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France, Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; Weiss, H.A., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Grésenguet, G., Centre National de Reference des Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA de Bangui, Unité de Recherches et d'Intervention sur les Maladies Sexuellement Transmissibles et du SIDA, Central African Republic, Accra, Ghana; Nzambi, K., West African Project to Combat AIDS and STIs, Accra, Ghana; Bouhlal, H., Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Frost, E., Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Pépin, J., Centre for International Health, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Malkin, J.-E., Centre Médical, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Hayes, R.J., Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mabey, D.C.W., Clinical Research Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Paris, France; Bélec, L., Université Paris Descartes, Equipe Immunité et Biothérapie Muqueuse, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France	Background. Little is known about the impact of episodic treatment of herpes on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Methods. Women from Ghana and the Central African Republic who had genital ulcers were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir plus antibacterials and were monitored for 28 days. Ulcer etiologies and detection of lesionai HIV-1 RNA were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA and plasma HIV-1 RNA were quantitated by real-time PCR. Primary analyses included 118 HIV-1-infected women with HSV-2 ulcers (54 of whom were given acyclovir and 64 of whom were given placebo). Results. Acyclovir had little impact on (1) detection of cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA (risk ratio [RR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8-1.2) at day 7 of treatment, (2) the mean cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA load (-0.06 log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, -0.4 to 0.3 log10 copies/mL) at day 7 of treatment, or (3) the plasma HIV-1 RNA load (+0.09 log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, -0.1 to 0.3 log10 copies/mL) at day 14 of treatment. At day 7, women receiving acyclovir were less likely to have detectable lesionai HIV-1 RNA (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.4-1.2) or cervicovaginal HSV-2 DNA (RR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.4-1.3), had a lower quantity of HSV-2 DNA (-0.99 log10 copies/mL; 95% CI, -1.8 to -0.2 log10 copies/mL), and were more likely to have a healed ulcer (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.9-1.9). Conclusion. Episodic therapy for herpes reduced the quantity of cervicovaginal HSV-2 DNA and slightly improved ulcer healing, but it did not decrease genital and plasma HIV-1 RNA loads. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00158483. © 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	aciclovir; antiinfective agent; benzathine penicillin; ciprofloxacin; RNA; virus DNA; virus RNA; adolescent; adult; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; drug dose reduction; female; genital ulcer; herpes; Herpes simplex virus; Herpes simplex virus 2; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; major clinical study; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; real time polymerase chain reaction; syphilis; ulcer; ulcer healing; ulcus molle; virus load; Acyclovir; Adolescent; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Central African Republic; DNA, Viral; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ghana; Herpes Genitalis; Herpesvirus 2, Human; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; RNA, Viral	None
WoS	WOS:000301996000017	Impact of perinatal somatic and common mental disorder symptoms on functioning in Ethiopian women: The P-MaMiE population-based cohort study	Alem, Atalay,Araya, Mesfin,Dewey, Michael,Hanlon, Charlotte,Medhin, Girmay,Prince, Martin,Senturk, Vesile,Stewart, Robert	2012	JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS	136	3	10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.028	Addis Ababa University, Ankara University, Kings College London, University of London	"Alem, Atalay: Addis Ababa University","Araya, Mesfin: Addis Ababa University","Dewey, Michael: Kings College London","Dewey, Michael: University of London","Medhin, Girmay: Addis Ababa University","Prince, Martin: Kings College London","Prince, Martin: University of London","Stewart, Robert: Kings College London","Stewart, Robert: University of London",	Background: Little is known of the relationship between perinatal somatic and common mental disorder (CMD) symptoms and impaired functioning in women from settings where the burden of undernutrition and infectious disease morbidity is high. Methods: A population-based sample of 1065 women from Butajira, Ethiopia, was recruited in pregnancy (86.4% of those eligible) and reassessed two months postnatal (954 with singleton, live infants). At both time-points, women were administered a modified version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (locally-validated) to assess somatic and CMD symptoms, respectively. Negative binomial regression was used to investigate associations of CMD and somatic symptoms with functional impairment (World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Scale, version-II), after adjusting for maternal anthropometric measures, physical ill-health and sociodemographic factors. Results: In pregnancy, somatic and CMD symptoms were independently associated with worse maternal functional impairment after adjustment for confounders (WHODAS-II score multiplied by 1.09 (95%CI 1.06, 1.13) and 1.11 (95%CI 1.08, 1.14) respectively for each additional symptom). In the postnatal period, the size of association between somatic symptoms and functional impairment was diminished, but the association with CMD symptoms was virtually unchanged (multiplier value 1.04 (95%CI 1.00, 1.09) and 1.11 (95%CI 1.07, 1.16) respectively). Limitations: Use of largely self-report measures. Conclusions: Somatic and CMD symptoms were independently associated with functional impairment in both pregnancy and the postnatal period, with CMD symptoms showing a stronger and more consistent association. This emphasises the public health relevance of both CMD and somatic symptoms in the perinatal period. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	DEPRESSION,DISABILITY,POSTNATAL,PREGNANCY,"SOMATIC SYMPTOMS","SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",CHILDBIRTH,COMPLAINTS,"GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE",GOA,INDIA,"MATERNAL DEPRESSION",POSTNATAL-DEPRESSION-SCALE,POSTPARTUM,RISK-FACTORS,VALIDATION	None	None
None	None	Impact of vaccines given during pregnancy on the offspring of women consulting a travel clinic: A longitudinal study	D'Acremont V., Tremblay S., Genton B.	2008	Journal of Travel Medicine	15	2	10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00175.x	Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	D'Acremont, V., Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Tremblay, S., Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Genton, B., Travel Clinic, Department of Ambulatory Care and Community Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Health Research and Development Center, PO Box 78373, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	Background. Little is known on the impact of travel vaccinations during pregnancy on child outcomes, in particular on the long-term psychomotor development. The objectives of the study were (1) to estimate the rate of premature births, congenital abnormalities, and mental and physical development problems of children born from mothers who had been vaccinated during pregnancy and (2) to compare these rates with those of children whose mothers had not been vaccinated during pregnancy. Methods. Longitudinal study including (1) retrospectively pregnant women having attended our travel clinic before (vaccinated) and (2) prospectively mothers attending our clinic (nonvaccinated). We performed phone interviews with mothers vaccinated during pregnancy, up to 10 years before, and face-to-face interviews with nonvaccinated age-matched mothers, ie, women attending the travel clinic who had one child of about the same age as the one of the case to compare child development between both groups. Results. Fifty-three women vaccinated during pregnancy were interviewed as well as 53 nonvaccinated ones. Twenty-eight (53%) women received their vaccination during the first trimester. The most frequent vaccine administered was hepatitis A (55% of the cases), followed by di-Te (34%), IM poliomyelitis (23%), yellow fever (12%), A-C meningitis (8%), IM typhoid (4%), and oral poliomyelitis (4%). Children were followed for a range of 1 to 10 years. Rates of premature births were 5.7% in both groups; congenital abnormalities were 1.9% in the vaccinated cohort versus 5.7% in the nonvaccinated one; children took their first steps at a median age of 12 months in both cohorts; among schoolchildren, 5% of the vaccinated cohort versus 7.7% of the nonvaccinated attended a lower level or a specialized school. Conclusion. In this small sample size, there was no indication that usual travel vaccinations, including the yellow fever one, had deleterious effect on child outcome and development. © 2008 International Society of Travel Medicine.	None	diphtheria tetanus vaccine; hepatitis A vaccine; meningitis vaccine; poliomyelitis vaccine; typhoid vaccine; yellow fever vaccine; adult; article; child development; congenital malformation; consultation; controlled study; female; first trimester pregnancy; human; interview; longitudinal study; major clinical study; mental development; outcome assessment; physical development; pregnancy; prematurity; progeny; spontaneous abortion; telephone; travel; vaccination; Adult; Bacterial Vaccines; Child; Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; Congenital Abnormalities; Disease Transmission, Vertical; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infection; Longitudinal Studies; Maternal Behavior; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Questionnaires; Retrospective Studies; Switzerland; Travel; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases	None
None	None	Comparative field evaluation of combinations of long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, relative to either method alone, for malaria prevention in an area where the main vector is Anopheles arabiensis	Okumu F.O., Mbeyela E., Lingamba G., Moore J., Ntamatungiro A.J., Kavishe D.R., Kenward M.G., Turner E., Lorenz L.M., Moore S.J.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-46	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Okumu, F.O., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Mbeyela, E., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Lingamba, G., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ntamatungiro, A.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kavishe, D.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kenward, M.G., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Turner, E., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Lorenz, L.M., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Moore, S.J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are commonly used together in the same households to improve malaria control despite inconsistent evidence on whether such combinations actually offer better protection than nets alone or IRS alone. Methods. Comparative tests were conducted using experimental huts fitted with LLINs, untreated nets, IRS plus untreated nets, or combinations of LLINs and IRS, in an area where Anopheles arabiensis is the predominant malaria vector species. Three LLIN types, Olyset®, PermaNet 2.0® and Icon Life® nets and three IRS treatments, pirimiphos-methyl, DDT, and lambda cyhalothrin, were used singly or in combinations. We compared, number of mosquitoes entering huts, proportion and number killed, proportions prevented from blood-feeding, time when mosquitoes exited the huts, and proportions caught exiting. The tests were done for four months in dry season and another six months in wet season, each time using new intact nets. Results: All the net types, used with or without IRS, prevented >99% of indoor mosquito bites. Adding PermaNet 2.0® and Icon Life®, but not Olyset® nets into huts with any IRS increased mortality of malaria vectors relative to IRS alone. However, of all IRS treatments, only pirimiphos-methyl significantly increased vector mortality relative to LLINs alone, though this increase was modest. Overall, median mortality of An. arabiensis caught in huts with any of the treatments did not exceed 29%. No treatment reduced entry of the vectors into huts, except for marginal reductions due to PermaNet 2.0® nets and DDT. More than 95% of all mosquitoes were caught in exit traps rather than inside huts. Conclusions: Where the main malaria vector is An. arabiensis, adding IRS into houses with intact pyrethroid LLINs does not enhance house-hold level protection except where the IRS employs non-pyrethroid insecticides such as pirimiphos-methyl, which can confer modest enhancements. In contrast, adding intact bednets onto IRS enhances protection by preventing mosquito blood-feeding (even if the nets are non-insecticidal) and by slightly increasing mosquito mortality (in case of LLINs). The primary mode of action of intact LLINs against An. arabiensis is clearly bite prevention rather than insecticidal activity. Therefore, where resources are limited, priority should be to ensure that everyone at risk consistently uses LLINs and that the nets are regularly replaced before being excessively torn. Measures that maximize bite prevention (e.g. proper net sizes to effectively cover sleeping spaces, stronger net fibres that resist tears and burns and net use practices that preserve net longevity), should be emphasized. © 2013 Okumu et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	chlorphenotane; cyhalothrin; insecticide; phosphorothioic acid derivative; pirimophosmethyl; unclassified drug; aerosol; chlorphenotane; insecticide; nitrile; phosphorothioic acid derivative; pirimiphos methyl; pyrethroid; adult; Anopheles arabiensis; article; bed net; clinical effectiveness; clinical evaluation; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; gene amplification; human; human experiment; insect bite; malaria; malaria control; male; mortality; pesticide spraying; protection; treatment duration; adolescent; aerosol; animal; Anopheles; comparative study; drug effects; housing; insecticide resistance; mosquito; physiology; procedures; Tanzania; time; transmission; young adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Adolescent; Adult; Aerosols; Animals; Anopheles; DDT; Housing; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Male; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pyrethrins; Tanzania; Time Factors; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evaluation of the long-lasting insecticidal net Interceptor LN: Laboratory and experimental hut studies against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in northeastern Tanzania	Malima R., Tungu P.K., Mwingira V., Maxwell C., Magesa S.M., Kaur H., Kirby M.J., Rowland M.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-296	Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom	Malima, R., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Tungu, P.K., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Mwingira, V., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Maxwell, C., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Magesa, S.M., Amani Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania; Kaur, H., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Kirby, M.J., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom	Background: Long lasting insecticidal nets (LN) are a primary method of malaria prevention. Before new types of LN are approved they need to meet quality and efficacy standards set by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. The process of evaluation has three phases. In Phase I the candidate LN must meet threshold bioassay criteria after 20 standardized washes. In Phase II washed and unwashed LNs are evaluated in experimental huts against wild, free flying anopheline mosquitoes. In Phase III the LN are distributed to households in malaria endemic areas, sampled over three years of use and tested for continuing insecticidal efficacy. Interceptor® LN (BASF Corporation, Germany) is made of polyester netting coated with a wash resistant formulation of alpha-cypermethrin. Methods. Interceptor LN was subjected to bioassay evaluation and then to experimental hut trial against pyrethroid-susceptible Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito mortality, blood feeding inhibition and personal protection were compared between untreated nets, conventional alpha-cypermethrin treated nets (CTN) washed 20 times and LNs washed 0, 20 and 30 times. Results: In Phase I Interceptor LN demonstrated superior wash resistance and efficacy to the CTN. In the Phase II hut trial the LN killed 92% of female An. gambiae when unwashed and 76% when washed 20 times; the CTN washed 20 times killed 44%. The LN out-performed the CTN in personal protection and blood-feeding inhibition. The trend for An. funestus was similar to An. gambiae for all outcomes. Few pyrethroid-resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus were killed and yet the level of personal protection (75-90%) against Culex was similar to that of susceptible An. gambiae (76-80%) even after 20 washes. This protection is relevant because Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis in East Africa. After 20 washes and 60 nights' use the LN retained 27% of its initial insecticide dose. Conclusions: Interceptor LN meets the approval criteria set by WHO and is recommended for use in disease control against East African vectors of malaria and filariasis. Some constraints associated with the phase II evaluation criteria, in particular the washing procedure, are critically reviewed. © 2013 Malima et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex quinquefasciatus; Experimental hut; Interceptor LN; LN; Long-lasting insecticidal net	cipermethrin; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; bed net; bioassay; chemical industry; clinical evaluation; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; human; insecticide resistance; lymphatic filariasis; malaria; malaria control; Tanzania; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; Animals; Anopheles; Biological Assay; Culex; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Survival Analysis; Tanzania	None
None	None	Laboratory and experimental hut evaluation of a long-lasting insecticide treated blanket for protection against mosquitoes	Kitau J., Oxborough R., Kaye A., Chen-Hussey V., Isaacs E., Matowo J., Kaur H., Magesa S.M., Mosha F., Rowland M., Logan J.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-129	Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania; Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Africa University Development Office, Nashville, TN 37203-0007, United States; RTI International, Global Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya	Kitau, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Oxborough, R., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Kaye, A., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Chen-Hussey, V., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Isaacs, E., Africa University Development Office, Nashville, TN 37203-0007, United States; Matowo, J., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Kaur, H., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Magesa, S.M., RTI International, Global Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; Mosha, F., Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo), Moshi, Tanzania, Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania; Rowland, M., Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom; Logan, J., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticide treated blankets (LLIBs) may provide additional protection against malaria where use of long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) is low or impractical such as in disaster or emergency situations. Methods. Initial efficacy testing of a new candidate LLIB was carried out at LSHTM and KCMUCo, before and after washing, in cone and ball bioassays and arm-in-cage tests against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae. A small scale field trial was conducted using veranda-trap experimental huts in northern Tanzania against wild An. arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Treatments included unwashed and 5 times washed permethrin treated LLIB and blankets hand-treated with permethrin (ITB), untreated blankets, and a holed unwashed Olyset net. Results: Cone test mortality was 75% for LLIB when unwashed, but decreased to 32% after 5 washes and <10% after 10 washes. In arm-in-cage tests protection against biting was 100% for LLIBs regardless of the number of washes while reduction in landings was 79% when unwashed, 75% after 5 washes, but declined to 41% after 10 and 33% after 20 washes. In ball bioassays using pyrethroid resistant An. arabiensis, mortality was low in all treatments (<35%) and there was no significant difference in mortality between Olyset net, LLIB or ITB (p > 0.05). Percentage mortality of An. arabiensis in huts with LLIB unwashed (26%) was not statistically different to Olyset net (31%, p = 0.5). The 5 times washed LLIB reduced blood-feeding by 49% which was equivalent to Olyset net (p > 0.086). There was no significant difference in percentage blood-feeding between LLIB and ITB unwashed or 5 times washed (p = 0.147 and p = 0.346 respectively). The 5 times washed LLIB reduced blood-feeding of Culex quinquefasciatus by 40%, although the Olyset provided the greatest protection with 85% inhibition. ELISA analysis of a sub-sample of blood fed mosquitoes showed that not all had fed on humans in the huts, therefore blood-feeding inhibition may have been underestimated. Conclusions: This trial demonstrated the potential of LLIBs to provide substantial personal protection even against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes. LLIBs may prove particularly useful where LLINs are unsuitable or net usage is low. © 2014 Kitau et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Experimental hut; Insecticide treated blankets; Pyrethroids; Tanzania; Vector control	permethrin; pyrethroid; insecticide; pyrethroid; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; antibiotic sensitivity; article; bed net; bioassay; blood; controlled study; Culex quinquefasciatus; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; human experiment; insect control; insecticide resistance; laboratory test; long lasting insecticide treated blanket; mortality; mosquito; mosquito bite; nonhuman; normal human; protective equipment; Tanzania; textile washing; tropical medicine; wild species; animal; Anopheles; bed; Culex; drug effects; mosquito; procedures; time; Animals; Anopheles; Bedding and Linens; Culex; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Mosquito Control; Pyrethrins; Time Factors	None
None	None	Challenges for malaria elimination in Zanzibar: Pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and poor performance of long-lasting insecticide nets	Haji K.A., Khatib B.O., Smith S., Ali A.S., Devine G.J., Coetzee M., Majambere S.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-82	Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Cairns Public Health Unit, P.O. Box 1103, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Haji, K.A., Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Khatib, B.O., Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Smith, S., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, United States; Ali, A.S., Zanzibar Malaria Control Program, Mwanakwerekwe, P.O. Box 407, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Devine, G.J., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Cairns Public Health Unit, P.O. Box 1103, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; Coetzee, M., Malaria Entomology Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Majambere, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom	Background: Long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual house spraying (IRS) are the main interventions for the control of malaria vectors in Zanzibar. The aim of the present study was to assess the susceptibility status of malaria vectors against the insecticides used for LLINs and IRS and to determine the durability and efficacy of LLINs on the island. Methods. Mosquitoes were sampled from Pemba and Unguja islands in 2010-2011 for use in WHO susceptibility tests. One hundred and fifty LLINs were collected from households on Unguja, their physical state was recorded and then tested for efficacy as well as total insecticide content. Results: Species identification revealed that over 90% of the Anopheles gambiae complex was An. arabiensis with a small number of An. gambiae s.s. and An. merus being present. Susceptibility tests showed that An. arabiensis on Pemba was resistant to the pyrethroids used for LLINs and IRS. Mosquitoes from Unguja Island, however, were fully susceptible to all pyrethroids tested. A physical examination of 150 LLINs showed that two thirds were damaged after only three years in use. All used nets had a significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) mean permethrin concentration of 791.6 mg/m2 compared with 944.2 mg/m2 for new ones. Their efficacy decreased significantly against both susceptible An. gambiae s.s. colony mosquitoes and wild-type mosquitoes from Pemba after just six washes (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The sustainability of the gains achieved in malaria control in Zanzibar is seriously threatened by the resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids and the short-lived efficacy of LLINs. This study has revealed that even in relatively well-resourced and logistically manageable places like Zanzibar, malaria elimination is going to be difficult to achieve with the current control measures. © 2013 Haji et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; Insecticide resistance; LLINs; Tanzania	pyrethroid; bendiocarb; carbamic acid derivative; cyhalothrin; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; pyrethroid; Anopheles; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; anopheles merus; article; bed net; clinical effectiveness; concentration (parameters); malaria; nonhuman; Tanzania; vector control; world health organization; animal; classification; disease carrier; drug effects; epidemiology; female; geography; human; Insect Bites and Stings; insecticide resistance; malaria; mosquito; time; transmission; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Female; Geography; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Nitriles; Phenylcarbamates; Pyrethrins; Tanzania; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878514240	Evaluation of four different equations for calculating LDL-C with eight different direct HDL-C assays	Oliveira M.J.A., van Deventer H.E., Bachmann L.M., Warnick G.R., Nakajima K., Nakamura M., Sakurabayashi I., Kimberly M.M., Shamburek R.D., Korzun W.J., Myers G.L., Miller W.G., Remaley A.T.	2013	Clinica Chimica Acta	423	None	10.1016/j.cca.2013.04.009	Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Lancet Laboratories, PO Box 37918, Faerie Glen, Pretoria, 0043, South Africa; Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1111 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Health Diagnostic Laboratory, 737 North 5th Street, Suite 103, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Nakajima and Associates, Co., 201 Nakajima Bldg., 3-33-2 Minami-cho, Maebashi, Guma, 371-0805, Japan; Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion, Department of Health Promotion and Education, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan; Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan; American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 1850 K Street, NW Suite 625, Washington, DC, United States	Oliveira, M.J.A., Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; van Deventer, H.E., Lancet Laboratories, PO Box 37918, Faerie Glen, Pretoria, 0043, South Africa; Bachmann, L.M., Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1111 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Warnick, G.R., Health Diagnostic Laboratory, 737 North 5th Street, Suite 103, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Nakajima, K., Nakajima and Associates, Co., 201 Nakajima Bldg., 3-33-2 Minami-cho, Maebashi, Guma, 371-0805, Japan; Nakamura, M., Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion, Department of Health Promotion and Education, 1-3-2 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan; Sakurabayashi, I., Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan; Kimberly, M.M.; Shamburek, R.D., Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Korzun, W.J., Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1111 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Myers, G.L., American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 1850 K Street, NW Suite 625, Washington, DC, United States; Miller, W.G., Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1111 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Remaley, A.T., Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States	Background: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is often calculated (cLDL-C) by the Friedewald equation, which requires high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG). Because there have been considerable changes in the measurement of HDL-C with the introduction of direct assays, several alternative equations have recently been proposed. Methods: We compared 4 equations (Friedewald, Vujovic, Chen, and Anandaraja) for cLDL-C, using 8 different direct HDL-C (dHDL-C) methods. LDL-C values were calculated by the 4 equations and determined by the β quantification reference method procedure in 164 subjects. Results: For normotriglyceridemic samples (TG < 200 mg/dl), between 6.2% and 24.8% of all results exceeded the total error goal of 12% for LDL-C, depending on the dHDL-C assay and cLDL-C equation used. Friedewald equation was found to be the optimum equation for most but not all dHDL-C assays, typically leading to less than 10% misclassification of cardiovascular risk based on LDL-C. Hypertriglyceridemic samples (>200 mg/dl) showed a large cardiovascular risk misclassification rate (30%-50%) for all combinations of dHDL-C assays and cLDL-C equations. Conclusion: The Friedewald equation showed the best performance for estimating LDL-C, but its accuracy varied considerably depending on the specific dHDL-C assay used. None of the cLDL-C equations performed adequately for hypertriglyceridemic samples. © 2013.	Cardiovascular disease; Cholesterol; Friedewald equation; Low-density lipoproteins	high density lipoprotein cholesterol; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; very low density lipoprotein cholesterol; analytic method; Anandaraja equation; article; assay; cardiovascular risk; Chen equation; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; evaluation research; Friedewald equation; human; hypertriglyceridemia; information processing; intermethod comparison; lipid analysis; major clinical study; priority journal; triacylglycerol blood level; ultracentrifugation; Vujovic equation; Algorithms; Biological Assay; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Humans	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70449447995	Potential impact of task-shifting on costs of antiretroviral therapy and physician supply in Uganda	Babigumira J.B., Castelnuovo B., Lamorde M., Kambugu A., Stergachis A., Easterbrook P., Garrison L.P.	2009	BMC Health Services Research	9	None	10.1186/1472-6963-9-192	Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, School of Public Health and Community Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Babigumira, J.B., Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Castelnuovo, B., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Lamorde, M., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kambugu, A., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Stergachis, A., Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health, School of Public Health and Community Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Easterbrook, P., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Garrison, L.P., Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research and Policy Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Background. Lower-income countries face severe health worker shortages. Recent evidence suggests that this problem can be mitigated by task-shifting - delegation of aspects of health care to less specialized health workers. We estimated the potential impact of task-shifting on costs of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and physician supply in Uganda. The study was performed at the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) clinic, a large urban HIV clinic. Methods. We built an aggregate cost-minimization model from societal and Ministry of Health (MOH) perspectives. We compared physician-intensive follow-up (PF), the standard of care, with two methods of task-shifting: nurse-intensive follow-up (NF) and pharmacy-worker intensive follow-up (PWF). We estimated personnel and patient time use using a time-motion survey. We obtained unit costs from IDI and the literature. We estimated physician personnel impact by calculating full time equivalent (FTE) physicians saved. We made national projections for Uganda. Results. Annual mean costs of follow-up per patient were $59.88 (societal) and $31.68 (medical) for PF, $44.58 (societal) and $24.58 (medical) for NF and $18.66 (societal) and $10.5 (medical) for PWF. Annual national societal ART follow-up expenditure was $5.92 million using PF, $4.41 million using NF and $1.85 million using PWF, potentially saving $1.51 million annually by using NF and $4.07 million annually by using PWF instead of PF. Annual national MOH expenditure was $3.14 million for PF, $2.43 million for NF and $1.04 for PWF, potentially saving $0.70 million by using NF and $2.10 million by using PWF instead of PF. Projected national physician personnel needs were 108 FTE doctors to implement PF and 18 FTE doctors to implement NF or PWF. Task-shifting from PF to NF or PWF would potentially save 90 FTE physicians, 4.1% of the national physician workforce or 0.3 FTE physicians per 100,000 population. Conclusion. Task-shifting results in substantial cost and physician personnel savings in ART follow-up in Uganda and can contribute to mitigating the heath worker crisis.	None	article; cost minimization analysis; follow up; health care cost; health care personnel; health care quality; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; job performance; nurse; pharmacy; physician; Uganda; univariate analysis; work schedule; workload; clinical practice; cost control; economics; hospital admission; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; methodology; personnel management; pharmacist; statistics; task performance; time; treatment outcome; Uganda; workload; antiretrovirus agent; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Cost Savings; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Nurses; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Personnel Management; Pharmacists; Physician's Practice Patterns; Physicians; Task Performance and Analysis; Time Factors; Uganda; Waiting Lists; Workload	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939157007	Patterns of lymph node pathology; fine needle aspiration biopsy as an evaluation tool for lymphadenopathy: A retrospective descriptive study conducted at the Largest Hospital in Africa	Reddy D.L., Venter W.D.F., Pather S.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0130148	Department of Internal Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (RHI), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Reddy, D.L., Department of Internal Medicine, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Venter, W.D.F., Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (RHI), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pather, S., Division of Anatomical Pathology, School of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background Lymphadenopathy is a common clinical presentation of disease in South Africa (SA), particularly in the era of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection. Methods Data from 560 lymph node biopsy reports of specimens from patients older than 12 years at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2012 was extracted from the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), division of Anatomical Pathology. Cytology reports of lymph node fine needle aspirates (FNAs) performed prior to lymph node biopsy in 203 patients were also extracted from the NHLS. Consent was not obtained from participants for their records to be used as patient information was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. Results The majority of patients were female (55%) and of the African/black racial group (90%). The median age of patients was 40 years (range12-94). The most common indication for biopsy was an uncertain diagnosis (more than two differential diagnoses entertained), followed by a suspicion for lymphoma, carcinoma and TB. Overall, malignancy constituted the largest biopsy pathology group (39%), with 36% of this group being carcinoma and 27% non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 22% of the total sampled nodes displayed necrotizing granulomatous inflammation (including histopathology and cytology demonstrating definite, and suspicious for mycobacterial infection), 8% comprised HIV reactive nodes; in the remainder no specific pathology was identified (nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia). Kaposi sarcoma (KS) accounted for 2.5% of lymph node pathology in this sample. Concomitant lymph node pathology was diagnosed in four cases of nodal KS (29% of the subset). The co-existing pathologies were TB and Castleman disease. HIV positive patients constituted 49% of this study sample and the majority (64%) of this subset had CD4 counts less than 350 cells/ul. 27% were HIV negative and in the remaining nodes, the HIV status of patients was unknown. The most common lymph node pathologies in HIV positive patients were Mycobacterial infection (31%), HIV reactive nodes (15%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15%) and nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (15%). Only 8.7% were of Hodgkin lymphoma. In contrast, the most common lymph node pathologies in HIV negative patients were nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (45%), carcinoma (25%) and Mycobacterial infection (11%). In this group, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma constituted 9% and 8%, respectively. There were more cases of high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the HIV positive group compared to the HIV negative group. FNA and lymph node biopsy had statistically significant good agreement with regard to Hodgkin lymphoma (K 0.774, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.606-0.882, p=0.001), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (K 0.640, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.472- 0.807, p=0.001), carcinoma (K 0.723, SE 0.069, 95% CI 0.528-0.918, p=0.001), and mycobacterial infection (K 0.726, SE 0.07, 95% CI 0.618-0.833, p=0.001). Conclusions The most common lymph node pathologies in CHBAH are malignancies, nonspecific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and HIV reactive nodes. The distribution of disease differs in HIV positive patients. Overall, adequate FNA samples of lymph nodes have been found to have good correlation with lymph node biopsy findings in our setting. Copyright: © 2015 Reddy et al.	None	adolescent; adult; Africa; African; aged; Article; Black person; carcinoma; child; clinical evaluation; differential diagnosis; female; fine needle aspiration biopsy; granulomatous inflammation; histopathology; human; human tissue; lymphadenopathy; major clinical study; male; middle aged; nonhodgkin lymphoma; patient information; retrospective study; school child; tuberculosis; young adult; Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960556736	The impact of mass drug administration and long-lasting insecticidal net distribution on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in humans and mosquitoes: An observational study in northern Uganda	Ashton R.A., Kyabayinze D.J., Opio T., Auma A., Edwards T., Matwale G., Onapa A., Brooker S., Kolaczinski J.H.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-134	Malaria Consortium Africa, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Malaria Consortium Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; District Health Office, Dokolo, Uganda; Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; RTI International, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya	Ashton, R.A., Malaria Consortium Africa, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kyabayinze, D.J., Malaria Consortium Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; Opio, T., District Health Office, Dokolo, Uganda; Auma, A., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Edwards, T., MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Matwale, G., Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda; Onapa, A., RTI International, Kampala, Uganda; Brooker, S., Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya; Kolaczinski, J.H., Malaria Consortium Africa, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom	Background: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Uganda is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. The mainstay of elimination has been annual mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin and albendazole, targeted to endemic districts, but has been sporadic and incomplete in coverage. Vector control could potentially contribute to reducing W. bancrofti transmission, speeding up progress towards elimination. To establish whether the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) can contribute towards reducing transmission of W. bancrofti in a setting with ongoing MDA, a study was conducted in an area of Uganda highly endemic for both LF and malaria. Baseline parasitological and entomological assessments were conducted in 2007, followed by high-coverage LLIN distribution. Net use and entomological surveys were carried out after one year, and final parasitological and entomological evaluations were conducted in 2010. Three rounds of MDA had taken place before the study commenced, with a further three rounds completed during the course of the study. Results: In 2007, rapid mapping indicated 22.3% of schoolchildren were W. bancrofti antigen positive, and a baseline survey during the same year found age-adjusted microfilaraemia prevalence was 3.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.6-5.3%). In 2010, age-adjusted microfilaraemia prevalence had fallen to 0.4%, while antigenaemia rates were 0.2% in children < 5 years and 6.0% in 5 years. In 2010, universal coverage of mosquito nets in a household was found to be protective against W. bancrofti antigen (odds ratio = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22-0.89). Prevalence of W. bancrofti larvae in anopheline mosquitoes had decreased significantly between the 2007 and 2010 surveys, but there was an apparent increase in vector densities. Conclusion: A marked reduction in W. bancrofti infection and infectivity in humans was observed in the study area, where both MDA and LLINs were used to reduce transmission. The extent to which LLINs contributed to this decline is equivocal, however. Further work investigating the impact of vector control on anopheline-transmitted LF in an endemic area not benefitting from MDA would be valuable to determine the effect of such interventions on their own. © 2011 Ashton et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albendazole; ivermectin; parasite antigen; unclassified drug; Wuchereria bancrofti antigen; albendazole; anthelmintic agent; insecticide; ivermectin; acute adenolymphangitis; acute disease; adolescent; adult; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; Bancroftian filariasis; bed net; blood sampling; child; elephantiasis; female; follow up; health survey; household; human; hydrocele; infection prevention; intervention study; long lasting insecticidal net; lymphangitis; major clinical study; male; mass drug administration; microfilaria (nematode larva); microfilariasis; night sleep; nonhuman; observational study; parasite transmission; prevalence; public health service; school child; Uganda; animal; Anopheles; disease transmission; isolation and purification; larva; lymphatic filariasis; methodology; mosquito; parasitology; preschool child; Uganda; Wuchereria bancrofti; Wuchereria bancrofti; Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anopheles; Anthelmintics; Child; Child, Preschool; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Female; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Larva; Male; Mosquito Control; Uganda; Wuchereria bancrofti	None
None	None	Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) to Define Endpoints for Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration: A Multicenter Evaluation	Chu B.K., Deming M., Biritwum N.-K., Bougma W.R., Dorkenoo A.M., El-Setouhy M., Fischer P.U., Gass K., Gonzalez de Peña M., Mercado-Hernandez L., Kyelem D., Lammie P.J., Flueckiger R.M., Mwingira U.J., Noordin R., Offei Owusu I., Ottesen E.A., Pavluck A.,	2013	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	7	12	10.1371/journal.pntd.0002584	Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Public Health, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Lomé, Togo; Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Centro National de Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; Infectious Disease Office, National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Manila, Philippines; Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health Directorate, Port Vila, Vanuatu	Chu, B.K., Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Deming, M., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Biritwum, N.-K., Department of Public Health, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Bougma, W.R., Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Dorkenoo, A.M., Programme National d'Élimination de la Filariose Lymphatique, Ministère de la Santé, Lomé, Togo; El-Setouhy, M., Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Fischer, P.U., Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Gass, K., Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Gonzalez de Peña, M., Centro National de Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; Mercado-Hernandez, L., Infectious Disease Office, National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Manila, Philippines; Kyelem, D., Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Lammie, P.J., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Flueckiger, R.M., Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Mwingira, U.J., Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, National institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Noordin, R., Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Offei Owusu, I., Epidemiology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana; Ottesen, E.A., Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Pavluck, A., Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, United States; Pilotte, N., Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States; Rao, R.U., Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Samarasekera, D., Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Schmaedick, M.A., Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa; Settinayake, S., Anti Filariasis Campaign, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka; Simonsen, P.E., University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Supali, T., Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Taleo, F., Neglected Tropical Diseases Unit, Public Health Directorate, Port Vila, Vanuatu; Torres, M., Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, United States; Weil, G.J., Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States; Won, K.Y., Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background:Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for global elimination through treatment of entire at-risk populations with repeated annual mass drug administration (MDA). Essential for program success is defining and confirming the appropriate endpoint for MDA when transmission is presumed to have reached a level low enough that it cannot be sustained even in the absence of drug intervention. Guidelines advanced by WHO call for a transmission assessment survey (TAS) to determine if MDA can be stopped within an LF evaluation unit (EU) after at least five effective rounds of annual treatment. To test the value and practicality of these guidelines, a multicenter operational research trial was undertaken in 11 countries covering various geographic and epidemiological settings.Methodology:The TAS was conducted twice in each EU with TAS-1 and TAS-2 approximately 24 months apart. Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) formed the basis of the TAS survey design but specific EU characteristics defined the survey site (school or community), eligible population (6-7 year olds or 1st-2nd graders), survey type (systematic or cluster-sampling), target sample size, and critical cutoff (a statistically powered threshold below which transmission is expected to be no longer sustainable). The primary diagnostic tools were the immunochromatographic (ICT) test for W. bancrofti EUs and the BmR1 test (Brugia Rapid or PanLF) for Brugia spp. EUs.Principal Findings/Conclusions:In 10 of 11 EUs, the number of TAS-1 positive cases was below the critical cutoff, indicating that MDA could be stopped. The same results were found in the follow-up TAS-2, therefore, confirming the previous decision outcome. Sample sizes were highly sex and age-representative and closely matched the target value after factoring in estimates of non-participation. The TAS was determined to be a practical and effective evaluation tool for stopping MDA although its validity for longer-term post-MDA surveillance requires further investigation.	None	albendazole; diethylcarbamazine; article; Brugia; child; female; health survey; human; immunoaffinity chromatography; lymphatic filariasis; male; Microfilaria; multicenter study; polymerase chain reaction; quality control; school child; Transmission Assessment Survey; Wuchereria bancrofti; Animals; Brugia; Child; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Epidemiological Monitoring; Female; Filaricides; Humans; Male; Wolbachia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69149110158	Comparing three-dimensional volume-rendered CT images with fibreoptic tracheobronchoscopy in the evaluation of airway compression caused by tuberculous lymphadenopathy in children	Du Plessis J., Goussard P., Andronikou S., Gie R., George R.	2009	Pediatric Radiology	39	7	10.1007/s00247-009-1262-1	Department of Radiology, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa	Du Plessis, J., Department of Radiology, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Goussard, P., Department of Paediatrics, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Andronikou, S., Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Anzio Road, Cape Town, South Africa; Gie, R., Department of Paediatrics, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; George, R., Department of Radiology, University of Stellenbosch, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Lymphobronchial tuberculosis (TB) causes airway compression in 38% of patients. The airway obstruction is conventionally assessed with fibreoptic tracheobronchoscopy (FTB). Multidetector-row spiral computed tomography (MDCT) with three-dimensional volume rendering (3-D VR) has significantly improved the imaging of the airways. No previous studies have assessed the accuracy of 3-D VR in determining the degree of airway compression in children due to TB lymphadenopathy. Objective: To compare 3-D VR CT to FTB for the assessment of airway compression due to TB lymphadenopathy in children. Materials and methods: Included in the study were 26 children presenting with symptoms of airway compression caused by pulmonary TB. MDCT of the chest and FTB were performed in all patients. Retrospective 3-D VR reconstruction of the major airways was performed from the original CT raw data and used to evaluate the tracheobronchial tree for site and degree of airway compression and then compared to the FTB findings. FTB was used as the reference standard Results: By FTB 87 sites of airway compression were identified. Using the 3-D VR technique, 138 sites of airway compression were identified, of which 78 (90%) matched with the sites identified by FTB. The sensitivity and specificity of 3-D VR when compared with that of FTB was 92% and 85%, respectively. In four patients (15%), severe narrowing of the bronchus intermedius made FTB evaluation of the right middle and right lower lobe bronchi impossible. VR demonstrated significant distal obstruction in three of these four patients Conclusion: 3-D VR demonstrates a very good correlation with FTB in determining airway compression caused by TB lymphadenopathy in children. In combination with FTB, 3-D VR adds confidence to the bronchoscopy findings and complements FTB by adding additional information on the status of the airway distal to severe obstructions unreachable by FTB. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.	Chest; Children; CT; Tuberculosis	prednisone; tuberculostatic agent; airway dynamics; airway obstruction; article; bronchoscopy; child; clinical article; compression; cone beam computed tomography; controlled study; female; fiberoptic bronchoscopy; human; infant; lung tuberculosis; male; multidetector computed tomography; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; preschool child; priority journal; school child; sensitivity and specificity; standard; three dimensional imaging; tuberculous lymphadenitis; airway obstruction; algorithm; bronchoscopy; comparative study; computer assisted diagnosis; computer assisted tomography; evaluation; fiber optics; image quality; laryngoscopy; methodology; reproducibility; tuberculous lymphadenitis; Airway Obstruction; Algorithms; Bronchoscopy; Fiber Optic Technology; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Laryngoscopy; Radiographic Image Enhancement; Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node	None
None	None	Impact of malaria control on mortality and anemia among Tanzanian children less than five years of age, 1999-2010	Smithson P., Florey L., Salgado S.R., Hershey C.L., Masanja H., Bhattarai A., Mwita A., McElroy P.D.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0141112	Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; ICF International, Rockville, MD, United States; United States Agency for International Development, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States; National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Smithson, P., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Florey, L., ICF International, Rockville, MD, United States; Salgado, S.R., United States Agency for International Development, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Hershey, C.L., United States Agency for International Development, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, DC, United States; Masanja, H., Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Bhattarai, A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States; Mwita, A., National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; McElroy, P.D., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Mainland Tanzania scaled up multiple malaria control interventions between 1999 and 2010. We evaluated whether, and to what extent, reductions in all-cause under-five child mortality (U5CM) tracked with malaria control intensification during this period. Methods: Four nationally representative household surveys permitted trend analysis for malaria intervention coverage, severe anemia (hemoglobin <8 g/dL) prevalence (SAP) among children 6-59 months, and U5CM rates stratified by background characteristics, age, and malaria endemicity. Prevalence of contextual factors (e.g., vaccination, nutrition) likely to influence U5CM were also assessed. Population attributable risk percentage (PAR%) estimates for malaria interventions and contextual factors that changed over time were used to estimate magnitude of impact on U5CM. Results: Household ownership of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) rose from near zero in 1999 to 64% (95% CI, 61.7-65.2) in 2010. Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy reached 26% (95% CI, 23.6-28.0) by 2010. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine replaced chloroquine in 2002 and artemisinin-based combination therapy was introduced in 2007. SAP among children 6-59 months declined 50% between 2005 (11.1%; 95% CI, 10.0-12.3%) and 2010 (5.5%; 95% CI, 4.7-6.4%) and U5CM declined by 45% between baseline (1995-9) and endpoint (2005-9), from 148 to 81 deaths/1000 live births, respectively. Mortality declined 55% among children 1-23 months of age in higher malaria endemicity areas. A large reduction in U5CM was attributable to ITNs (PAR%= 11) with other malaria interventions adding further gains. Multiple contextual factors also contributed to survival gains. Conclusion: Marked declines in U5CM occurred in Tanzania between 1999 and 2010 with high impact from ITNs and ACTs. High-risk children (1-24 months of age in high malaria endemicity) experienced the greatest declines in mortality and SAP. Malaria control should remain a policy priority to sustain and further accelerate progress in child survival.	None	artemisinin; chloroquine; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; anemia; Article; attributable risk; bed net; child; childhood mortality; disease severity; endemic disease; female; human; infant; infection prevention; major clinical study; malaria; malaria control; male; population risk	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925615481	Major depressive disorder seven years after the conflict in northern Uganda: Burden, risk factors and impact on outcomes (The Wayo-Nero Study)	Mugisha J., Muyinda H., Malamba S., Kinyanda E.	2015	BMC Psychiatry	15	1	10.1186/s12888-015-0423-z	Makerere University, Child Health and Development Center, School of Health Sciences, Makerere Hill, P. Box 6717, Kampala, Uganda; Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Off Old Port Bell, P.o.Box 7017, Kampala, Uganda; Sør-Trøndelag University College, E. C. Dahls gate 2, Trondheim, Norway; 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda; MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda/MRC-DFID African Leadership Award, 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda; Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Makerere Hill, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Mugisha, J., Makerere University, Child Health and Development Center, School of Health Sciences, Makerere Hill, P. Box 6717, Kampala, Uganda, Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Off Old Port Bell, P.o.Box 7017, Kampala, Uganda, Sør-Trøndelag University College, E. C. Dahls gate 2, Trondheim, Norway; Muyinda, H., Makerere University, Child Health and Development Center, School of Health Sciences, Makerere Hill, P. Box 6717, Kampala, Uganda; Malamba, S., 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda; Kinyanda, E., MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Uganda/MRC-DFID African Leadership Award, 50-59 Nakiwogo Street, Entebbe, Uganda, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Makerere Hill, Kampala, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major public health burden in conflict areas. However, it is not known for how long and by how much the observed high rates of MDD seen in conflict settings persist into the post-conflict period. Methods: A cross sectional survey was employed seven years after the conflict in northern Uganda had ended in the three districts of Amuru, Gulu and Nwoya. Results: The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was 24.7% (95% CI: 22.9%-26.4%). The distribution by gender was females 29.2% (95% CI: 14.6%-19.5%) and males 17.0% (95% CI: 26.9%-31.5%). The risk factors for MDD fell under the broad domains of socio-demographic factors (female gender, increasing age, being widowed and being separated/divorced); distal psychosocial vulnerability factors ( being HIV positive, low social support, increasing war trauma events previously experienced, war trauma stress scores previously experienced, past psychiatric history, family history of mental illness, negative coping style, increasing childhood trauma scores, life-time attempted suicide, PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder and alcohol dependency disorder) and the psychosocial stressors (food insufficiency, increasing negative life event scores, increasing stress scores). 'Not receiving anti-retroviral therapy' for those who were HIV positive was the only negative clinical and behavioral outcome associated with MDD. Conclusions: These findings indicate that post-conflict northern Uganda still has high rates for MDD. The risk factors are quite many (including psychiatric, psychological and social factors) hence the need for effective multi-sectoral programs to address the high rates of MDD in the region. These programs should be long term in order to address the long term effects of war. Longitudinal studies are recommended to continuously assess the trends of MDD in the region and remedial action taken. © 2015 Mugisha et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Major depressive disorder; Northern Uganda; Outcomes; Post-conflict; Risk factors	adult; age; alcoholism; Article; battle injury; childhood injury; controlled study; coping behavior; cross-sectional study; disease association; divorced person; family history; female; food insecurity; generalized anxiety disorder; health impact assessment; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; life event; Life Events Scale; major clinical study; major depression; male; mental stress; outcome assessment; personal experience; posttraumatic stress disorder; prevalence; psychological aspect; risk factor; self report; separated person; sex ratio; social psychology; social status; social support; Social Support Index; structured questionnaire; suicide attempt; time; Uganda; vulnerable population; war; widowed person; young adult; civil disorder; cost of illness; Depressive Disorder, Major; middle aged; psychology; risk factor; Adult; Civil Disorders; Cost of Illness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Social Support; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875308220	Misclassification of Plasmodium infections by conventional microscopy and the impact of remedial training on the proficiency of laboratory technicians in species identification	Obare P., Ogutu B., Adams M., Odera J.S., Lilley K., Dosoo D., Adhiambo C., Owusu-Agyei S., Binka F., Wanja E., Johnson J.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-113	Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Enoggera, QLD 4051, Australia; Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, INDEPTH-Network, Box 213, Kanda, Accra, Ghana	Obare, P., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Ogutu, B., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya, Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, INDEPTH-Network, Box 213, Kanda, Accra, Ghana; Adams, M., Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Odera, J.S., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Lilley, K., Australian Army Malaria Institute, Weary Dunlop Drive, Enoggera, QLD 4051, Australia; Dosoo, D., Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Adhiambo, C., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Center, Box 200, Kintampo, Brong Ahafo Region, Ghana; Binka, F., Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance, INDEPTH-Network, Box 213, Kanda, Accra, Ghana; Wanja, E., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya; Johnson, J., Kenya Medical Research Institute, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, Malaria Diagnostics Centre, Box 54, 40100, Kisumu, Kenya	Background: Malaria diagnosis is largely dependent on the demonstration of parasites in stained blood films by conventional microscopy. Accurate identification of the infecting Plasmodium species relies on detailed examination of parasite morphological characteristics, such as size, shape, pigment granules, besides the size and shape of the parasitized red blood cells and presence of cell inclusions. This work explores misclassifications of four Plasmodium species by conventional microscopy relative to the proficiency of microscopists and morphological characteristics of the parasites on Giemsa-stained blood films. Case description. Ten-day malaria microscopy remedial courses on parasite detection, species identification and parasite counting were conducted for public health and research laboratory personnel. Proficiency in species identification was assessed at the start (pre) and the end (post) of each course using known blood films of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium vivax infections with densities ranging from 1,000 to 30,000 parasites/μL. Outcomes were categorized as false negative, positive without speciation, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax and mixed infections. Discussion and evaluation. Reported findings are based on 1,878 P. falciparum, 483 P. malariae, 581 P. ovale and 438 P. vivax cumulative results collated from 2008 to 2010 remedial courses. Pre-training false negative and positive misclassifications without speciation were significantly lower on P. falciparum infections compared to non-falciparum infections (p < 0.0001). Post-training misclassifications decreased significantly compared to pre- training misclassifications which in turn led to significant improvements in the identification of the four species. However, P. falciparum infections were highly misclassified as mixed infections, P. ovale misclassified as P. vivax and P. vivax similarly misclassified as P. ovale (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the misclassification of malaria species could be a common occurrence especially where non-falciparum infections are involved due to lack of requisite skills in microscopic diagnosis and variations in morphological characteristics within and between Plasmodium species. Remedial training might improve reliability of conventional light microscopy with respect to differentiation of Plasmodium infections. © 2013 Obare et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Microscopy; Misclassification; Morphology; Species; Training	article; classification; density; false negative result; false positive result; Giemsa stain; good laboratory practice; laboratory personnel; malaria; malaria falciparum; microscopy; mixed infection; morphology; nonhuman; Plasmodium; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium malariae infection; Plasmodium ovale; Plasmodium ovale malaria; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; species identification; Diagnostic Errors; Education, Medical, Continuing; Humans; Laboratory Personnel; Malaria; Microscopy; Parasitology; Plasmodium; Professional Competence; Staining and Labeling	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861899118	Evaluation of malaria prevention strategies during pregnancy in Ndola, Zambia	Mulamba M., Mash B.	2010	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	2	1	10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.159	Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Mulamba, M., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Mash, B., Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Background: Malaria in pregnancy is associated with many negative outcomes for the woman, foetus and neonate. Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) using three doses of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP), insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spray (IRS), constitute the main strategies used to prevent malaria. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies for the reduction of malaria prevalence in pregnant women. Methods: A questionnaire on socio-demographic information, history of malaria during current pregnancy and prevention strategies used was administered to 450 consecutive patients admitted into labour wards at three local clinics. From the antenatal cards, information was collected on the last menstrual period, date of each dose of SP taken, gravidity, and HIV status. A blood slide to detect Plasmodium was then collected from each woman after consent. Results: Of the participants in the study, 2.4% had a positive blood slide at term and 15.8% reported malaria during pregnancy. All the participants took at least one dose of SP with 87.6% completing the stipulated three doses. The mean gestational ages for each dose were 22.1 (SD 4.6), 29.1 (SD 4.4) and 34.4 (SD 3.9) weeks for the first, second and third dose respectively. With regard to ITNs, 79.5% had one, but only 74.1% used it regularly. IRS was completed in all three of the clinics' catchment areas. Only 23.4% used commercial insecticide. Conclusion: The measured prevalence of malaria at term in Ndola was remarkably low, although the self-reported rate during pregnancy was still high. The national targets for accessing IPTp were exceeded, although the timing of each dose needs to be improved. Access to ITNs was high, but usage needs to increase. © 2010. The Authors.	Malaria; Pregnancy; Prevention; Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine; Zambia	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876674481	Impact of malaria during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in a Ugandan prospective cohort with intensive malaria screening and prompt treatment	De Beaudrap P., Turyakira E., White L.J., Nabasumba C., Tumwebaze B., Muehlenbachs A., Guérin P.J., Boum Y., McGready R., Piola P.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-139	Epicentre, Paris, France; UMI 233, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université Montpellier i, Montpellier, France; Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, United Kingdom; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Institut Pasteur, Antananarivo, Madagascar	De Beaudrap, P., Epicentre, Paris, France, UMI 233, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université Montpellier i, Montpellier, France; Turyakira, E., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda; White, L.J., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Nabasumba, C., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; Tumwebaze, B., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; Muehlenbachs, A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Guérin, P.J., Epicentre, Paris, France, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, United Kingdom; Boum, Y., Epicentre, Mbarara, Uganda; McGready, R., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; Piola, P., WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN), Oxford, United Kingdom, Institut Pasteur, Antananarivo, Madagascar	Background: Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is a major public health problem in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and has important consequences on birth outcome. Because MiP is a complex phenomenon and malaria epidemiology is rapidly changing, additional evidence is still required to understand how best to control malaria. This study followed a prospective cohort of pregnant women who had access to intensive malaria screening and prompt treatment to identify factors associated with increased risk of MiP and to analyse how various characteristics of MiP affect delivery outcomes. Methods. Between October 2006 and May 2009, 1,218 pregnant women were enrolled in a prospective cohort. After an initial assessment, they were screened weekly for malaria. At delivery, blood smears were obtained from the mother, placenta, cord and newborn. Multivariate analyses were performed to analyse the association between mothers' characteristics and malaria risk, as well as between MiP and birth outcome, length and weight at birth. This study is a secondary analysis of a trial registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00495508. Results: Overall, 288/1,069 (27%) mothers had 345 peripheral malaria infections. The risk of peripheral malaria was higher in mothers who were younger, infected with HIV, had less education, lived in rural areas or reported no bed net use, whereas the risk of placental infection was associated with more frequent malaria infections and with infection during late pregnancy. The risk of pre-term delivery and of miscarriage was increased in mothers infected with HIV, living in rural areas and with MiP occurring within two weeks of delivery.In adjusted analysis, birth weight but not length was reduced in babies of mothers exposed to MiP (-60g, 95%CI: -120 to 0 for at least one infection and -150 g, 95%CI: -280 to -20 for >1 infections). Conclusions: In this study, the timing, parasitaemia level and number of peripherally-detected malaria infections, but not the presence of fever, were associated with adverse birth outcomes. Hence, prompt malaria detection and treatment should be offered to pregnant women regardless of symptoms or other preventive measures used during pregnancy, and with increased focus on mothers living in remote areas. © 2013 De Beaudrap et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Birth outcomes; Cohort; Malaria in pregnancy; Sub-Saharan Africa	anthelmintic agent; artemether plus benflumetol; chloroquine; cotrimoxazole; folic acid; insecticide; iron; pyrimethamine plus sulfadoxine; quinine; adult; article; bed net; birth weight; blood smear; body height; body weight; female; fever; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; iron therapy; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; parasitemia; placenta; Plasmodium vivax malaria; pregnancy; pregnancy outcome; pregnant woman; premature labor; prospective study; risk factor; rural area; screening; spontaneous abortion; stillbirth; third trimester pregnancy; Uganda; umbilical cord blood; uncomplicated falciparum malaria; Adult; Blood; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malaria; Male; Parasite Load; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84884357815	Impact of vitamin A with zinc supplementation on malaria morbidity in Ghana	Owusu-Agyei S., Newton S., Mahama E., Febir L.G., Ali M., Adjei K., Tchum K., Alhassan L., Moleah T., Tanumihardjo S.A.	2013	Nutrition Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2891-12-131	Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; International Atomic Energy Agency, P O Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States	Owusu-Agyei, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Newton, S., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Mahama, E., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Febir, L.G., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Ali, M., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Adjei, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Tchum, K., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Alhassan, L., Kintampo Health Research Centre (KHRC), Ghana Health Service, P.O.Box 200Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo Region, Ghana; Moleah, T., International Atomic Energy Agency, P O Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria; Tanumihardjo, S.A., Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, United States	Background: Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young children and is estimated to cause at least 1 million deaths each year especially among pregnant women and young children under the age of five years. Vitamin A supplementation is known to reduce morbidity and mortality in young children. Zinc is required for growth and immunity and we sought to replicate the study by Zeba et al. which showed 30% lower cases of clinical malaria in children on a combination of zinc and a large dose of vitamin A compared with children on vitamin A alone based on the hypothesis that combined vitamin A and zinc reduced symptomatic malaria compared to vitamin A alone. Objectives. The primary objective was to determine the effect of vitamin A alone vs. vitamin A and zinc supplements on the incidence of clinical malaria and other anthropometric indices. It also sought to assess the effects on the incidence of anaemia, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Methods. The study was community-based and 200 children between the ages of 6-24 months were randomised to receive either vitamin A (100,000 IU for infants less than 12 months & 200,000 IU for children greater than 12 months and 10 mg daily zinc in the intervention group or vitamin A and zinc placebo for 6 months in the control group. Results: The number of children who were diagnosed with uncomplicated malaria in the intervention group was 27% significantly lower compared with the children in the control group (p = 0.03). There were, however, no effects on severe malaria, pneumonia, anaemia and diarrhea. Conclusions: Our study confirms a significant role of vitamin A and zinc in reducing malaria morbidity. © 2013 Owusu-Agyei et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Malaria; Morbidity; MRDR; Vitamin A; Zinc	gluconate zinc; hemoglobin; placebo; retinol; anemia; anthropometry; article; atomic absorption spectrometry; blood sampling; child; controlled study; demography; diarrhea; double blind procedure; female; follow up; Ghana; hemoglobin determination; human; incidence; infant; major clinical study; malaria; male; morbidity; pneumonia; preschool child; social status; venous blood; vitamin supplementation; zinc blood level; Anemia; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Female; Ghana; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Lost to Follow-Up; Malaria; Male; Morbidity; Patient Compliance; Pneumonia; Rural Health; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin A; Zinc	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862168294	Microscopy and molecular biology for the diagnosis and evaluation of malaria in a hospital in a rural area of Ethiopia	Santana-Morales M.A., Afonso-Lehmann R.N., Quispe M.A., Reyes F., Berzosa P., Benito A., Valladares B., Martinez-Carretero E.	2012	Malaria Journal	11	None	10.1186/1475-2875-11-199	University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Gambo General Rural Hospital, Shashemane, Ethiopia	Santana-Morales, M.A., University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Afonso-Lehmann, R.N., University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Quispe, M.A., University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Reyes, F., Gambo General Rural Hospital, Shashemane, Ethiopia; Berzosa, P., National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Benito, A., National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Valladares, B., University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Martinez-Carretero, E., University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain	Background: Malaria is a leading public health problem in Ethiopia. Accurate diagnosis of Plasmodium infections is crucial for the reduction of malaria in tropical areas and for epidemiological studies. The role of light microscopy (LM) as gold standard has been questioned and, therefore, new molecular methods have been developed for the detection of Plasmodium species. The aim of the present work was to compare different malaria diagnostic methods in order to detect the most common species of Plasmodium and to broaden the knowledge of malaria prevalence in a hospital in a rural area in Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional survey of 471 individuals was carried out in a hospital in the rural area of Gambo (Ethiopia). Blood samples were prepared for microscopic observation and collected in filter paper for Seminested-Multiplex PCR (SnM-PCR) and real time PCR (qPCR) testing. The SnM-PCR was considered as the gold standard technique and compared with the rest. Thus, agreement between SnM-PCR and LM was determined by calculating Kappa Statistics and correlation between LM and qPCR quantification was calculated by pair-wise correlation co-efficient. Results: Samples analysed by LM and SnM-PCR were positive for Plasmodium sp. 5.5% and 10.5%, respectively. Sensitivity was 52.2% by LM and 70% by qPCR. Correlation co-efficient between microscopy counts and qPCR densities for Plasmodium vivax was R2=0.586. Prevalence was estimated at 7% (95% CI: 4.7-9.3). Plasmodium vivax was the dominant species detected and the difference was statistically significant ( 2=5.121 p&lt;0.05). The highest prevalence of the parasite (10.9%) was observed in age groups under 15years old. Conclusion: Accurate malaria diagnostic methods have a great effect in the reduction of the number of malaria-infected individuals. SnM-PCR detection of malaria parasites may be a very useful complement to microscopic examination in order to obtain the real prevalence of each Plasmodium species. Although SnM-PCR shows that it is a good tool for the determination of Plasmodium species, today light microscopy remains the only viabletool for malaria diagnosis in developing countries. Therefore, re-inforcement in the training of microscopists is essential for making the correct diagnosis of malaria. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species in Gambo, a meso-endemic area for this species. © 2012 Santana-Morales et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Diagnosis; Ethiopia; Malaria; Prevalence	adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; correlation coefficient; cross-sectional study; developing country; DNA extraction; Ethiopia; female; gold standard; human; major clinical study; malaria; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; molecular diagnosis; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; prevalence; real time polymerase chain reaction; rural area; sensitivity analysis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Molecular Biology; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rural Population; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84859629777	Malarial infection among patients attending a Nigerian semi-urban based hospital and performance of HRP-2 pf Rapid diagnostic Test (RDT) in screening clinical cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria	Houmsou R.S., Amuta E.U., Sar T.T., Adagba A.H.	2011	Translational Biomedicine	2	1	10:3823/422	Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, P.M.B 1167, Jalingo, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences	Houmsou, R.S., Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, P.M.B 1167, Jalingo, Nigeria; Amuta, E.U., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Sar, T.T., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State, Nigeria; Adagba, A.H., Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Mkar, Mkar, Benue State, Nigeria	Background: Malaria is a life threatening disease caused by Plasmodium spp that are transmitted to people through the bite of infected mosquitoes. This study was undertaken to determine malarial infection among patients attending General Hospital Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria and evaluate the performance of the Histidine Rich Protein (HRP-2) pf Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) in screening clinical cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a field setting. Methods and Findings: The study was conducted between June and October 2010. Thick blood smears were prepared using standard parasitological procedures, other information concerning the patients were obtained using a well structured questionnaire. Prevalence rate of malaria irrespective of Plasmodium species among the patients examined was 39.5% (102/258). Prevalence rate of malarial infection was not significantly different between sexes (χ 2 = 0.01, p&gt;0.05), age groups (χ 2 = 6.44, p&gt;0.05), educational status (χ 2= 6.1, p&gt;0.05) and occupation of the patients examined (χ 2= 8.4, P&gt;0.05). The study also revealed predominance of Plasmodium falciparum malaria (59.1%) among all the positive cases of malaria. Performance of the HRP-2 pf RDTs showed a sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 100% in the area. Conclusion: The results obtained suggested that microscopy remains the gold standard method for diagnosis of malarial infection, although the HRP-2 pf RDTs can be used where microscopy is not available and in cases where urgent malaria diagnosis is needed. © iMedPub.	HRP-2; Malaria; Prevalence; Sensitivity; Specificity	histidine rich protein 2; protein; unclassified drug; adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; blood smear; child; diagnostic test; educational status; female; gold standard; groups by age; human; infection rate; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; Nigeria; occupation; prevalence; Rapid Diagnosis Test; screening test; sensitivity and specificity; sex difference; structured questionnaire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924143523	Evaluation of non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (NINA-LAMP) for the diagnosis of malaria in Northwest Ethiopia	Sema M., Alemu A., Bayih A.G., Getie S., Getnet G., Guelig D., Burton R., LaBarre P., Pillai D.R.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0559-9	Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; PATH, Seattle, United States	Sema, M., Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Alemu, A., School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia; Bayih, A.G., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Getie, S., Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Getnet, G., Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Guelig, D., PATH, Seattle, United States; Burton, R., PATH, Seattle, United States; LaBarre, P., PATH, Seattle, United States; Pillai, D.R., Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia	Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Early and accurate diagnosis followed by prompt and effective treatment is among the various tools available for prevention, control and elimination of malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of non-instrumented nucleic acid amplification loop-mediated isothermal amplification (NINA-LAMP) compared to standard thick and thin film microscopy and nested PCR as gold standard for the sensitive diagnosis of malaria in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in North Gondar, Ethiopia from March to July 2014. Eighty-two blood samples were collected from malaria suspected patients visiting Kola Diba Health Centre and analysed for Plasmodium parasites by microscopy, NINA-LAMP and nested PCR. The NINA-LAMP method was performed using the Loopamp™ Malaria Pan/Pf detection kits for detecting DNA of the genus Plasmodium and more specifically Plasmodium falciparum using an electricity-free heater. Diagnostic accuracy outcome measures (analytical sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and Kappa scores) of NINA-LAMP and microscopy were compared to nested PCR. Results: A total of 82 samples were tested in the primary analysis. Using nested PCR as reference, the sensitivity and specificity of the primary NINA-LAMP assay were 96.8% (95% confidence interval (CI), 83.2% - 99.5%) and 84.3% (95% CI, 71.4% - 92.9%), respectively for detection of Plasmodium genus, and 100% (95% CI, 75.1% - 100%) and 81.2% (95% CI, 69.9% - 89.6%), respectively for detection of P. falciparum parasite. Microscopy demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 93.6% (95% CI, 78.5% - 99.0%) and 98.0% (95% CI, 89.5% - 99.7%), respectively for the detection of Plasmodium parasites. Post-hoc repeat NINA-LAMP analysis showed improvement in diagnostic accuracy, which was comparable to nested PCR performance and superior to microscopy for detection at both the Plasmodium genus level and P. falciparum parasites. Conclusion: NINA-LAMP is highly sensitive for the diagnosis of malaria and detection of Plasmodium parasite infection at both the genus and species level when compared to nested PCR. NINA-LAMP is more sensitive than microscopy for the detection of P. falciparum and differentiation from non-falciparum species and may be a critical diagnostic modality in efforts to eradicate malaria from areas of low endemicity. © 2015 Sema et al.	None	protozoal DNA; Article; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; DNA determination; Ethiopia; evaluation study; female; human; human cell; LAMP system; loop mediated isothermal amplification; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; male; microscopy; molecular diagnosis; non instrumented nucleic acid loop mediated isothermal amplification; parasite identification; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae infection; Plasmodium ovale malaria; Plasmodium vivax malaria; polymerase chain reaction; post hoc analysis; predictive value; repeat procedure; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84944448595	In vivo antimalarial evaluation of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives	Birhan Y.S., Bekhit A.A., Hymete A.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1578-x	Department of Chemistry, Natural and Computational Sciences College, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Birhan, Y.S., Department of Chemistry, Natural and Computational Sciences College, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia; Bekhit, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Hymete, A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Background: Malaria is a neglected tropical parasitic disease affecting billons of people around the globe. Though the number of cases and deaths associated with malaria are decreasing in recent years, it is the most deadly disease in the world. This study aimed at investigating the in vivo antimalarial activities of some 2,3-disubstituted-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives. Results: The in vivo antimalarial activities of the test compounds (6-9 and 11-13) were investigated using the 4-day suppressive standard test in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. The tested compounds showed significant antimalarial activities with mean percentage suppression of 43.71-72.86 % which is significantly higher than the negative control group (p < 0.05). Compounds 12 and 13 displayed better antimalarial activities from the group with mean percentage suppression of 67.60 and 72.86 % respectively. Conclusion: The tested compounds showed significant in vivo antimalarial activities in mice infected with P. berghi ANKA strain. Thus, 3-aryl-2-(substitutedstyryl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones represent a possible scaffold for the development of antimalarial agents. © 2015 Birhan et al.	Malaria; Quinazolinones	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650476373	Impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on haematological parameters in children living in Western Kenya	Maina R.N., Walsh D., Gaddy C., Hongo G., Waitumbi J., Otieno L., Jones D., Ogutu B.R.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	SUPPL. 3	10.1186/1475-2875-9-S3-S4	US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; USAMRU-K (Walter Reed Project), Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O.Box 54- 40100, Kisumu, Kenya	Maina, R.N., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Walsh, D., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Gaddy, C., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Hongo, G., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Waitumbi, J., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Otieno, L., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Jones, D., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Ogutu, B.R., US Army Medical Research Unit-Kenya (Walter Reed Project), Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, USAMRU-K (Walter Reed Project), Centre for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O.Box 54- 40100, Kisumu, Kenya	Background: Malaria is the commonest cause of childhood morbidity in Western Kenya with varied heamatological consequences. The t study sought to elucidate the haemotological changes in children infected with malaria and their impact on improved diagnosis and therapy of childhood malaria. Methods. Haematological parameters in 961 children, including 523 malaria-infected and 438 non-malaria infected, living in Kisumu West District, an area of malaria holoendemic transmission in Western Kenya were evaluated. Results. The following parameters were significantly lower in malaria-infected children; platelets, lymphocytes, eosinophils, red blood cell count and haemoglobin (Hb), while absolute monocyte and neutrophil counts, and mean platelet volume (MPV) were higher in comparison to non-malaria infected children. Children with platelet counts of <150,000/uL were 13.8 times (odds ratio) more likely to have malaria. Thrombocytopaenia was present in 49% of malaria-infected children and was associated with high parasitaemia levels, lower age, low Hb levels, increased MPV and platelet aggregate flag. Platelet aggregates were more frequent in malaria-infected children (25% vs. 4%, p<0.0001) and associated with thrombocytopaenia rather than malaria status. Conclusion. Children infected with Plasmodium falciparum malaria exhibited important changes in some haematological parameters with low platelet count and haemoglobin concentration being the two most important predictors of malaria infection in children in our study area. When used in combination with other clinical and microscopy, these parameters could improve malaria diagnosis in sub-patent cases. © 2010 Maina et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	cold agglutinin; hemoglobin; article; child; controlled study; diagnostic test; eosinophil count; erythrocyte; erythrocyte count; erythrocyte shape; female; hematological parameters; hemoglobinopathy; human; infant; Kenya; leukocyte; lymphocyte count; major clinical study; malaria; male; monocyte; neutrophil count; parasitemia; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; sensitivity and specificity; thrombocyte aggregation; thrombocyte count; thrombocyte volume; thrombocytopenia; anemia; blood; blood analysis; blood cell; leukocytosis; malaria falciparum; parasitology; pathology; thrombocytopenia; Anemia; Blood; Blood Cells; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Leukocytosis; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Thrombocytopenia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70450174975	Field evaluation of a malaria rapid diagnostic test (ICT Pf)	Moonasar D., Goga A.E., Kruger P.S., La Cock C., Maharaj R., Frean J., Chandramohan D.	2009	South African Medical Journal	99	11	None	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Health and Social Welfare, Limpopo Provincial Government, Polokwane, South Africa; National Institute of Communicable Diseases Control, Johannesburg, South Africa	Moonasar, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Goga, A.E., Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Kruger, P.S., Department of Health and Social Welfare, Limpopo Provincial Government, Polokwane, South Africa; La Cock, C., Department of Health and Social Welfare, Limpopo Provincial Government, Polokwane, South Africa; Maharaj, R., Medical Research Council of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Frean, J., National Institute of Communicable Diseases Control, Johannesburg, South Africa; Chandramohan, D., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (MRDTs) are quick and easy to perform and useful for diagnosing malaria in primary health care settings. In South Africa most malaria infections are due to Plasmodium falciparum, and HRPII-based MRDTs have been used since 2001. Previous studies in Africa showed variability in sensitivity and specificity of HRPII-based MRDTs; hence, we conducted a field evaluation in Limpopo province to determine the accuracy of the MRDT currently used in public sector clinics and hospitals. Methods. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of an ICT Pf MRDT. We tested 405 patients with fever with ICT Pf MRDT and compared the results with blood film microscopy (the gold standard). Results. The overall sensitivity of the ICT Pf MRDT was 99.48% (95% confidence interval (CI) 96.17-100%), while specificity was 96.26% (95% CI 94.7-100%). The positive predictive value of the test was 98.48 (99% CI 98.41-100%), and the negative predictive value was 99.52% (95% CI 96.47-100%). Conclusions. The ICT Pf MRDT is an appropriate test to use in the field in South Africa where laboratory facilities are not available. It has a high degree of sensitivity and acceptable level of specificity in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria. However, sensitivity of MRDT at low levels of parasitaemia (<100 parasites/μl of blood) in field conditions must still be established.	None	adolescent; adult; aged; article; child; clinical assessment tool; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic value; female; field study; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antigens, Protozoan; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Middle Aged; Protozoan Proteins; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84915784151	Economic evaluation of a cluster randomized trial of interventions to improve health workers' practice in diagnosing and treating uncomplicated malaria in cameroon	Mangham-Jefferies L., Wiseman V., Achonduh O.A., Drake T.L., Cundill B., Onwujekwe O., Mbacham W.	2014	Value in Health	17	8	10.1016/j.jval.2014.07.010	Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Came	Mangham-Jefferies, L., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Wiseman, V., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Achonduh, O.A., Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Drake, T.L., Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajwithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand; Cundill, B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Onwujekwe, O., Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria (Enugu Campus), Enugu, Nigeria; Mbacham, W., Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé i, Biotechnology Center, Yaoundé, Cameroon	Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are a valid alternative to malaria testing with microscopy and are recommended for the testing of febrile patients before prescribing an antimalarial. There is a need for interventions to support the uptake of RDTs by health workers.Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing RDTs with basic or enhanced training in health facilities in which microscopy was available, compared with current practice.Methods A three-arm cluster randomized trial was conducted in 46 facilities in central and northwest Cameroon. Basic training had a practical session on RDTs and lectures on malaria treatment guidelines. Enhanced training included small-group activities designed to change health workers' practice and reduce the consumption of antimalarials among test-negative patients. The primary outcome was the proportion of febrile patients correctly treated: febrile patients should be tested for malaria, artemisinin combination therapy should be prescribed for confirmed cases, and no antimalarial should be prescribed for patients who are test-negative. Individual patient data were obtained from facility records and an exit survey. Costs were estimated from a societal perspective using project reports and patient exit data. The analysis used bivariate multilevel modeling and adjusted for imbalance in baseline covariates.Results Incremental cost per febrile patient correctly treated was $8.40 for the basic arm and $3.71 for the enhanced arm. On scale-up, it was estimated that RDTs with enhanced training would save $0.75 per additional febrile patient correctly treated.Conclusions Introducing RDTs with enhanced training was more cost-effective than RDTs with basic training when each was compared with current practice. © 2014 International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR).	Cameroon cluster-randomized trial; cost-effectiveness analysis; health worker training; malaria practice; words	antimalarial agent; artemisinin; adolescent; adult; Article; Cameroon; child; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; female; health care cost; health care facility; health care personnel; human; infant; major clinical study; malaria; malaria rapid test; male; medical education; microscopy; outcome assessment; practice guideline; randomized controlled trial; scale up	ACT, Arts and Culture Trust
Scopus	2-s2.0-79551684533	Blood transfer devices for malaria rapid diagnostic tests: Evaluation of accuracy, safety and ease of use	Hopkins H., Oyibo W., Luchavez J., Mationg M.L., Asiimwe C., Albertini A., González I.J., Gatton M.L., Bell D.	2011	Malaria Journal	10	None	10.1186/1475-2875-10-30	Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Lumumba Avenue, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Filinvest Compo	Hopkins, H., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Lumumba Avenue, Kampala, Uganda; Oyibo, W., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Luchavez, J., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Filinvest Compound, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Philippines; Mationg, M.L., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Filinvest Compound, Alabang, Muntinlupa, Philippines; Asiimwe, C., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Lumumba Avenue, Kampala, Uganda; Albertini, A., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Avenue de Budé, Geneva, Switzerland; González, I.J., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Avenue de Budé, Geneva, Switzerland; Gatton, M.L., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QLD, Australia; Bell, D., Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Avenue de Budé, Geneva, Switzerland, Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Background. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are increasingly used by remote health personnel with minimal training in laboratory techniques. RDTs must, therefore, be as simple, safe and reliable as possible. Transfer of blood from the patient to the RDT is critical to safety and accuracy, and poses a significant challenge to many users. Blood transfer devices were evaluated for accuracy and precision of volume transferred, safety and ease of use, to identify the most appropriate devices for use with RDTs in routine clinical care. Methods. Five devices, a loop, straw-pipette, calibrated pipette, glass capillary tube, and a new inverted cup device, were evaluated in Nigeria, the Philippines and Uganda. The 227 participating health workers used each device to transfer blood from a simulated finger-prick site to filter paper. For each transfer, the number of attempts required to collect and deposit blood and any spilling of blood during transfer were recorded. Perceptions of ease of use and safety of each device were recorded for each participant. Blood volume transferred was calculated from the area of blood spots deposited on filter paper. Results. The overall mean volumes transferred by devices differed significantly from the target volume of 5 microliters (p < 0.001). The inverted cup (4.6 microliters) most closely approximated the target volume. The glass capillary was excluded from volume analysis as the estimation method used is not compatible with this device. The calibrated pipette accounted for the largest proportion of blood exposures (23/225, 10%); exposures ranged from 2% to 6% for the other four devices. The inverted cup was considered easiest to use in blood collection (206/226, 91%); the straw-pipette and calibrated pipette were rated lowest (143/225 [64%] and 135/225 [60%] respectively). Overall, the inverted cup was the most preferred device (72%, 163/227), followed by the loop (61%, 138/227). Conclusions. The performance of blood transfer devices varied in this evaluation of accuracy, blood safety, ease of use, and user preference. The inverted cup design achieved the highest overall performance, while the loop also performed well. These findings have relevance for any point-of-care diagnostics that require blood sampling. © 2011 Hopkins et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	edetic acid; glass; article; blood; blood sampling; calibration; device; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; filter; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health program; human; laboratory diagnosis; major clinical study; malaria; Nigeria; paper; parasite examination; patient care; Philippines; point of care testing; rapid diagnostic test; reliability; Uganda; blood safety; evaluation; instrumentation; methodology; reproducibility; Blood Safety; Blood Specimen Collection; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Health Personnel; Humans; Malaria; Nigeria; Philippines; Reproducibility of Results; Uganda	None
None	None	Dispensary level pilot implementation of rapid diagnostic tests: An evaluation of RDT acceptance and usage by providers and patients - Tanzania, 2005	Williams H.A., Causer L., Metta E., Malila A., O'Reilly T., Abdulla S., Kachur S.P., Bloland P.B.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-239	International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Mail Stop F-60, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Australia; Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), Tanzania; Malaria Branch, CDC, United States	Williams, H.A., International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Mail Stop F-60, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Causer, L., National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Australia; Metta, E., Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), Tanzania; Malila, A., Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre (IHRDC), Tanzania; O'Reilly, T., Malaria Branch, CDC, United States; Abdulla, S., National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Australia; Kachur, S.P., Malaria Branch, CDC, United States; Bloland, P.B., Malaria Branch, CDC, United States	Background. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may assist in diagnosis, improve prescribing practices and reduce potential drug resistance development. Without understanding operational issues or acceptance and usage by providers and patients, the costs of these tests may not be justified. Objectives. To evaluate the impact of RDTs on prescribing behaviours, assess prescribers' and patients' perceptions, and identify operational issues during implementation. Methods. Baseline data were collected at six Tanzanian public dispensaries. RDTs were implemented for eight weeks and data collected on frequency of RDT use, results, malaria diagnoses and the prescription of antimalarials. Patients referred for RDTs completed a standardised exit interview. Qualitative methods assessed attitudes toward and satisfaction with RDTs, perceptions about the test and operational issues related to implementation. Results. Of 595 patients at baseline, 200 (33%) were diagnosed clinically with malaria but had a negative RDT. Among the 2519 RDTs performed during implementation, 289 (11.5%) had a negative result and antimalarials prescribed. The proportion of "over-prescriptions" at baseline was 54.8% (198/365). At weeks four and eight this decreased to 16.1% (27/168) and 16.4% (42/256) respectively. A total of 355 patient or parent/caregiver and 21 prescriber individual interviews and 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. Patients, caregivers and providers trusted RDT results, agreed that use of RDTs was feasible at dispensary level, and perceived that RDTs improved clinical diagnosis. Negative concerns included community suspicion and fear that RDTs were HIV tests, the need for additional supervision in interpreting the results, and increased work loads without added compensation. Conclusion. Overprescriptions decreased over the study period. There was a high degree of patient/caregiver and provider acceptance of and satisfaction with RDTs. Implementation should include community education, sufficient levels of training and supervision and consideration of the need for additional staff. © 2008 Williams et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antimalarial agent; ambulatory care; article; caregiver; clinical evaluation; diagnostic test; diagnostic value; health care personnel; health care utilization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; information processing; interview; major clinical study; malaria; parental attitude; patient attitude; patient referral; perception; prescription; preventive health service; Tanzania; workload; attitude to health; health center; malaria; pilot study; psychological aspect; sensitivity and specificity; standard; statistics; Tanzania; Community Health Centers; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Malaria; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Pilot Projects; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958507843	Performance of three multi-species rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia	Ashton R.A., Kefyalew T., Tesfaye G., Counihan H., Yadeta D., Cundill B., Reithinger R., Kolaczinski J.H.	2010	Malaria Journal	9	1	10.1186/1475-2875-9-297	Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Malaria Consortium - Africa Regional Office, Sturrock Road, Kampala, Uganda; Malaria Consortium International, Development House 56-64, Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; Oromia Regional Health Bureau, PO Box 24341, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; U.S. Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Ashton, R.A., Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Malaria Consortium - Africa Regional Office, Sturrock Road, Kampala, Uganda; Kefyalew, T., Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, G., Malaria Consortium - Ethiopia Office, Ethio-China Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Counihan, H., Malaria Consortium International, Development House 56-64, Leonard Street, London, EC2A 4LT, United Kingdom; Yadeta, D., Oromia Regional Health Bureau, PO Box 24341, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cundill, B., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Reithinger, R., U.S. Agency for International Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kolaczinski, J.H., Malaria Consortium - Africa Regional Office, Sturrock Road, Kampala, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom	Background. Malaria transmission in Ethiopia is unstable and variable, caused by both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) is scaling up parasitological diagnosis of malaria at all levels of the health system; at peripheral health facilities this will be through use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). The present study compared three RDT products to provide the FMoH with evidence to guide appropriate product selection. Methods. Performance of three multi-species (pf-HRP2/pan-pLDH and pf-HRP2/aldolase) RDTs (CareStart, ParaScreen and ICT Combo) was compared with 'gold standard' microscopy at three health centres in Jimma zone, Oromia Regional State. Ease of RDT use by health extension workers was assessed at community health posts. RDT heat stability was tested in a controlled laboratory setting according to WHO procedures. Results. A total of 2,383 patients with suspected malaria were enrolled between May and July 2009, 23.2% of whom were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites by microscopy. All three RDTs were equally sensitive in detecting P. falciparum or mixed infection: 85.6% (95% confidence interval 81.2-89.4). RDT specificity was similar for detection of P. falciparum or mixed infection at around 92%. For detecting P. vivax infection, all three RDTs had similar sensitivity in the range of 82.5 to 85.0%. CareStart had higher specificity in detecting P. vivax (97.2%) than both ParaScreen and ICT Combo (p < 0.001 and p = 0.05, respectively). Health extension workers preferred CareStart and ParaScreen to ICT Combo due to the clear labelling of bands on the cassette, while the 'lab in a pack' style of CareStart was the preferred design. ParaScreen and CareStart passed all heat stability testing, while ICT Combo did not perform as well. Conclusions. CareStart appeared to be the most appropriate option for use at health posts in Ethiopia, considering the combination of quantitative performance, ease of use and heat stability. When new products become available, the choice of multi-species RDT for Ethiopia should be regularly re-evaluated, as it would be desirable to identify a test with higher sensitivity than the ones evaluated here. © 2010 Ashton et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; community care; confidence interval; controlled study; diagnostic test; Ethiopia; health center; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria falciparum; microscopy; mixed infection; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax malaria; public health; thermostability; world health organization; adolescent; adult; aged; analytical equipment; child; comparative study; evaluation; female; infant; isolation and purification; malaria falciparum; male; methodology; middle aged; parasitology; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; preschool child; sensitivity and specificity; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Malaria, Vivax; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Parasitology; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium vivax; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Young Adult	None
WoS	WOS:000315119400002	The impact of hotspot-targeted interventions on malaria transmission: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial	Baidjoe, Amrish,Bayoh, Nabie,Bousema, Teun,Cox, Jonathan,Desai, Meghna,Drakeley, Chris,Griffin, Jamie T.,Kleinschmidt, Immo,Laserson, Kayla,Remarque, Edmond J.,Sauerwein, Robert,Stevenson, Jennifer,Stresman, Gillian,Vulule, John	2013	TRIALS	14	None	10.1186/1745-6215-14-36	Imperial College London, Radboud University Nijmegen, University of London, Biomed Primate Res Ctr, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	"Baidjoe, Amrish: Radboud University Nijmegen","Cox, Jonathan: University of London","Drakeley, Chris: University of London","Griffin, Jamie T.: Imperial College London","Kleinschmidt, Immo: University of London","Sauerwein, Robert: Radboud University Nijmegen","Stevenson, Jennifer: University of London","Stresman, Gillian: University of London",	Background: Malaria transmission is highly heterogeneous in most settings, resulting in the formation of recognizable malaria hotspots. Targeting these hotspots might represent a highly efficacious way of controlling or eliminating malaria if the hotspots fuel malaria transmission to the wider community. Methods/design: Hotspots of malaria will be determined based on spatial patterns in age-adjusted prevalence and density of antibodies against malaria antigens apical membrane antigen-1 and merozoite surface protein-1. The community effect of interventions targeted at these hotspots will be determined. The intervention will comprise larviciding, focal screening and treatment of the human population, distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. The impact of the intervention will be determined inside and up to 500 m outside the targeted hotspots by PCR-based parasite prevalence in cross-sectional surveys, malaria morbidity by passive case detection in selected facilities and entomological monitoring of larval and adult Anopheles populations. Discussion: This study aims to provide direct evidence for a community effect of hotspot-targeted interventions. The trial is powered to detect large effects on malaria transmission in the context of ongoing malaria interventions. Follow-up studies will be needed to determine the effect of individual components of the interventions and the cost-effectiveness of a hotspot-targeted approach, where savings made by reducing the number of compounds that need to receive interventions should outweigh the costs of hotspot-detection.	ANOPHELES,ELIMINATION,EPIDEMIOLOGY,ERADICATION,falciparum,HETEROGENEITY,IMMUNOLOGY,MALARIA,MOLECULAR,TRANSMISSION,ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE,"BED NETS",CHILD-MORTALITY,DAR-ES-SALAAM,"DRIED BLOOD SPOTS",LIGHT-TRAP,PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA,PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM,TANZANIA,"WE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931260920	Evaluation of the toxicity and repellence of an organic fatty acids mixture (C8910) against insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)	Samuel M., Oliver S.V., Wood O.R., Coetzee M., Brooke B.D.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-0930-2	Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa	Samuel, M., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Oliver, S.V., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Wood, O.R., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Coetzee, M., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Brooke, B.D., Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa	Background: Malaria vector control relies principally on the use of insecticides, especially pyrethroids. Because of the increasing occurrence of insecticide resistance in target vector populations, the development of new insecticides, particularly those with novel modes of action, is particularly important, especially in terms of managing insecticide resistance. The C8910 formulation is a patented mixture of compounds comprising straight-chain octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic saturated fatty acids. This compound has demonstrated toxic and repellent effects against several arthropod species. The aims of this study were to measure the insecticidal effects of C8910 against an insecticide susceptible (FANG) and a pyrethroid resistant (FUMOZ-R) laboratory strain of An. funestus as well as against wild-caught An. funestus material from Zambia (ZamF), and to investigate the repellent effects of two formulations of C8910 against these strains. Methods: Toxicity against adult females was assessed using a range of concentrations based on the CDC bottle bioassay method and repellence of three different C8910 formulations was assessed using standard choice-chamber bioassays. Results: C8910 proved equally toxic to adult females of the FUMOZ-R and FANG laboratory strains, as well as to adult females of the wild-caught (ZamF) sample. None of the C8910 formulations tested gave any conclusive indication of repellence against any of the strains. Conclusion: C8910 is equally effective as an adulticide against pyrethroid resistant and insecticide susceptible An. funestus. However, the formulations tested did not show any consistent repellence against laboratory reared and wild-caught female samples of this species. Nevertheless, C8910 shows potential as an adulticide that can be used for malaria vector control, particularly in those instances where insecticide resistance management is required. © 2015 Samuel et al.	Anopheles funestus; C8910 repellence; C8910 toxicity; malaria vector control	c 8910; decanoic acid; insect repellent; insecticide; nonanoic acid; octanoic acid; pyrethroid; saturated fatty acid; unclassified drug; adult; animal experiment; Anopheles funestus; Article; bioassay; chemical composition; controlled study; evaluation study; female; geographic origin; insecticidal activity; insecticide resistance; malaria control; nonhuman; parasite vector; strain difference; toxicity testing; vector control; wild type; Anopheles funestus; Arthropoda; Culicidae; Diptera	None
None	None	Evaluation of two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in western Kenya highlands	Kweka E.J., Zhou G., Lee M.-C., Gilbreath T.M., Mosha F., Munga S., Githeko A.K., Yan G.	2011	Parasites and Vectors	4	1	10.1186/1756-3305-4-110	Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Kweka, E.J., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Zhou, G., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Lee, M.-C., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Gilbreath, T.M., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Mosha, F., Kilimanjaro Christian Medical, College of Tumaini University, P. O. Box 2240, Moshi, Tanzania; Munga, S., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Githeko, A.K., Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; Yan, G., Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States	Background: Malaria vector intervention and control programs require reliable and accurate information about vector abundance and their seasonal distribution. The availability of reliable information on the spatial and temporal productivity of larval vector habitats can improve targeting of larval control interventions and our understanding of local malaria transmission and epidemics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in the western Kenyan highlands, the aerial sampler and the emergence trap. Methods. The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up for sixty days in each season in three habitat types: drainage ditches, natural swamps, and abandoned goldmines. Aerial samplers and emergence traps were set up in eleven places in each habitat type. The success of each in estimating habitat productivity was assessed according to method, habitat type, and season. The effect of other factors including algae cover, grass cover, habitat depth and width, and habitat water volume on species productivity was analysed using stepwise logistic regression. Results: Habitat productivity estimates obtained by the two sampling methods differed significantly for all species except for An. implexus. For for An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus, aerial samplers performed better, 21.5 and 14.6 folds, than emergence trap respectively, while the emergence trap was shown to be more efficient for culicine species. Seasonality had a significant influence on the productivity of all species monitored. Dry season was most productive season. Overall, drainage ditches had significantly higher productivity in all seasons compared to other habitat types. Algae cover, debris, chlorophyll-a, and habitat depth and size had significant influence with respect to species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the aerial sampler is the better of the two methods for estimating the productivity of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus in the western Kenya highlands and possibly other malaria endemic parts of Africa. This method has proven to be a useful tool for monitoring malaria vector populations and for control program design, and provides useful means for determining the most suitable sites for targeted interventions. © 2011 Kweka et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	air sampling; algal community; Anopheles; anopheles coustani; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Anopheles implexus; Anopheles squamous; Anopheles zeimann; article; controlled study; Culex; grass; habitat structure; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; larva; microhabitat; mining; nonhuman; parasite vector; population productivity; seasonal variation; species difference; species habitat; swamp; animal; comparative study; ecosystem; evaluation; female; growth, development and aging; larva; methodology; mosquito; zoology; algae; Animals; Culicidae; Ecosystem; Entomology; Female; Kenya; Larva	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935875127	A program evaluation report of a rapid scale-up of a high-volume medical male circumcision site, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 2010-2013 Health systems and services in low and middle income settings	Wynn A., Bristow C.C., Ross D., Schenker I., Klausner J.D.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-0904-2	Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; St Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill KZN, Johannesburg, South Africa; Operation Abraham Collaborative, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Epidemiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 9911 W Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Wynn, A., Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Bristow, C.C., Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Ross, D., St Mary's Hospital, Mariannhill KZN, Johannesburg, South Africa; Schenker, I., Operation Abraham Collaborative, Jerusalem, Israel; Klausner, J.D., Department of Epidemiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 9911 W Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States	Background: Male circumcision can provide life-long reduction in the risk of acquiring HIV infection. In South Africa, the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Department of Health committed to rolling out circumcision programs to address the HIV epidemic. The Department of Health enlisted the help of St. Mary's Hospital in Mariannhill and the Operation Abraham Collaborative. Methods: St. Mary's Hospital and the Operation Abraham Collaborative partnered to establish a voluntary medical male circumcision facility, called Asiphile, and to train surgeons, nurses and health clinic staff to serve KwaZulu-Natal. Results: Over the course of the implementation period, 9,980 circumcisions were conducted at the Asiphile facility. The uptake numbers increased throughout 2010 and 2011 and began to level off as the demand of early adopters may have been met. Uptake spiked during school vacations and staff training sessions. Additionally, 92 % of clients returned for post-operation follow-up and only 2 % of clients experienced any adverse event. Conclusion: St. Mary's Hospital and the Operation Abraham Collaborative were able to cooperate and successfully implement a voluntary medical male circumcision facility in KwaZulu-Natal. Although uptake was lower than projected, lessons learned from efforts to overcome challenges in recruitment, transportation, and coordination can help inform and improve new and existing population-based male circumcision programs. © 2015 Wynn et al.	AIDS; HIV; Male circumcision; South Africa; Uptake	None	None
WoS	WOS:000208592600005	Impact of male circumcision on HIV risk compensation through the impediment of condom use in Botswana	Ayiga, N.,Letamo, G.	2011	African Health Sciences	11	4	None	University of Botswana, Populat Training & Res Unit	"Letamo, G.: University of Botswana",	Background: Male circumcision has been recommended as a method of reducing the risk of transmitting HIV. However, widespread uptake of male circumcision may lead to HIV risk compensation by impeding condom use. Objective: To investigate the impact of male circumcision on condom use. Methods: The study used cross-sectional data from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey III on 1,257 men aged 15 years or older who were sexually active. Data were analyzed using Pearson's chi-square statistic and binary logistic regression. Results: The study found that 15% of circumcised men did not use condoms compared to 12% of uncircumcised men, and circumcision was not significantly associated with condom use. Non-use of condoms was significantly affected by religious beliefs, low level of education, marriage, drunkenness, and misconceptions regarding antiretroviral therapy (ART). Conclusions: We conclude that male circumcision does not impede condom use. Condom use is impeded by low level of education, marriage, drunkenness, and misconceptions regarding ART. We recommend the emphasis of consistent condom use targeting people with low education, those in marriage, users of alcohol, and people receiving ART.	BOTSWANA,"CONDOM USE","MALE CIRCUMCISION"	None	None
WoS	WOS:000345143900001	Impact of implementing performance-based financing on childhood malnutrition in Rwanda	Binagwaho, Agnes,Bizimana, Jean de Dieu,Condo, Jeanine,Forrest, Jamie I.,Kanters, Steve,Karema, Corine,Ngabo, Fidele,Wagner, Claire	2014	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	14	None	10.1186/1471-2458-14-1132	Dartmouth College, Harvard University, The World Bank, University of British Columbia, University of Rwanda, Global Hlth Delivery Partnership, Govt Rwanda, RBC	"Bizimana, Jean de Dieu: The World Bank","Condo, Jeanine: University of Rwanda","Forrest, Jamie I.: University of British Columbia","Kanters, Steve: University of British Columbia",	Background: Malnutrition remains a serious concern in Rwanda, particularly among children under-5 years. Performance-based financing (PBF), an innovative health systems financing strategy, has been implemented at the national level since 2008. This study aimed to assess the impact of PBF and other factors associated with the prevalence of three classifications of malnutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) in children under-5 years in Rwanda. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study comprising of 713 children under five years old from 557 households, whose anthropometric measurements (height, weight and age) had been obtained as part of the 2008 Rwanda General Health and HIV household survey. Z-scores for height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and body mass index-for-age were analyzed according to the World Health Organization 2006 Child Growth Standards. Random intercept logistic regression models were used to regress each anthropometric measure (WAZ, HAZ and WHZ) against child, maternal and household characteristics. Results: Child participants ranged in age from 0 to 60 months, 20.2% of children were under 12 months and 5.1% were HIV positive. The prevalence of wasting was 8.8%; of stunting was 58.4%; and of underweight status was 20.7%. Maternal emotional and social wellbeing was protective of wasting in children under-5 years of age. Living in districts implementing PBF was protective of wasting (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.43; 95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.97). Living in a district with PBF was not found to be associated with either stunting or underweight status among children under-5. Conclusions: PBF may have a protective association with particular forms of malnutrition among children under-5 years in Rwanda. These findings warrant further investigation in relation to the impact of implementing innovative financing schemes on health outcomes.	"CHILD HEALTH",HIV/AIDS,MALNUTRITION,"MATERNAL HEALTH","Performance-based financing",COUNTRIES,GROWTH,HEALTH,"HIGH HIV PREVALENCE",INFANTS,MORTALITY,RISK-FACTORS,UGANDA,UNDERNUTRITION,YOUNG-CHILDREN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052335530	Malocclusion and its impact on quality of life of school children in Nigeria [La malocclusion dentaire et son impact sur la qualité de vie des enfants scolarisés au Nigéria]	Anosike A.N., Sanu O.O., da Costa O.O.	2010	West African Journal of Medicine	29	6	None	Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	Anosike, A.N., Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; Sanu, O.O., Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria; da Costa, O.O., Department of Child Dental Health, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Malocclusion, though not life-threatening, is an important public health issue, which has a large impact on the individual, causing discomfort, social and functional limitations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate objectively orthodontic treatment needs in Nigerian schoolchildren and the impact of malocclusion on their quality of life. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved schoolchildren aged 12 to 16 years from four randomly selected secondary schools in Lagos, Nigeria. A prestructured questionnaire was administered and a clinical examination was conducted. Occlusal status was assessed for each subject using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was also evaluated. RESULTS: There were 410 (50.9%) females and 395 (49.1%) males aged 12 to 16 years. Mean age was 14.5 ± 1.3 years. Irregularity of teeth was the most prevalent malocclusion. Generalised spacing and midline diastema were seen in 59% and 31% respectively; crowding in 43% of the schoolchildren. Other occlusal anomalies were recorded. There was no statistically significant difference between the sexes. Over one third of the study population did not need treatment, treatment was mandatory in 24.3%, elective in 21% and highly desirable in 17%. More females than males did not need orthodontic treatment. Oral conditions had no effect on the quality of life of 85.3% of the study sample. CONCLUSION: Most Nigerian schoolchildren were found to have a dental appearance that needed orthodontic treatment. However, components of the oral conditions impacted on the quality of life of a few subjects. Psycho-social need is very important in orthodontic diagnosis.	Dental aesthetic; Impact; Malocclusion; Quality of life; School-children; Treatment need	adolescent; article; child; clinical assessment tool; clinical examination; cross-sectional study; Dental Aesthetic Index; diastema; female; human; major clinical study; male; malocclusion; Nigeria; Oral Health Impact Profile 14; orthodontics; prevalence; quality of life; school child; structured questionnaire; dental care; health; malocclusion; needs assessment; Nigeria; pathophysiology; psychological aspect; questionnaire; school; sex ratio; social class; socioeconomics; statistics; Adolescent; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Needs Assessment; Nigeria; Oral Health; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Schools; Sex Distribution; Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749083911	Performance data of screening mammography at a dedicated breast health centre	Apffelstaedt J.P., Steenkamp V., Baatjes K.	2008	South African Medical Journal	98	12	None	Department of Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, W. Cape, South Africa; Panorama, Western Cape, South Africa	Apffelstaedt, J.P., Department of Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, W. Cape, South Africa; Steenkamp, V., Department of Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, W. Cape, South Africa; Baatjes, K., Panorama, Western Cape, South Africa	Background. Mammographic screening has become part of routine health care. We present a first analysis of screening mammography in a dedicated breast health centre in Africa. Objective. To establish a performance benchmark and provide data for health care policy and funding decisions on screening mammography. Method. All mammography performed between January 2003 and August 2008 was entered into a prospective database. Mammography was performed exclusively by certified mammographers and double-read by experienced readers. Results. Outcomes were classified in a simplified classification system based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS). In 40-49-year-old women, 3 192 mammograms led to a recall rate of 4.7%, a biopsy rate of 1.9% and a cancer diagnosis rate of 3.8 per 1000 examinations, for women of 50 years and older, the corresponding figures were 4 446, 5.4%, 2.6% and 9.7 per 1 000. Of the cancers detected, 31% were in situ and, of the invasive cancers, 81% were node-negative. These figures were established by a dedicated surgeon-led team and fall within the range expected in organised screening programmes in resource-rich environments, providing a first benchmark for screening mammography in Africa.	None	adult; Africa; age distribution; article; breast biopsy; breast cancer; cancer incidence; cancer invasion; cancer screening; carcinoma in situ; female; human; mammography; women's health; Adult; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Health Facilities; Humans; Mammography; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33845885587	Weaning foods and their impact on child-feeding practices among low-income Nigerian mothers	Ijarotimi O.S., Ogunsemore M.T.	2006	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	27	4	None	Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ijarotimi, O.S., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ogunsemore, M.T., Department of Food Science and Technology, Human Nutrition Division, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Background. Many children in rural communities of developing countries die of nutrition-related causes due to lack of nutrition education and low purchasing power of the families, which result in low-quality weaning foods and poor feeding practices. Objective. To evaluate the nutritional composition of local weaning foods and their impact on child feeding practices among low-income Nigerian mothers. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and June 2005 among 294 randomly selected pairs of nursing mothers and their children who attended the postnatal clinic of State Specialist Hospital and Comprehensive Health Centers in Akure community, Ondo State, Nigeria. A structured, self-or interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on infant demographic characteristics, feeding, and socioeconomic characteristics of the parents. The children's weights were recorded, and samples of the weaning foods were analyzed. Results. The mothers' ages ranged from 22 to 37 years, and the children's from one to 12 months. Among the parents, two-fifths of the respondents worked as drivers, mechanics, carpenters, and the like, while the remaining respondents were civil servants, health professionals, teachers, merchants, and housewives. The educational attainment of the parents ranged from no formal education (1.4%) to higher education (46%); 13% had completed primary school, and 39.6% had completed secondary school. The average monthly family income was between 3,500 and 30,000 naira (US$23.3-$200). Among the children, 58.3% were of normal weight, 41.1% were mildly underweight, 0.3% moderately underweight, and 0.3% severely underweight; 23.1% were exclusively breastfed, 9.5%sturson received breastmilk and traditional medicinal herbs, 15. 6% received breastmilk and commercial weaning food, 7.4% received commercial weaning food only, 14.8% received local weaning foods only, 24.1 % received local weaning foods plus breastmilk, and 5.8% received the family diet. Conclusions. We found that a high proportion of the nursing mothers used local ingredients to formulate weaning foods for their babies. The nutritional compositions of these foods is of high quality and are suitable as weaning foods, particularly for infants of low-income parents who do not have access to commercial weaning foods. © 2006, The United Nations University.	Child-feeding practices; Nutrition education; Nutritional composition of local weaning foods	child care; feeding; food intake; food quality; low income population; nutritional requirement; nutritive value; rural area; weaning; adult; article; baby food; breast feeding; catering service; cross-sectional study; female; human; infant nutrition; male; mother; newborn; Nigeria; nutritional value; poverty; psychological aspect; socioeconomics; standard; statistics; weaning; Adult; Breast Feeding; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Food Supply; Humans; Infant Food; Infant Nutrition Physiology; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mothers; Nigeria; Nutritive Value; Poverty; Socioeconomic Factors; Weaning; Africa; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
None	None	Integrating family planning services into HIV care and treatment clinics in Tanzania: Evaluation of a facilitated referral model	Baumgartner J.N., Green M., Weaver M.A., Mpangile G., Kohi T.W., Mujaya S.N., Lasway C.	2014	Health Policy and Planning	29	5	10.1093/heapol/czt043	FHI 360, Washington, DC 20009, United States; FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; TUNAJALI II, Deloitte, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Futures Group, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Baumgartner, J.N., FHI 360, Washington, DC 20009, United States; Green, M., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States; Weaver, M.A., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Mpangile, G., TUNAJALI II, Deloitte, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kohi, T.W., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mujaya, S.N., Futures Group, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lasway, C., FHI 360, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States	Background Many clients of HIV care and treatment services have unmet contraceptive needs. Integrating family planning (FP) services into HIV services is an increasingly utilized strategy for meeting those unmet needs. However, numerous models for services integration are potentially applicable for clients with diverse health needs. This study developed and tested a 'facilitated referral' model for integrating FP into HIV care and treatment in Tanzania with the primary outcome being a reduction in unmet need for contraception among female clients. Methods The facilitated referral model included seven distinct steps for service providers. A quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test, repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the model. Female clients at 12 HIV care and treatment clinics (CTCs) were interviewed pre-and post-intervention and CTC providers were interviewed post-intervention. Results A total of 323 CTC clients were interviewed pre-intervention and 299 were interviewed post-intervention. Among all clients, the adjusted decrease in proportion with unmet need (3%) was not significant (P = 0.103) but among only sexually active clients, the adjusted decrease (8%) approached significance (P = 0.052). Furthermore, the proportion of sexually active clients using a contraceptive method post-intervention increased by an estimated 12% (P = 0.013). Dual method use increased by 16% (P = 0.004). Increases were observed for all seven steps of the model from pre-to post-intervention. All providers (n = 45) stated that FP integration was a good addition although there were implementation challenges. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the facilitated referral model is a feasible strategy for integrating FP into HIV care and treatment services. The findings show that this model resulted in increased contraceptive use among HIV-positive female clients. By highlighting the distinct steps necessary for facilitated referrals, this study can help inform both programmes and future research efforts in services integration. © 2013 The Author.	family planning; HIV; referrals; service integration; Tanzania	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960282882	The impact of residual infections on Anopheles-transmitted Wuchereria bancrofti after multiple rounds of mass drug administration	De Souza D.K., Ansumana R., Sessay S., Conteh A., Koudou B., Rebollo M.P., Koroma J., Boakye D.A., Bockarie M.J.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1091-z	Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, United States	De Souza, D.K., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Ansumana, R., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Bo, Sierra Leone; Sessay, S., Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Conteh, A., Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Koudou, B., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Rebollo, M.P., Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, United States; Koroma, J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Boakye, D.A., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Bockarie, M.J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: Many countries have made significant progress in the implementation of World Health Organization recommended preventive chemotherapy strategy, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). However, pertinent challenges such as the existence of areas of residual infections in disease endemic districts pose potential threats to the achievements made. Thus, this study was undertaken to assess the importance of these areas in implementation units (districts) where microfilaria (MF) positive individuals could not be found during the mid-term assessment after three rounds of mass drug administration. Methods: This study was undertaken in Bo and Pujehun, two LF endemic districts of Sierra Leone, with baseline MF prevalence of 2 % and 0 % respectively in sentinel sites for monitoring impact of the national programme. Study communities in the districts were purposefully selected and an assessment of LF infection prevalence was conducted together with entomological investigations undertaken to determine the existence of areas with residual MF that could enable transmission by local vectors. The transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) protocol described by WHO was applied in the two districts to determine infection of LF in 6-7 year old children who were born before MDA against LF started. Results: The results indicated the presence of MF infected children in Pujehun district. An. gambiae collected in the district were also positive for W. bancrofti, even though the prevalence of infection was below the threshold associated with active transmission. Conclusions: Residual infection was detected after three rounds of MDA in Pujehun - a district of 0 % Mf prevalence at the sentinel site. Nevertheless, our results showed that the transmission was contained in a small area. With the scale up of vector control in Anopheles transmission zones, some areas of residual infection may not pose a serious threat for the resurgence of LF if the prevalence of infections observed during TAS are below the threshold required for active transmission of the parasite. However, robust surveillance strategies capable of detecting residual infections must be implemented, together with entomological assessments to determine if ongoing vector control activities, biting rates and infection rates of the vectors can support the transmission of the disease. Furthermore, in areas where mid-term assessments reveal MF prevalence below 1 % or 2 % antigen level, in Anopheles transmission areas with active and effective malaria vector control efforts, the minimum 5 rounds of MDA may not be required before implementing TAS. Thus, we propose a modification of the WHO recommendation for the timing of sentinel and spot-check site assessments in national programs. © 2015 de Souza et al.	Hotspots; Lymphatic filariasis; Residual transmission; Sierra Leone; Wuchereria bancrofti	None	DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898596877	The rise of assertive community interventions in South Africa: A randomized control trial assessing the impact of a modified assertive intervention on readmission rates; a three year follow-up	Botha U.A., Koen L., Galal U., Jordaan E., Niehaus D.J.H.	2014	BMC Psychiatry	14	1	10.1186/1471-244X-14-56	Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Botha, U.A., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Koen, L., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Galal, U., Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Jordaan, E., Medical Research Council, Bellville, South Africa; Niehaus, D.J.H., Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Background: Many countries have over the last few years incorporated mental health assertive interventions in an attempt to address the repercussions of deinstitutionalization. Recent publications have failed to duplicate the positive outcomes reported initially which has cast doubt on the future of these interventions. We previously reported on 29 patients from a developing country who completed 12 months in an assertive intervention which was a modified version of the international assertive community treatment model. We demonstrated reduction in readmission rates as well as improvements in social functioning compared to patients from the control group. The obvious question was, however, if these outcomes could be sustained for longer periods of time. This study aims to determine if modified assertive interventions in an under-resourced setting can successfully maintain reductions in hospitalizations.Methods: Patients suffering from schizophrenia who met a modified version of Weidens' high frequency criteria were randomized into two groups. One group received a modified assertive intervention based on the international assertive community treatment model. The other group received standard care according to the model of service delivery in this region. Data was collected after 36 months, comparing readmissions and days spent in hospital.Results: The results demonstrated significant differences between the groups. Patients in the intervention group had significantly less readmissions (p = 0.007) and spent less days in hospital compared to the patients in the control group (p = 0.013).Conclusion: Modified assertive interventions may be successful in reducing readmissions and days spent in hospital in developing countries where standard care services are less comprehensive. These interventions can be tailored in such a way to meet service needs and still remain affordable and feasible within the context of an under-resourced setting. © 2014 Botha et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Assertive interventions; Days in hospital; Developing countries; Readmission rates	adult; article; assertiveness; clinical article; community; control group; controlled study; developing country; female; follow up; group therapy; health care delivery; hospital readmission; hospitalization; human; intervention study; male; mental health service; patient care; randomized controlled trial; schizophrenia; South Africa; adolescent; deinstitutionalization; hospital readmission; middle aged; schizophrenia; statistics and numerical data; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Community Mental Health Services; Deinstitutionalization; Developing Countries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Readmission; Schizophrenia; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80054757511	Evaluation of a novel point-of-care cryptococcal antigen test on serum, plasma, and urine from patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis	Jarvis J.N., Percival A., Bauman S., Pelfrey J., Meintjes G., Williams G.N., Longley N., Harrison T.S., Kozel T.R.	2011	Clinical Infectious Diseases	53	10	10.1093/cid/cir613	Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Infectious Diseases Unit, GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, United States; Immuno-Mycologics, Norman, OK, United States; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom	Jarvis, J.N., Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Unit, GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Percival, A., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, United States; Bauman, S., Immuno-Mycologics, Norman, OK, United States; Pelfrey, J., Immuno-Mycologics, Norman, OK, United States; Meintjes, G., Infectious Diseases Unit, GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Williams, G.N., Infectious Diseases Unit, GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Longley, N., Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom, Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Infectious Diseases Unit, GF Jooste Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Harrison, T.S., Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom; Kozel, T.R., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno, United States	Background. Many deaths from cryptococcal meningitis (CM) may be preventable through early diagnosis and treatment. An inexpensive point-of-care (POC) assay for use with urine or a drop of blood would facilitate early diagnosis of cryptococcal infection in resource-limited settings. We compared cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) concentrations in plasma, serum, and urine from patients with CM, using an antigen-capture assay for glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and a novel POC dipstick test. Methods. GXM concentrations were determined in paired serum, plasma, and urine from 62 patients with active or recent CM, using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A dipstick lateral-flow assay developed using the same monoclonal antibodies for the sandwich ELISA was tested in parallel. Correlation coefficients were calculated using Spearman rank test. Results. All patients had detectable GXM in serum, plasma, and urine using the quantitative ELISA. Comparison of paired serum and plasma showed identical results. There were strong correlations between GXM levels in serum/urine (rs = 0.86; P <. 001) and plasma/urine (rs = 0.85; P <. 001). Levels of GXM were 22-fold lower in urine than in serum/plasma. The dipstick test was positive in serum, plasma, and urine in 61 of 62 patients. Dipstick titers correlated strongly with ELISA. Correlations between the methods were 0.93 (P <. 001) for serum, 0.94 (P <. 001) for plasma, and 0.94 (P <. 001) for urine. Conclusions. This novel dipstick test has the potential to markedly improve early diagnosis of CM in many settings, enabling testing of urine in patients presenting to health care facilities in which lumbar puncture, or even blood sampling, is not feasible. © 2011 The Author Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	amphotericin B; cryptococcus antigen; fluconazole; fungus antigen; glucuronoxylomannan; unclassified drug; article; cryptococcal meningitis; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; hospital information system; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunoassay; major clinical study; priority journal; protein blood level; protein urine level; recurrent infection; urinalysis; Adult; Antigens, Fungal; Biological Markers; Cryptococcus neoformans; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunoassay; Male; Meningitis, Cryptococcal; Point-of-Care Systems; Polysaccharides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864475438	HIV treatment as prevention: Systematic comparison of mathematical models of the potential impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV incidence in South Africa	Eaton J.W., Johnson L.F., Salomon J.A., Bärnighausen T., Bendavid E., Bershteyn A., Bloom D.E., Cambiano V., Fraser C., Hontelez J.A.C., Humair S., Klein D.J., Long E.F., Phillips A.N., Pretorius C., Stover J., Wenger E.A., Williams B.G., Hallett T.B.	2012	PLoS Medicine	9	7	10.1371/journal.pmed.1001245	Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, United States; Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Eaton, J.W., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Johnson, L.F., Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Salomon, J.A., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Bärnighausen, T., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa; Bendavid, E., Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Bershteyn, A., Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, United States; Bloom, D.E., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Cambiano, V., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Fraser, C., Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Hontelez, J.A.C., Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Humair, S., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Klein, D.J., Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, United States; Long, E.F., Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Phillips, A.N., Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Pretorius, C., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Stover, J., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Wenger, E.A., Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, WA, United States; Williams, B.G., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Hallett, T.B., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom	Background: Many mathematical models have investigated the impact of expanding access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on new HIV infections. Comparing results and conclusions across models is challenging because models have addressed slightly different questions and have reported different outcome metrics. This study compares the predictions of several mathematical models simulating the same ART intervention programmes to determine the extent to which models agree about the epidemiological impact of expanded ART. Methods and Findings: Twelve independent mathematical models evaluated a set of standardised ART intervention scenarios in South Africa and reported a common set of outputs. Intervention scenarios systematically varied the CD4 count threshold for treatment eligibility, access to treatment, and programme retention. For a scenario in which 80% of HIV-infected individuals start treatment on average 1 y after their CD4 count drops below 350 cells/μl and 85% remain on treatment after 3 y, the models projected that HIV incidence would be 35% to 54% lower 8 y after the introduction of ART, compared to a counterfactual scenario in which there is no ART. More variation existed in the estimated long-term (38 y) reductions in incidence. The impact of optimistic interventions including immediate ART initiation varied widely across models, maintaining substantial uncertainty about the theoretical prospect for elimination of HIV from the population using ART alone over the next four decades. The number of person-years of ART per infection averted over 8 y ranged between 5.8 and 18.7. Considering the actual scale-up of ART in South Africa, seven models estimated that current HIV incidence is 17% to 32% lower than it would have been in the absence of ART. Differences between model assumptions about CD4 decline and HIV transmissibility over the course of infection explained only a modest amount of the variation in model results. Conclusions: Mathematical models evaluating the impact of ART vary substantially in structure, complexity, and parameter choices, but all suggest that ART, at high levels of access and with high adherence, has the potential to substantially reduce new HIV infections. There was broad agreement regarding the short-term epidemiologic impact of ambitious treatment scale-up, but more variation in longer term projections and in the efficiency with which treatment can reduce new infections. Differences between model predictions could not be explained by differences in model structure or parameterization that were hypothesized to affect intervention impact. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary. © 2012 Eaton et al.	None	anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; disease course; epidemic; health care policy; health program; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; incidence; infection rate; infection risk; mathematical model; population structure; prediction; simulation; South Africa; virus transmission; adult; biological model; comparative study; computer simulation; health care planning; highly active antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus; immunology; physiology; prevalence; South Africa; statistics; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Computer Simulation; Health Planning; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Models, Biological; Prevalence; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79955832040	Palliative care making a difference in rural Uganda, Kenya and Malawi: Three rapid evaluation field studies	Grant L., Brown J., Leng M., Bettega N., Murray S.A.	2011	BMC Palliative Care	10	None	10.1186/1472-684X-10-8	Primary Palliative Care Research Group, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom; Eastern Virginia Medical School, 431 New Hampshire Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23508, United States; Cairdeas International Palliative Care Trust and Head of Palliative Care, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, C/o Hospice Africa Uganda, PO BOX 7757, Kampala, Uganda; 44c Sussex Way, London, N7 6RS, United Kingdom	Grant, L., Primary Palliative Care Research Group, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom; Brown, J., Eastern Virginia Medical School, 431 New Hampshire Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23508, United States; Leng, M., Cairdeas International Palliative Care Trust and Head of Palliative Care, Mulago Hospital and Makerere University, C/o Hospice Africa Uganda, PO BOX 7757, Kampala, Uganda; Bettega, N., 44c Sussex Way, London, N7 6RS, United Kingdom; Murray, S.A., Primary Palliative Care Research Group, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom	Background: Many people live and die in pain in Africa. We set out to describe patient, family and local community perspectives on the impact of three community based palliative care interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Three palliative care programmes in Uganda, Kenya and Malawi were studied using rapid evaluation field techniques in each country, triangulating data from three sources: interviews with key informants, observations of clinical encounters and the local health and social care context, and routine data from local reports and statistics. Results: We interviewed 33 patients with advanced illness, 27 family carers, 36 staff, 25 volunteers, and 29 community leaders and observed clinical care of 12 patients. In each site, oral morphine was being used effectively. Patients valued being treated with dignity and respect. Being supported at home reduced physical, emotional and financial burden of travel to, and care at health facilities. Practical support and instruction in feeding and bathing patients facilitated good deaths at home. In each country mobile phones enabled rapid access to clinical and social support networks. Staff and volunteers generally reported that caring for the dying in the face of poverty was stressful, but also rewarding, with resilience fostered by having effective analgesia, and community support networks. Conclusions: Programmes were reported to be successful because they integrated symptom control with practical and emotional care, education, and spiritual care. Holistic palliative care can be delivered effectively in the face of poverty, but a public health approach is needed to ensure equitable provision. © 2011 Grant et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	morphine; analgesia; article; bath; care and caring; caregiver; death; evaluation; family; feeding; female; finance; health care facility; home; human; human dignity; interview; Kenya; major clinical study; Malawi; male; mobile phone; observation; palliative therapy; poverty; reward; social care; social support; spiritual care; Uganda	None
WoS	WOS:000311885300039	Impact of Free Delivery Care on Health Facility Delivery and Insurance Coverage in Ghana's Brong Ahafo Region	Campbell, Oona M. R.,Dzakpasu, Susie,Fenty, Justin,Hill, Zelee,Hurt, Lisa,Kirkwood, Betty R.,Manu, Alexander,Owusu-Agyei, Seth,Soremekun, Seyi,Tawiah, Charlotte,ten Asbroek, Guus	2012	PLOS ONE	7	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0049430	Ghana Health Service, University College London, University of London, University of Nottingham, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	"Campbell, Oona M. R.: University of London","Dzakpasu, Susie: University of London","Fenty, Justin: University of Nottingham","Hill, Zelee: University College London","Hill, Zelee: University of London","Hurt, Lisa: University of London","Kirkwood, Betty R.: University of London","Soremekun, Seyi: University of London","Tawiah, Charlotte: Ghana Health Service","ten Asbroek, Guus: University of London",	Background: Many sub-Saharan countries, including Ghana, have introduced policies to provide free medical care to pregnant women. The impact of these policies, particularly on access to health services among the poor, has not been evaluated using rigorous methods, and so the empirical basis for defending these policies is weak. In Ghana, a recent report also cast doubt on the current mechanism of delivering free care - the National Health Insurance Scheme. Longitudinal surveillance data from two randomized controlled trials conducted in the Brong Ahafo Region provided a unique opportunity to assess the impact of Ghana's policies. Methods: We used time-series methods to assess the impact of Ghana's 2005 policy on free delivery care and its 2008 policy on free national health insurance for pregnant women. We estimated their impacts on facility delivery and insurance coverage, and on socioeconomic differentials in these outcomes after controlling for temporal trends and seasonality. Results: Facility delivery has been increasing significantly over time. The 2005 and 2008 policies were associated with significant jumps in coverage of 2.3% (p = 0.015) and 7.5% (p&lt;0.001), respectively after the policies were introduced. Health insurance coverage also jumped significantly (17.5%, p&lt;0.001) after the 2008 policy. The increases in facility delivery and insurance were greatest among the poorest, leading to a decline in socioeconomic inequality in both outcomes. Conclusion: Providing free care, particularly through free health insurance, has been effective in increasing facility delivery overall in the Brong Ahafo Region, and especially among the poor. This finding should be considered when evaluating the impact of the National Health Insurance Scheme and in supporting the continuation and expansion of free delivery care.	,COSTS,"MATERNAL SURVIVAL",POLICY,WOMEN	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893848107	Push by a net, pull by a cow: Can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control?	Iwashita H., Dida G.O., Sonye G.O., Sunahara T., Futami K., Njenga S.M., Chaves L.F., Minakawa N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-52	Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa, Costa Rica	Iwashita, H., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Dida, G.O., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Sonye, G.O., ASK Community Project, Mbita, Kenya; Sunahara, T., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Futami, K., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Njenga, S.M., Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Nairobi, Kenya; Chaves, L.F., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan, Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa, Costa Rica; Minakawa, N., Department of Vector Ecology and Environment, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan	Background: Mass insecticide treated bed net (ITN) deployment, and its associated coverage of populations at risk, had "pushed" a decline in malaria transmission. However, it is unknown whether malaria control is being enhanced by zooprophylaxis, i.e., mosquitoes diverted to feed on hosts different from humans, a phenomenon that could further reduce malaria entomological transmission risk in areas where livestock herding is common. Methods. Between May and July 2009, we collected mosquitoes in 104 houses from three neighboring villages with high ITN coverage (over 80%), along Lake Victoria. We also performed a census of livestock in the area and georeferenced tethering points for all herds, as well as, mosquito larval habitats. Bloodmeal contents from sampled mosquitoes were analyzed, and each mosquito was individually tested for malaria sporozoite infections. We then evaluated the association of human density, ITN use, livestock abundance and larval habitats with mosquito abundance, bloodfeeding on humans and malaria sporozoite rate using generalized linear mixed effects models. Results: We collected a total of 8123 mosquitoes, of which 1664 were Anopheles spp. malaria vectors over 295 household spray catches. We found that vector household abundance was mainly driven by the number of householders (P < 0.05), goats/sheep tethered around the house (P < 0.05) and ITNs, which halved mosquito abundance (P < 0.05). In general, similar patterns were observed for Anopheles arabiensis, but not An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus s.s., whose density did not increase with the presence of livestock animals. Feeding on humans significantly increased in all species with the number of householders (P < 0.05), and only significantly decreased for An. arabiensis in the presence of cattle (P < 0.05). Only 26 Anopheles spp. vectors had malaria sporozoites with the sporozoite rate significantly decreasing as the proportion of cattle feeding mosquitoes increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data suggest that cattle, in settings with large ITN coverage, have the potential to drive an unexpected "push-pull" malaria control system, where An. arabiensis mosquitoes "pushed" out of human contact by ITNs are likely being further "pulled" by cattle. © 2014 Iwashita et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles; Bed net; Bloodfeeding; Plasmodium falciparum; Zooprophylaxis	Animals; Culicidae; Feeding Behavior; Geography; Humans; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Kenya; Larva; Livestock; Malaria; Mosquito Control; Population Density; Public Health Surveillance	R03TW008237, NIH, National Institutes of Health; D43TW009527, NIH, National Institutes of Health; U19AI089672, NIH, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84948783370	Monitoring maternal, newborn, and child health interventions using lot quality assurance sampling in Sokoto State of northern Nigeria	Abegunde D., Orobaton N., Shoretire K., Ibrahim M., Mohammed Z., Abdulazeez J., Gwamzhi R., Ganiyu A.	2015	Global Health Action	8	1	10.3402/gha.v8.27526	United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Jhpeigo - Targeted States High Impact Project Nigeria, Bauchi, Nigeria	Abegunde, D., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Orobaton, N., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Shoretire, K., Jhpeigo - Targeted States High Impact Project Nigeria, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ibrahim, M., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Mohammed, Z., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Abdulazeez, J., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Gwamzhi, R., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria; Ganiyu, A., United States Agency for International Development, John Snow Inc. Research and Training, Inc., Targeted States High Impact Project, Nigeria	Background: Maternal mortality ratio and infant mortality rate are as high as 1,576 per 100,000 live births and 78 per 1,000 live births, respectively, in Nigeria's northwestern region, where Sokoto State is located. Using applicable monitoring indicators for tracking progress in the UN/WHO framework on continuum of maternal, newborn, and child health care, this study evaluated the progress of Sokoto toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 by December 2015. The changes in outcomes in 2012-2013 associated with maternal and child health interventions were assessed. Design: We used baseline and follow-up lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) data obtained in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In each of the surveys, data were obtained from 437 households sampled from 19 LQAS locations in each of the 23 local government areas (LGAs). The composite state-level coverage estimates of the respective indicators were aggregated from estimated LGA coverage estimates. Results: None of the nine indicators associated with the continuum of maternal, neonatal, and child care satisfied the recommended 90% coverage target for achieving MDGs 4 and 5. Similarly, the average state coverage estimates were lower than national coverage estimates. Marginal improvements in coverage were obtained in the demand for family planning satisfied, antenatal care visits, postnatal care for mothers, and exclusive breast-feeding. Antibiotic treatment for acute pneumonia increased significantly by 12.8 percentage points. The majority of the LGAs were classifiable as low-performing, high-priority areas for intensified program intervention. Conclusions: Despite the limited time left in the countdown to December 2015, Sokoto State, Nigeria, is not on track to achieving the MDG 90% coverage of indicators tied to the continuum of maternal and child care, to reduce maternal and childhood mortality by a third by 2015. Targeted health system investments at the primary care level remain a priority, for intensive program scale-up to accelerate impact. © 2015 Dele Abegunde et al.	Lot quality assurance sampling; Maternal; Monitoring and evaluation; Newborn and child health; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78249246666	Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Its Impact on HIV-1 Transmission in South Africa	Pretorius C., Stover J., Bollinger L., Bacaër N., Williams B.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	11	10.1371/journal.pone.0013646	Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement), Bondy, France; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Pretorius, C., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Stover, J., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Bollinger, L., Futures Institute, Glastonbury, CT, United States; Bacaër, N., IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement), Bondy, France; Williams, B., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background: Mathematical modelers have given little attention to the question of how pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may impact on a generalized national HIV epidemic and its cost-effectiveness, in the context of control strategies such as condom use promotion and expanding ART programs. Methodology/Principal Findings: We use an age- and gender-structured model of the generalized HIV epidemic in South Africa to investigate the potential impact of PrEP in averting new infections. The model utilizes age-structured mortality, fertility, partnership and condom use data to model the spread of HIV and the shift of peak prevalence to older age groups. The model shows that universal PrEP coverage would have to be impractically high to have a significant effect on incidence reduction while ART coverage expands. PrEP targeted to 15-35-year-old women would avert 10%-25% (resp. 13%-28%) of infections in this group and 5%-12% (resp. 7%-16%) of all infections in the period 2014-2025 if baseline incidence is 0.5% per year at 2025 (resp. 0.8% per year at 2025). The cost would be $12,500-$20,000 per infection averted, depending on the level of ART coverage and baseline incidence. An optimistic scenario of 30%-60% PrEP coverage, efficacy of at least 90%, no behavior change among PrEP users and ART coverage less than three times its 2010 levels is required to achieve this result. Targeting PrEP to 25-35-year-old women (at highest risk of infection) improves impact and cost-effectiveness marginally. Relatively low levels of condom substitution (e.g., 30%) do not ify the efficacy of PrEP, but reduces cost-effectiveness by 35%-40%. Conclusions/Significance: PrEP can avert as many as 30% of new infections in targeted age groups of women at highest risk of infection. The cost-effectiveness of PrEP relative to ART decreases rapidly as ART coverage increases beyond three times its coverage in 2010, after which the ART program would provide coverage to more than 65% of HIV+ individuals. To have a high relative cost-effective impact on reducing infections in generalized epidemics, PrEP must utilize a window of opportunity until ART has been scaled up beyond this level. © 2010 Pretorius et al.	None	antiretrovirus agent; age distribution; antiretroviral therapy; article; behavior change; chemoprophylaxis; condom; cost effectiveness analysis; drug therapy; epidemic; fertility; health care cost; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; incidence; infection risk; mathematical model; mortality; preexposure prophylaxis; prophylaxis; South Africa; virus transmission; adolescent; adult; age; algorithm; cost benefit analysis; disease transmission; economics; epidemic; evaluation; female; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; male; middle aged; prevalence; sex difference; South Africa; statistical model; statistics; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Algorithms; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Epidemics; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Economic; Prevalence; Sex Factors; South Africa; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927650074	The impact of HIV/AIDS on compliance with antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder: A prospective study in a South African private healthcare cohort	Slabbert F.N., Harvey B.H., Brink C.B., Lubbe M.S.	2015	AIDS Research and Therapy	12	1	10.1186/s12981-015-0050-2	North-West University, Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa; North-West University, Division of Pharmacology, Potchefstroom, South Africa; North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Slabbert, F.N., North-West University, Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa; Harvey, B.H., North-West University, Division of Pharmacology, Potchefstroom, South Africa, North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Brink, C.B., North-West University, Division of Pharmacology, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Lubbe, M.S., North-West University, Medicines Usage Group (MUSA), Potchefstroom, South Africa	Background: MDD and HIV/AIDS have a high prevalence worldwide with severe consequences for patients. In both conditions, compliance with treatment is key to successfully treat these disorders. In the current study, we examine the effect of MDD on the compliance with ADs in patients diagnosed with co-morbid HIV/AIDS and how different classes of ADs influence compliance in this group of patients. Methods: A prospective, cohort study design was used to analyse nationally representative medicine claims data submitted to a privately-owned South African Pharmaceutical Benefit Management (PBM) company. Two groups were distinguished in the database, namely patients with only MDD and patients with both MDD and HIV/AIDS, over a six-year study period. The study population was determined by the following inclusion criteria: patients older than 18 years, MDD should be diagnosed by a psychiatrist supported by an appropriate ICD-10 code, and all patients have to be on combination antiretroviral treatment (cARV) treatment. The medicine possession ratio (MPR) was used as proxy to determine patient compliance with AD medication. Results: 127 patients (i.e. 0.24%) met the criteria of co-morbid MDD and HIV/AIDS. Females have a significantly higher prevalence of MDD and HIV/AIDS when compared to males. Patients diagnosed with both HIV/AIDS and MDD (74.43. ± 32.03, 95% Cl: 71.51-77.34) have a statistical significantly (p < 0.0001) lower compliance with AD treatment vs. MDD patients (80.94% ± 29.44, 95% Cl: 80.56-81.33), but the practical significance thereof, is low (Cohen's d = 0.2255). In this group only 26.83% of TCA had acceptable compliance compared to the 58.57% of SNRIs. Noteworthy observations were that 75% (p < 0.0217; Cramer's V = 0.0388) of venlafaxine and 28.6% (p < 0.0197; Cramer's V = -0.0705) of the paroxetine items were compliant in patients diagnosed with both HIV/AIDS and MDD. Conclusions: AD compliance is statistical significantly lower in depressed HIV/AIDS vs. depressed non-HIV/AIDS patients. However, these differences is of low practical or clinical significance, meaning that depressed HIV/AIDS patients would have missed approximately two AD doses (6.5% of a 30-day treatment period) more than the non-HIV/AIDS depressed patient over the same treatment period. © Slabbert et al.; licensee BioMed Central.	Antidepressants; Compliance; HIV/AIDS; Major depressive disorder; Venlafaxine	amfebutamone; amitriptyline; antidepressant agent; antiretrovirus agent; citalopram; escitalopram; fluoxetine; mirtazapine; paroxetine; serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor; trazodone; venlafaxine; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; antiviral therapy; Article; comorbidity; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; ICD-10; major clinical study; major depression; male; medication compliance; middle aged; organization and management; population research; prevalence; priority journal; prospective study; sex difference; South African; young adult	None
WoS	WOS:000311232900015	Differences between self-reported and electronically monitored adherence among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting	Bangsberg, David R.,Habyarimana, James P.,Pop-Eleches, Cristian,Sidle, John E.,Siika, Abraham M.,Siripong, Nalyn,Thirumurthy, Harsha,Vreeman, Rachel C.	2012	AIDS	26	18	10.1097/QAD.0b013e328359aa68	Columbia University, Georgetown University, Harvard University, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University System, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Moi University, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, MGH Ctr Global Hlth, Ragon Inst MGH MIT & Harvard	"Habyarimana, James P.: Georgetown University","Pop-Eleches, Cristian: Columbia University","Siika, Abraham M.: Moi University","Siripong, Nalyn: University of North Carolina","Siripong, Nalyn: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Thirumurthy, Harsha: University of North Carolina","Thirumurthy, Harsha: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Vreeman, Rachel C.: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis","Vreeman, Rachel C.: Indiana University System",	Background: Measurement of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) by patient self-report is common in resource-limited settings but widely believed to overstate actual adherence. The extent to which these measures overstate adherence has not been examined among a large patient population. Methods: HIV-infected adult patients in Kenya who initiated ART within the past 3 months were followed for 6 months. Adherence was measured by participants' self-reports of doses missed in the past 7 days during monthly clinic visits and by continuous Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS) in participants' pill bottles. Seven-day self-reported adherence was compared to 7-day MEMS adherence, 30-day MEMS adherence, and adherence more than 90% during each of the first 6 months. Results: Self-reported and MEMS adherence measures were linked for 669 participants. Mean 7-day self-reported adherence was 98.7% and mean 7-day MEMS adherence was 86.0%, a difference of 12.7% (P &lt; 0.01). The difference between the two adherence measures increased over time due to a decline in 7-day MEMS adherence. However, patients with lower MEMS adherence were in fact more likely to self-report missed doses and the difference between self-reported and MEMS adherence was similar for each number of self-reported missed doses. When analysis was limited to patients who reported rarely or never removing multiple doses at the same time, mean difference was 10.5% (P &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: There is a sizable and significant difference between self-reported and MEMS adherence. However, a strong relationship between the measures suggests that self-reported adherence is informative for clinical monitoring and program evaluation. (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins	ADHERENCE,"adherence measurement","ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY","ELECTRONIC MONITORING",COUNT,HAART,"HIV-INFECTED ADULTS",METAANALYSIS,OUTCOMES,"PROTEASE INHIBITORS","VIRAL SUPPRESSION"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84961361626	CD4 enumeration technologies: A systematic review of test performance for determining eligibility for antiretroviral therapy	Peeling R.W., Sollis K.A., Glover S., Crowe S.M., Landay A.L., Cheng B., Barnett D., Denny T.N., Spira T.J., Stevens W.S., Crowley S., Essajee S., Vitoria M., Ford N.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	3	10.1371/journal.pone.0115019	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Pangaea Global AIDS Foundation, Oakland, CA, United States; UK NEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Center for HIV/AIDS, Immunology and Virology Quality Assessment Center, Durham, NC, United States; Division of AIDS, STD, andTB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa; Director Health Programs, ELMA Philanthropies, New York, NY, United States; Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, United States; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Peeling, R.W., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sollis, K.A., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Glover, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Crowe, S.M., Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Landay, A.L., Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Cheng, B., Pangaea Global AIDS Foundation, Oakland, CA, United States; Barnett, D., UK NEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Denny, T.N., Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Center for HIV/AIDS, Immunology and Virology Quality Assessment Center, Durham, NC, United States; Spira, T.J., Division of AIDS, STD, andTB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Stevens, W.S., University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa; Crowley, S., Director Health Programs, ELMA Philanthropies, New York, NY, United States; Essajee, S., Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, United States; Vitoria, M., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Ford, N., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Background: Measurement of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4) is a crucial parameter in the management of HIV patients, particularly in determining eligibility to initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART). A number of technologies exist for CD4 enumeration, with considerable variation in cost, complexity, and operational requirements. We conducted a systematic review of the performance of technologies for CD4 enumeration. Methods and Findings: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE using a pre-defined search strategy. Data on test accuracy and precision included bias and limits of agreement with a reference standard, and misclassification probabilities around CD4 thresholds of 200 and 350 cells/μl over a clinically relevant range. The secondary outcome measure was test imprecision, expressed as % coefficient of variation. Thirty-two studies evaluating 15 CD4 technologies were included, of which less than half presented data on bias and misclassification compared to the same reference technology. At CD4 counts &lt;350 cells/μl, bias ranged from -35.2 to +13.1 cells/μl while at counts &gt;350 cells/μl, bias ranged from -70.7 to +47 cells/μl, compared to the BD FACSCount as a reference technology. Misclassification around the threshold of 350 cells/μl ranged from 1-29% for upward classification, resulting in under-treatment, and 7-68% for downward classification resulting in overtreatment. Less than half of these studies reported within laboratory precision or reproducibility of the CD4 values obtained. Conclusions: A wide range of bias and percent misclassification around treatment thresholds were reported on the CD4 enumeration technologies included in this review, with few studies reporting assay precision. The lack of standardised methodology on test evaluation, including the use of different reference standards, is a barrier to assessing relative assay performance and could hinder the introduction of new point-of-care assays in countries where they are most needed. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.	None	antiretrovirus agent; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; CD4+ T lymphocyte; flow cytometry; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; measurement accuracy; measurement precision; microscopy; outcome assessment; probability; reproducibility; systematic review; volumetry	WHO, World Health Organization
WoS	WOS:000296579700024	Impact of Health Research Capacity Strengthening in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Case of WHO/TDR Programmes	Hoffmann, Axel,Launois, Pascal,Maure, Christine,Minja, Happiness,Nsanzabana, Christian,Ogundahunsi, Olumide,Rumisha, Susan,Tanner, Marcel,Zicker, Fabio	2011	PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES	5	10	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001351	University of Basel, World Health Organization, Ifakara Hlth Inst, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, UNICEF UNDP World Bank WHO	"Launois, Pascal: World Health Organization","Maure, Christine: World Health Organization","Nsanzabana, Christian: University of Basel","Ogundahunsi, Olumide: World Health Organization",	Background: Measuring the impact of capacity strengthening support is a priority for the international development community. Several frameworks exist for monitoring and evaluating funding results and modalities. Based on its long history of support, we report on the impact of individual and institutional capacity strengthening programmes conducted by the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and on the factors that influenced the outcome of its Research Capacity Strengthening (RCS) activities. Methodology and Principal Findings: A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods (questionnaires and in-depth interviews) was applied to a selected group of 128 individual and 20 institutional capacity development grant recipients that completed their training/projects between 2000 and 2008. A semi-structured interview was also conducted on site with scientists from four institutions. Most of the grantees, both individual and institutional, reported beneficial results from the grant. However, glaring inequities stemming from gender imbalances and a language bias towards English were identified. The study showed that skills improvement through training contributed to better formulation of research proposals, but not necessarily to improved project implementation or communication of results. Appreciation of the institutional grants' impact varied among recipient countries. The least developed countries saw the programmes as essential for supporting basic infrastructure and activities. Advanced developing countries perceived the research grants as complementary to available resources, and particularly suitable for junior researchers who were not yet able to compete for major international grants. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for a more equitable process to improve the effectiveness of health research capacity strengthening activities. Support should be tailored to the existing research capacity in disease endemic countries and should focus on strengthening national health research systems, particularly in the least developing countries. The engagement of stakeholders at country level would facilitate the design of more specific and comprehensive strategies based on local needs.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347208621	Memory performance in HIV/AIDS - A prospective case control study	Odiase F.E., Ogunrin O.A., Ogunniyi A.A.	2007	Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences	34	2	None	Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1	Odiase, F.E., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunrin, O.A., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria; Ogunniyi, A.A., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Memory impairment, usually impaired retrieval of information, has been described in HIV/AIDS, especially among those with severe illness. Neuro-cognitive disturbances in HIV/AIDS have been linked to poor quality of life and medication adherence. This prospective, case-control study was designed to assess the verbal and non-verbal memory as well as the attention abilities of Nigerian Africans with HIV/AIDS and correlate their performances with their CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4+) counts. Methods: A total of 288 randomly selected subjects, comprising 96 HIV-positive symptomatic patients, 96 HIV-positive asymptomatic patients and 96 HIV-negative controls, participated in the study. The subjects were age-, sex-, and level of education matched. The Recognition Memory Test and Choice Reaction Time tasks, components of the computer-assisted neuropsychological tests battery- the Iron Psychology 'FePsy' were used for cognitive assessments. Results: The mean memory scores of the HIV-positive asymptomatic subjects did not differ significantly from the controls (p>0.05) but the HIV-positive symptomatic subjects' scores were significantly lower than the controls (p<0.05). Both HIV-positive groups had psychomotor slowing and impaired attention (p<0.05). The HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ counts <200/μl and between 200 and 499/μl had significant memory impairment (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively) but there was no significant impairment among those with count ≥500/μl. Impaired ability for sustained attention was however present irrespective of the CD4+ level relative to controls (p<0.001). Conclusions: We concluded that there was no significant memory disturbance among HIV-positive asymptomatic subjects despite the presence of impaired attention and psychomotor slowing, and that the severity of immune suppression (as indicated by the CD4+ T lymphocytes count) is a strong determinant of cognitive decline in HIV/AIDS.	None	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adult; article; attention disturbance; case control study; CD4 lymphocyte count; cognitive defect; controlled study; disease severity; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immune deficiency; major clinical study; male; memory; memory disorder; neuropsychological test; priority journal; psychomotor disorder; quality of life; response time; verbal memory; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Case-Control Studies; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cognition; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Matched-Pair Analysis; Memory Disorders; Middle Aged; Neuropsychological Tests; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Reaction Time; Recognition (Psychology); Verbal Behavior; Verbal Learning	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864668644	Impact of urbanization and gender on frequency of metabolic syndrome among native Abuja settlers in Nigeria	Adediran O., Akintunde A.A., Edo A.E., Opadijo O.G., Araoye A.	2012	Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research	3	3	10.4103/0975-3583.98890	Department of Internal Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Internal Medicine, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Id	Adediran, O., Department of Internal Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Internal Medicine, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Akintunde, A.A., Department of Internal Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Edo, A.E., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Opadijo, O.G., Department of Internal Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Araoye, A., Department of Internal Medicine, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Nigeria is currently undergoing rapid epidemiological transition. The objective was to study whether urbanization is associated with increased prevalence of MetS between native rural Abuja settlers and genetically related urban dwellers. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. Three hundred and forty-two urban native Abuja settlers and 325 rural dwellers were used for the study. Fasting blood lipid, glucose, waist circumference, blood pressure, and body mass index were determined. MetS was defined according to three standard criteria. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. P<0.05 was used as statistically significant. Results: Obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension were commoner among urban dwellers than rural dwellers. MetS was associated more with the female gender. Urbanization significantly increases the frequency of MetS using the three standard definitions. The prevalence of MetS using International Diabetes Federation, World Health Organization, and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III among rural versus urban dwellers were 7.7% vs. 14.9%, P<0.05; 0% vs. 0.9%, P>0.05; and 3.7% vs. 13.7%, P<0.05, respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that MetS is a major health condition among rural and urban Nigerians and that urbanization significantly increases the prevalence of MetS. This can be explained on the basis of higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension in urban setting, possibly as a result of stress, diet, and reduction in physical activity. Effective preventive strategy is therefore required to stem the increased risk associated with urbanization to reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with MetS among Nigerians.	Dyslipidemia; metabolic syndrome; Nigeria; obesity; urbanization	glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; triacylglycerol; adult; article; blood pressure measurement; body mass; dietary intake; disease association; dyslipidemia; female; glucose blood level; human; hypertension; hypertriglyceridemia; lipid blood level; major clinical study; male; metabolic syndrome X; Nigeria; obesity; prevalence; priority journal; sedentary lifestyle; sex difference; stress; urban rural difference; urbanization; waist circumference	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84910650351	Field evaluation of natural human odours and the biogent-synthetic lure in trapping Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Kenya	Owino E.A., Sang R., Sole C.L., Pirk C., Mbogo C., Torto B.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-451	International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI, KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya	Owino, E.A., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sang, R., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Sole, C.L., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Pirk, C., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Mbogo, C., Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI, KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Torto, B., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya	Background: Methods currently used in sampling adult Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses are limited for effective surveillance of the vector and accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter - epidemic periods. Here, we document the use of natural human skin odours in baited traps to improve sampling of adult Ae. aegypti in two different endemic areas of chikungunya and dengue in Kenya - Kilifi and Busia Counties. The chemistry of the volatiles released from human odours and the Biogent (BG)-commercial lure were also compared.Methods. Cotton socks and T-shirts were used to obtain natural human skin volatiles from the feet and trunk of three volunteers (volunteers 1 and 2 in Kilifi and volunteers 2 and 3 in Busia). Using Latin square design, we compared the efficacies of BG sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide plus (a) no bait, (b) human feet volatiles, (c) human trunk volatiles each against (c) a control (Biogent commercial lure) at the two sites. Coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and compare candidate attractants released by the commercial lure and human odours.Results: Ae. aegypti captured in the trap baited with feet odours from volunteer 2 and trunk odours from the same volunteer were significantly higher than in the control trap in Busia and Kilifi respectively, [IRR = 5.63, 95% CI: 1.15 - 28.30, p = 0.030] and [IRR = 3.99, 95% CI: 0.95-16.69, p = 0.049]. At both sites, Ae. aegypti captures in traps baited with either the feet or trunk odours from volunteers 1 and 3 were not significantly different from the control. Major qualitative differences were observed between the chemical profiles of human odours and the commercial BG-lure. Aldehydes, fatty acids and ketones dominated human odour profiles, whereas the BG-lure released mainly hexanoic acid.Conclusions: Our results suggest that additional candidate attractants are present in human skin volatiles which can help to improve the efficacy of lures for trapping and surveillance of Ae. aegypti. © 2014Owino et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Aedes aegypti; Chikungunya; Dengue; Human odour; Mosquito; Traps	aldehyde derivative; carbon dioxide; fatty acid derivative; hexanoic acid; ketone derivative; virus vector; adult; Aedes; Aedes aegypti; Aedes bromeliae; Aedes metallicus; Aedes woodi; Anopheles coustanii; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Article; chikungunya; Chikungunya alphavirus; controlled study; cotton; Culex; Culex annulioris; Culex quinquefasciatus; dengue; female; human; human experiment; Kenya; Latin square design; male; mass fragmentography; nonhuman; normal human; parasite vector; skin odor; solid phase microextraction; trunk; Aedes aegypti; Chikungunya virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052472791	Evaluation of point-of-care tests for detecting microalbuminuria in diabetic patients	Lloyd M.M., Kuyl J., van Jaarsveld H.	2011	South African Family Practice	53	3	None	Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Free State, South Africa	Lloyd, M.M., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Free State, South Africa; Kuyl, J., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Free State, South Africa; van Jaarsveld, H., Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Free State, South Africa	Background: Microalbuminuria, the presence of low levels of albumin in the urine, indicates renal damage and is recognised as a risk factor for the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease. Several international scientific bodies recommend microalbuminuria screening. Point-of-care testing (POCT) of microalbuminuria allows immediate identification of risk, and monitoring of treatment effects. In this study, two POCT instruments were evaluated as microalbuminuria screening methods. Method: Spot urine specimens from diabetic patients were analysed with the quantitative HemoCue® urine albumin analyser (n = 245), and the semiquantitative Clinitek® microalbumin urine dipstick (n = 204). These results were compared to the respective data for laboratory-determined albumin (nephelometry), creatinine (modified Jaffe) and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Results: Linear regression analysis demonstrated a good correlation for the HemoCue® urine albumin with the laboratorydetermined albumin concentration (y = 0.8557x + 0.2487y, r = 0.97). The sensitivities for the HemoCue® and Clinitek® POCT systems were 79.6% and 83.8%, and the specificities 97.1% and 93.8% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values for the HemoCue® were 95.6% and 85.8%, and were 88.6% and 91.0% the Clinitek®. The repeatability of both instruments was excellent. Both instruments are easy to use, and more cost-effective than the laboratory methods for albumin and ACR. Conclusion: Both the HemoCue® and the Clinitek® microalbumin POCT systems for albuminuria are easy to use and inexpensive, and are adequately accurate as a screening method. Although the HemoCue® POCT system measures only urine albumin concentration, its sensitivity and specificity compared well with that of the Clinitek® POCT system, which determines the ACR. © SAFP.	Clinitek®; HemoCue®; Microalbuminuria; Point-of-care testing; Urinary albumin excretion	article; controlled study; creatinine urine level; device; diabetic patient; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test accuracy study; human; laboratory test; microalbuminuria; nephelometry; point of care testing; predictive value; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk factor; screening test; sensitivity and specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942134666	Evaluation of the isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) program in Shurugwi District, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe, January 2013 to August 2014	Makoni A., Chemhuru M., Tshimanga M., Gombe N.T., Mungati M., Bangure D.	2015	BMC Research Notes	8	1	10.1186/s13104-015-1451-y	Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe	Makoni, A., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Chemhuru, M., Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe; Tshimanga, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Gombe, N.T., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mungati, M., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe; Bangure, D., Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Office 3-66 Kaguvi Building, Cnr 4th/Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe	Background: Midlands Province started implementing the Isoniazid (INH) preventive therapy (IPT) program in January 2013. Shurugwi and Gokwe North were the piloting district hospitals. In May 2014, four more districts hospitals (Gokwe South, Gweru, Kwekwe and Zvishavane) started implementing IPT. Shurugwi District decentralized the program to its rural health facilities in January 2014. A review of the Shurugwi IPT program, 2013 data, indicated that the majority of eligible clients were not started on IPT. None out of the 400 eligible clients were started on IPT in November against the 100 % target according to the World Health Organization and the National Tuberculosis (TB) Program. We conducted a study to evaluate the IPT program in Shurugwi District from January 2013 to August 2014. Methods: The logical framework approach was used to evaluate inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes of the IPT program. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data from key informants. Checklists were used to collect data from IPT program records. Results: Sixteen health facilities were implementing IPT in Shurugwi District. All the facilities had TB screening tools and three did not have TB screening algorithms. The district experienced medicine stock outs in 2013. One formal training at district level and on job trainings in implementing health facilities were done. From January 2013 to August 2014, Shurugwi District screened 6794 antiretroviral (ART) clients for TB. Out of those screened, 5255 were eligible for IPT and 2831 (54 %) were started on IPT. A total of 700 clients had completed the IPT 6 month's course by August 2014. The dropout rate due to INH toxicity and TB was 0.6 % (n = 18) and 0.3 % (n = 8) respectively. Fifty-three advocacy and community sensitization meetings were done. The program had no Information Education and Communication (IEC) materials. Conclusion: The IPT program in Shurugwi District achieved half its target. This could be due to inadequate formally trained staff, lack of IEC materials, inadequate advocacy and community sensitization, non-availability of the INH 300 mg single dose and inadequate INH 100 mg dose tablets in 2013. To improve the IPT program, there is need for routine advocacy, communication and social mobilization. © 2015 Makoni et al.	IPT program evaluation; Midlands Province; Shurugwi District	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949381462	International migration of doctors, and its impact on availability of psychiatrists in low and middle income countries	Jenkins R., Kydd R., Mullen P., Thomson K., Sculley J., Kuper S., Carroll J., Gureje O., Hatcher S., Brownie S., Carroll C., Hollins S., Wong M.L.	2010	PLoS ONE	5	2	10.1371/journal.pone.0009049	Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Forensic Science, Mon	Jenkins, R., Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Kydd, R., Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Mullen, P., Department of Forensic Science, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Thomson, K., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Sculley, J., Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States; Kuper, S., Department of Memberships, American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA, United States; Carroll, J., Department of International Affairs, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom; Gureje, O., Department of Psychiatry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Hatcher, S., Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Brownie, S., Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Canberra, Australia; Carroll, C., US Department of Health and Human Science, Washington, DC, United States; Hollins, S., Deanery Department, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, United Kingdom; Wong, M.L., Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom	Background:Migration of health professionals from low and middle income countries to rich countries is a large scale and long-standing phenomenon, which is detrimental to the health systems in the donor countries. We sought to explore the extent of psychiatric migration. Methods: In our study, we use the respective professional databases in each country to establish the numbers of psychiatrists currently registered in the UK, US, New Zealand, and Australia who originate from other countries. We also estimate the impact of this migration on the psychiatrist population ratios in the donor countries. Findings: We document large numbers of psychiatrists currently registered in the UK, US, New Zealand and Australia originating from India (4687 psychiatrists), Pakistan (1158), Bangladesh (149) , Nigeria (384) , Egypt (484), Sri Lanka (142), Philippines (1593). For some countries of origin, the numbers of psychiatrists currently registered within high-income countries' professional databases are very small (e.g., 5 psychiatrists of Tanzanian origin registered in the 4 high-income countries we studied), but this number is very significant compared to the 15 psychiatrists currently registered in Tanzania). Without such emigration, many countries would have more than double the number of psychiatrists per 100, 000 population (e.g. Bangladesh, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon); and some countries would have had five to eight times more psychiatrists per 100,000 (e.g. Philippines, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Liberia, Nigeria and Zambia). Conclusions: Large numbers of psychiatrists originating from key low and middle income countries are currently registered in the UK, US, New Zealand and Australia, with concomitant impact on the psychiatrist/ population ratio n the originating countries. We suggest that creative international policy approaches are needed to ensure the individual migration rights of health professionals do not compromise societal population rights to health, and that there are public and fair agreements between countries within an internationally agreed framework. © 2010 Jenkins et al.	None	Afghanistan; article; Australia; Bangladesh; clinical trial; controlled study; data base; Egypt; health practitioner; human; India; Lebanon; Liberia; lowest income group; middle income group; migration; multicenter study; Myanmar; New Zealand; Nigeria; Pakistan; Philippines; psychiatrist; socioeconomics; Sri Lanka; Syrian Arab Republic; Tanzania; United Kingdom; United States; Zambia; ethnology; manpower; personnel management; professional practice; psychiatry; statistics; Australia; Bangladesh; Egypt; Emigration and Immigration; Great Britain; Humans; India; New Zealand; Nigeria; Pakistan; Personnel Turnover; Professional Practice Location; Psychiatry; Sri Lanka; United States	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904077609	Comparative performance of aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase rapid diagnostic tests in Plasmodium vivax detection	Wang J., Dzakah E.E., Kang K., Ni C., Tang S., Wang J.	2014	Malaria Journal	13	1	10.1186/1475-2875-13-272	School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China	Wang, J., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Dzakah, E.E., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China; Kang, K., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China, National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China; Ni, C., School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China; Tang, S., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China; Wang, J., National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co Ltd, Science City, Lizhishan Rd No 8, Luogang District, Guangzhou 510663, China	Background: Misdiagnosis of malaria by commercial rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is a major cause of concern in the diagnosis of malaria. This retrospective study was aimed at assessing the relative performance of four RDTs with emphasis on the detection of two Plasmodium vivax antigens: aldolase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Methods. Three commercially available Plasmodium LDH or aldolase antigen detection kits (One Step Malaria P.f/P.v, ParaHit Total ver. 1.0, SD Bioline Malaria) and an anti-P. vivax aldolase-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) pair 1C3-12 F10 were evaluated with P. vivax positive as well as non-P. vivax samples and healthy samples using blood smear examination as standard. Each test was read according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: MAb 1C3-12 F10 pair targeting P. vivax-specific aldolase exhibited very good specificity and sensitivity of 100 and 97.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100 and 99.5%, respectively, were also observed. The anti-P. vivax LDH in the One-Step Malaria P.f/P.v test showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 93.5, 98.0, 88.9 and 98.8%, respectively. ParaHit Total ver. 1.0 targeting the pan-aldolase antigen showed sensitivity, specificity of 97.4 and 99.6%, respectively. PPV and NPV were both 99.5%. SD Bioline had sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 93.5, 100, 100 and 98.8%, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of all four RDTs were acceptable, especially for the aldolase detection tests. Five (6.5%) of the P. vivax-positive samples (n = 77) that were confirmed by microscopic examination as well as the two aldolase detection RDTs (mAb 1C3-12 F10 and ParaHit Total ver.1.0) were undetected by the two LDH detection RDTs (One Step Malaria P.f/P.v and SD Bioline). Similarly, two positive samples (2.6%) that were positively confirmed by the LDH detection RDTs were also undetected by the aldolase detection test kits. Conclusion: Aldolase and LDH antigens perform differently in different P. vivax samples; hence there is a high risk of misdiagnosis when monoclonal antibodies are used against only one particular antigen in the test. A combination of both aldolase and LDH in RDTs for the rapid diagnosis of P. vivax will enhance the sensitivity of the assay and reduce misdiagnosis. © 2014 Dzakah et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Aldolase; Antigen; Malaria; Misdiagnosis; Plasmodium vivax	fructose bisphosphate aldolase; lactate dehydrogenase; monoclonal antibody; monoclonal antibody 1C3 12 F10; unclassified drug; fructose bisphosphate aldolase; lactate dehydrogenase; monoclonal antibody; parasite antigen; protozoon antibody; antigen detection; article; blood smear; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; human; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; malaria rapid test; microscopy; nonhuman; parasite identification; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; Plasmodium vivax; Plasmodium vivax malaria; predictive value; retrospective study; sensitivity and specificity; blood; comparative study; diagnostic test; diagnostic use; evaluation study; hospital information system; immunoassay; Malaria, Vivax; procedures; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Protozoan; Antigens, Protozoan; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase; Humans; Immunoassay; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Malaria, Vivax; Point-of-Care Systems; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899887387	Mobile HIV screening in Cape Town, South Africa: Clinical impact, cost and cost-effectiveness	Bassett I.V., Govindasamy D., Erlwanger A.S., Hyle E.P., Kranzer K., Van Schaik N., Noubary F., Paltiel A.D., Wood R., Walensky R.P., Losina E., Bekker L.-G., Freedberg K.A.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	1	10.1371/journal.pone.0085197	Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States; Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Bassett, I.V., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States; Govindasamy, D., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Erlwanger, A.S., Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Hyle, E.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Kranzer, K., Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Van Schaik, N., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Noubary, F., Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States, Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Losina, E., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Bekker, L.-G., Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background: Mobile HIV screening may facilitate early HIV diagnosis. Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of adding a mobile screening unit to current medical facility-based HIV testing in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods and Findings: We used the Cost Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications International (CEPAC-I) computer simulation model to evaluate two HIV screening strategies in Cape Town: 1) medical facility-based testing (the current standard of care) and 2) addition of a mobile HIV-testing unit intervention in the same community. Baseline input parameters were derived from a Cape Town-based mobile unit that tested 18,870 individuals over 2 years: prevalence of previously undiagnosed HIV (6.6%), mean CD4 count at diagnosis (males 423/μL, females 516/μL), CD4 count-dependent linkage to care rates (males 31%-58%, females 49%-58%), mobile unit intervention cost (includes acquisition, operation and HIV test costs, $29.30 per negative result and $31.30 per positive result). We conducted extensive sensitivity analyses to evaluate input uncertainty. Model outcomes included site of HIV diagnosis, life expectancy, medical costs, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention compared to medical facility-based testing. We considered the intervention to be "very cost-effective" when the ICER was less than South Africa's annual per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ($8,200 in 2012). We projected that, with medical facility-based testing, the discounted (undiscounted) HIV-infected population life expectancy was 132.2 (197.7) months; this increased to 140.7 (211.7) months with the addition of the mobile unit. The ICER for the mobile unit was $2,400/year of life saved (YLS). Results were most sensitive to the previously undiagnosed HIV prevalence, linkage to care rates, and frequency of HIV testing at medical facilities. Conclusion: The addition of mobile HIV screening to current testing programs can improve survival and be very costeffective in South Africa and other resource-limited settings, and should be a priority. © 2014 Bassett et al.	None	adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical effectiveness; cost effectiveness analysis; female; gross national product; health care cost; health care utilization; HIV test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus prevalence; laboratory diagnosis; life expectancy; male; mobile HIV screening; sensitivity and specificity; South Africa; survival rate; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemiology; HIV Infections; mass screening; outcome assessment; prevalence; preventive health service; procedures; statistical model; statistics and numerical data; survival; young adult; antiretrovirus agent; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Mass Screening; Mobile Health Units; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Prevalence; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Young Adult	R01 MH073445, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health; R01 MH090326, NIMH, National Institute of Mental Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937869806	Laboratory evaluation of a specimen transport medium for downstream molecular processing of sputum samples to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Omar S.V., Peters R.P.H., Ismail N.A., Dreyer A.W., Said H.M., Gwala T., Ismail N., Fourie P.B.	2015	Journal of Microbiological Methods	117	None	10.1016/j.mimet.2015.07.010	Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa	Omar, S.V., Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Peters, R.P.H., Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ismail, N.A., Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Dreyer, A.W., Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Said, H.M., Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gwala, T., Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ismail, N., Centre for Tuberculosis, National TB Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Fourie, P.B., Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: Modern molecular-based approaches for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples promise quicker and more accurate detection of cases. However, processing sputum samples at central diagnostic facilities provides a diagnostic approach, but requires a safe and efficient system that is not affected by transport delays and ambient temperature to be feasible. We evaluated the technical properties of PrimeStore®-Molecular Transport Medium (PS-MTM) for its ability to inactivate mycobacteria, ensuring stability of DNA over time at ambient temperatures and to assess the compatibility of the transport medium with DNA extraction systems. Methods: Assessment of the transport medium for application of sputum samples processed for the detection of M. tuberculosis included the inactivation of M. tuberculosis in spiked sputum samples, compatibility of the medium with three commercial nucleic extraction systems and stability of DNA in the medium at ambient temperature over 28. days. We further performed a clinical laboratory evaluation on 256 sputum specimens sent for tuberculosis investigation. Results: Complete inactivation of M. tuberculosis occurred within 30. min of exposure at a ratio of 1:3 for sputum to PS-MTM. Sputum specimen in PS-MTM showed very good compatibility with automated bead-based extraction systems, producing high DNA output (estimated lower limits of detection: ~. 170. CFU/ml). Furthermore, PS-MTM samples remained stable over 28. days at ambient temperature displaying no significant change over time in Ct-values (<. 5% on a mean starting value of 22.47). Of the 256 clinical sputum specimens, 10.2% were culture positive and 11.0% were positive by real-time PCR of PS-MTM samples. Conclusions: Collecting and transporting sputum from TB suspects in PS-MTM offer safe transport at ambient temperature, DNA stability for extended periods without cooling and specimens directly suitable for molecular testing. This novel approach may support introduction and further scale-up of molecular diagnostics for TB in resource-limited settings. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	DNA stability; Molecular detection; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Specimen transport medium	Article; bacterium culture; bacterium detection; clinical laboratory; controlled study; DNA extraction; downstream processing; environmental temperature; laboratory test; molecular diagnosis; molecular diagnostics; molecular stability; molecular transport medium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nonhuman; priority journal; real time polymerase chain reaction; sputum examination; transport medium; tuberculosis; Corynebacterineae; Mycobacterium tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39049097211	Monitoring lymphatic filariasis interventions: Adult mosquito sampling, and improved PCR - Based pool screening method for Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Anopheles mosquitoes	Boakye D.A., Baidoo H.A., Glah E., Brown C., Appawu M., Wilson M.D.	2007	Filaria Journal	6	None	10.1186/1475-2883-6-13	Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Boakye, D.A., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Baidoo, H.A., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Glah, E., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Brown, C., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Appawu, M., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Wilson, M.D., Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Monitoring and evaluation are essential to the successful implementation of mass drug administration programmes for LF elimination. Monitoring transmission when it is low requires both large numbers of mosquito vectors and sensitive methods for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti infections in them. PCR-based methods are preferred over classical dissections but the best protocol so far achieved detection of one L3 Wuchereria bancrofti larva in a pool of 35-50 Anopheles mosquitoes. It also lacks consistency and remains still a costly tool. Hence we decided to improve upon this to achieve detection in a pool of 100 or more by enhancing the quality of the template DNA. Prior to this we also evaluated three vector sampling methods in the context of numbers for monitoring. Methods: Human landing, pyrethrium spray and light traps catches were conducted concurrently at sites in an LF endemic district in Ghana and the numbers obtained compared. Two DNA extraction methods; Bender buffer and phenol/chloroform purification, and DNA easy Tissue kit (Quaigen Inc) were used on pools of 25, 50, 75 100 and 150 mosquitoes each seeded with one L3 or its quivalent amount of DNA. Then another set of extracted DNA by the two methods was subjected to Dynal bead purification method (using capture oligonucleotide primers). These were used as template DNA in PCR to amplify W. bancrofti sequences. The best PCR result was then evaluated in the field at five sites by comparing its results (infections per 1000 mosquitoes) with that of dissection of roughly equal samples sizes. Results: The largest numbers of mosquitoes were obtained with the human landing catches at all the sites sampled. Although PCR detection of one L3 in pools of 25, 50 and 75 mosquitoes was consistent irrespective of the extraction method, that of one L3 in 100 was only achieved with the kit-extracted DNA/Dynal bead purification method. Infections were found at only two sites by both dissection and pool-screening being 14.3 and 19 versus 13.4 and 20.1 per 1000 Anopheles mosquitoes respectively, which were not statistically significant. Discussion and conclusion: HLC still remains the best option for sampling for the large numbers of mosquitoes required for monitoring transmission during MDA programmes, when vector population densities are high and classical indices of transmission are required. One - in - 100 detection is an improvement on previous PCR pool-screening methods, which in our opinion was a result of the introduction of the extra step of parasite DNA capture using Dynal/beads. As pool sizes increase the insects DNA will swamp parasite DNA making the latter less available for an efficient PCR, therefore we propose either additional steps of parasite DNA capture or real-time PCR to improve further the pool screening method. The study also attests also to the applicability of Katholi et al's algorithm developed for determining onchocerciasis prevalence in LF studies. © 2007 Boakye et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	chloroform; oligonucleotide; phenol; pyrethroid; Anopheles; article; biological monitoring; clinical article; clinical assessment tool; controlled study; DNA determination; DNA extraction; DNA purification; DNA sequence; DNA template; endemic disease; female; filariasis; gene amplification; Ghana; human; infection risk; male; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite transmission; parasite vector; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; sample size; Wuchereria bancrofti	None
WoS	WOS:000299789600002	Cell Phone-Based and Internet-Based Monitoring and Evaluation of the National Antiretroviral Treatment Program During Rapid Scale-Up in Rwanda: TRACnet, 2004-2010	Binagwaho, Agnes,Cishahayo, Shabani,Karema, Corine,Lowrance, David W.,Muhayimpundu, Ribakare,Nsanzimana, Sabin,Nyemazi, Jean Pierre,Raghunathan, Pratima L.,Riedel, David J.,Ruton, Hinda	2012	JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES	59	2	10.1097/QAI.0b013e31823e2278	University of Maryland Baltimore, University System of Maryland, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA, Minist Hlth, US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent	None	Background: Monitoring and evaluation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) scale-up has been challenging in resource-limited settings. We describe an innovative cell-phone-based and internet-based reporting system (TRACnet) utilized in Rwanda. Methods: From January 2004 to June 30, 2010, all health facilities with ART services submitted standardized monthly aggregate reports of key indicators. National cohort data were analyzed to examine trends in characteristics of patients initiating ART and cumulative cohort outcomes. Estimates of HIV-infected patients eligible for ART were obtained from Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (Estimation and Projection Package-Spectrum, 2010). Results: By June 30, 2010, 295 (65%) of 451 health centers, District and referral hospitals provided ART services; of these, 255 (86%) were located outside Kigali, the capital. Cell phone-based and internet-based reporting was used by 253 (86%) and 42 (14%), respectively. As of June 30, 2010, 83,041 patients were alive on ART, 6171 (6%) had died, and 9621 (10%) were lost-to-follow-up. Of those alive on ART, 7111 (8.6%) were children, 50,971 (61.4%) were female, and 1823 (2.2%) were on a second-line regimen. The proportion of all patients initiating ART at World Health Organization clinical stages 3 and 4 declined from 65% in 2005 to 27% in 2010. National ART coverage of eligible patients increased from 13% in 2005 to 79% in 2010. Conclusions: Rwanda has successfully expanded ART access and achieved high national ART coverage among eligible patients. TRACnet captured essential data about the ART program during rapid scale-up. Cell phone-based and internet-based reporting may be useful for monitoring and evaluation of similar public health initiatives in other resource-limited settings.	"antiretroviral treatment","monitoring and evaluation",RWANDA,SCALE-UP,TRACnet,ADULTS,AIDS,"COLLABORATIVE ANALYSIS",HAITI,HIV,MALAWI,MORTALITY,OUTCOMES,SOUTH-AFRICA,THERAPY	None	None
None	None	Dried blood spots perform well in viral load monitoring of patients who receive antiretroviral treatment in rural Tanzania	Johannessen A., Garrido C., Zahonero N., Sandvik L., Naman E., Kivuyo S.L., Kasubi M.J., Gundersen S.G., Bruun J.N., De Mendoza C.	2009	Clinical Infectious Diseases	49	6	10.1086/605502	Ulleval Department of Infectious Diseases, Norway; Ulleval Centre for Clinical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Norway; Centre for Development Studies, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway; Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; HIV Care and Treatment Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Haydom Research Station, Mbulu; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ulleval Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway	Johannessen, A., Ulleval Department of Infectious Diseases, Norway, Ulleval Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; Garrido, C., Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Zahonero, N., Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Sandvik, L., Ulleval Centre for Clinical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Naman, E., HIV Care and Treatment Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Tanzania; Kivuyo, S.L., National Institute for Medical Research, Haydom Research Station, Mbulu; Kasubi, M.J., Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Gundersen, S.G., Research Unit, Sorlandet Hospital HF, Norway, Centre for Development Studies, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway; Bruun, J.N., Ulleval Department of Infectious Diseases, Norway, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway; De Mendoza, C., Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain	Background. Monitoring or antiretroviral treatment (ART) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral loads, as recommended in industrialized countries, is rarely available in resource-limited settings because of the high costs and stringent requirements for storage and transport of plasma. Dried blood spots (DBS) can be an alternative to plasma, but the use of DBS has not been assessed under field conditions in rural Africa. The present study investigates the performance of DBS in HIV viral load monitoring of patients who received ART in rural Tanzania. Patients and Methods. From November 2007 through June 2008, parallel plasma and DBS specimens were obtained from patients who received ART at Haydom Lutheran Hospital in rural Tanzania. DBS specimens were stored at tropical room temperature for 3 weeks before testing with the NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 v1.2 assay. Results obtained with DBS were compared with results obtained with use of a gold-standard plasma assay. Results. Ninety-eight plasma-DBS pairs were compared, and plasma viral loads ranged from &lt;40 to &gt;1,000,000 copies/mL. The correlation between plasma and DBS viral load was strong (R 2 = 0.75). The mean difference (± standard deviation) was 0.04 ± 0.57 log 10 copies/mL, and only 8 samples showed &gt;1 log 10 copies/mL difference. HIV type 1 RNA was detected in 7%, 60%, and 100% of DBS specimens with corresponding plasma viral loads of 40-999, 1000-2999, and ≥3000 copies/mL, respectively. Conclusions. DBS, in combination with the NucliSENS EasyQ HIV-1 v1.2 asay, performed well in monitoring HIV viral loads in patients who received ART in rural Tanzania, although the sensitivity was reduced when viral burden was low. The use of DBS can simplify virological monitoring in resource-limited settings. © 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	antiretrovirus agent; adolescent; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; blood storage; child; controlled study; dried blood spot; drug treatment failure; female; gold standard plasma assay; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; major clinical study; male; patient monitoring; preschool child; priority journal; room temperature; rural area; Tanzania; viremia; virus load; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plasma; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Rural Population; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling; Tanzania; Viral Load; Young Adult	None
None	None	Using verbal autopsy to measure causes of death: The comparative performance of existing methods	Murray C.J.L., Lozano R., Flaxman A.D., Serina P., Phillips D., Stewart A., James S.L., Vahdatpour A., Atkinson C., Freeman M.K., Ohno S.L., Black R., Ali S.M., Baqui A.H., Dandona L., Dantzer E., Darmstadt G.L., Das V., Dhingra U., Dutta A., Fawzi W., Gó	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/1741-7015-12-5	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O. BOX 122 Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Global Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA 98012, United States; CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Johns Hopkins University, 214A Basement, Vinobapuri Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 110024, India; Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6018, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; The George Institute for Global Health, 839C, Road No. 44A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033, India; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia	Murray, C.J.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Lozano, R., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Flaxman, A.D., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Serina, P., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Phillips, D., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Stewart, A., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; James, S.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Vahdatpour, A., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Atkinson, C., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Freeman, M.K., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Ohno, S.L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Black, R., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Ali, S.M., Public Health Laboratory-IdC, P.O. BOX 122 Wawi Chake Chake Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Baqui, A.H., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Dandona, L., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States, Public Health Foundation of India, ISID Campus, 4 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; Dantzer, E., Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Darmstadt, G.L., Global Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, PO Box 23350, Seattle, WA 98012, United States; Das, V., CSM Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India; Dhingra, U., Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Dutta, A., Johns Hopkins University, 214A Basement, Vinobapuri Lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi 110024, India; Fawzi, W., Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115-6018, United States; Gómez, S., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Hernández, B., Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Avenue Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98121, United States; Joshi, R., The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Kalter, H.D., Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St #5041, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Kumar, A., Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Kumar, V., Community Empowerment Lab, Shivgarh, India; Lucero, M., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Mehta, S., Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States; Neal, B., The George Institute for Global Health, The University of Sydney, 83/117 Missenden Rd, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; Praveen, D., The George Institute for Global Health, 839C, Road No. 44A, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad 500033, India; Premji, Z., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ramírez-Villalobos, D., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Remolador, H., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Riley, I., School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Level 2 Public Health Building School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; Romero, M., National Institute of Public Health, Universidad 655, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Said, M., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Sanvictores, D., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Sazawal, S., Dept of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, E5521, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States, Public Health Laboratory-Ivo de Carneri, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Tallo, V., Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Corporate Ave, Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines; Lopez, A.D., University of Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Building 379, 207 Bouverie St., Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia	Background: Monitoring progress with disease and injury reduction in many populations will require widespread use of verbal autopsy (VA). Multiple methods have been developed for assigning cause of death from a VA but their application is restricted by uncertainty about their reliability.Methods: We investigated the validity of five automated VA methods for assigning cause of death: InterVA-4, Random Forest (RF), Simplified Symptom Pattern (SSP), Tariff method (Tariff), and King-Lu (KL), in addition to physician review of VA forms (PCVA), based on 12,535 cases from diverse populations for which the true cause of death had been reliably established. For adults, children, neonates and stillbirths, performance was assessed separately for individuals using sensitivity, specificity, Kappa, and chance-corrected concordance (CCC) and for populations using cause specific mortality fraction (CSMF) accuracy, with and without additional diagnostic information from prior contact with health services. A total of 500 train-test splits were used to ensure that results are robust to variation in the underlying cause of death distribution.Results: Three automated diagnostic methods, Tariff, SSP, and RF, but not InterVA-4, performed better than physician review in all age groups, study sites, and for the majority of causes of death studied. For adults, CSMF accuracy ranged from 0.764 to 0.770, compared with 0.680 for PCVA and 0.625 for InterVA; CCC varied from 49.2% to 54.1%, compared with 42.2% for PCVA, and 23.8% for InterVA. For children, CSMF accuracy was 0.783 for Tariff, 0.678 for PCVA, and 0.520 for InterVA; CCC was 52.5% for Tariff, 44.5% for PCVA, and 30.3% for InterVA. For neonates, CSMF accuracy was 0.817 for Tariff, 0.719 for PCVA, and 0.629 for InterVA; CCC varied from 47.3% to 50.3% for the three automated methods, 29.3% for PCVA, and 19.4% for InterVA. The method with the highest sensitivity for a specific cause varied by cause.Conclusions: Physician review of verbal autopsy questionnaires is less accurate than automated methods in determining both individual and population causes of death. Overall, Tariff performs as well or better than other methods and should be widely applied in routine mortality surveillance systems with poor cause of death certification practices. © 2014 Murray et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Cause of death; InterVA; King-Lu; Random forests; Symptom pattern; Tariff; VA; Validation; Verbal autopsy	article; autopsy; cause of death; controlled study; diagnostic procedure; groups by age; health service; human; medical information system; mortality; physician; stillbirth; verbal autopsy; Adult; Autopsy; Cause of Death; Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Internationality; Physician's Role; Reproducibility of Results	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938251681	Evaluation of the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, phytochemical and toxicological properties of the methanolic leaf extract of commercially processed Moringa oleifera in some laboratory animals	Adedapo A.A., Falayi O.O., Oyagbemi A.A.	2015	Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology	26	5	10.1515/jbcpp-2014-0105	Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Adedapo, A.A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Falayi, O.O., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Oyagbemi, A.A., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background: Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the tropics and subtropics. It has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high nutritional value. Methods: The commercially processed M. oleifera was extracted using methanol as its solvent. Phytochemical analysis as well as the anti-oxidant properties of this supplement were also investigated. Acute toxicity was carried out in fasted mice. Carrageenan and histamine tests were used to assess anti-inflammatory effects in rats, while analgesic activities were assessed using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced paw lick test in mice. In the anti-oxidant tests, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ferrous reducing activity power, 2,21-azinobis-(3-ethylbenthialozine)-6-sulphonic acid and total polyphenolic (TPP) assays were deployed at concentrations of 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL. Results: The phytochemical analysis showed that the extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the extract significantly reduced the number of writhes at 100 and 200 mg/kg but not so much at 50 mg/kg. In the formalin-induced paw lick test, the effect was similar to that of the acetic writhing test. The analgesic effects were comparable to that of indomethacin used at 10 mg/kg. In the anti-inflammatory test, the extract reduced the formation of oedema especially at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In the anti-oxidant test, the extract was found to possess a free radical-scavenging property and is concentration related. Conclusions: The use of this extract for medicinal and nutritional purposes may have thus been justified; however, caution must be exercised in its use to prevent the toxic effect. © 2015 by De Gruyter 2015.	anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidant; antinociceptive; mice; Moringa oleifera; phytochemical; rats; toxicology	cardiac glycoside; flavonoid; glycoside; indometacin; Moringa oleifera extract; saponin; tannin derivative; acute toxicity; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; antiinflammatory activity; antioxidant activity; Article; carrageenan-induced paw edema; controlled study; female; foot edema; lethargy; Moringa oleifera; mouse; nonhuman; nutritional value; phytochemistry; rat; writhing test	None
None	None	Comparative performance of the Mbita trap, CDC light trap and the human landing catch in the sampling of Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus and culicine species in a rice irrigation in western Kenya	Mathenge E.M., Misiani G.O., Oulo D.O., Irungu L.W., Ndegwa P.N., Smith T.A., Killeen G.F., Knols B.G.J.	2005	Malaria Journal	4	None	10.1186/1475-2875-4-7	Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Hlth. R. and D. Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Entomology Unit, International Aatomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria	Mathenge, E.M., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya, Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Misiani, G.O., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Oulo, D.O., Intl. Ctr. Insect Physiol. and Ecol., Mbita Point Res. and Training Centre, Mbita Point, Kenya; Irungu, L.W., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Ndegwa, P.N., Department of Zoology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Smith, T.A., Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Killeen, G.F., Dept. of Pub. Hlth. and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Ifakara Hlth. R. and D. Centre, Ifakara, Tanzania; Knols, B.G.J., Entomology Unit, International Aatomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria	Background: Mosquitoes sampling is an important component in malaria control. However, most of the methods used have several shortcomings and hence there is a need to develop and calibrate new methods. The Mbita trap for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes was recently developed and successfully tested in Kenya. However, the Mbita trap is less effective at catching outdoor-biting Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in Madagascar and, thus, there is need to further evaluate this trap in diverse epidemiological settings. This study reports a field evaluation of the Mbita trap in a rice irrigation scheme in Kenya. Methods: The mosquito sampling efficiency of the Mbita trap was compared to that of the CDC light trap and the human landing catch in western Kenya. Data was analysed by Bayesian regression of linear and non-linear models. Results: The Mbita trap caught about 17%, 60%, and 20% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in sampling proportionality between the Mbita trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and the culicine species. For An. funestus, the Mbita trap portrayed some density-dependent sampling efficiency that suggested lowered sampling efficiency of human landing catch at low densities. The CDC light trap caught about 60%, 120%, and 552% of the number of An. arabiensis, An. funestus, and culicine species caught in the human landing collections respectively. There was consistency in the sampling proportionality between the CDC light trap and the human landing catch for both An. arabiensis and An. funestus, whereas for the culicines, there was no simple relationship between the two methods. Conclusions: The Mbita trap is less sensitive than either the human landing catch or the CDC light trap. However, for a given investment of time and money, it is likely to catch more mosquitoes over a longer (and hence more representative) period. This trap can therefore be recommended for use by community members for passive mosquito surveillance. Nonetheless, there is still a need to develop new sampling methods for some epidemiological settings. The human landing catch should be maintained as the standard reference method for use in calibrating new methods for sampling the human biting population of mosquitoes. © 2005 Mathenge et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	Anopheles; article; Bayes theorem; cdc light trap; comparative study; controlled study; data analysis; disease control; human landing catch; irrigation (agriculture); Kenya; malaria control; mbita trap; mosquito; nonhuman; nonlinear system; sampling; statistical model; Animals; Anopheles; Culicidae; Female; Humans; Insect Control; Insect Vectors; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Population Surveillance	None
None	None	Using a new odour-baited device to explore options for luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors: A report on design and field evaluation of the Mosquito Landing Box	Matowo N.S., Moore J., Mapua S., Madumla E.P., Moshi I.R., Kaindoa E.W., Mwangungulu S.P., Kavishe D.R., Sumaye R.D., Lwetoijera D.W., Okumu F.O.	2013	Parasites and Vectors	6	1	10.1186/1756-3305-6-137	Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Matowo, N.S., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Moore, J., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom; Mapua, S., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Madumla, E.P., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Moshi, I.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kaindoa, E.W., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Mwangungulu, S.P., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Kavishe, D.R., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Sumaye, R.D., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Lwetoijera, D.W., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Okumu, F.O., Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O.Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania	Background: Mosquitoes that bite people outdoors can sustain malaria transmission even where effective indoor interventions such as bednets or indoor residual spraying are already widely used. Outdoor tools may therefore complement current indoor measures and improve control. We developed and evaluated a prototype mosquito control device, the 'Mosquito Landing Box' (MLB), which is baited with human odours and treated with mosquitocidal agents. The findings are used to explore technical options and challenges relevant to luring and killing outdoor-biting malaria vectors in endemic settings. Methods. Field experiments were conducted in Tanzania to assess if wild host-seeking mosquitoes 1) visited the MLBs, 2) stayed long or left shortly after arrival at the device, 3) visited the devices at times when humans were also outdoors, and 4) could be killed by contaminants applied on the devices. Odours suctioned from volunteer-occupied tents were also evaluated as a potential low-cost bait, by comparing baited and unbaited MLBs. Results: There were significantly more Anopheles arabiensis, An. funestus, Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes visiting baited MLB than unbaited controls (P≤0.028). Increasing sampling frequency from every 120 min to 60 and 30 min led to an increase in vector catches of up to 3.6 fold (P≤0.002), indicating that many mosquitoes visited the device but left shortly afterwards. Outdoor host-seeking activity of malaria vectors peaked between 7:30 and 10:30pm, and between 4:30 and 6:00am, matching durations when locals were also outdoors. Maximum mortality of mosquitoes visiting MLBs sprayed or painted with formulations of candidate mosquitocidal agent (pirimiphos-methyl) was 51%. Odours from volunteer occupied tents attracted significantly more mosquitoes to MLBs than controls (P<0.001). Conclusion: While odour-baited devices such as the MLBs clearly have potential against outdoor-biting mosquitoes in communities where LLINs are used, candidate contaminants must be those that are effective at ultra-low doses even after short contact periods, since important vector species such as An. arabiensis make only brief visits to such devices. Natural human odours suctioned from occupied dwellings could constitute affordable sources of attractants to supplement odour baits for the devices. The killing agents used should be environmentally safe, long lasting, and have different modes of action (other than pyrethroids as used on LLINs), to curb the risk of physiological insecticide resistance. © 2013 Matowo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	insecticide; pirimiphos methyl; unclassified drug; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; article; controlled study; Culex; disease carrier; field study; human; malaria; mansonia; medical device; mortality; mosquito; mosquito landing box; nonhuman; odor; Tanzania; vector control; Adult; Animals; Anopheles; Behavior, Animal; Culex; Entomology; Equipment and Supplies; Human Experimentation; Humans; Insect Vectors; Male; Pheromones; Smell; Sterculiaceae; Tanzania; Anopheles arabiensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36549088200	Evaluation of filter paper transfer of whole-blood and plasma samples for quantifying HIV RNA in subjects on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda	Waters L., Kambugu A., Tibenderana H., Meya D., John L., Mandalia S., Nabankema M., Namugga I., Quinn T.C., Gazzard B., Reynolds S.J., Nelson M.	2007	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	46	5	10.1097/QAI.0b013e318159d7f4	St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom	Waters, L., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Kambugu, A., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Tibenderana, H., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Meya, D., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; John, L., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mandalia, S., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Nabankema, M., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Namugga, I., Infectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Quinn, T.C., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Gazzard, B., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Reynolds, S.J., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Nelson, M., St. Stephens AIDS Trust, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND: Most HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings do not undergo virologic monitoring. There is an urgent need for cheap, accessible HIV RNA assays for early diagnosis of virologic failure. We investigated filter paper transfer (FPT) of whole blood and plasma as an alternative to standard plasma-based assays for virologic monitoring in Uganda. METHODS: Whole blood (n = 306) and plasma (n = 218) from 402 subjects established on ART were spotted onto filter paper and transported to Europe for HIV RNA extraction and quantification. These results were compared to a gold standard plasma assay in Kampala. RESULTS: Of 402 ART-treated subjects, 39 (9.7%) had viremia detectable (>500 copies/mL) by local methods. Plasma FPT showed excellent agreement with gold standard, whereas whole blood yielded a large number of false-positive viral loads. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate the use of FPT in ART-treated subjects and demonstrates that it may provide a practical, reliable method for virologic monitoring in resource-poor settings. Plasma FPT was accurate but requires centrifuge; whole blood produced a high number of false-positive results, but these were low-level. Whole blood may be sufficiently accurate if higher HIV RNA cut-offs were used to define virologic failure. © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.	Antiretroviral monitoring; Developing world; Dried blood spot; Viral load; Virologic	antiretrovirus agent; virus RNA; article; blood filter; blood sampling; controlled study; Europe; evaluation; false positive result; gold standard; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; major clinical study; plasma; priority journal; RNA extraction; transport medium; Uganda; viremia; virus load; Anti-HIV Agents; Blood; Blood Chemical Analysis; False Positive Reactions; HIV Infections; Humans; Plasma; Predictive Value of Tests; RNA, Viral; Specimen Handling; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953854148	Assessment of noise and associated health impacts at selected secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria	Shendell D.G., Ana G.R.E.E., Brown G.E., Sridhar M.K.C.	2009	Journal of Environmental and Public Health	2009	None	10.1155/2009/739502	College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3995, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health University of Medicine an	Shendell, D.G., Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3995, United States, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Ana, G.R.E.E., College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Brown, G.E., College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sridhar, M.K.C., College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Background. Most schools in Ibadan, Nigeria, are located near major roads (mobile line sources). We conducted an initial assessment of noise levels and adverse noise-related health and learning effects. Methods. For this descriptive, cross-sectional study, four schools were selected randomly from eight participating in overall project. We administered 200 questionnaires, 50 per school, assessing health and learning-related outcomes. Noise levels (A-weighted decibels, dBA) were measured with calibrated sound level meters. Traffic density was assessed for school with the highest measured dBA. Observational checklists assessed noise control parameters and building physical attributes. Results. Short-term, cross-sectional school-day noise levels ranged 68.3-84.7dBA. Over 60 of respondents reported that vehicular traffic was major source of noise, and over 70 complained being disturbed by noise. Three schools reported tiredness, and one school lack of concentration, as the most prevalent noise-related health problems. Conclusion. Secondary school occupants in Ibadan, Nigeria were potentially affected by exposure to noise from mobile line sources. Copyright © 2009 Godson R. E. E. Ana et al.	None	article; checklist; exposure; fatigue; health hazard; high school; human; learning; Nigeria; noise measurement; noise pollution; noise reduction; priority journal; questionnaire; sound level meter; traffic; adolescent; attention; car; cross-sectional study; female; health status; male; noise; pilot study; school; statistics; traffic noise; urban population; Adolescent; Attention; Automobiles; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatigue; Female; Health Status; Humans; Learning; Male; Nigeria; Noise; Noise, Transportation; Pilot Projects; Questionnaires; Schools; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929223634	Impact of maternal HIV seroconversion during pregnancy on early mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) measured at 4-8 weeks postpartum in South Africa 2011-2012: A national population-based evaluation	Dinh T.-H., Delaney K.P., Goga A., Jackson D., Lombard C., Woldesenbet S., Mogashoa M., Pillay Y., Shaffer N.	2015	PLoS ONE	10	5	10.1371/journal.pone.0125525	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Atlanta, GA, United States; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Pretoria, South Africa; National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; United Nations Children's Fund, New York, United States	Dinh, T.-H., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Atlanta, GA, United States; Delaney, K.P., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Goga, A., Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Jackson, D., Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, United Nations Children's Fund, New York, United States; Lombard, C., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Woldesenbet, S., School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Mogashoa, M., US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Pretoria, South Africa; Pillay, Y., National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Shaffer, N., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland	Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) depends on the timing of HIV infection. We estimated HIV-seroconversion during pregnancy (HSP) after having a HIV-negative result antenatally, and its contribution to early MTCT in South Africa (SA). Methods and Findings: Between August 2011 and March 2012, we recruited a nationally representative sample of mother-infant pairs with infants aged 4-to-8 weeks from 578 health facilities. Data collection included mother interviews, child health-card reviews, and infant dried-blood-spots sample (iDBS). iDBS were tested for HIV antibodies and HIV-deoxyribonucleic-acid (HIV-DNA). HSP was defined as maternal self-report of an HIV-negative test during this pregnancy, no documented use of antiretroviral drugs and a matched HIV sero-positive iDBS. We used 20 imputations from a uniform distribution for time from reported antenatal HIV-negative result to delivery to estimate time of HSP. Early MTCT was defined based on detection of HIV-DNA in iDBS. Estimates were adjusted for clustering, nonresponse, and weighted by SA's 2011 live-births. Results: Of 9802 mother-infant pairs, 2738 iDBS were HIV sero-positive, including 212 HSP, resulting in a nationally weighted estimate of 3.3% HSP (95% Confidence Interval: 2.8%-3.8%). Median time of HIV-seroconversion was 32.8weeks gestation;28.3% (19.7%- 36.9%) estimated to be >36 weeks. Early MTCT was 10.7%for HSP (6.2%-16.8%) vs. 2.2% (1.7%-2.8%) for mothers with known HIV-positive status. Although they represent 2.2% of all mothers and 6.7% of HIV-infected mothers, HSP accounted for 26% of early MTCT. Multivariable analysis indicated the highest risk for HSP was among women who knew the baby's father was HIV-infected (adjusted-hazard ratio (aHR) 4.71; 1.49-14.99), or who had been screened for tuberculosis (aHR 1.82; 1.43-2.32). Conclusions: HSP risk is high and contributes significantly to early MTCT. Identification of HSP by repeat-testing at 32 weeks gestation, during labor, 6 weeks postpartum, in tuberculosis-exposed women, and in discordant couples might reduce MTCT. © 2015, Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.	None	DNA; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; adult; Article; controlled study; disease transmission; female; gestational age; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; infection rate; infection risk; live birth; major clinical study; mother to child transmission; pregnancy; puerperium; self report; seroconversion; South Africa; virus transmission	CDC, Medical Research Council; 1U2GPS001137-02, MRC, Medical Research Council; 1U2GPS001137-03, MRC, Medical Research Council
WoS	WOS:000344700300001	Evaluation of a community health worker intervention and the World Health Organization's Option B versus Option A to improve antenatal care and PMTCT outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled health systems im	Baernighausen, Till W.,Chalamilla, Guerino,Ekstrom, Anna Mia,Fawzi, Wafaie W.,Geldsetzer, Pascal,Kilewo, Charles,Lema, Irene Andrew,Li, Nan,Machumi, Lameck,Magesa, Lucy,Mujinja, Phares,Mungure, Ester,Mwanyika-Sando, Mary,Naburi, Helga,Sando, David,Siril,	2014	TRIALS	15	None	10.1186/1745-6215-15-359	Harvard University, Karolinska Institutet, Management & Dev Hlth, Muhimbili Univ Hlth & Allied Sci, Wellcome Trust Africa Ctr Hlth & Populat Studies	"Fawzi, Wafaie W.: Harvard University","Geldsetzer, Pascal: Harvard University","Li, Nan: Harvard University",	Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV remains an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. As HIV testing and linkage to PMTCT occurs in antenatal care (ANC), major challenges for any PMTCT option in developing countries, including Tanzania, are delays in the first ANC visit and a low overall number of visits. Community health workers (CHWs) have been effective in various settings in increasing the uptake of clinical services and improving treatment retention and adherence. At the beginning of this trial in January 2013, the World Health Organization recommended either of two medication regimens, Option A or B, for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). It is still largely unclear which option is more effective when implemented in a public healthcare system. This study aims to determine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of: (1) a community health worker (CWH) intervention and (2) PMTCT Option B in improving ANC and PMTCT outcomes. Methods/Design: This study is a cluster-randomized controlled health systems implementation trial with a two-by-two factorial design. All 60 administrative wards in the Kinondoni and Ilala districts in Dar es Salaam were first randomly allocated to either receiving the CHW intervention or not, and then to receiving either Option B or A. Under the standard of care, facility-based health workers follow up on patients who have missed scheduled appointments for PMTCT, first through a telephone call and then with a home visit. In the wards receiving the CHW intervention, the CHWs: (1) identify pregnant women through home visits and refer them to antenatal care; (2) provide education to pregnant women on antenatal care, PMTCT, birth, and postnatal care; (3) routinely follow up on all pregnant women to ascertain whether they have attended ANC; and (4) follow up on women who have missed ANC or PMTCT appointments.	"ANTENATAL CARE","COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS",HIV,"prevention of mother-to-child transmission",RETENTION,"study protocol",UPTAKE,"ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BOTSWANA,"DOSE NEVIRAPINE","HIV-1 TRANSMISSION",MORTALITY,PREGNANCY,PREVENTION,PROPHYLAXIS,SATISFACTION	None	None
None	None	Evaluation of a community health worker intervention and the World Health Organization's Option B versus Option A to improve antenatal care and PMTCT outcomes in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled health systems im	Sando D., Geldsetzer P., Magesa L., Lema I.A., Machumi L., Mwanyika-Sando M., Li N., Spiegelman D., Mungure E., Siril H., Mujinja P., Naburi H., Chalamilla G., Kilewo C., Ekström A.M., Fawzi W.W., Bärnighausen T.W.	2014	Trials	15	1	10.1186/1745-6215-15-359	Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, A2074 Road, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Sando, D., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geldsetzer, P., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Magesa, L., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lema, I.A., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Machumi, L., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mwanyika-Sando, M., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Li, N., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Spiegelman, D., Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Mungure, E., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Siril, H., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mujinja, P., School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naburi, H., School of Public Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Chalamilla, G., Management and Development for Health, Mwai Kibaki Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Kilewo, C., School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ekström, A.M., Department of Public Health Sciences, Tomtebodavägen, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Stockholm, Sweden, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinskavägen, Solna Stockholm, Sweden; Fawzi, W.W., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States; Bärnighausen, T.W., Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, United States, Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, A2074 Road, Mtubatuba, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV remains an important public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. As HIV testing and linkage to PMTCT occurs in antenatal care (ANC), major challenges for any PMTCT option in developing countries, including Tanzania, are delays in the first ANC visit and a low overall number of visits. Community health workers (CHWs) have been effective in various settings in increasing the uptake of clinical services and improving treatment retention and adherence. At the beginning of this trial in January 2013, the World Health Organization recommended either of two medication regimens, Option A or B, for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). It is still largely unclear which option is more effective when implemented in a public healthcare system. This study aims to determine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of: (1) a community health worker (CWH) intervention and (2) PMTCT Option B in improving ANC and PMTCT outcomes.Methods/Design: This study is a cluster-randomized controlled health systems implementation trial with a two-by-two factorial design. All 60 administrative wards in the Kinondoni and Ilala districts in Dar es Salaam were first randomly allocated to either receiving the CHW intervention or not, and then to receiving either Option B or A. Under the standard of care, facility-based health workers follow up on patients who have missed scheduled appointments for PMTCT, first through a telephone call and then with a home visit. In the wards receiving the CHW intervention, the CHWs: (1) identify pregnant women through home visits and refer them to antenatal care; (2) provide education to pregnant women on antenatal care, PMTCT, birth, and postnatal care; (3) routinely follow up on all pregnant women to ascertain whether they have attended ANC; and (4) follow up on women who have missed ANC or PMTCT appointments. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: EJF22802. Registration date: 14 May 2013. © 2014 Sando et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Antenatal care; Community health workers; HIV; Prevention of mother-to-child transmission; Retention; Study protocol; Uptake	Article; birth; clinical protocol; controlled study; cost effectiveness analysis; economic evaluation; feasibility study; female; follow up; health auxiliary; health care personnel; health care system; health education; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection prevention; major clinical study; postnatal care; pregnant woman; prenatal care; professional practice; randomized controlled trial; telephone; treatment outcome; vertical transmission; ward; world health organization; attitude to health; clinical trial; community care; comparative study; health auxiliary; health care planning; health care quality; health services research; HIV Infections; hospital management; methodology; multicenter study; newborn; patient attitude; patient education; perinatal care; pregnancy; prevention and control; standards; Tanzania; time; total quality management; transmission; vertical transmission; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Anti-HIV Agents; Appointments and Schedules; Community Health Services; Community Health Workers; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Services Research; Health Systems Plans; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Education as Topic; Perinatal Care; Pregnancy; Quality Improvement; Quality Indicators, Health Care; Research Design; Tanzania; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84960476670	Profile and economic impact of motorcycle injuries treated at a university referral hospital in Kigali, Rwanda	Allen Ingabire J.C., Petroze R.T., Calland F., Okiria J.C., Byiringiro J.C.	2015	Rwanda Medical Journal	72	4	None	Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; University of VirginiaVA, United States; Kampala University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda	Allen Ingabire, J.C., Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, Kampala University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Petroze, R.T., Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, Kampala University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Calland, F., Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, Kampala University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Okiria, J.C., University of VirginiaVA, United States, Kampala University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Byiringiro, J.C., University of VirginiaVA, United States, Kampala University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Motorcycle injuries constitute a major public health problem in developing countries, leading to significant disability and straining healthcare resources. We aim to present the basic epidemiology of motorcycle injuries presenting to an urban referral hospital in Rwanda and to evaluate patient outcomes and associated costs arising from injuries sustained on motorcycles. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of motorcycle injury patients presenting to Kigali Teaching University Hospital from January-December, 2011. Patients were identified through review of ward registers and trauma registries and stratified into 3 groups based upon length of stay. A representative sample of 269 patients was randomly selected from each group for financial analysis. Data were collected from patient medical, police, and financial records as well as patient interviews. Cost analysis was based upon the standard road accident cost conceptual framework. Data were collected using Epi data 3.1, Excel and analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: A total of 269 motorcycle accident files were examined. Males were more affected than females with sex ratio F:M;1:6.72.Youths were more involved in motorcycle accident (53.2%) than other age group(16-30 years).The majority of Motorcycles victims were motorcyclists, (30.86%), businessmen (20.45%) and students (11.53%). Motorcycle-vehicle (41.61%) was the first cause of motorcycle injuries then motorcycle-pedestrian (30.86%).Helmet use was 92.75%.Head injuries and fractures were the predominant diagnoses (82.15%).About 46.7% had pre-hospital care. The mean hospital stay was 15.43 days, and 38.3% spent more than 15 days in hospitalization. Permanent disability was confirmed in 11.5% (n=31), and mortality was 10.4% (n=28). The total economic cost was estimated at US$1,236,207.31 with 39.40% (US$487,030.30) due to loss of labor and 21.76% due to direct medical costs (US$269,000.84). Conclusions: Motorcycle injuries create a substantial disability and cost burden in Kigali, Rwanda. Prevention and early treatment should be promoted to decrease the morbidity and financial burden. © 2015, Bioline International. All right reserved.	Accident; Casualty; Helmet; Injury pattern; Management; Motorcycle injuries; Outcome; Prevalence; Related cost; Rwanda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926217410	Development and evaluation of pictograms on medication labels for patients with limited literacy skills in a culturally diverse multiethnic population	Kheir N., Awaisu A., Radoui A., El Badawi A., Jean L., Dowse R.	2014	Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy	10	5	10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.11.003	College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2317, Doha, Qatar; Qatar Petroleum, Doha, Qatar; Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Kheir, N., College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2317, Doha, Qatar; Awaisu, A., College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2317, Doha, Qatar; Radoui, A., College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2317, Doha, Qatar; El Badawi, A., College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2317, Doha, Qatar; Jean, L., Qatar Petroleum, Doha, Qatar; Dowse, R., Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Background: Much of the migrant workforce in Qatar is of low literacy level and does not understand Arabic or English, presenting a significant challenge to health care professionals. Medicine labels are typically in Arabic and English and are therefore poorly understood by these migrant workers. Objective: To develop pictograms illustrating selected medicine label instructions and to evaluate comprehension of the pictograms or conventional text supported with verbal instructions in foreign workers with low literacy skills. Methods: A range of common labeling instructions were identified and pictograms depicting these were developed using visual concepts and ideas from the literature. The process involved a consultative approach with input from the researchers, a local graphic artist, and members of the target population. The final set was evaluated for comprehension in participants who were randomized to one of three study groups: text plus verbal instructions, pictogram-only label, and pictogram with verbal instructions. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between group variables. Statistical significance was set at P≤0.05. Results: Of 23 label instructions screened, 11 were selected for the study. A total of 123 participants took part in this study. Pictogram plus verbal instructions group achieved better results in interpreting the majority of the label instructions (P≤0.05). The best interpreted pictograms with verbal instructions included: "Take two tablets three times a day," "Take one tablet in the morning and one tablet at night," and "Instill one drop in the eye." The worst interpreted pictograms with verbal instructions were: "Do not take with dairy products" and "Do not use by mouth." Some pictograms were difficult to interpret even when accompanied with verbal instructions, suggesting the need to thoroughly pilot them among users prior to implementation. Conclusion: Medication labels consisting of simple pictorials supported by verbal instructions were better comprehended by individuals with low literacy skills than labels with written plus verbal instructions in a language that the individual did not understand. Further, pictogram-only labels were the least comprehended types of medicine labels among the participants. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.	Labels; Low literacy; Medicines; Pharmacy; Pictogram; Qatar	adult; comprehension; drug labeling; ethnic group; evaluation study; health literacy; human; medical information; migration; patient education; procedures; Qatar; young adult; Adult; Comprehension; Drug Labeling; Ethnic Groups; Health Communication; Health Literacy; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Qatar; Transients and Migrants; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885414180	The Impact of Isoniazid Resistance on the Treatment Outcomes of Smear Positive Re-Treatment Tuberculosis Patients in the State of Andhra Pradesh, India	Deepa D., Achanta S., Jaju J., Rao K., Samyukta R., Claassens M., Kumar A.M.V., PH V.	2013	PLoS ONE	8	10	10.1371/journal.pone.0076189	State Tuberculosis Training and Demonstration Center, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India; World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office in India, New Delhi, India; State TB Cell, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India; Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India	Deepa, D., State Tuberculosis Training and Demonstration Center, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India; Achanta, S., World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office in India, New Delhi, India; Jaju, J., World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office in India, New Delhi, India; Rao, K., State Tuberculosis Training and Demonstration Center, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India; Samyukta, R., State TB Cell, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India; Claassens, M., Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Kumar, A.M.V., International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India; PH, V., State Tuberculosis Training and Demonstration Center, Directorate General of Health Services, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, India	Background:Multi drug resistant and rifampicin resistant TB patients in India are treated with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended standardized treatment regimens but no guidelines are available for the management of isoniazid (INH) resistant TB patients. There have been concerns that the standard eight-month retreatment regimen being used in India (2H3R3Z3E3S3/1H3R3Z3E3/5H3R3E3; H-Isoniazid; R-Rifampicin; Z-Pyrazinamide; E-Ethambutol; S-Streptomycin) may be inadequate to treat INH resistant TB cases and leads to poor treatment outcomes. We aimed to assess if INH resistance is associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes (death, default, failure and transferred out) among a cohort of smear positive retreatment TB patients registered in three districts of Andhra Pradesh, India.Methods:We conducted a retrospective record review of all smear positive retreatment TB patients without rifampicin resistance registered during April-December 2011.Results:Of 1,947 TB patients, 1,127 (58%) were tested with LPA-50 (4%) were rifampicin resistant, 933 (84%) were sensitive to INH and rifampicin and 144 (12%) were INH resistant. Of 144 INH resistant cases, 64 (44%) had poor treatment outcomes (25 (17%) default, 22 (15%) death, 12 (8%) failure and 5 (3%) transfer out) as compared to 287 (31%) among INH sensitive cases [aRR 1.46; 95%CI (1.19-1.78)].Conclusion:Our study confirms that INH resistance is independently associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes among smear positive retreatment TB patients, indicating that the current treatment regimen may be inadequate. These findings call for an urgent need for randomized controlled trials to discover the most effective treatment regimen for managing INH resistant TB. © 2013 deepa et al.	None	cycloserine; ethambutol; ethionamide; isoniazid; kanamycin; levofloxacin; pyrazinamide; rifampicin; adult; antibiotic resistance; antibiotic sensitivity; article; cohort analysis; controlled study; death; disease registry; drug treatment failure; female; human; India; major clinical study; male; multidrug resistant tuberculosis; outcome assessment; patient transport; relapse; retreatment; retrospective study; sensitivity analysis; sputum smear; treatment outcome; tuberculosis; Adult; Demography; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Retreatment; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
WoS	WOS:000305583300126	Towards Universal Health Coverage: An Evaluation of Rwanda Mutuelles in Its First Eight Years	Basinga, Paulin,Binagwaho, Agnes,Chin, Brian,Hill, Kenneth,Hirschhorn, Lisa R.,Lewandowski, Jiwon Lee,Lu, Chunling,Murray, Megan	2012	PLOS ONE	7	6	10.1371/journal.pone.0039282	Asian Development Bank, Harvard University, University of Rwanda	"Basinga, Paulin: University of Rwanda","Chin, Brian: Asian Development Bank","Hill, Kenneth: Harvard University","Hirschhorn, Lisa R.: Harvard University","Lewandowski, Jiwon Lee: Harvard University","Lu, Chunling: Harvard University","Murray, Megan: Harvard University",	Background: Mutuelles is a community-based health insurance program, established since 1999 by the Government of Rwanda as a key component of the national health strategy on providing universal health care. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of Mutuelles on achieving universal coverage of medical services and financial risk protection in its first eight years of implementation. Methods and Findings: We conducted a quantitative impact evaluation of Mutuelles between 2000 and 2008 using nationally-representative surveys. At the national and provincial levels, we traced the evolution of Mutuelles coverage and its impact on child and maternal care coverage from 2000 to 2008, as well as household catastrophic health payments from 2000 to 2006. At the individual level, we investigated the impact of Mutuelles' coverage on enrollees' medical care utilization using logistic regression. We focused on three target populations: the general population, under-five children, and women with delivery. At the household level, we used logistic regression to study the relationship between Mutuelles coverage and the probability of incurring catastrophic health spending. The main limitation was that due to insufficient data, we are not able to study the impact of Mutuelles on health outcomes, such as child and maternal mortalities, directly. The findings show that Mutuelles improved medical care utilization and protected households from catastrophic health spending. Among Mutuelles enrollees, those in the poorest expenditure quintile had a significantly lower rate of utilization and higher rate of catastrophic health spending. The findings are robust to various estimation methods and datasets. Conclusions: Rwanda's experience suggests that community-based health insurance schemes can be effective tools for achieving universal health coverage even in the poorest settings. We suggest a future study on how eliminating Mutuelles copayments for the poorest will improve their healthcare utilization, lower their catastrophic health spending, and affect the finances of health care providers.	,ASIA,CARE,CHINA,COUNTRIES,IMPACT,INSURANCE,OUT-OF-POCKET,PAYMENTS,SERVICES	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960956034	Mycolactone diffuses into the peripheral blood of buruli ulcer patients - implications for diagnosis and disease monitoring	Sarfo F.S., Chevalier F., Aka N., Phillips R.O., Amoako Y., Boneca I.G., Lenormand P., Dosso M., Wansbrough-Jones M., Veyron-Churlet R., Guenin-Macé L., Demangel C.	2011	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	5	7	10.1371/journal.pntd.0001237	Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Institut Pasteur, Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Mycobactéries Tuberculeuses et Atypiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Institut Pasteur, Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France; INSERM, Groupe AVENIR, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Paris, France; St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom	Sarfo, F.S., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Chevalier, F., Institut Pasteur, Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France; Aka, N., Institut Pasteur, Mycobactéries Tuberculeuses et Atypiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Phillips, R.O., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Amoako, Y., Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Boneca, I.G., Institut Pasteur, Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France, INSERM, Groupe AVENIR, Paris, France; Lenormand, P., Institut Pasteur, Plateforme Protéomique, Paris, France; Dosso, M., Institut Pasteur, Mycobactéries Tuberculeuses et Atypiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; Wansbrough-Jones, M., St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Veyron-Churlet, R., Institut Pasteur, Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France; Guenin-Macé, L., Institut Pasteur, Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France; Demangel, C., Institut Pasteur, Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Paris, France	Background: Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer (BU), is unique among human pathogens in its capacity to produce a polyketide-derived macrolide called mycolactone, making this molecule an attractive candidate target for diagnosis and disease monitoring. Whether mycolactone diffuses from ulcerated lesions in clinically accessible samples and is modulated by antibiotic therapy remained to be established. Methodology/Principal Finding: Peripheral blood and ulcer exudates were sampled from patients at various stages of antibiotic therapy in Ghana and Ivory Coast. Total lipids were extracted from serum, white cell pellets and ulcer exudates with organic solvents. The presence of mycolactone in these extracts was then analyzed by a recently published, field-friendly method using thin layer chromatography and fluorescence detection. This approach did not allow us to detect mycolactone accurately, because of a high background due to co-extracted human lipids. We thus used a previously established approach based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. By this means, we could identify structurally intact mycolactone in ulcer exudates and serum of patients, and evaluate the impact of antibiotic treatment on the concentration of mycolactone. Conclusions/Significance: Our study provides the proof of concept that assays based on mycolactone detection in serum and ulcer exudates can form the basis of BU diagnostic tests. However, the identification of mycolactone required a technology that is not compatible with field conditions and point-of-care assays for mycolactone detection remain to be worked out. Notably, we found mycolactone in ulcer exudates harvested at the end of antibiotic therapy, suggesting that the toxin is eliminated by BU patients at a slow rate. Our results also indicated that mycolactone titres in the serum may reflect a positive response to antibiotics, a possibility that it will be interesting to examine further through longitudinal studies. © 2011 Sarfo et al.	None	bacterial protein; mycolactone; unclassified drug; antiinfective agent; bacterial toxin; biological marker; mycolactone; adolescent; adult; antibiotic therapy; article; blood sampling; Buruli ulcer; controlled study; female; fluorescence analysis; high performance liquid chromatography; human; human cell; intermethod comparison; male; mass spectrometry; patient monitoring; point of care testing; prognosis; thin layer chromatography; blood; Buruli ulcer; chemistry; exudate; injury; isolation and purification; microbiology; mononuclear cell; Mycobacterium ulcerans; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Biological Markers; Buruli Ulcer; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Mycobacterium ulcerans; Wounds and Injuries	None
WoS	WOS:000334942700001	Implementation and evaluation of the Helping Babies Breathe curriculum in three resource limited settings: does Helping Babies Breathe save lives? A study protocol	Bang, Akash,Bellad, Roopa,Carlo, Waldemar A.,Derman, Richard J.,Esamai, Fabian,Gisore, Peter,Goco, Norman,Goudar, Shivaprasad,Hibberd, Patricia,Liechty, Edward A.,McClure, Elizabeth,Meleth, Sreelatha,Patel, Archana,Wright, Linda L.	2014	BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH	14	None	10.1186/1471-2393-14-116	Harvard University, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana University System, Moi University, National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA, Research Triangle Institute, University of Alabama Birmingham, University of Alabama System, Christiana Care, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Natl Inst Child Hlth & Hum, KLEs Jawaharlal Nehru Med Coll, Lata Med Res Fdn, Mahatma Gandhi Inst Med Sci, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), , RTI Int	"Carlo, Waldemar A.: University of Alabama Birmingham","Carlo, Waldemar A.: University of Alabama System","Esamai, Fabian: Moi University","Gisore, Peter: Moi University","Goco, Norman: Research Triangle Institute","Hibberd, Patricia: Harvard University","Liechty, Edward A.: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis","Liechty, Edward A.: Indiana University System","McClure, Elizabeth: Research Triangle Institute","Meleth, Sreelatha: Research Triangle Institute","Wright, Linda L.: National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA",	Background: Neonatal deaths account for over 40% of all under-5 year deaths; their reduction is increasingly critical for achieving Millennium Development Goal 4. An estimated 3 million newborns die annually during their first month of life; half of these deaths occur during delivery or within 24 hours. Every year, 6 million babies require help to breathe immediately after birth. Resuscitation training to help babies breathe and prevent/manage birth asphyxia is not routine in low-middle income facility settings. Helping Babies Breathe (HBB), a simulation-training program for babies wherever they are born, was developed for use in low-middle income countries. We evaluated whether HBB training of facility birth attendants reduces perinatal mortality in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Global Network research sites. Methods/design: We hypothesize that a two-year prospective pre-post study to evaluate the impact of a facility-based training package, including HBB and essential newborn care, will reduce all perinatal mortality (fresh stillbirth or neonatal death prior to 7 days) among the Global Network's Maternal Neonatal Health Registry births &gt;= 1500 grams in the study clusters served by the facilities. We will also evaluate the effectiveness of the HBB training program changing on facility-based perinatal mortality and resuscitation practices. Seventy-one health facilities serving 52 geographically-defined study clusters in Belgaum and Nagpur, India, and Eldoret, Kenya, and 30,000 women will be included. Primary outcome data will be collected by staff not involved in the HBB intervention. Additional data on resuscitations, resuscitation debriefings, death audits, quality monitoring and improvement will be collected. HBB training will include training of MTs, facility level birth attendants, and quality monitoring and improvement activities. Discussion: Our study will evaluate the effect of a HBB/ENC training and quality monitoring and improvement package on perinatal mortality using a large multicenter design and approach in 71 resource-limited health facilities, leveraging an existing birth registry to provide neonatal outcomes through day 7. The study will provide the evidence base, lessons learned, and best practices that will be essential to guiding future policy and investment in neonatal resuscitation.	ASPHYXIA,"bag and mask ventilation","&gt;= 1500 grams","Helping Babies Breathe","NEONATAL MORTALITY","PERINATAL MORTALITY",RESUSCITATION,STILLBIRTH,DEVELOPING-COUNTRY,"NEONATAL RESUSCITATION",PERINATAL-MORTALITY	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65349173593	Neurosurgery in nigeria - An evaluation of the perception of health personnel in a new centre and a comparison of the nigerian situation with that of other african states	Emejulu J.K.C.	2008	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	11	4	None	Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Emejulu, J.K.C., Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background: Neurosurgery has become endangered species in Nigeria. We have only 15 practising neurosurgeons for our population of 150million, giving a ratio of one neurosurgeon to 1 Omillion Nigerians. Of the 26 accredited medical schools, only 6 offer neurosurgery. This study is a preliminary evaluation of the perceptions about neurosurgery before the commencement of neurosurgical services in a tertiary health institution, and a comparison with the situation in other African countries. Methodology: A questionnaire designed after the 5-point Likert rating scale was distributed to doctors, nurses, final-year medical/nursing students, paramedics and administrative staff of the 350-bed health institution. The completed questionnaires that were returned, were collated and data analysis done. Results: Out of 200 questionnaires distributed, 164 were completed and returned. Most of the respondents were females 59.1%, and most were in the 20 30 year age group, 57.3%; more than 96% stated that they have heard of neurosurgery previously, but rated the available services in Nigeria as inadequate 50.6%, and quality of services as fair 39.6% or poor 36.6%, respectively. In their opinion, political and administrative lapses rather than funding are responsible for the poor state of affairs, culminating in unavailability of adequate manpower and facilities. Health policy changes and provision of facilities with manpower training were suggested by 78% of respondents as the solution to the problem. Most, however agree that neurosurgery has good prospects 78%, m the institution. Conclusion: Neurosurgical service in Nigeria is grossly inadequate both in availability and quality, and these have resulted from bad government policies. It is therefore of utmost necessity that services and training be urgently provided in this specialty, at least in the tertiary institutions in Nigeria.	Africa; Neurosurgeons; Population; Ratio; World	Africa; article; comparative study; education; female; health care delivery; health care policy; health personnel attitude; human; male; manpower; neurosurgery; Nigeria; questionnaire; Africa; Attitude of Health Personnel; Female; Health Policy; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Male; Neurosurgery; Nigeria; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873831726	Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy impacts artesunate and dihydroartemisinin disposition in HIV-infected Nigerian adults	Fehintola F.A., Scarsi K.K., Ma Q., Parikh S., Morse G.D., Taiwo B., Akinola I.T., Adewole I.F., Lindegardh N., Phakderaj A., Ojengbede O., Murphy R.L., Akinyinka O.O., Aweeka F.T.	2012	AIDS Research and Treatment	2012	None	10.1155/2012/703604	Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Department o	Fehintola, F.A., Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Scarsi, K.K., Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Ma, Q., Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States; Parikh, S., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States; Morse, G.D., Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States; Taiwo, B., Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Akinola, I.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adewole, I.F., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Lindegardh, N., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Phakderaj, A., Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Ojengbede, O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Murphy, R.L., Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60614, United States; Akinyinka, O.O., Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aweeka, F.T., Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States	Background. Nevirapine- (NVP-) based antiretroviral therapy (ART) and artesunate-amodiaquine are frequently coprescribed in areas of HIV and malaria endemicity. We explored the impact of this practice on artesunate and dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetics. Methods. We conducted a parallel-group pharmacokinetic comparison between HIV-infected patients receiving NVP-based ART (n=10) and ART-naive controls (n=11). Artesunate-amodiaquine 200/600 mg was given daily for three days. Measurement of drug concentrations occurred between 0 and 96 hours after the final dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. Results. Comparing the NVP group to controls, clearance of artesunate was reduced 50% (1950 versus 2995 L/h; P=0.03), resulting in a 45% increase in the AUC(105 versus 69 ug hr/L; P=0.02). The half-life of dihydroartemisinin was shorter in the NVP group (1.6 versuss 3.2 h; P=0.004), but other dihydroartemisinin pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged. A lower conversion of artesunate to dihydroartemisinin was observed in the NVP group (dihydroartemisinin: artesunate AUC=5.6 versuss 8.5 in NVP and control groups, respectively, P=0.008). Conclusion. Although NVP-containing ART impacted some pharmacokinetic parameters of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin, overall exposure was similar or better in the NVP group. © 2012 Fatai A. Fehintola et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47349101022	Monitoring antimalarial safety and tolerability in clinical trials: A case study from Uganda	Staedke S.G., Jagannathan P., Yeka A., Bukirwa H., Banek K., Maiteki-Sebuguzi C., Clark T.D., Nzarubara B., Njama-Meya D., Mpimbaza A., Rosenthal P.J., Kamya M.R., Wabwire-Mangen F., Dorsey G., Talisuna A.O.	2008	Malaria Journal	7	None	10.1186/1475-2875-7-107	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; C/o MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Staedke, S.G., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, C/o MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Jagannathan, P., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Yeka, A., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Bukirwa, H., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Banek, K., Uganda Malaria Surveillance Project, Kampala, Uganda; Maiteki-Sebuguzi, C., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Clark, T.D., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Nzarubara, B., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Njama-Meya, D., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Mpimbaza, A., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Rosenthal, P.J., Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kamya, M.R., Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda; Wabwire-Mangen, F., Makerere University, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda; Dorsey, G., C/o MU-UCSF Research Collaboration, Mulago Hospital Complex, P.O. Box 7475, Kampala, Uganda; Talisuna, A.O., Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda	Background. New antimalarial regimens, including artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), have been adopted widely as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. Although these drugs appear to be safe and well-tolerated, experience with their use in Africa is limited and continued assessment of safety is a priority. However, no standardized guidelines for evaluating drug safety and tolerability in malaria studies exist. A system for monitoring adverse events in antimalarial trials conducted in Uganda was developed. Here the reporting system is described, and difficulties faced in analysing and interpreting the safety results are illustrated, using data from the trials. Case description. Between 2002 and 2007, eleven randomized, controlled clinical trials were conducted to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of different antimalarial regimens for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. The approach to adverse event monitoring was similar in all studies. A total of 5,614 treatments were evaluated in 4,876 patients. Differences in baseline characteristics and patterns of adverse event reporting were noted between the sites, which limited the ability to pool and analyse data. Clinical failure following antimalarial treatment confounded associations between treatment and adverse events that were also common symptoms of malaria, particularly in areas of lower transmission intensity. Discussion and evaluation. Despite prospectively evaluating for adverse events, limitations in the monitoring system were identified. New standardized guidelines for monitoring safety and tolerability in antimalarial trials are needed, which should address how to detect events of greatest importance, including serious events, those with a causal relationship to the treatment, those which impact on adherence, and events not previously reported. Conclusion. Although the World Health Organization has supported the development of pharmacovigilance systems in African countries deploying ACTs, additional guidance on adverse events monitoring in antimalarial clinical trials is needed, similar to the standardized recommendations available for assessment of drug efficacy. © 2008 Staedke et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	amodiaquine plus artesunate; amodiaquine plus fansidar; artemether plus benflumetol; artemisinin derivative; chloroquine plus fansidar; dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine; antimalarial agent; artemisinin; anemia; article; case study; clinical trial; convulsion; disease transmission; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; drug surveillance program; drug tolerability; drug treatment failure; follow up; human; laboratory test; malaria; mental disease; neurotoxicity; neutropenia; practice guideline; prospective study; respiratory tract disease; systematic review; thrombocytopenia; time series analysis; treatment failure; Uganda; vomiting; weakness; world health organization; child; drug combination; infant; preschool child; randomized controlled trial; standard; statistics; treatment outcome; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Antimalarials; Artemisinins; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887586286	Performance and safety of the second-generation female condom (FC2) versus the Woman's, the VA worn-of-women, and the Cupid female condoms: A randomised controlled non-inferiority crossover trial	Beksinska M.E., Piaggio G., Smit J.A., Wu J., Zhang Y., Pienaar J., Greener R., Zhou Y., Joanis C.	2013	The Lancet Global Health	1	3	10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70054-8	Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Joanis Consulting, Kennesaw, GA, United States	Beksinska, M.E., Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Piaggio, G., Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Smit, J.A., Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Wu, J., Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Zhang, Y., Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Pienaar, J., Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Greener, R., Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MatCH), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Zhou, Y., Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Joanis, C., Joanis Consulting, Kennesaw, GA, United States	Background: New designs of female condom have been developed to reduce costs and improve acceptability. To secure regulatory approvals, clinical studies are needed to verify performance. We aimed to assess the functional performance and safety of three new condom types-the Woman's Condom, the VA worn-of-women (wow) Condom Feminine, and the Cupid female condom-against the existing second-generation female condom (FC2). Methods: We did a randomised controlled, non-inferiority, four-period crossover trial at three sites in Shanghai, China, and one site in Durban, South Africa, between May 1, 2011, and Jan 31, 2012. Participants aged 18-45 years who were sexually active, monogamous, not pregnant, and not sex workers, were eligible for inclusion if they were literate, had no known allergies to the study products; used a reliable, non-barrier method of contraception, and had no visible or reported sexually transmitted infections. We used a computer-generated randomisation sequence with a Williams square design of size four to assign patients (1:1:1:1) to the FC2 control device, or the Woman's, VA wow, or Cupid condoms, with 12 potential allocations. Randomisation was stratified by site. Participants were not masked to condom type, but allocation was concealed from study investigators. The primary non-inferiority endpoints were total clinical failure and total female condom failure, with a non-inferiority margin of 3%. Women were asked to use five of each condom type and were interviewed after use of each type. We also assessed safety data for each type. We did both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses. We calculated frequencies and percentages for each failure event and estimated differences in performance with a generalised estimating equation model. This study is registered, number DOH-27-0113-4271. Findings: 616 women were assessed for eligibility, of whom 600 were randomly assigned to condom-type order (30, 120, and 150 women in the three sites in China, and 300 women in the site in South Africa). 572 women completed follow-up, with at least one condom of each type. Total female condom failure was 3·43% for FC2, 3·85% for the Woman's Condom (difference 0·42%, 90% CI -1·42 to 2·26), 3·02% for VA wow (-0·42%, -1·86 to 1·32), and 4·52% for Cupid (1·09%, -0·60 to 2·78); total clinical failure was 2·88%, 3·05% (0·17%, -1·48 to 1·81), 2·49% (-0·25%, -1·75 to 1·26), and 3·87% (0·99%, -0·55 to 2·52), respectively. Only two (<1%) participants, in South Africa, reported serious adverse events, unrelated to use of the study products. Interpretation: Non-inferiority was shown for all condom failure events for the three new devices versus the FC2, within the predefined margin. Funding: Universal Access to Female Condoms (UAFC). © 2013 Beksinska et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms CC BY-NC-ND.	None	adult; article; controlled study; cupid female condom; device safety; female; female condom; follow up; human; human experiment; penile itching; performance; priority journal; randomized controlled trial; rash; second generation female condom; VA worn of women condom; vagina pain; vagina swelling; vaginal burning sensation; vaginal pruritus; adolescent; China; crossover procedure; device failure; equipment design; middle aged; patient attitude; patient satisfaction; South Africa; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; China; Condoms, Female; Cross-Over Studies; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Satisfaction; South Africa; Young Adult	None
None	None	Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antibody responses in populations with different levels of exposure from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Brazil, and Denmark	Hoff S.T., Abebe M., Ravn P., Range N., Malenganisho W., Rodriques D.S., Kallas E.G., Søborg C., Doherty T.M., Andersen P., Weldingh K.	2007	Clinical Infectious Diseases	45	5	10.1086/520662	Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania; Clemente Ferreira Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Dept. of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark	Hoff, S.T., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, Dept. of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Abebe, M., Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ravn, P., Department of Infectious Diseases, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania; Malenganisho, W., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania; Rodriques, D.S., Clemente Ferreira Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Kallas, E.G., Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Søborg, C., Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Doherty, T.M., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Andersen, P., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Weldingh, K., Department of Infectious Diseases Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark	Background. New, simple, and better-performing diagnostic tools are needed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Much effort has been invested in developing an antibody-based test for TB, but to date, no such test has performed with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. A key question remaining is the extent to which the disappointing performance of current tests is associated with a high background prevalence of latent TB. Methods. We compared Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibody responses in a total of 565 human serum samples from M. tuberculosis-uninfected donors and donors with latent infection, as well as samples from patients with active TB. Our study included samples from 4 countries, representing environments with low, intermediate, and high TB incidences. Results. We demonstrated significant increases in antibody levels in latently infected contacts, compared with M. tuberculosis-uninfected individuals, and in patients with active TB disease, compared with latently infected contacts. Furthermore, we found a striking increase in the magnitude of the antibody responses in samples obtained from infected Ethiopian individuals (with and without disease), compared with Danish and Brazilian infected individuals; this was presumably the result of higher exposure levels. Conclusions. Our study confirms the presence of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibodies in patients with TB, and we demonstrate that significant antibody responses are not restricted to active TB disease but can reflect latent infection, particularly in areas with high levels of exposure to M. tuberculosis. This finding is important for the understanding of the poor discriminatory power of current serodiagnostic tests in regions of endemicity, and it may have major implications on the future development of serologic tests. © 2007 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	bacterial protein; early secretory antigenic target 6; hybrid protein; immunoglobulin G antibody; protein CFP 10; unclassified drug; antibody response; article; controlled study; endemic disease; environmental factor; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; geography; human; incidence; major clinical study; medical assessment; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; priority journal; protein analysis; protein expression; protein purification; serology; tuberculosis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibody Formation; Antibody Specificity; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Brazil; Denmark; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Peptide Fragments; Serologic Tests; Tanzania; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84953293659	Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Evaluation of Research Capacity in Nigeria	Okorie P.N., Bockarie M.J., Molyneux D.H., Kelly-Hope L.A.	2014	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	8	8	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003078	Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Okorie, P.N., Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Bockarie, M.J., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Molyneux, D.H., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kelly-Hope, L.A., Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Background: Nigeria carries the highest burden and diversity of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) in sub-Saharan Africa and is preparing to scale up its efforts to control/eliminate these diseases. To achieve this it will require a range of internal technical support and expertise for mapping, monitoring and evaluating, operational research and documenting its success. In order to begin to evaluate this potential in Nigeria, this study collated and analysed information for lymphatic filariasis (LF), onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STH), which are currently being targeted with preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration (MDA). Methodology/Principal Findings: Information from 299 scientific articles published on the selected NTDs in 179 journals between January 2008 and September 2013 was extracted and systematically compiled into a geo-referenced database for analysis and mapping. The highest number of articles was from the southern geo-political zones of the country. The majority of articles focused on one specific disease, and schistosomiasis and STH were found to have the highest and most wide ranging research output. The main type of study was parasitological, and the least was biotechnological. Nigerian authors were mostly affiliated with universities, and there was a wide range of international co-authors from Africa and other regions, especially the USA and UK. The majority of articles were published in journals with no known impact factor. Conclusions/Significance: The extensive database and series of maps on the research capacity within Nigeria produced in this study highlights the current potential that exists, and needs to be fully maximized for the control/elimination of NTDs in the country. This study provides an important model approach that can be applied to other low and middle income countries where NTDs are endemic, and NTD programmes require support from the expertise within their own country, as well as internationally, to help raise their profile and importance. © 2014 Okorie et al.	None	Africa; African trypanosomiasis; Article; Asia; Buruli ulcer; Europe; helminthiasis; human; loiasis; lymphatic filariasis; Nigeria; onchocerciasis; schistosomiasis; tropical disease; tropical medicine; United States; animal; cooperation; Elephantiasis, Filarial; journal impact factor; medical research; Neglected Diseases; parasitology; publication; soil; tropical medicine; soil; Animals; Biomedical Research; Cooperative Behavior; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Helminthiasis; Humans; Journal Impact Factor; Neglected Diseases; Nigeria; Publications; Schistosomiasis; Soil; Tropical Medicine	DFID, Department for International Development
WoS	WOS:000344345100006	The Impact of Mentor Mother Programs on PMTCT Service Uptake and Retention-in-Care at Primary Health Care Facilities in Nigeria: A Prospective Cohort Study (MoMent Nigeria)	Adejuyigbe, Ebun,Adeyemi, Olusegun A.,Afe, Abayomi J.,Bassey, Emem,Charurat, Manhattan E.,Cornelius, Llewellyn J.,Galadanci, Hadiza,Isah, Haroun O.,Jolaoso, Ibidun,Okundaye, Joshua N.,Sam-Agudu, Nadia A.,Wiwa, Owens M.	2014	JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES	67	None	10.1097/QAI.0000000000000331	Bayero University, Obafemi Awolowo University, University of Maryland Baltimore, University System of Maryland, Clinton Hlth Access Initiat, Equitable Hlth Access Initiat, Fed Minist Hlth, Inst Human Virol Nigeria	"Adejuyigbe, Ebun: Obafemi Awolowo University","Charurat, Manhattan E.: University of Maryland Baltimore","Charurat, Manhattan E.: University System of Maryland","Cornelius, Llewellyn J.: University of Maryland Baltimore","Cornelius, Llewellyn J.: University System of Maryland","Galadanci, Hadiza: Bayero University","Okundaye, Joshua N.: University of Maryland Baltimore","Okundaye, Joshua N.: University System of Maryland",	Background:Nigeria is a key target country in the global effort toward elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Low coverage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions, adherence, and retention-in-care rates in HIV-positive pregnant women are contributing factors to high mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) rates. In Nigeria, rural areas, served largely by primary health care facilities, have particularly poor indicators of PMTCT coverage. Mentor Mothers are HIV-positive women who serve as peer counselors for PMTCT clients, provide guidance, and support in keeping appointments and promoting antiretroviral adherence and retention-in-care. The Mother Mentor (MoMent) study aims to investigate the impact of structured Mentor Mother programs on PMTCT outcomes in rural Nigeria.Design and Methods:A prospective cohort study will compare rates of retention-in-care among PMTCT clients who are supported by formally-trained supervised Mentor Mothers versus clients who receive standard-of-care, informal peer support. Study sites are 20 primary health care centers (10 intervention, 10 control) in rural North-Central Nigeria. The study population is HIV-positive mothers and exposed infant pairs (MIPs) (N = 480; 240 MIPs per study arm). Primary outcome measures are the proportion of exposed infants receiving early HIV testing by age 2 months, and the proportion of MIPs retained in care at 6 months postpartum. Secondary outcome measures examine antiretroviral adherence, 12-month postpartum MIP retention, and MTCT rates. This article presents details of the study design, the structured Mentor Mother programs, and how their impact on PMTCT outcomes will be assessed.	ADHERENCE,"early infant diagnosis","Mentor Mother",NIGERIA,PMTCT,RETENTION,AFRICA,CASCADE,COMMUNITY,INTERVENTION,OUTCOMES,PREVENTION,"TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION",WORKERS	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-65449165286	Performance of clinical algorithms for HIV-1 diagnosis and antiretroviral initiation among HIV-1-exposed children aged less than 18 months in Kenya	Inwani I., Mbori-Ngacha D., Nduati R., Obimbo E., Wamalwa D., John-Stewart G., Farquhar C.	2009	Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes	50	5	10.1097/QAI.0b013e318198a8a4	Department of Paediatrics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Box 29720, Hospital Road, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	Inwani, I., Department of Paediatrics, Kenyatta National Hospital, Box 29720, Hospital Road, Nairobi 00202, Kenya; Mbori-Ngacha, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Nduati, R., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Obimbo, E., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Wamalwa, D., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; John-Stewart, G., Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Farquhar, C., Departments of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States	BACKGROUND:: Ninety percent of HIV-1-infected children live in sub-Saharan Africa. In the absence of diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy, approximately 50% die before 2 years. METHODS:: We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of clinical algorithms for diagnosis of HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-1-exposed children aged less than 18 months. Children were identified with routine HIV-1 testing and assessed using 3 sets of criteria: (1) Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI), (2) World Health Organization Presumptive Diagnosis (WHO-PD) for HIV-1 infection, and (3) CD4 T-lymphocyte cell subsets. HIV-1 infection status was determined using DNA polymerase chain reaction testing. FINDINGS:: A total of 1418 children (median age 5.4 months) were screened for HIV-1 antibodies, of whom 144 (10.2%) were seropositive. Of these, 134 (93%) underwent HIV-1 DNA testing and 80 (60%) were found to be HIV-1 infected. Compared with HIV-1 DNA testing, sensitivity and specificity of the IMCI criteria were 19% and 96% and for WHO-PD criteria 43% and 88%, respectively. Inclusion of severe immune deficiency determined by CD4% improved sensitivity of IMCI and WHO-PD criteria to 74% and 84%, respectively; however, specificity declined to 43% and 41%, respectively. INTERPRETATION:: Diagnosis of HIV-1 infection among exposed children less than 18 months in a high-prevalence resource-limited setting remains a challenge, and current recommended algorithms have low sensitivity. This underscores the need for rapid scale-up of viral assays for early infant diagnosis. Copyright © 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	Clinical algorithms; HIV-1; Infant diagnosis	antiretrovirus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; age distribution; antiviral therapy; article; caregiver; CD4 lymphocyte count; child; classification algorithm; diagnostic accuracy; disease severity; DNA determination; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; infant; Kenya; major clinical study; male; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; serodiagnosis; T lymphocyte subpopulation; treatment outcome; virus diagnosis; world health organization; adult; algorithm; blood; cross-sectional study; disease transmission; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; prediction and forecasting; pregnancy; reproducibility; sensitivity and specificity; validation study; Adult; Algorithms; Anti-HIV Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Kenya; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30944468171	Evaluation of the buffering capacity of powdered cow's, goat's and soy milk and non-prescription antacids in the treatment of non-ulcer dyspepsia	Lutchman D., Pillay S., Naidoo R., Shangase N., Nayak R., Rughoobeer A.	2006	South African Medical Journal	96	1	None	School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Lutchman, D., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, S., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Shangase, N., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Nayak, R., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Rughoobeer, A., School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Background. Non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) is the term most commonly used to describe a heterogeneous and often ill-defined group of dyspepsia patients whose symptoms of upper abdominal pain, discomfort or nausea persist in the absence of identifiable cause. Treatment choice commonly includes over-the-counter medicines and home remedies, e.g. milk. Objective. To determine the relative buffering capacity of goat's, cow's and soy milk, non-prescription antacid drugs and combinations thereof. Methods. The buffering capacities of 25 ml aliquots of each of the powdered milk products, the antacids alone and the combination of antacid and milk were determined. Statistical analysis was used to determine any significant differences in buffering capacity. Results. When the antacids were examined alone, significant differences in buffering capacity were observed. When powdered milk products were examined alone, cow's milk had a significantly higher buffering capacity than either goat's or soy milk. There was no significant difference between goat's and soy milk. In the combination of cow's milk with each of the antacids, brand A and B had a similar buffering capacity, significantly higher than that observed with brand C. Conclusions. The combination with best observed buffering capacity was brand A with cow's milk, and the weakest buffering capacity was observed with brand C with soy milk. The results obtained can be attributed to the chemical constituents of the antacids and the milk products.	None	alginic acid; aluminum hydroxide; aluminum hydroxide plus magnesium trisilicate; antacid agent; bicarbonate; buffer; calcium; calcium carbonate; magnesium carbonate; magnesium trisilicate; milk protein; non prescription drug; phosphate; article; artificial milk; cow; drug determination; drug efficacy; drug formulation; drug mechanism; dyspepsia; goat; nonhuman; pH measurement; soybean milk; statistical analysis; stomach pH; Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Antacids; Buffers; Drugs, Non-Prescription; Dyspepsia; Goats; Humans; Milk; Powders; Soy Milk; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865657401	Evaluation of in-house PCR for diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda	Nakiyingi L., Kateete D.P., Ocama P., Worodria W., Sempa J.B., Asiimwe B.B., Katabazi F.A., Katamba A., Huang L., Joloba M.L., Mayanja-Kizza H.	2012	BMC Research Notes	5	None	10.1186/1756-0500-5-487	Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States	Nakiyingi, L., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kateete, D.P., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Ocama, P., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Worodria, W., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Sempa, J.B., Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda; Asiimwe, B.B., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Katabazi, F.A., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Katamba, A., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Huang, L., HIV/AIDS Division, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Joloba, M.L., Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Mayanja-Kizza, H., Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Background: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have offered hope for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). However, their efficiency with smear-negative samples has not been widely studied in low income settings. Here, we evaluated in-house PCR assay for diagnosis of smear-negative TB using Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture as the baseline test. Two hundred and five pulmonary TB (PTB) suspects with smear-negative sputum samples, admitted on a short stay emergency ward at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, were enrolled. Two smear-negative sputum samples were obtained from each PTB suspect and processed simultaneously for identification of MTBC using in-house PCR and LJ culture. Results: Seventy two PTB suspects (35%, 72/205) were LJ culture positive while 128 (62.4%, 128/205) were PCR-positive. The sensitivity and specificity of in-house PCR for diagnosis of smear-negative PTB were 75% (95% CI 62.6-85.0) and 35.9% (95% CI 27.2-45.3), respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 39% (95% CI 30.4-48.2) and 72.4% (95% CI 59.1-83.3), respectively, while the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 1.17 (95% CI 0.96-1.42) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.43-1.14), respectively. One hundred and seventeen LJ culture-negative suspects (75 PCR-positive and 42 PCR-negative) were enrolled for follow-up at 2months. Of the PCR-positive suspects, 45 (60%, 45/75) were still alive, of whom 29 (64.4%, 29/45) returned for the follow-up visit; 15 (20%, 15/75) suspects died while another 15 (20%, 15/75) were lost to follow-up. Of the 42 PCR-negative suspects, 22 (52.4%, 22/42) were still alive, of whom 16 (72.7%, 16/22) returned for follow-up; 11 (26.2%, 11/42) died while nine (21.4%, 9/42) were lost to follow-up. Overall, more PCR-positive suspects were diagnosed with PTB during follow-up visits but the difference was not statistically significant (27.6%, 8/29 vs. 25%, 4/16, p=0.9239). Furthermore, mortality was higher for the PCR-negative suspects but the difference was also not statistically significant (26.2% vs. 20% p=0.7094). Conclusion: In-house PCR correlates poorly with LJ culture for diagnosis of smear-negative PTB. Therefore, in-house PCR may not be adopted as an alternative to LJ culture. © 2012 Nakiyingi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	CD4 cell counts; HIV-infected; HIV-TB co-infection; In-house PCR; Lowenstein-Jensen culture; Nucleic acid amplification tests; Pulmonary tuberculosis; Resource limited settings; Sensitivity; Smear-negative TB; Specificity	Human immunodeficiency virus; primer DNA; article; female; human; isolation and purification; lung tuberculosis; male; methodology; microbiology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; nucleotide sequence; polymerase chain reaction; sputum; Uganda; Base Sequence; DNA Primers; Female; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sputum; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919460553	Evaluation of the implementation of a phd capacity-building program for nurses in South Africa	Sheehan A., Comiskey C., Williamson C., Mgutshini T.	2015	Nursing Research	64	1	10.1097/NNR.0000000000000069	Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, 24 D'Olier St., Dublin 2, Ireland; SANTRUST, Durban, South Africa; University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Sheehan, A., Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, 24 D'Olier St., Dublin 2, Ireland; Comiskey, C., Centre for Practice and Healthcare Innovation, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, 24 D'Olier St., Dublin 2, Ireland; Williamson, C., SANTRUST, Durban, South Africa; Mgutshini, T., University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Background: Nursing is experiencing a significant deficit in research capacity needed to meet future global healthcare demands-there is a call to double the number of nurses and healthcare professionals with a doctorate. Aim: The aim of this research was to evaluate the implementation of a national PhD capacity-building program for academic and practice-based nurses and other healthcare professionals in South Africa.Methods: An implementation science framework was used. Implementation of the program across two national, longitudinal cohorts of participants was studied. Evidence of enablers and barriers to implementation was obtained from multiple data sources, including the curriculum for the program, regular evaluation reports from program participants and program facilitators after each stage of the PhD curriculum delivery, and meeting notes. Supplementary sources included rates of PhD candidate recruitment, retention, and successful completion.Results: Evidence for the presence of enablers for successful implementation was found, including stakeholder consultation and buy-in, leadership, resources, staff capacity, and implementation teams. No evidence of an implementation plan, a supportive organizational culture, or effective ongoing communication at Stage 4 of the implementation process was found. Barriers to implementation included external environmental factors, resistance to change, and vested interests.Discussion: Within the context of a recognized worldwide shortage of nursing scientists, the application of an implementation science framework to evaluate the initial stages of a national PhD development program rollout provided information on how effective implementation can be strengthened and how barriers to success can be overcome. © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.	International educational exchange; Nursing research; South Africa	adult; cohort analysis; curriculum; education; human; nursing education; organization; organization and management; program evaluation; South Africa; Adult; Cohort Studies; Curriculum; Education, Nursing, Graduate; Humans; Nursing Education Research; Organizational Culture; Program Evaluation; School Admission Criteria; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84945405625	Impact of cowpea-based food containing fish meal served with Vitamin C-rich drink on iron stores and hemoglobin concentrations in Ghanaian schoolchildren in a Malaria endemic area	Egbi G., Ayi I., Saalia F.K., Zotor F., Adom T., Harrison E., Ahorlu C.K., Steiner-Asiedu M.	2015	Food and Nutrition Bulletin	36	3	10.1177/0379572115596253	Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Egbi, G., Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ayi, I., Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Saalia, F.K., Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Zotor, F., University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Adom, T., Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Harrison, E., Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Ahorlu, C.K., Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Steiner-Asiedu, M., Department of Nutrition, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Background: Nutritional anemia is a public health problem among Ghanaian schoolchildren. There is need to employ dietary modification strategies to solve this problem through school and household feeding programs. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of cowpea-based food containing fish meal served with vitamin C-rich drink to improve iron stores and hemoglobin concentrations in Ghanaian schoolchildren. Methods: The study involved cross-sectional baseline and nutrition intervention phases. There were 150 participants of age 6 to 12 years. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups, fish meal-vitamin C (n = 50), vitamin C (n = 50), and control (n = 50), and given different cowpea-based diets for a 6-month period. Height and weight measurements were done according to the standard procedures, dietary data were obtained by 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire, hemoglobin concentrations were determined by Hemocue Hemoglobinometer, and serum ferritin and complementreactive protein (CRP) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Participants' blood samples were examined for malaria parasitemia and stools for helminthes using Giemsa stain and Kato-Katz techniques, respectively. Results: Mean ferritin concentration was not significantly different among groups. End line mean or change in hemoglobin concentrations between fish meal-vitamin C group (128.4 + 7.2/8.3 + 10.6 g/L) and control (123.1 ± 6.6/4.2 ± 10.4 g/L) were different, P <.05. Change in prevalence of anemia in fish meal-vitamin C group (19.5%) was different compared to those of vitamin C group (9.3%) and the control (12.2%). Levels of malaria parasitemia and high CRP among study participants at baseline and end line were 58% and 80% then 55% and 79%, respectively. Level of hookworm infestation was 13%. Conclusion: Cowpea-based food containing 3% fish meal and served with vitamin C-richdrink improved hemoglobin concentration and minimized the prevalence of anemia among the study participants. © The Author(s) 2015.	Anemia; Cowpea; Fish meal; Ghanaian schoolchildren; Hemoglobin; Iron stores; Vitamin C-rich drink	ascorbic acid; C reactive protein; ferritin; hemoglobin; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; animal; beverage; blood; child; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diet supplementation; female; fish; Ghana; human; malaria; male; metabolism; questionnaire; randomized controlled trial; school health service; treatment outcome; vegetable; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Beverages; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ferritins; Fishes; Food, Fortified; Ghana; Hemoglobins; Humans; Malaria; Male; Questionnaires; School Health Services; Treatment Outcome; Vegetables	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893907742	Evaluation of some anthropometric indices for the diagnosis of obesity in pregnancy in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study	Okereke C.E., Anyaehie U.B., Dim C.C., Iyare E.E., Nwagha U.I.	2013	African Health Sciences	13	4	10.4314/ahs.v13i4.25	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu, Nigeria	Okereke, C.E., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Anyaehie, U.B., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Dim, C.C., Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu, Nigeria; Iyare, E.E., Department of Physiology, College of Medicine University of Nigeria Enugu campus (UNEC), Enugu, Nigeria; Nwagha, U.I., Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology/Physiology, College of Medicine UNEC, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: Obesity in pregnancy is a global health problem which is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. The use of weight and height, measured at about ten weeks of gestation, to produce pre-gestational body mass index is recommended for the diagnoses of the condition but limitations abound in under resourced settings. Objectives: To measure anthropometric indices such as mid upper arm circumference, calf circumference, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio, for identification of obesity in pregnancy. Methods: Anthropometric measurements were carried out on cohorts of pregnant women from 4 hospitals in Enugu, South-eastern Nigeria. Results: There were no significant difference in the mean mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) across the trimester groups. The mean values of waist circumferences, hip circumference and waist to hip ratios changed significantly across the trimesters. The 75th percentile of MUAC (33 cm) and CC (39 cm) in all trimesters, had sensitivity and specificity of more than 70% for identifying obesity in pregnancy. Conclusion: MUAC and CC values of 33cm and 39cm respectively might be reliable cut off points for diagnoses of obesity throughout pregnancy in Enugu, Nigeria.	Anthropometric indices; Body mass index; Nigeria; Obesity; Oregnancy	adolescent; adult; anatomy and histology; anthropometry; arm; body composition; body mass; cross-sectional study; evaluation study; female; human; Nigeria; obesity; pregnancy; procedures; sensitivity and specificity; waist circumference; waist hip ratio; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Anthropometry; Arm; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Obesity; Pregnancy; Sensitivity and Specificity; Waist Circumference; Waist-Hip Ratio; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864378448	Epidemiological evaluation of onchocerciasis along Ogun river system, Southwest Nigeria	Sam-Wobo S.O., Adeleke M.A., Jayeola O.A., Adeyi A.O., Oluwole A.S., Ikenga M., Lawniye A., Gazama J., Kagni A., Kosoko T.O., Agbeyangi O., Bankole S., Toé L., Mafiana C.F., Yameogo L.	2012	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	49	2	None	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Natio	Sam-Wobo, S.O., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeleke, M.A., Department of Biological Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria; Jayeola, O.A., Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeyi, A.O., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oluwole, A.S., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ikenga, M., National Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria; Lawniye, A., National Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria; Gazama, J., National Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Nigeria; Kagni, A., APOC Temporary Adviser, Kara, Togo; Kosoko, T.O., University of Agriculture Abeokuta Health Centre, Nigeria; Agbeyangi, O., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bankole, S., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Toé, L., Multidisease Surveillance Centre, WHO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Mafiana, C.F., Executive Secretary Office, National University Commission, Abuja, Nigeria; Yameogo, L.	Background & objective: Epidemiological studies were carried out to assess the prevalence and community microfilarial load (CMFL) of onchocerciasis after repeated annual treatment with ivermectin along Ogun river System, southwest Nigeria. Method: Skin snips were taken from consented participants in 11 selected communities along the River system. The microfilarial load of the community was estimated. Results: The prevalence and CMFL varied significantly in the communities (p <0.05). The prevalence of onchocerciasis ranged from 19.1 to 45.6%, while the CMFL ranged from 0.11 to 1.03 microfilariae per skin snip. The CMFL recorded was <5 microfilariae per skin snip, i.e. recognized by WHO as threshold value in certifying the communities to be free of onchocerciasis as public health problem, thus, signifying the possibility of onchocerciasis elimination in the study area. Conclusion: Efforts should therefore be intensified to achieve improved ivermectin coverage and compliance in annual ivermectin treatment in order to completely eliminate onchocerciasis as a public health problem in the studied communities.	Ivermectin; Microfilariae load; Nigeria; Onchocerciasis; Prevalence	ivermectin; article; Benin; community assessment; community microfilarial load; community sample; controlled study; human; human tissue; microfilaria (nematode larva); Nigeria; nonhuman; onchocerciasis; parasite prevalence; public health problem; river ecosystem; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anthelmintics; Female; Humans; Ivermectin; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Onchocerciasis; Parasite Load; Prevalence; Rivers; Skin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952939581	Knowledge, attitude, perception of malaria and evaluation of malaria parasitaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria	Iriemenam N.C., Dosunmu A.O., Oyibo W.A., Fagbenro-Beyioku A.F.	2011	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	48	1	None	Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Laboratory Services, Lagos State General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria	Iriemenam, N.C., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Dosunmu, A.O., Laboratory Services, Lagos State General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Oyibo, W.A., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Fagbenro-Beyioku, A.F., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Background & objectives: Little information exists on the compliance of pregnant women to malaria management in malaria endemic countries. This study was designed to access knowledge, attitude, perception and home management of malaria among consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic. Methods: In total, 350 pregnant women were randomly recruited during their ANC Clinic in Lagos. Structured questionnaires were administered in a two-stages research design; first during their early months of ANC visit and the second approximately 1-2 months before delivery. Information on occupation, parity, symptoms used to recognise malaria, treatment sources, control measures, knowledge factors, anti-vector measures, health-seeking practices, malaria parasitaemia and packed cell volume (PCV) were recorded. Results: The results revealed that 78.9% of the pregnant women identified infected mosquitoes as the cause of malaria while 86% of the pregnant women identified stagnant water as its breeding sites. Knowledge of the benefit of insecticide-treated mosquito bednets was less prominent as most of the selected subjects decried its high market price. Our data also showed that educational programme targeted on potential mothers is beneficial. Overall, 27.4% (96/350) of the pregnant women had peripheral malaria infection with 88.5% (85/96) of the parasite positive women infected with Plasmodium falciparum and 11.5% (11/96) with P. malariae. PCV ranged from 20-40% (median 33.9%) with 25.7% (90/350) of the pregnant women being anaemic with PCV <33%. We found an association between malaria infection and occupation, and this association was not influenced by parity. Interpretation & conclusion: Our findings revealed that improvement in knowledge and education of women of child-bearing age has an influential impact on malaria control.	Attitude; Awareness; Knowledge; Malaria control; Practice; Pregnancy	adult; anemia; article; attitude to illness; controlled study; education program; employment status; female; hematocrit; home care; human; knowledge management; malaria; malaria control; maternal attitude; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; Plasmodium malariae; pregnant woman; prenatal care; structured questionnaire; vector control; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Attitude; Female; Humans; Knowledge; Malaria; Nigeria; Parasitemia; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Perception; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Pregnant Women; Questionnaires; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885291083	Low vitamin D status is associated with reduced muscle mass and impaired physical performance in frail elderly people	Tieland M., Brouwer-Brolsma E.M., Nienaber-Rousseau C., Van Loon L.J.C., De Groot L.C.P.G.M.	2013	European Journal of Clinical Nutrition	67	10	10.1038/ejcn.2013.144	Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, Wageningen 6700EV, Netherlands; Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands	Tieland, M., Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, Wageningen 6700EV, Netherlands; Brouwer-Brolsma, E.M., Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, Wageningen 6700EV, Netherlands; Nienaber-Rousseau, C., Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Loon, L.J.C., Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands; De Groot, L.C.P.G.M., Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, Wageningen 6700EV, Netherlands, Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands	Background/Objectives:Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status has been associated with muscle mass, strength and physical performance in healthy elderly people. Yet, in pre-frail and frail elderly people this association has not been studied. The objective of this study was to explore the association between vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D status with muscle mass, strength and physical performance in a pre-frail and frail elderly population.Subjects/ Methods:This cross-sectional study included 127 pre-frail and frail elderly people in The Netherlands. Whole body and appendicular lean mass (ALM) (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), leg strength (one repetition maximum), handgrip strength and physical performance (short physical performance battery) were measured, and blood samples were collected for the assessment of serum 25(OH)D status (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry). In addition, habitual dietary intake (3-day food records) and physical activity data (accelerometers) were collected.Results:In total, 53% of the participants had a serum 25(OH)D level below 50 nmol/l. After adjustment for confounding factors, 25(OH)D status was associated with ALM (β=0.012, P=0.05) and with physical performance (β=0.020, P<0.05). Vitamin D intake was associated with physical performance (β=0.18, P<0.05) but not with ALM (P>0.05).Conclusion:In this frail elderly population, 25(OH)D status is low and suggests a modest association with reduced ALM and impaired physical performance. In addition, vitamin D intake tended to be associated with impaired physical performance. Our findings highlight the need for well-designed intervention trials to assess the impact of vitamin D supplementation on 25(OH)D status, muscle mass and physical performance in pre-frail and frail elderly people. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited.	aging; frailty; muscle function; sarcopenia; vitamin D	25 hydroxyvitamin D; vitamin D; aged; article; blood sampling; cross-sectional study; disease association; dual energy X ray absorptiometry; female; frail elderly; geriatric assessment; grip strength; human; lean body weight; liquid chromatography; major clinical study; male; muscle mass; muscle strength; Netherlands; nutritional assessment; nutritional status; physical disease; physical performance; tandem mass spectrometry; vitamin blood level; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin intake; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Composition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Frail Elderly; Humans; Male; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Netherlands; Physical Fitness; Sarcopenia; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868033237	Evaluation of host humoral antibody production against Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite antigen in Nigerian children	Oluwasogo O.A., Ebenezer O.O., Chiaka A.	2012	Journal of Vector Borne Diseases	49	3	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Crawford University, Igbesa, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Oluwasogo, O.A., Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Crawford University, Igbesa, Nigeria; Ebenezer, O.O., Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry Unit, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Crawford University, Igbesa, Nigeria; Chiaka, A., Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Background & objectives: The challenge of malaria and efforts targeted at developing malaria vaccines triggered this study on the reactivity of IgG and its subclasses in the test serum specific to CSP. This work was directed at assessing the influence of age and gender on host humoral antibody against Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite antigen in Nigerian children.Methods: In all, 67 serum samples (>10,000 parasites/μl of blood) collected from malaria-infected children at the University College Hospital, Ibadan during the transmission season were analyzed by ELISA.Results: The mean absorbance values of IgG subclasses reactive against P. falciparum CSP appeared to be agedependent and ranged from 0.01 for IgG4 in younger children to 0.95 for IgG3 in older children. The sixty-seven subjects investigated in this study had significantly higher mean IgG1 and IgG3 than the uninfected controls (p <0.01). This follows the order IgG3 >IgG1>IgG2>IgG4 which confirmed the prevalence of the cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3) in 65% of the malaria infected children over the non-cytophilic subclasses (IgG2 and IgG4). Similarly, there was low production of IgG4 and IgG2 levels in 35% of the subjects compared with control. IgG was detected in the serum of North American Subjects (NAS) which served as negative control for CSP-specific IgG subclasses. Although the NAS titre was lower than that of the malaria subjects in Nigeria, its IgG2 was, however, higher (0.16) than that of other subclasses. The mean absorbance values of total serum IgG subclass were higher than those of IgG subclasses specific to P. falciparum circumsporozoite antigen. The mean absorbance values of the total serum IgG subclass follows the order IgG2>IgG1>IgG4>IgG3.Interpretation & conclusion: Age and gender-dependent correlations of results suggest that acquired immunity could play a significant role in protection from malaria. Antibody levels are higher in male than female children of the same age group. Antibody levels also increase with age in both the male and female children.	Cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3); ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay); Malaria vaccine; Non-cytophilic subclasses (IgG2 and IgG4); Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP)	humoral antibody; immunoglobulin G1 antibody; immunoglobulin g2 antibody; immunoglobulin G3 antibody; immunoglobulin g4 antibody; parasite antigen; Plasmodium falciparum recombinant circumsporozoite antigen; unclassified drug; age distribution; antibody blood level; antibody production; antibody titer; article; blood sampling; child; controlled study; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; host parasite interaction; human; infection prevention; major clinical study; male; preschool child; prevalence; school child; sex difference; Antibodies, Protozoan; Antigens, Protozoan; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunoglobulin G; Infant; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Nigeria; Plasmodium falciparum; Protozoan Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Seasons	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929941408	The potential impact of a 20% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages on obesity in South African adults: A mathematical model	Manyema M., Veerman L.J., Chola L., Tugendhaft A., Sartorius B., Labadarios D., Hofman K.J.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0105287	School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Population Health, Health Systems and Innovation (PHHSI), Human Sciences Research Council, Capetown, South Africa; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Manyema, M., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Veerman, L.J., School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Chola, L., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tugendhaft, A., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sartorius, B., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Labadarios, D., Population Health, Health Systems and Innovation (PHHSI), Human Sciences Research Council, Capetown, South Africa; Hofman, K.J., School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States	Background/Objectives: The prevalence of obesity in South Africa has risen sharply, as has the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Research shows that consumption of SSBs leads to weight gain in both adults and children, and reducing SSBs will significantly impact the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases. We estimated the effect of a 20% tax on SSBs on the prevalence of and obesity among adults in South Africa. Methods: A mathematical simulation model was constructed to estimate the effect of a 20% SSB tax on the prevalence of obesity. We used consumption data from the 2012 SA National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and a previous meta-analysis of studies on own- and cross-price elasticities of SSBs to estimate the shift in daily energy consumption expected of increased prices of SSBs, and energy balance equations to estimate shifts in body mass index. The population distribution of BMI by age and sex was modelled by fitting measured data from the SA National Income Dynamics Survey 2012 to the lognormal distribution and shifting the mean values. Uncertainty was assessed with Monte Carlo simulations. Results: A 20% tax is predicted to reduce energy intake by about 36kJ per day (95% CI: 9-68kJ). Obesity is projected to reduce by 3.8% (95% CI: 0.6%-7.1%) in men and 2.4% (95% CI: 0.4%-4.4%) in women. The number of obese adults would decrease by over 220 000 (95% CI: 24 197-411 759). Conclusions: Taxing SSBs could impact the burden of obesity in South Africa particularly in young adults, as one component of a multi-faceted effort to prevent obesity. © 2014 Manyema et al.	None	adolescent; adult; age distribution; aged; article; beverage; body mass; caloric intake; controlled study; cost; energy balance; energy consumption; ethnic group; female; food intake; health survey; human; major clinical study; male; mathematical model; middle aged; Monte Carlo method; obesity; onset age; prevalence; risk reduction; sex ratio; South African; sugar sweetened beverage; tax; very elderly; young adult; beverage; economics; obesity; South Africa; statistical model; sugar intake; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase; sugar intake; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Beverages; Body Mass Index; Dietary Sucrose; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Economic; NADP Transhydrogenases; Obesity; South Africa; Taxes; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922321941	Evaluation of hormonal changes in menstrual cycle of women infected with pulmonary tuberculosis in NNEWI, south eastern Nigeria	Ukibe N.R., Onyenekwe C.C., Ahaneku J.E., Ukibe S.N., Meludu S.C., Emelumadu O., Ifeadike C.O., Ilika A., Ifeanyichukwu M.O., Igwegbe A.O., Nnadozie O.	2014	Indian Journal of Tuberculosis	61	2	None	Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001	Ukibe, N.R., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Onyenekwe, C.C., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ahaneku, J.E., Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ukibe, S.N., Department of Prosthesis and Orthopedic Technology, School of Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Meludu, S.C., Department of Human Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Emelumadu, O., Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ifeadike, C.O., Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ilika, A., Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Ifeanyichukwu, M.O., Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Igwegbe, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, PMB 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria; Nnadozie, O., Department of Chemical Pathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria	Background & objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the hormonal changes in menstrual cycle of premenopausal women infected with pulmonary tuberculosis in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi. Material and Methods: A prospective study involving sixty-seven (67) female participants within the child-bearing age were randomly recruited and grouped based on their tuberculosis status as: Symptomatic TB infected females (n=20), Symptomatic TB infected females on ATT (n=20) and Control females (n=27). After due consent, a detailed medical history was obtained and routine investigations of pulmonary tuberculosis and confirmation using Ziehl Neelsen and sputum culture techniques for AFB and chest x-ray were done. Blood samples collected from the participants were used for hormonal assay using immunoenzymometric method. Results: The results showed that the serum levels of FSH and LH (μIU/ml) were significantly higher while progesterone and estradiol were significantly lower in Symptomatic TB females compared to Symptomatic TB females on ATT at follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle (P<0.05). The serum levels of FSH and LH were significantly reduced in Symptomatic TB females on ATT while progesterone and estradiol were significantly increased at follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle (P<0.05). FSH was significantly higher at follicular phase while estradiol was significantly higher at luteal phase of menstrual cycle in Symptomatic TB females on ATT. Conclusion: Tuberculosis induced hypogonadism in affected women which seemed to be reversed on treatment. Routine investigation for Tuberculosis should be done for women presenting with infertility, since early treatment can reverse the abnormality. © 2014, Tuberculosis Association of India. All rights reserved.	Anti-tuberculosis Therapy; Hormonal abnormality; Menstrual cycle; Pulmonary tuberculosis	estradiol; follitropin; luteinizing hormone; progesterone; prolactin; tuberculostatic agent; adenohypophysis hormone; estradiol; follitropin; luteinizing hormone; progesterone; acid fast bacterium; adolescent; adult; analysis of variance; antigen detection; Article; clinical article; controlled study; disease classification; disease severity; enzyme immunoassay; estradiol blood level; female; follitropin blood level; hormone determination; human; hypogonadism; immunoaffinity chromatography; lung tuberculosis; luteinizing hormone blood level; medical history; menstrual cycle; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nigeria; polymerase chain reaction; premenopause; progesterone blood level; prospective study; randomized controlled trial; sputum culture; staining; structured questionnaire; teaching hospital; women's health; blood; lung tuberculosis; menstrual cycle; menstruation disorder; microbiology; middle aged; physiology; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Estradiol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Luteinizing Hormone; Menstrual Cycle; Menstruation Disturbances; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior; Progesterone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949129852	Evaluation of adenoidal obstruction in children: Clinical symptoms compared with roentgenographic assessment	Orji F.T., Ezeanolue B.C.	2008	Journal of Laryngology and Otology	122	11	10.1017/S0022215108001916	Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria	Orji, F.T., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ezeanolue, B.C., Department of Otolaryngology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria	Background: Obstructive adenoid enlargement is commonly implicated as the major cause of chronic nasal obstruction in children. Although clinical assessment is considered essential, there is little consensus over its reliability. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between graded symptomatology assessment and roentgenographic assessment of adenoidal obstruction. Method: Symptoms assessed included snoring, mouth-breathing and obstructive breathing during sleep. Each symptom was rated on a four-point scale (absent = zero, mild = one, moderate = two and severe = three). We summed the ratings for each child to obtain the symptomatology score. We used an adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio parameter to classify roentgenographic assessment into minimal, moderate or marked obstruction. Results: Sixty-four children, 42 boys and 22 girls, aged one to 12 years were enrolled. The clinical symptomatology scores correlated significantly with the roentgenographic ratings of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction (r = 0.419; p = 0.001). The correlation was significant at roentgenographic ratings of minimal obstruction (p < 0.05) and gross obstruction (p < 0.001). Both the symptomatology score and the roentgenographic rating showed significant correlations with patient age (r = -0.657, p < 0.01 and r = -0.340, p < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Clinical rating of adenoidal symptoms in children provides a reasonably reliable assessment of the presence and severity of nasopharyngeal airway obstruction. This technique of assessment is easy to use and is particularly valid when obstruction is either minimal or gross. © 2008 JLO (1984) Limited.	Adenoid; Adenoidectomy; Radiography	adenoidal obstruction; article; child; clinical feature; controlled study; disease severity; female; human; major clinical study; male; nose obstruction; radiography; rating scale; Adenoids; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Mouth Breathing; Nasal Obstruction; Nasopharyngeal Diseases; Nasopharynx; Observer Variation; Predictive Value of Tests; Severity of Illness Index; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Snoring; Statistics as Topic	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56749170890	Linking gene regulation and the exo-metabolome: A comparative transcriptomics approach to identify genes that impact on the production of volatile aroma compounds in yeast	Rossouw D., Næs T., Bauer F.F.	2008	BMC Genomics	9	None	10.1186/1471-2164-9-530	Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Centre for Biospectroscopy and Data Modelling, NOFIMA FOOD, Matforsk AS, Oslovegen 1, 1430 Ås, Norway	Rossouw, D., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Næs, T., Centre for Biospectroscopy and Data Modelling, NOFIMA FOOD, Matforsk AS, Oslovegen 1, 1430 Ås, Norway; Bauer, F.F., Institute for Wine Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Background: 'Omics' tools provide novel opportunities for system-wide analysis of complex cellular functions. Secondary metabolism is an example of a complex network of biochemical pathways, which, although well mapped from a biochemical point of view, is not well understood with regards to its physiological roles and genetic and biochemical regulation. Many of the metabolites produced by this network such as higher alcohols and esters are significant aroma impact compounds in fermentation products, and different yeast strains are known to produce highly divergent aroma profiles. Here, we investigated whether we can predict the impact of specific genes of known or unknown function on this metabolic network by combining whole transcriptome and partial exo-metabolome analysis. Results: For this purpose, the gene expression levels of five different industrial wine yeast strains that produce divergent aroma profiles were established at three different time points of alcoholic fermentation in synthetic wine must. A matrix of gene expression data was generated and integrated with the concentrations of volatile aroma compounds measured at the same time points. This relatively unbiased approach to the study of volatile aroma compounds enabled us to identify candidate genes for aroma profile modification. Five of these genes, namely YMR210W, BAT1, AAD10, AAD14 and ACS1 were selected for overexpression in commercial wine yeast, VIN13. Analysis of the data show a statistically significant correlation between the changes in the exo-metabome of the overexpressing strains and the changes that were predicted based on the unbiased alignment of transcriptomic and exo-metabolomic data. Conclusion: The data suggest that a comparative transcriptomics and metabolomics approach can be used to identify the metabolic impacts of the expression of individual genes in complex systems, and the amenability of transcriptomic data to direct applications of biotechnological relevance. © 2008 Rossouw et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	fungal protein; protein AAD10; protein AAD14; protein acs1; protein bat1; protein YMR210W; transcriptome; unclassified drug; volatile organic compound; article; controlled study; fermentation; fungal genetics; fungal metabolism; fungal strain; gene control; gene expression; gene identification; gene overexpression; metabolomics; nonhuman; prediction; transcriptomics; wine; yeast; comparative study; DNA microarray; fungal gene; gene expression profiling; gene expression regulation; genetics; metabolism; metabolome; methodology; microbiology; multivariate analysis; odor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; time; Fermentation; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genes, Fungal; Industrial Microbiology; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Multivariate Analysis; Odors; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Time Factors; Volatile Organic Compounds; Wine	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856564960	Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Kaduna State, Nigeria: First evidence of the potential for elimination in the operational area of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control	Tekle A.H., Elhassan E., Isiyaku S., Amazigo U.V., Bush S., Noma M., Cousens S., Abiose A., Remme J.H.	2012	Parasites and Vectors	5	1	10.1186/1756-3305-5-2822313631	African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO/APOC, P. O. Box: 01 B.P. 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; SightSavers Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal; Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, Kaduna, Nigeria; No. 8 Somto Anugwom Close. Ekulu West, G.R.A. Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Sightsavers, PO Box 181909, Airport, Accra, Ghana; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Sightcare International, Secretariat Main Office, P.O. Box 29771, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; APOC, 120 Rue des Campanules, 01210 Ornex, France	Tekle, A.H., African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO/APOC, P. O. Box: 01 B.P. 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Elhassan, E., SightSavers Regional Office for Africa, Dakar, Senegal; Isiyaku, S., Sightsavers Nigeria Country Office, 1 Golf Course Road, Kaduna, Nigeria; Amazigo, U.V., No. 8 Somto Anugwom Close. Ekulu West, G.R.A. Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bush, S., Sightsavers, PO Box 181909, Airport, Accra, Ghana; Noma, M., African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control, WHO/APOC, P. O. Box: 01 B.P. 549, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso; Cousens, S., London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Abiose, A., Sightcare International, Secretariat Main Office, P.O. Box 29771, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Remme, J.H., APOC, 120 Rue des Campanules, 01210 Ornex, France	Background. Onchocerciasis can be effectively controlled as a public health problem by annual mass drug administration of ivermectin, but it was not known if ivermectin treatment in the long term would be able to achieve elimination of onchocerciasis infection and interruption of transmission in endemic areas in Africa. A recent study in Mali and Senegal has provided the first evidence of elimination after 15-17 years of treatment. Following this finding, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) has started a systematic evaluation of the long-term impact of ivermectin treatment projects and the feasibility of elimination in APOC supported countries. This paper reports the first results for two onchocerciasis foci in Kaduna, Nigeria. Methods. In 2008, an epidemiological evaluation using skin snip parasitological diagnostic method was carried out in two onchocerciasis foci, in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area (LGA), and in the Kauru and Lere LGAs of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The survey was undertaken in 26 villages and examined 3,703 people above the age of one year. The result was compared with the baseline survey undertaken in 1987. Results. The communities had received 15 to 17 years of ivermectin treatment with more than 75% reported coverage. For each surveyed community, comparable baseline data were available. Before treatment, the community prevalence of O. volvulus microfilaria in the skin ranged from 23.1% to 84.9%, with a median prevalence of 52.0%. After 15 to 17 years of treatment, the prevalence had fallen to 0% in all communities and all 3,703 examined individuals were skin snip negative. Conclusions. The results of the surveys confirm the finding in Senegal and Mali that ivermectin treatment alone can eliminate onchocerciasis infection and probably disease transmission in endemic foci in Africa. It is the first of such evidence for the APOC operational area. © 2012 Tekle et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	APOC; elimination; epidemiological evaluation; Kaduna Nigeria; Onchocerciasis	ivermectin; adolescent; adult; article; child; eradication therapy; feasibility study; female; human; infant; infection control; major clinical study; male; Microfilaria; Nigeria; nonhuman; Onchocerca volvulus; onchocerciasis; preschool child; prevalence; school child; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Eradication; Female; Humans; Infant; Ivermectin; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Onchocerca volvulus; Onchocerciasis; Prevalence; Public Health; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960851883	Impact of measles elimination activities on immunization services and health systems: Findings from six countries	Hanvoravongchai P., Mounier-Jack S., Oliveira Cruz V., Balabanova D., Biellik R., Kitaw Y., Koehlmoos T., Loureiro S., Molla M., Nguyen H., Ongolo-Zogo P., Sadykova U., Sarma H., Teixeira M., Uddin J., Dabbagh A., Griffiths U.K.	2011	Journal of Infectious Diseases	204	None	10.1093/infdis/jir091	Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, 5-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Independent Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Independent Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Health Management, Environmental Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology, Hanoi School of Public Health, Viet Nam; Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Avenue Henri Dunant, Cameroon; WHO, Geneva, Switzerland	Hanvoravongchai, P., Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Mounier-Jack, S., Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, 5-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Oliveira Cruz, V., Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, 5-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Balabanova, D., Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, 5-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom; Biellik, R., Independent Department, Geneva, Switzerland; Kitaw, Y., Independent Department, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Koehlmoos, T., Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Loureiro, S., Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Molla, M., Department of Health Management, Environmental Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; Nguyen, H., Department of Epidemiology, Hanoi School of Public Health, Viet Nam; Ongolo-Zogo, P., Centre for Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Avenue Henri Dunant, Cameroon; Sadykova, U.; Sarma, H., Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Teixeira, M., Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Uddin, J., Health Systems and Infectious Diseases Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Dabbagh, A., WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Griffiths, U.K., Department of Global Health and Development, LSHTM, 5-17 Tavistock Place, London, United Kingdom	Background. One of the key concerns in determining the appropriateness of establishing a measles eradication goal is its potential impact on routine immunization services and the overall health system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of accelerated measles elimination activities (AMEAs) on immunization services and health systems in 6 countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam. Methods. Primary data were collected from key informant interviews and staff profiling surveys. Secondary data were collected from policy documents, studies, and reports. Data analysis used qualitative approaches. Results. This study found that the impact of AMEAs varied, with positive and negative implications in specific immunization and health system functions. On balance, the impacts on immunization services were largely positive in Bangladesh, Brazil, Tajikistan, and Vietnam, while negative impacts were more significant in Cameroon and Ethiopia. Conclusions. We conclude that while weaker health systems may not be able to benefit sufficiently from AMEAs, in more developed health systems, disruptions to health service delivery are unlikely to occur. Opportunities to strengthen the routine immunization service and health system should be actively sought to address system bottlenecks in order to incur benefits to eradication program itself as well as other health priorities. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	accelerated measles elimination activity; article; awareness; Bangladesh; Brazil; Cameroon; disease surveillance; Ethiopia; financial management; health care delivery; health care financing; health care personnel management; health care planning; health care survey; health care system; human; infection control; interview; measles; measles vaccination; medical information system; preventive health service; priority journal; public-private partnership; Tajikistan; Viet Nam; Africa; Asia; economics; health; health care delivery; health care manpower; health survey; measles; methodology; preventive health service; standard; measles vaccine; Africa; Asia; Brazil; Delivery of Health Care; Financial Management; Health Manpower; Humans; Immunization Programs; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Population Surveillance; World Health	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43049100345	Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: The impact of speed on survival	Walensky R.P., Wood R., Weinstein M.C., Martinson N.A., Losina E., Fofana M.O., Goldie S.J., Divi N., Yazdanpanah Y., Wang B., Paltiel A.D., Freedberg K.A.	2008	Journal of Infectious Diseases	197	9	10.1086/587184	Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Desmond Tutu Research Center, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa; Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses et du Voyageur, Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, EA 2694, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Lille, France; Laboratoire de Recherches Économiques et Sociales, CNRS URA 362, Lille, France; Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States	Walensky, R.P., Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Wood, R., Desmond Tutu Research Center, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Weinstein, M.C., Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Martinson, N.A., School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa; Losina, E., Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Fofana, M.O., Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Goldie, S.J., Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Divi, N., Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Yazdanpanah, Y., Service Universitaire des Maladies Infectieuses et du Voyageur, Lille, France, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, EA 2694, Faculté de Médecine de Lille, Lille, France, Laboratoire de Recherches Économiques et Sociales, CNRS URA 362, Lille, France; Wang, B., Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Paltiel, A.D., Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Freedberg, K.A., Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States	Background. Only 33% of eligible human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in South Africa receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). We sought to estimate the impact of alternative ART scale-up scenarios on patient outcomes from 2007-2012. Methods. Using a simulation model of HIV infection with South African data, we projected HIV-associated mortality with and without effective ART for an adult cohort in need of therapy (2007) and for adults who became eligible for treatment (2008-2012). We compared 5 scale-up scenarios: (1) zero growth, with a total of 100,000 new treatment slots; (2) constant growth, with 600,000; (3) moderate growth, with 2.1 million; (4) rapid growth, with 2.4 million); and (5) full capacity, with 3.2 million. Results. Our projections showed that by 2011, the rapid growth scenario fully met the South African need for ART; by 2012, the moderate scenario met 97% of the need, but the zero and constant growth scenarios met only 28% and 52% of the need, respectively. The latter scenarios resulted in 364,000 and 831,000 people alive and on ART in 2012. From 2007 to 2012, cumulative deaths in South Africa ranged from 2.5 million under the zero growth scenario to 1.2 million under the rapid growth scenario. Conclusions. Alternative ART scale-up scenarios in South Africa will lead to differences in the death rate that amount to more than 1.2 million deaths by 2012. More rapid scale-up remains critically important. © 2008 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	cotrimoxazole; proteinase inhibitor; ritonavir; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; article; highly active antiretroviral therapy; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; mortality; priority journal; simulation; South Africa; survival rate; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Cohort Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Models, Biological; South Africa	None
None	None	Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: Evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya	Wong J., Bayoh N., Olang G., Killeen G.F., Hamel M.J., Vulule J.M., Gimnig J.E.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-143	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States; Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Tanzania	Wong, J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States; Bayoh, N., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Olang, G., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Killeen, G.F., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Vector Group, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Sciences Thematic Group, Ifakara, Tanzania; Hamel, M.J., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Vulule, J.M., Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya; Gimnig, J.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA, United States	Background: Operational vector sampling methods lack standardization, making quantitative comparisons of malaria transmission across different settings difficult. Human landing catch (HLC) is considered the research gold standard for measuring human-mosquito contact, but is unsuitable for large-scale sampling. This study assessed mosquito catch rates of CDC light trap (CDC-LT), Ifakara tent trap (ITT), window exit trap (WET), pot resting trap (PRT), and box resting trap (BRT) relative to HLC in western Kenya to 1) identify appropriate methods for operational sampling in this region, and 2) contribute to a larger, overarching project comparing standardized evaluations of vector trapping methods across multiple countries. Methods. Mosquitoes were collected from June to July 2009 in four districts: Rarieda, Kisumu West, Nyando, and Rachuonyo. In each district, all trapping methods were rotated 10 times through three houses in a 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Anophelines were identified by morphology and females classified as fed or non-fed. Anopheles gambiae s.l. were further identified as Anopheles gambiae s.s. or Anopheles arabiensis by PCR. Relative catch rates were estimated by negative binomial regression. Results: When data were pooled across all four districts, catch rates (relative to HLC indoor) for An. gambiae s.l (95.6% An. arabiensis, 4.4% An. gambiae s.s) were high for HLC outdoor (RR = 1.01), CDC-LT (RR = 1.18), and ITT (RR = 1.39); moderate for WET (RR = 0.52) and PRT outdoor (RR = 0.32); and low for all remaining types of resting traps (PRT indoor, BRT indoor, and BRT outdoor; RR < 0.08 for all). For Anopheles funestus, relative catch rates were high for ITT (RR = 1.21); moderate for HLC outdoor (RR = 0.47), CDC-LT (RR = 0.69), and WET (RR = 0.49); and low for all resting traps (RR < 0.02 for all). At finer geographic scales, however, efficacy of each trap type varied from district to district. Conclusions: ITT, CDC-LT, and WET appear to be effective methods for large-scale vector sampling in western Kenya. Ultimately, choice of collection method for operational surveillance should be driven by trap efficacy and scalability, rather than fine-scale precision with respect to HLC. When compared with recent, similar trap evaluations in Tanzania and Zambia, these data suggest that traps which actively lure host-seeking females will be most useful for surveillance in the face of declining vector densities. © 2013 Wong et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; CDC light trap; Human biting rate; Human landing catch; Ifakara tent trap; Mosquito sampling; Window exit trap	adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; box resting trap; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light trap; disease transmission; female; human; human landing catch; Ifakara tent trap; Kenya; malaria; male; morphology; nonhuman; parasite vector; polymerase chain reaction; pot resting trap; rural area; sampling; standardization; window exit trap; Adult; Animals; Child, Preschool; Culicidae; Disease Vectors; Entomology; Female; Humans; Infant; Kenya; Malaria; Male; Population Density	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922596836	Evaluation of the scope and practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Nigeria	Akinmoladun V.I., Gbolahan O.O., Akadiri O.A., Akinyamoju C.A.	2015	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	18	2	10.4103/1119-3077.151068	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of General Dental Practice, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Port	Akinmoladun, V.I., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gbolahan, O.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akadiri, O.A., Department of General Dental Practice, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinyamoju, C.A., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Background: Oral and maxillofacial surgery is still evolving, with the scope of practice in Nigeria inadequately determined. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to ascertain the level of practice in various parts of the country vis-a-vis the global trend and factors influencing the scope in Nigeria. Design of the Study: Cross-sectional. Setting: The study was carried out at the University of Ibadan. Participants included all the maxillofacial surgeons on the mailing list of the Nigerian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons and Practicing in Nigeria as at December, 2012. Materials and Methods: Structured questionnaires were delivered to all on the mailing list of the Nigerian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Respondents were asked to provide information about their demographics, years of practice, areas of practice and factors influencing the choice of practice among others. Nonresponders were reminded a month after initial contact. Data were entered into a personal computer and variables analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. Results: Thirty-two (56%) of the 57 questionnaires were returned. Most respondents were aged 41-45 years (n = 11, 34.4%). Twenty-six (81.3%) were males, whereas 6 (18.8%) were females. Twenty respondents (62.5%) practiced in the teaching hospitals. Eighteen respondents (56.3%) practiced in the south-west geopolitical region. Twelve respondents (37.5%) were the only maxillofacial surgeons in their centers. 81.3% routinely practiced traumatology against 15.6% for implantology. Seventy-eight percent (n = 25) had satisfactory facilities for traumatology, dentoalveolar surgery, and cleft repair surgery, while facilities were least satisfactory in implantology and orthognathic surgery (15.6% and 12.5%, respectively). The highest single factor influencing choice/area of practice was financial reward (100% of respondents). Fifty percent (n = 16) claimed not to have had adequate training in their area of interest. Most respondents (93.8%) believe the greatest challenge facing oncological maxillofacial surgery in Nigeria was late presentation of patients. Conclusion: The scope of practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery is largely limited in the country relative to what obtains globally.	Nigeria; Oral and maxillofacial surgery; Scope practice	adult; clinical practice; cross-sectional study; female; human; male; middle aged; Nigeria; oral surgery; orthognathic surgery; questionnaire; specialization; statistics and numerical data; teaching hospital; traumatology; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dentist's Practice Patterns; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Orthognathic Surgery; Questionnaires; Specialization; Surgery, Oral; Traumatology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891745605	Impact of rotavirus vaccine on childhood diarrheal hospitalization after introduction into the south african public immunization program	Msimang V.M.Y., Page N., Groome M.J., Moyes J., Cortese M.M., Seheri M., Kahn K., Chagan M., Madhi S.A., Cohen C.	2013	Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal	32	12	10.1097/INF.0b013e3182a72fc0	National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, 1 Modderfontein Road Private Bag X4, Sandringham 3121, Australia; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; MRC/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of Limpopo Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Department of Paediatrics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa	Msimang, V.M.Y., National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, 1 Modderfontein Road Private Bag X4, Sandringham 3121, Australia; Page, N., National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, 1 Modderfontein Road Private Bag X4, Sandringham 3121, Australia; Groome, M.J., Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Moyes, J., National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, 1 Modderfontein Road Private Bag X4, Sandringham 3121, Australia; Cortese, M.M., National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Seheri, M., MRC/Diarrhoeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of Limpopo Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa; Kahn, K., MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chagan, M., Department of Paediatrics, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Madhi, S.A., National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, 1 Modderfontein Road Private Bag X4, Sandringham 3121, Australia, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Cohen, C., National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, 1 Modderfontein Road Private Bag X4, Sandringham 3121, Australia	Background: Oral rotavirus vaccine was introduced into the South African routine immunization program in August 2009 administered at 6 and 14 weeks with no catch-up. We described the change in rotavirus-associated diarrheal hospitalizations among children <5 years at 3 sentinel sites from 2009 through 2011. Methods: During 2009 through 2011, we compared the proportion of enrolled children aged <5 years hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis and testing rotavirus positive. We used hospital data to determine the change in diarrhea hospitalizations and estimated total numbers of rotavirus hospitalizations by adjusting for nonenrolled patients. Stool samples were tested for rotavirus using enzyme immunoassay. Results: In 2009 (May.December), 46% (404/883) of samples among children <5 years tested rotavirus positive, decreasing to 33% (192/580) (P < 0.001) in 2010 and 29% (113/396) (P < 0.001) in 2011. Compared with May.December 2009, total diarrhea hospitalizations among children aged <5 years was one-third lower in May.December of 2010 and 2011. Among infants, adjusted rotavirus hospitalizations were 61% (n = 267) and 69% (n = 214) lower, respectively, in 2010 and 2011 when compared with 2009 (n = 689), and 45 and 50 percentage points greater than the reduction in rotavirus-negative cases. Among children <5 years, rotavirus hospitalizations were 54% and 58% lower in 2010 and 2011, compared with 2009 (40 and 44 percentage points greater than reduction in rotavirus-negative cases). Rotavirus reductions occurred in rural and urban settings. Conclusion: Using published estimates of rotavirus hospitalization burden, we estimate that at least 13,000 to 20,000 hospitalizations in children <2 years were prevented in the 2 years after rotavirus vaccine introduction. © 2013 Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.	Childhood diarrhea; Hospitalization; Rotavirus vaccine	Rotavirus vaccine; Rotavirus vaccine; acute diarrhea; acute gastroenteritis; article; child; childhood disease; controlled study; enzyme immunoassay; feces analysis; female; health program; hospital; hospitalization; human; immunization; infant; major clinical study; multicenter study; preschool child; prevalence; priority journal; risk reduction; Rotavirus; rotavirus associated diarrhea; Rotavirus infection; rural population; sentinel surveillance; South Africa; urban population; virus strain; diarrhea; newborn; preventive health service; prospective study; Rotavirus Infections; statistics and numerical data; virology; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Hospitalization; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Prospective Studies; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus Vaccines; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922093345	Orofacial cleft outreach in rural Ghana: any positive impact on the community?	Agbenorku P., Agbenorku M., Klutsey E., Aboah K., Agamah G., Amevor E., Hoyte-Williams P.-E., Abude F., Sefenu R., Osei D., Kofitsey M., Fiifi-Yankson P.K.	2014	European Journal of Plastic Surgery	38	1	10.1007/s00238-014-1025-6	Reconstructive Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana; Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Health Education Unit, Global Evangelical Mission Hospital, Apromase, Ghana; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Department of Surgery, St Martins de Porres Hospital, Agomanya, Ghana; Department of Nursing, Nurses Training College, Ho, Ghana; Department of Surgery, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Department of Anaesthesia, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana	Agbenorku, P., Reconstructive Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Agbenorku, M., Health Education Unit, Global Evangelical Mission Hospital, Apromase, Ghana; Klutsey, E., Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Health and Allied Health Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Aboah, K., Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana; Agamah, G., Department of Surgery, St Martins de Porres Hospital, Agomanya, Ghana; Amevor, E., Department of Nursing, Nurses Training College, Ho, Ghana; Hoyte-Williams, P.-E., Reconstructive Plastic Surgery & Burns Unit, Kumasi, Ghana, Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Abude, F., Department of Surgery, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Sefenu, R., Department of Surgery, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Osei, D., Department of Anaesthesia, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Kofitsey, M., Department of Anaesthesia, Sogakope District Hospital, Sogakope, Ghana; Fiifi-Yankson, P.K., Department of Surgery, Kumasi, Ghana, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, School of Medical Sciences, Kumasi, Ghana	Background: Orofacial clefts (OFC) are common congenital malformations in humans. They impact negatively on the life of the affected and often regarded as stigma in the society especially among the rural folks. The aim of this study was to analyze retrospectively the cases managed by a Ghanaian indigenous plastic surgery outreach team and prospectively outline the social impacts on the lives of those treated and their communities.Methods: The study reviewed the medical records of patients treated during OFC outreaches in rural Ghana from January 2003 to December 2012 (10 years). This involved visiting and interviewing patients and their parents/relatives, as well as the community leaders comprising chiefs, assemblymen, church leaders, etc., using structured pretested questionnaires within 5 days (September 1–5, 2013) in communities in southeast of Ghana.Results: A total of 32 outreach services were handled over the 10-year period, treating 303 OFC patients (among other pathologies), comprising 175 (57.8 %) males and 128 (42.2 %) females. Out of the 303, 159 (52.5 %) were located and interviewed; also, 65 community/opinion leaders/relatives were interviewed. Sixty-one percent (61 % = 35 patients) of the females and 48 % (n = 49) of the males got married after the surgery; 83 % (n = 45) of the school-going-age patients continued and completed basic schools.Conclusions: OFC outreaches help to restore the lives and dignity of cleft patients and their families improving their quality of life. Stigmatization and psychological effects on them were removed; they were well accepted in their societies and family gatherings.Level of Evidence: Level III, risk-prognostic study. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Community impact; Orofacial clefts; Outreach services; Psychological effects; Stigmatization	adolescent; adult; Article; child; cleft lip; cleft lip palate; cleft palate; community; female; Ghana; Ghanaian; human; interview; major clinical study; male; married man; married woman; medical record review; mouth malformation; orofacial cleft; parent; plastic surgery; priority journal; program impact; relative; retrospective study; rural area; structured questionnaire; treatment outcome; unilateral cleft lip	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744520712	Ultrasensitive quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen assay adapted to dried plasma spots to improve treatment monitoring in low-resource settings	Knuchel M.C., Tomasik Z., Speck R.F., Lüthy R., Schüpbach J.	2006	Journal of Clinical Virology	36	1	10.1016/j.jcv.2005.12.005	Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss AIDS Care International, Harare, Zimbabwe	Knuchel, M.C., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Tomasik, Z., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland; Speck, R.F., Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Lüthy, R., Swiss AIDS Care International, Harare, Zimbabwe; Schüpbach, J., Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30 /32, CH-8006 Zürich, Switzerland	Background: Our group has previously developed a quantitative and ultrasensitive HIV-1 p24 antigen assay that is inexpensive, easy-to-perform, and can be carried out in low-resource settings. Since antiretroviral therapies are becoming more accessible in resource-constrained countries, methods to assess HIV-1 viraemia are urgently needed to achieve a high standard of care in HIV-1 management. Objectives: To adapt our quantitative assay to dried plasma spots (DPS), in order to further simplify this test and make it more accessible to resource-constrained countries. Study design: DPS from 47 HIV-seropositive, treated or untreated adult individuals and 30 healthy individuals were examined. Results: A specificity of 100% was observed when p24 antigen was measured using DPS, and no differences of p24 concentration could be seen between DPS and venous plasma. The correlation between DPS and venous plasma p24 was excellent (R = 0.93, CI95% = 0.88-0.96, p &lt; 0.0001). Similarly, p24 antigen concentrations using DPS were well correlated with RNA viral load (R = 0.53, CI95% = 0.27-0.72, p = 0.0002). Conclusions: This quantitative p24 antigen test has similar sensitivity and specificity using DPS and venous plasma, and has the potential to improve health care delivery to HIV-affected individuals in resource-constrained countries. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dried plasma spots; HIV-1; Low-resource setting; p24 antigen; Treatment monitoring; Viral load	antigen p24; virus RNA; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; Gag protein; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Human immunodeficiency virus antigen; article; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; nonhuman; priority journal; quantitative analysis; virus identification; virus load; adult; blood; case control study; chemistry; child; comparative study; cost; economics; evaluation; heat; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; immunology; methodology; protein denaturation; sensitivity and specificity; serodiagnosis; treatment outcome; virology; Adult; AIDS Serodiagnosis; Anti-HIV Agents; Case-Control Studies; Child; Costs and Cost Analysis; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Evaluation Studies; Heat; HIV Antibodies; HIV Antigens; HIV Core Protein p24; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Protein Denaturation; Sensitivity and Specificity; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84885135058	Is routine audiometric evaluation necessary in gynaecologic tumour patients undergoing chemotherapy?	Fasunla A.J., Harbeck N., Berktold S., Böhner C., Hundt W., Wolf P., Steinbach S.	2013	Breast Care	8	4	10.1159/000354125	Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033 Marburg, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria;	Fasunla, A.J., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033 Marburg, Germany, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Harbeck, N., Breast Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Berktold, S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Hospital Rechts der Isar, Germany; Böhner, C., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Hospital Rechts der Isar, Germany; Hundt, W., Department of Radiology, Philipps-University, Germany; Wolf, P., Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University, Munich, Germany; Steinbach, S., Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35033 Marburg, Germany	Background: Our objective was to assess the auditory function of gynaecological tumour patients who had received cytotoxic agents and to determine their associated risk of ototoxicity. Patients and Methods: 87 patients who had undergone chemotherapy for gynaecological malignancies were investigated. Of these patients, 79% had breast cancer, and 14% ovarian cancer. All of the patients had a subjective assessment of their hearing function on a visual analogue scale. Audiometric tests were performed before and at 9 weeks, 18 weeks and 3 months after completion of chemotherapy. Results: The age of the patients ranged from 32 to 71 years (mean age of 53.5 ± 10.5 years). The average subjective rating of the patients' hearing function was 83.0 ± 17.2 before and 84.8 ± 16.9 3 months after completion of chemotherapy. No significant audiometric change at either the speech hearing frequency range (0.5-2 KHz) or high frequencies was observed in the patients after chemotherapy. There was also no significant difference in the hearing threshold of the patients who had received platinum analogue-based chemotherapy compared to non-platinum analogue-based chemotherapy. Conclusion: Hearing loss is uncommon in patients treated with the typical gynaecological chemotherapy protocols. Hence, routine audiometric testing in these patients is not necessary. © 2013 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.	Breast cancer; Chemotherapy; Hearing function; Ovarian cancer	antineoplastic agent; capecitabine; carboplatin; cisplatin; cyclophosphamide; docetaxel; doxorubicin; epirubicin; fluorouracil; methotrexate; paclitaxel; anthracycline; cisplatin; cytotoxic agent; taxane derivative; adult; aged; air conduction; article; auditory threshold; bone conduction; breast cancer; cancer chemotherapy; chronic lymphatic leukemia; controlled study; drug safety; endometrium cancer; female; gynecologic cancer; hearing; hearing impairment; Hodgkin disease; human; human tissue; major clinical study; ototoxicity; outcome assessment; ovary cancer; priority journal; pure tone audiometry; risk assessment; speech; speech audiometry; structured questionnaire; tinnitus; uterine cervix cancer; visual analog scale; vulva cancer; Article; audiography; cancer combination chemotherapy; ear disease; female genital tract tumor; hearing disorder; ototoxicity; prospective study; risk factor; vertigo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958726865	Evaluation of the World Health Organization algorithm for the diagnosis of HIV-associated sputum smear-negative tuberculosis	Wilson D., Mbhele L., Badri M., Morroni C., Nachega J., Chaisson R.E., Maartens G.	2011	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	15	7	10.5588/ijtld.10.0440	Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, 3216, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of International Health and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of International Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Wilson, D., Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, 3216, South Africa, Department of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pretoria, South Africa; Mbhele, L., Department of Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, 3216, South Africa; Badri, M., Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Morroni, C., Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Nachega, J., Department of International Health and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of International Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Chaisson, R.E., Department of International Health and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of International Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Maartens, G., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	BACKGROUND: Outcomes from the World Health Organization's (WHO's) recommendations for the diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis (SNTB) in high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence settings are unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively applied the WHO algorithm for SNTB without danger signs to a prospectively enrolled cohort of ambulatory adult SNTB suspects in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Participants fulfilling specified criteria for SNTB started empiric anti-tuberculosis treatment; the rest of the cohort was observed. All were followed for 8 weeks. Confirmed TB was defined as positive culture or granulomata plus acid-fast bacilli on histology. RESULTS: In total, 221 participants retrospectively fulfilled the WHO ambulatory SNTB algorithm entry criteria. The diagnostic performance of the WHO algorithm was: positive predictive value 0.34 (95%CI 0.26-0.43), negative predictive value 0.86 (95%CI 0.76-0.92), positive likelihood ratio 1.43 (95%CI 1.34-1.48), negative likelihood ratio 0.46 (95%CI 0.38-0.56) and diagnostic odds 3.1 (95%CI 1.52-6.34). Losses to follow-up (n = 4), hospitalisations (n = 6) and deaths (n = 5) did not differ significantly in those who were and were not diagnosed with SNTB. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO ambulatory SNTB algorithm had a reasonably high negative predictive value but low positive predictive value. Mortality over an 8-week period was low in participants who met the entry criteria for the WHO algorithm. © 2011 The Union.	HIV; Performance; Smear-negative tuberculosis; WHO recommendations	adult; article; cohort analysis; female; follow up; hospitalization; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; mortality; practice guideline; predictive value; priority journal; retrospective study; smear negative tuberculosis; sputum smear; tuberculosis; world health organization; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Algorithms; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Infections; Humans; Likelihood Functions; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Sputum; Tuberculosis; World Health Organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861839504	Impact of adverse events of antiretroviral treatment on regimen change and mortality in ugandan children	Malangu N., Karamagi Y.	2010	African Journal of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine	2	1	10.4102/phcfm.v2i1.109	Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Malangu, N., Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa; Karamagi, Y., Department of Epidemiology, University of Limpopo, South Africa	Background: Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment have been documented in both developed and developing countries. It has been reported consistently that the treatment is associated with many adverse events. However, little is known about their impact on the quality of life, clinical management, and survival in children aged less than 6 years in Uganda. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the adverse events of antiretroviral treatment, their impact on mortality and the change in regimens prescribed to children treated at Mildway Centre in Uganda. Method: A retrospective chart review was performed for children younger than 6 years, treated since the Mildway Centre was opened in 1999. In order to achieve a larger sample, the records of children treated from January 2000 to July 2005 were included in the study. A pre-tested data collection form was used to collate socio-demographic and clinical data of the patients. These included the documented adverse events, causes of death, stage of infection, duration of treatment, regimen prescribed, year of enrolment into the treatment program, as well as whether or not they were still alive. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of data. Results: Of the 179 children, the majority were males and had a median age of 4 years. The majority (58.8%) of children had suffered from severe immune depression since they met the WHO clinical stage III and IV, 73.8% had a baseline CD4T of less than 15%. Four regimens were prescribed to the children. The most common was a regimen containing zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine (34.6%), followed by a regimen containing stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine (27.9%). Eleven children (6.1%) had their regimen changed, of which six (54.5%) were due to adverse events. The prevalence of adverse events was 8%; of the 14 documented adverse events, the most common were severe anaemia (3), vomiting (3), and skin rashes (3). After 12 months on treatment, 8% of the patients had died. The most common causes of death were infectious diseases (28.6%), severe anaemia (21.4%), and severe dehydration (21.4%). Conclusion: The prevalence of adverse events was 8%; they were responsible for 54.5% of regimen changes and 21.4% of deaths in children treated at the study site. These findings suggest the need for incorporating pharmacovigilance practices into the provision of antiretroviral treatment. © 2010. The Authors.	Adverse; Antiretroviral; Children; Events; Treatment	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896089642	The impact of methamphetamine ("tik") on a peri-urban community in Cape Town, South Africa	Watt M.H., Meade C.S., Kimani S., MacFarlane J.C., Choi K.W., Skinner D., Pieterse D., Kalichman S.C., Sikkema K.J.	2014	International Journal of Drug Policy	25	2	10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.007	Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Stellenbosch University, Unit for Research on Health and Society, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States	Watt, M.H., Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Meade, C.S., Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States, Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Kimani, S., Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States; MacFarlane, J.C., Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Choi, K.W., Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Skinner, D., Stellenbosch University, Unit for Research on Health and Society, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Pieterse, D., Stellenbosch University, Unit for Research on Health and Society, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Kalichman, S.C., University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Sikkema, K.J., Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States, Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, United States, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708, United States	Background: Over the last decade, South Africa's Western Cape has experienced a dramatic increase in methamphetamine (". tik") use. Our study explored local impressions of the impact of tik use in a peri-urban township community in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: We conducted individual in-depth interviews with 55 women and 37 men who were regular attendees of alcohol-serving venues. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. A content analysis approach was used to identify themes related to the impact of tik use based on levels of the socio-ecological framework (individual, inter-personal and community). Results: Tik use was reported to be a greater issue among Coloureds, compared to Blacks. At an individual level, respondents reported that tik use had adverse effects on mental, physical, and economic well-being, and limited future opportunities through school drop-out and incarceration. At an inter-personal level, respondents reported that tik use contributed to physical and sexual violence as well as increased rates of sexual risk behaviour, particularly through transactional sex relationships. Respondents described how tik use led to household conflict, and had negative impacts on children, including neglect and poor birth outcomes. At a community level, respondents linked tik use to increased rates of crime, violence and corruption, which undercut community cohesion. Conclusions: Our results highlight the negative impact that tik is having on individuals, households and the overall community in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. There is a clear need for interventions to prevent tik use in South Africa and to mitigate and address the impact of tik on multiple levels. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Methamphetamine; Qualitative; South Africa	methamphetamine; methamphetamine; adult; article; child neglect; content analysis; crime; family conflict; female; high risk behavior; human; male; methamphetamine dependence; physical violence; priority journal; race difference; sexual violence; South Africa; transactional sex; urban population; adolescent; attitude; Black person; demography; family size; human relation; middle aged; psychology; qualitative research; urban population; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Attitude; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Methamphetamine; Middle Aged; Qualitative Research; Residence Characteristics; South Africa; Urban Population; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934764381	Monitoring the progress towards the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis	Simarro P.P., Cecchi G., Franco J.R., Paone M., Diarra A., Priotto G., Mattioli R.C., Jannin J.G.	2015	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	9	6	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003785	World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Subregional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy; World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Intercountry Support Team, Libreville, Gabon	Simarro, P.P., World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland; Cecchi, G., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Subregional Office for Eastern Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Franco, J.R., World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland; Paone, M., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy; Diarra, A., World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Intercountry Support Team, Libreville, Gabon; Priotto, G., World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland; Mattioli, R.C., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy; Jannin, J.G., World Health Organization, Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, Geneva, Switzerland	Background Over the last few years, momentum has gathered around the feasibility and opportunity of eliminating gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (g-HAT). Under the leadership of the World Health Organization (WHO), a large coalition of stakeholders is now committed to achieving this goal. A roadmap has been laid out, and indicators and milestones have been defined to monitor the progress of the elimination of g-HAT as a public health problem by 2020. Subsequently, a more ambitious objective was set for 2030: to stop disease transmission. This paper provides a situational update to 2012 for a number of indicators of elimination: number of cases annually reported, geographic distribution of the disease and areas and populations at different levels of risk. Results Comparing the 5-year periods 2003-2007 and 2008-2012, the area at high or very high risk of g-HAT shrank by 60%, while the area at moderate risk decreased by 22%. These are the areas where g-HAT is still to be considered a public health problem (i.e. > 1 HAT reported case per 10,000 people per annum). This contraction of at-risk areas corresponds to a reduction of 57% for the population at high or very high risk (from 4.1 to 1.8 million), and 20% for moderate risk (from 14.0 to 11.3 million). Discussion Improved data completeness and accuracy of the Atlas of HAT enhanced our capacity to monitor the progress towards the elimination of g-HAT. The trends in the selected indicators suggest that, in recent years, progress has been steady and in line with the elimination goal laid out in the WHO roadmap on neglected tropical diseases. © World Health Organization.	None	African trypanosomiasis; Article; disease elimination; disease surveillance; disease transmission; geographic distribution; high risk population; human; major clinical study; morbidity; nonhuman; outcome assessment; public health problem; trend study; world health organization	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53549127285	Developing health systems research capacities through north-south partnership: An evaluation of collaboration with South Africa and Thailand	Mayhew S.H., Doherty J., Pitayarangsarit S.	2008	Health Research Policy and Systems	6	None	10.1186/1478-4505-6-8	Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Health Policy Program, Bureau of Health Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand	Mayhew, S.H., Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Doherty, J., School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Pitayarangsarit, S., International Health Policy Program, Bureau of Health Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand	Background: Over the past ten years, calls to strengthen health systems research capacities in low and middle income countries have increased. One mechanism for capacity development is the partnering of northern and southern institutions. However, detailed case-studies of north-south partnerships, at least in the domain of health systems research, remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the partnerships developed between the Health Economics and Financing Programme of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and three research partners in South Africa and Thailand to strengthen health economics-related research capacity. Methods: Data from programme documents were collected over five years to measure quantitative indicators of capacity development. Qualitative data were obtained from 25 in-depth interviews with programme staff from South Africa, Thailand and London. Results and Discussion: Five years of formal partnership resulted in substantial strengthening of individual research skills and moderate instituonalised strengthening in southern partner institutions. Activities included joint proposals, research and articles, staff exchange and post-graduate training. In Thailand, individual capacities were built through post-graduate training and the partner institution developed this as part of a package aimed at retaining young researchers at the institution. In South Africa, local post-graduate teaching programs were strengthened, regular staff visits/exchanges initiated and maintained and funding secured for several large-scale, multi-partner projects. These activities could not have been achieved without good personal relationships between members of the partner institutions, built on trust developed over twenty years. In South Africa, a critical factor was the joint appointment of a London staff member on long-term secondment to one of the partner institutions. Conclusion: As partnerships mature the needs of partners change and new challenges emerge. Partners' differing research priorities (national v international; policy-led v academic-led) need to be balanced and equitable funding mechanisms developed recognising the needs and constraints faced by both southern and northern partners. Institutionalising partnerships (through long-term development of trust, engagement of a broad range of staff in joint activities and joint appointment of staff), and developing responsive mechanisms for governing these partnerships (through regular joint negotiation of research priorities and funding issues), can address these challenges in mutually acceptable ways. Indeed, by late 2005 the partnership under scrutiny in this paper had evolved into a wider consortium involving additional partners, more explicit mechanisms for managing institutional relationships and some core funding for partners. Most importantly, this study has shown that it is possible for long-term north-south partnership commitments to yield fruit and to strengthen the capacities of public health research and training institutions in less developed countries. © 2008 Mayhew et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; cooperation; developed country; health care system; health economics; interview; medical research; policy; postgraduate education; public health; publication; South Africa; Thailand; United Kingdom	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33645356204	Peripheral reductive capacity is associated with cognitive performance and survival in Alzheimer's disease	Minghetti L., Greco A., Puopolo M., Combrinck M., Warden D., Smith A.D.	2006	Journal of Neuroinflammation	3	None	10.1186/1742-2094-3-4	Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom	Minghetti, L., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Greco, A., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Puopolo, M., Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Section of Degenerative and Inflammatory Neurological Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Combrinck, M., Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom; Warden, D., The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom; Smith, A.D., The Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), Department of Pharmacology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford Centre for Gene Function, Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom	Background: Oxidative stress is believed to be an early event and a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and progression. In spite of an intensive search for surrogate markers to monitor changes related to oxidative stress in the brain, there is as yet no consensus about which markers to use in clinical studies. The measurement of peripheral anti-oxidants is an alternative way of evaluating the involvement of oxidative stress in the course of the disease. Given the complexity of peripheral anti-oxidant defence, variations in the levels of individual anti-oxidant species may not fully reflect the overall capacity to fight oxidant conditions. We therefore chose to evaluate the total reductive capacity (herein defined as anti-oxidant capacity, AOC) in serum from control subjects and AD patients in order to study the association between peripheral antioxidant defence, cognitive impairment and patient survival. Methods: We measured the levels of AOC in serum samples from 26 cognitively normal controls and 25 AD patients (12 post-mortem confirmed) who completed the Cambridge Cognitive Assessment. Cognitive decline was assessed in a subgroup of 19 patients who underwent a second cognitive assessment 2 years after the initial visit. Results: Serum AOC levels were lower in AD patients than in controls and were correlated with their cognitive test scores, although AOC levels were unrelated to cognitive decline assessed two years later. On the other hand, AOC levels were predictive of the length of patients' survival, with higher levels giving longer survival. Conclusion: This study indicates that peripheral anti-oxidant defences are depleted in AD patients. The results suggest that serum AOC is a good index of the general health status and prognosis of patients but does not necessarily reflect the extent to which vulnerable neuronal populations are protected from oxidant processes. Further studies are required to establish whether peripheral AOC measurements may be useful in identifying asymptomatic individuals or those with early symptoms at high risk of developing significant cognitive impairment or dementia. © 2006 Minghetti et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	antioxidant; adult; aged; Alzheimer disease; article; cognitive defect; controlled study; correlation analysis; disease association; disease course; disease marker; female; follow up; health status; high risk patient; human; major clinical study; male; mental performance; mental test; neuroprotection; oxidative stress; pathogenesis; prediction; prognosis; risk assessment; scoring system; serology; survival time	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905456762	Paediatric index of mortality scores: An evaluation of function in the paediatric intensive care unit of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital	Solomon L.J., Morrow B.M., Argent A.C.	2014	Southern African Journal of Critical Care	30	1	10.7196/SAJCC.166	Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Division of Paediatric Critical Care and Children's Heart Disease, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Solomon, L.J., Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Academic Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Morrow, B.M., Division of Paediatric Critical Care and Children's Heart Disease, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Argent, A.C., Division of Paediatric Critical Care and Children's Heart Disease, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa	Background. Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) and PIM 2 scores have been shown to be valid predictors of outcome among paediatric intensive care unit populations in the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Europe, but have never been evaluated in the South African context. Objective. To evaluate the PIM and PIM 2 as mortality risk assessment models. Method. A retrospective audit of case records and prospectively collected patient data from all admissions to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, during the years 2000 (PIM) and 2006 (PIM 2), excluding premature infants, children who died within 2 hours of admission, or children transferred to other PICUs. Results. For PIM and PIM 2 there were 128/962 (13.3%) and 123/1113 (11.05%) PICU deaths with expected mean mortality rates of 12.14% and 12.39%, yielding standardised mortality risk ratios (SMRs) of 1.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 - 1.34) and 0.9 (95% CI 0.74 - 1.06), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed area under the curve of 0.849 (PIM) and 0.841 (PIM 2). Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit revealed poor calibration for PIM (χ2=19.74; p =0.02) and acceptable calibration for PIM 2 (χ2= 10.06; p=0.35). SMR for age and diagnostic subgroups for both scores fell within wide confidence intervals. Conclusion. Both scores showed good overall discrimination. PIM showed poor calibration. For PIM 2 both discrimination and calibration were comparable to the score derivation units, at the time of data collection for each. Calibration in terms of age and diagnostic categories was not validated by this study.	None	area under the curve; article; calibration; child; clinical article; confidence interval; female; human; intensive care unit; male; medical audit; medical record; mortality; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; patient coding; pediatric index of mortality; receiver operating characteristic; red cross; retrospective study; risk assessment	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939810973	An evaluation of a palliative care outreach programme for children with Burkitt lymphoma in rural Cameroon	Tamannai M., Kaah J., Mbah G., Ndimba J., D'Souza C., Wharin P., Hesseling P.B.	2015	International Journal of Palliative Nursing	21	7	10.12968/ijpn.2015.21.7.331	Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Banso Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Nottingham University Hospitals, United Kingdom; Beryl Thyer Memorial Africa Trust, United Kingdom; Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Tamannai, M., Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Kaah, J., Banso Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Mbah, G., Banso Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Ndimba, J., Banso Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; D'Souza, C., Nottingham University Hospitals, United Kingdom; Wharin, P., Beryl Thyer Memorial Africa Trust, United Kingdom; Hesseling, P.B., Stellenbosch University, South Africa	Background: Palliative care (PC) is the most appropriate treatment for patients with life-limiting, incurable diseases, but it is a relatively new concept in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A lack of curative treatment options for some conditions creates a great need for PC, but such services are rarely provided in SSA. More research into PC in SSA is urgently needed to create an evidence base to confirm the importance of appropriate PC services. Objectives: To gain a better understanding of the needs of patients and their families visited by a children's PC nurse in Cameroon and to identify aspects of the service that can be improved. Methodology: A qualitative study design with semi-structured interviews was used. Tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed. Results: Twelve interviews were conducted with patients, carers and nurses. Financial aid, general disease improvement and prayers were the directly expressed needs of service recipients. Specialist training in children's PC was the main need expressed by the nurses. Open communication about clinical status and treatment failure, more detailed counselling, more distraction for patients and respite for carers were identified as underlying needs. Conclusion: It is possible to provide an effective children's PC service that meets the most urgent needs of recipients in a rural setting in SSA. Recommendations include improved counselling, specialist education for staff, expansion of local support networks and more frequent home visits. More studies are needed to help define the need for PC in children with life-limiting diseases. © 2015 MA Healthcare Ltd.	Burkitt lymphoma; Children's palliative care; Health-related quality of life; Outreach; Sub-Saharan Africa	adolescent; Burkitt lymphoma; Cameroon; child; child health care; family; female; health care planning; health service; human; interview; male; nursing; palliative therapy; program evaluation; rural population; standards; Adolescent; Burkitt Lymphoma; Cameroon; Child; Child Health Services; Family; Female; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Interviews as Topic; Male; Medically Underserved Area; Palliative Care; Program Evaluation; Rural Population	None
None	None	Clinical performance of an automated reader in interpreting malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Tanzania	Shekalaghe S., Cancino M., Mavere C., Juma O., Mohammed A., Abdulla S., Ferro S.	2013	Malaria Journal	12	1	10.1186/1475-2875-12-141	Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada	Shekalaghe, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Cancino, M., Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada; Mavere, C., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Juma, O., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Mohammed, A., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Abdulla, S., Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, PO Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; Ferro, S., Fio Corporation, Toronto, Canada	Background: Parasitological confirmation of malaria is now recommended in all febrile patients by the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce inappropriate use of anti-malarial drugs. Widespread implementation of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is regarded as an effective strategy to achieve this goal. However, the quality of diagnosis provided by RDTs in remote rural dispensaries and health centres is not ideal. Feasible RDT quality control programmes in these settings are challenging. Collection of information regarding diagnostic events is also very deficient in low-resource countries. Methods. A prospective cohort of consecutive patients aged more than one year from both genders, seeking routine care for febrile episodes at dispensaries located in the Bagamoyo district of Tanzania, were enrolled into the study after signing an informed consent form. Blood samples were taken for thick blood smear (TBS) microscopic examination and malaria RDT (SD Bioline Malaria Antigen Pf/Pan™ (SD RDT)). RDT results were interpreted by both visual interpretation and Deki Reader™ device. Results of visual interpretation were used for case management purposes. Microscopy was considered the "gold standard test" to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader interpretation and to compare it to visual interpretation. Results: In total, 1,346 febrile subjects were included in the final analysis. The SD RDT, when used in conjunction with the Deki Reader and upon visual interpretation, had sensitivities of 95.3% (95% CI, 90.6-97.7) and 94.7% (95% CI, 89.8-97.3) respectively, and specificities of 94.6% (95% CI, 93.5-96.1) and 95.6% (95% CI, 94.2-96.6), respectively to gold standard. There was a high percentage of overall agreement between the two methods of interpretation. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader in interpretation of SD RDTs were comparable to previous reports and showed high agreement to visual interpretation (>98%). The results of the study reflect the situation in real practice and show good performance characteristics of Deki Reader on interpreting malaria RDTs in the hands of local laboratory technicians. They also suggest that a system like this could provide great benefits to the health care system. Further studies to look at ease of use by community health workers, and cost benefit of the system are warranted. © 2013 Shekalaghe et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Deki Reader; Malaria rapid diagnostic test; mHealth	adolescent; adult; aged; analyzer; article; blood sampling; blood smear; child; cohort analysis; developing country; female; human; major clinical study; malaria; male; microscopy; patient care; preschool child; prospective study; school child; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; thick blood smear; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Automation, Laboratory; Blood; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaria; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Parasitology; Prospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Young Adult	None
WoS	WOS:000287817800001	Parental control and monitoring of young people's sexual behaviour in rural North-Western Tanzania: Implications for sexual and reproductive health interventions	Fenwick, Angela,Stones, William,Urassa, Mark,Wamoyi, Joyce,Zaba, Basia	2011	BMC PUBLIC HEALTH	11	None	10.1186/1471-2458-11-106	Aga Khan University, University of London, University of Southampton, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	"Fenwick, Angela: University of Southampton",	Background: Parenting through control and monitoring has been found to have an effect on young people's sexual behaviour. There is a dearth of literature from sub-Saharan Africa on this subject. This paper examines parental control and monitoring and the implications of this on young people's sexual decision making in a rural setting in North-Western Tanzania. Methods: This study employed an ethnographic research design. Data collection involved 17 focus group discussions and 46 in-depth interviews conducted with young people aged 14-24 years and parents/carers of young people within this age-group. Thematic analysis was conducted with the aid of NVIVO 7 software. Results: Parents were motivated to control and monitor their children's behaviour for reasons such as social respectability and protecting them from undesirable sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes. Parental control and monitoring varied by family structure, gender, schooling status, a young person's contribution to the economic running of the family and previous experience of a SRH outcome such as unplanned pregnancy. Children from single parent families reported that they received less control compared to those from both parent families. While a father's presence in the family seemed important in controlling the activities of young people, a mother's did not have a similar effect. Girls especially those still schooling received more supervision compared to boys. Young women who had already had unplanned pregnancy were not supervised as closely as those who hadn't. Parents employed various techniques to control and monitor their children's sexual activities. Conclusions: Despite parents making efforts to control and monitor their young people's sexual behaviour, they are faced with several challenges (e. g. little time spent with their children) which make it difficult for them to effectively monitor them. There is a need for interventions such as parenting skills building that might enable parents to improve their relationships with children. This would equip parents with the appropriate skills for positive guidance and monitoring of their children and avoid inappropriate parenting behaviour. As much as parents focus their attention on their school going daughters, there is a need to also remember the out-of-school young people as they are also vulnerable to adverse SRH outcomes.	,ADOLESCENCE,AFRICAN-AMERICAN,DESIGN,FAMILY,HIV,MOTHERS,"RISK BEHAVIORS"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34250312147	Localization of auricular projection area of the liver and its use in the monitoring of viral hepatitis	Szopinski J.Z., Lochner G.P., Macura T., Karcz-Socha I., Kasprzyk-Minkner A., Kielan K., Krupa-Jezierska B., Nasiek D.J., Warakomski P.	2006	Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine	26	4	None	Pain Clinic, Mayo Medical Centre of South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Teaching Hospital, Tychy, Poland; Department of Internal Medicine, Strzelce Opolskie Regional Hospital, Poland; Provincial Centre for Mother and Child Health Care, Czestochowa, Poland; 1st Department of Psychiatry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland; Maciejow-Zabre Medical Centre, Zabrze, Poland; Department of Anaesthesia, Newport Hospital, Kingston, RI, United States; Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland; P.O. Box 1042, Fontainebleau 2032, South Africa	Szopinski, J.Z., Pain Clinic, Mayo Medical Centre of South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, P.O. Box 1042, Fontainebleau 2032, South Africa; Lochner, G.P., Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Macura, T., Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Teaching Hospital, Tychy, Poland; Karcz-Socha, I., Department of Internal Medicine, Strzelce Opolskie Regional Hospital, Poland; Kasprzyk-Minkner, A., Provincial Centre for Mother and Child Health Care, Czestochowa, Poland; Kielan, K., 1st Department of Psychiatry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice, Poland; Krupa-Jezierska, B., Maciejow-Zabre Medical Centre, Zabrze, Poland; Nasiek, D.J., Department of Anaesthesia, Newport Hospital, Kingston, RI, United States; Warakomski, P., Department of Physiology, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland	Background: Pathology of an internal organ causes significant rectification of electrical currents (diode phenomenon) in related skin areas once the resistance 'breakthrough effect' has been induced in the skin. Objective: Localization of auricular projection area of the liver and evaluation of its usefulness in the monitoring of viral hepatitis. Design, patients and setting: Comparative study of the degree of electrical rectification measured at various spots in the auricular concha region, in 19 inpatients with hepatitis B and 15 clinically healthy volunteers, at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Provincial Teaching Hospital, Tychy, Poland. Intervention: Evaluation of electrical rectification at various spots on the auricular concha using a "rectification ratio" that quantifies the degree of rectification (normal range: 0-60%). Main outcome measure: The location of the skin area where a statistically significant difference existed between the rectification ratios was observed in patients (82±12% at the time of the 'peak period') versus controls (42±8%). Results: A location was identified on the ear auricle where the electrical rectification phenomenon demonstrated a dependence on the presence of hepatitis. Conclusions: Liver projection area exists on the ear auricle which is located within the region of cymba conchae, next to anthelix and the cavity of concha. The existence of viral hepatitis causes this skin area to show a higher degree of electrical rectification once the skin resistance 'breakthrough effect' has been induced. Evaluation of the rectification phenomenon of the liver projection area provides a method of non-invasive monitoring of viral hepatitis.	Acupuncture point; Organ electrodermal diagnostic (OED); Rectification; Resistance 'breakthrough effect'; Skin resistance	adult; article; clinical article; comparative study; controlled study; device; diagnostic procedure; external ear; female; hepatitis B; hospital patient; human; liver; male; monitoring; non invasive measurement; Poland; skin conductance; statistical significance; volunteer	None
None	None	Health workers' performance in the implementation of Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) strategy under programmatic conditions in Tanzania: A cross sectional study	Mkopi A., Range N., Amuri M., Geubbels E., Lwilla F., Egwaga S., Schulze A., Van Leth F.	2013	BMC Health Services Research	13	1	10.1186/1472-6963-13-101	Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Mkopi, A., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Range, N., National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Amuri, M., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geubbels, E., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Lwilla, F., Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 78373, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Egwaga, S., National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Schulze, A., Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; Van Leth, F., KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands, Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Background: Patient Centred Tuberculosis Treatment (PCT) is a promising treatment delivery strategy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). It aims to improve adherence to treatment by giving patients the choice of having drug intake supervised at the health facility by a medical professional or at home by a supporter of their choice. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in three districts of Tanzania during October 2007, one year after PCT was rolled out nationally. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to assess whether key elements of the PCT approach were being implemented, to evaluate supporters' knowledge, to capture opinions on factors contributing to treatment completion, and to assess how treatment completion was measured. Transcripts from open-ended responses were analysed using framework analysis. Results: Interviews were conducted with 127 TB patients, 107 treatment supporters and 70 health workers. In total, 25.2% of TB patients were not given a choice about the place of treatment by health workers, and only 13.7% of those given a choice reported that they were given adequate time to make their decision. Only 24.3% of treatment supporters confirmed that they were instructed how to complete patients' treatment cards. Proper health education was the factor most frequently reported by health workers as favouring successful completion of TB treatment (45.7%). The majority of health workers (68.6%) said they checked returned blister packs to verify whether patients had taken their treatment, but only 20.0% checked patients' treatment cards. Conclusions: The provision of choice of treatment location, information on treatment, and guidance for treatment supporters need to be improved. There is a requirement for regular re-training of health workers with effective supportive supervision if successful implementation of the PCT approach is to be sustained. © 2013 Mkopi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Directly observed treatment; Home-based; Patient centred treatment; PCT; Tanzania; TB	adult; article; cross-sectional study; directly observed therapy; female; health care quality; human; lung tuberculosis; male; medication compliance; paramedical personnel; patient care; patient participation; professional competence; qualitative research; questionnaire; Tanzania; Adult; Allied Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Directly Observed Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Patient Participation; Patient-Centered Care; Professional Competence; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care; Questionnaires; Tanzania; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
WoS	WOS:000268170600001	Conflicting priorities: evaluation of an intervention to improve nurse-parent relationships on a Tanzanian paediatric ward	Chandler, Clare I. R.,Manongi, Rachel N.,Mwangi, Rose,Nasuwa, Fortunata R.,Poulsen, Anja,Reyburn, Hugh	2009	HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH	7	None	10.1186/1478-4491-7-50	University of Copenhagen, University of London, Kilimanjaro Christian Med Ctr	"Chandler, Clare I. R.: University of London",	Background: Patient, or parent/guardian, satisfaction with health care provision is important to health outcomes. Poor relationships with health workers, particularly with nursing staff, have been reported to reduce satisfaction with care in Africa. Participatory research approaches such as the Health Workers for Change initiative have been successful in improving provider-client relationships in various developing country settings, but have not yet been reported in the complex environment of hospital wards. We evaluated the HWC approach for improving the relationship between nurses and parents on a paediatric ward in a busy regional hospital in Tanzania. Methods: The intervention consisted of six workshops, attended by 29 of 31 trained nurses and nurse attendants working on the paediatric ward. Parental satisfaction with nursing care was measured with 288 parents before and six weeks after the workshops, by means of an adapted Picker questionnaire. Two focus-group discussions were held with the workshop participants six months after the intervention. Results: During the workshops, nurses demonstrated awareness of poor relationships between themselves and mothers. To tackle this, they proposed measures including weekly meetings to solve problems, maintain respect and increase cooperation, and representation to administrative forces to request better working conditions such as equipment, salaries and staff numbers. The results of the parent satisfaction questionnaire showed some improvement in responsiveness of nurses to client needs, but overall the mean percentage of parents reporting each of 20 problems was not statistically significantly different after the intervention, compared to before it (38.9% versus 41.2%). Post-workshop focus-group discussions with nursing staff suggested that nurses felt more empathic towards mothers and perceived an improvement in the relationship, but that this was hindered by persisting problems in their working environment, including poor relationships with other staff and a lack of response from hospital administration to their needs. Conclusion: The intended outcome of the intervention was not met. The priorities of the intervention - to improve nurse-parent relationships - did not match the priorities of the nursing staff. Development of awareness and empathy was not enough to provide care that was satisfactory to clients in the context of working conditions that were unsatisfactory to nurses.	,CARE,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,"HEALTH WORKERS","MATERNITY SERVICES",MOTIVATION,QUALITY,QUESTIONNAIRE,SATISFACTION	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901392107	Impact of generic substitution practice on care of diabetic patients	Oyetunde O.O., Aina B.A., Tayo F.	2014	International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy	36	3	10.1007/s11096-014-9946-5	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Oyetunde, O.O., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Aina, B.A., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Tayo, F., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Background: Patients with chronic diseases like type II diabetes mellitus often have their prescriptions substituted with generic medicines in the course of care to save costs of medicines and to improve access. There is need to assess impact of this practice on patient care. Objective: To assess patient's knowledge of generic substitution practice and its impact on patient care. Setting An outpatient diabetic clinic of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Method: The study is a cross sectional survey of patients attending a diabetic clinic. A structured questionnaire was used to interview willing patients. A total of 120 patients were enrolled for the study, but only 102 responded (85 % overall response rate). Main outcome measures: Patients' knowledge of generic substitution practice, patients' report of abstaining from drug use, experiences of more side effects and patients' confusion. Results: Over half (57.8 %) of surveyed patients (n = 59) had noticed brand switches, out of which, 30.5 % experienced brand switches more than 3 times within a year. More than a third of the respondents (38.6 %) did not know when pharmacists actually substituted their medicines. About one in five (19.6 %) patients did not use their medicines after substitution because they were not sure of the brand supplied but 35.6 % have rejected substitution at one time and insisted on doctors' prescription. Respondents (14.9 %) agreed that brand substitution resulted in confusion while 24 % reported receiving brands that resulted in more side effects. More respondents (58.6 %) indicated that they never had a discussion with their pharmacists about the reasons for generic substitution and switches. Conclusion: Generic substitution without adequate information resulted in confusion and subsequent lack of adherence. There is the vital need for appropriate policy and guidelines for generic substitution in Nigeria. © 2014 Koninklijke Nederlandse Maatschappij ter bevordering der Pharmacie.	Diabetes mellitus; Generic substitution; Generics; Nigeria; Patient care	antidiabetic agent; counterfeit drug; generic drug; metformin; antidiabetic agent; adult; aged; article; confusion (uncertainty); cross-sectional study; diabetic patient; drug dose regimen; drug efficacy; drug safety; drug treatment failure; drug use; fear; female; health care policy; human; knowledge; major clinical study; male; medical practice; Nigeria; outcome assessment; outpatient; patient attitude; patient care; patient preference; personal experience; pharmacist; practice guideline; prescription; priority journal; structured interview; structured questionnaire; tertiary care center; very elderly; attitude to health; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; drug substitution; educational status; middle aged; organization and management; outpatient department; patient education; pharmacy; psychology; statistics and numerical data; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Community Pharmacy Services; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Substitution; Educational Status; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Patient Education as Topic	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049184766	Evaluation of Alvarado score as an admission criterion in patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis	Tade A.O.	2007	West African Journal of Medicine	26	3	None	Department of Surgery, Olabisi Onabanjo, University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; P.O. Box 1303, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Tade, A.O., Department of Surgery, Olabisi Onabanjo, University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, P.O. Box 1303, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Background: Patients with right iliac fossa pain present a diagnostic challenge to emergency room doctors when equivocal signs are present. Objective: To evaluate Alvarado score as an admission criterion in patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Methods: This was a prospective study of 100 consecutive patients who presented to the an emergency department with right iliac fossa pain and suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis between January 2004 and December 2004. They were assessed using Alvarado score. Main outcome measures in relation to these scores were, patient's admission, patient's discharge, and whether patient had appendicitis or not. Results: The range of scores was 1-10. Seventy-four patients were admitted while 26 were discharged. Thirty-four patients with confirmed diagnosis of acute appendicitis had scores ranging from 5-10. No patient with score less than 5 had appendicitis. The sensitivity and negative predictive value reached 100% at scores below five, while specificity and positive predictive value reached 100% at the score of 10. Conclusion: The Alvarado score can be used as an objective criterion in selecting for admission patients with suspected diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Patients with scores of 4and below do not require admission since they turn out not to have acute appendicitis.	Admission criterion; Alvarado score; Appendicitis; Diagnosis	abdominal pain; acute appendicitis; adult; Alvarado score; article; clinical trial; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; correlation analysis; diagnostic accuracy; emergency ward; female; hospital admission; hospital discharge; human; major clinical study; male; outcome assessment; practice guideline; prediction; prospective study; scoring system; sensitivity and specificity; symptom; validation study; Abdomen, Acute; Adult; Appendicitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Health Status Indicators; Humans; Male; Pelvic Pain; Prospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33744929627	Traditional healers, treatment delay, performance status and death from TB in rural South Africa	Barker R.D., Millard F.J.C., Malatsi J., Mkoana L., Ngoatwana T., Agarawal S., De Valliere S.	2006	International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease	10	6	None	Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MI, United States; Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Bessemer Rd, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom	Barker, R.D., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Bessemer Rd, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom; Millard, F.J.C., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Malatsi, J., Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Mkoana, L., Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Ngoatwana, T., Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; Agarawal, S., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; De Valliere, S., Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom, Jane Furse Memorial Hospital, Jane Furse, Limpopo Province, South Africa, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, MI, United States, Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, Bessemer Rd, London SE5 9PJ, United Kingdom	BACKGROUND: People in sub-Saharan Africa frequently consult traditional healers before reaching the government health services (GHS). This can lead to delays in starting effective anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. To our knowledge, no studies have shown a direct relationship between visiting traditional healers, increased morbidity and death from TB. METHODS: All patients starting on anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy at a rural hospital in South Africa in 2003 were included in the study. TB nurses interviewed the patients and established how long they had had symptoms before treatment was started, whether they had visited traditional healers before coming to the hospital, their performance status and, later, whether they had died. RESULTS: Of 133 patients, those who attended a traditional healer took longer to access anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy (median 90 days, range 0-210) than those who went directly to the GHS (median 21, range 0-120). Patients who visited a traditional healer had worse performance status (P < 0.001), and were more likely to die (24/77 [31%] vs. 4/33 [12%], P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Treatment delay due to visiting traditional healers can have dire consequences for patients with TB. Efforts are required to engage with health care practitioners outside the government sector to improve the prospects for patients with TB. © 2006 The Union.	Death; Karnofsky performance status; Sub-Saharan Africa; TB; Traditional medicine; Treatment	adolescent; adult; aged; article; female; health service; health status; human; major clinical study; male; priority journal; therapy delay; traditional medicine; tuberculosis; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Rural Health; South Africa; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898541023	Relationships between academic performance, SES school type and perceptual-motor skills in first grade South African learners: NW-CHILD study	Pienaar A.E., Barhorst R., Twisk J.W.R.	2014	Child: Care, Health and Development	40	3	10.1111/cch.12059	Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Pienaar, A.E., Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation (PhASRec), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Barhorst, R., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Twisk, J.W.R., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Health Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Background: Perceptual-motor skills contribute to a variety of basic learning skills associated with normal academic success. This study aimed to determine the relationship between academic performance and perceptual-motor skills in first grade South African learners and whether low SES (socio-economic status) school type plays a role in such a relationship. Methods: This cross-sectional study of the baseline measurements of the NW-CHILD longitudinal study included a stratified random sample of first grade learners (n = 812; 418 boys and 394 boys), with a mean age of 6.78 years ± 0.49 living in the North West Province (NW) of South Africa. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration-4 (VMI) was used to assess visual-motor integration, visual perception and hand control while the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, short form (BOT2-SF) assessed overall motor proficiency. Academic performance in math, reading and writing was assessed with the Mastery of Basic Learning Areas Questionnaire. Linear mixed models analysis was performed with spss to determine possible differences between the different VMI and BOT2-SF standard scores in different math, reading and writing mastery categories ranging from no mastery to outstanding mastery. A multinomial multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between a clustered score of academic performance and the different determinants. Results: A strong relationship was established between academic performance and VMI, visual perception, hand control and motor proficiency with a significant relationship between a clustered academic performance score, visual-motor integration and visual perception. A negative association was established between low SES school types on academic performance, with a common perceptual motor foundation shared by all basic learning areas. Conclusion: Visual-motor integration, visual perception, hand control and motor proficiency are closely related to basic academic skills required in the first formal school year, especially among learners in low SES type schools. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Math; Motor proficiency; Perceptual; Reading; School readiness; Writing	achievement; child; child development; cross-sectional study; education; female; human; learning; longitudinal study; male; motor performance; physiology; procedures; psychomotor performance; school; social class; South Africa; vision; Achievement; Child; Child Development; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Measurement; Female; Humans; Learning; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Motor Skills; Psychomotor Performance; Schools; Social Class; South Africa; Visual Perception	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942190785	The effect of performance-based financing on illness, care-seeking and treatment among children: An impact evaluation in Rwanda	Skiles M.P., Curtis S.L., Basinga P., Angeles G., Thirumurthy H.	2015	BMC Health Services Research	15	1	10.1186/s12913-015-1033-7	Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States; Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Department Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Skiles, M.P., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curtis, S.L., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Basinga, P., Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States, Rwanda Biomedical Center, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda; Angeles, G., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Thirumurthy, H., Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 400 Meadowmont Village Circle, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, Department Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States	Background: Performance-based financing (PBF) strategies are promoted as a supply-side, results-based financing mechanism to improve primary health care. This study estimated the effects of Rwanda's PBF program on less-incentivized child health services and examined the differential program impact by household poverty. Methods: Districts were allocated to intervention and comparison for PBF implementation in Rwanda. Using Demographic Health Survey data from 2005 to 2007-08, a community-level panel dataset of 5781 children less than 5 years of age from intervention and comparison districts was created. The impacts of PBF on reported childhood illness, facility care-seeking, and treatment received were estimated using a difference-in-differences model with community fixed effects. An interaction term between poverty and the program was estimated to identify the differential effect of PBF among children from poorer families. Results: There was no measurable difference in estimated probability of reporting illness with diarrhea, fever or acute respiratory infections between the intervention and comparison groups. Seeking care at a facility for these illnesses increased over time, however no differential effect by PBF was seen. The estimated effect of PBF on receipt of treatment for poor children is 45 percentage points higher (p∈=∈0.047) compared to the non-poor children seeking care for diarrhea or fever. Conclusions: PBF, a supply-side incentive program, improved the quality of treatment received by poor children conditional on patients seeking care, but it did not impact the propensity to seek care. These findings provide additional evidence that PBF incentivizes the critical role staff play in assuring quality services, but does little to influence consumer demand for these services. Efforts to improve child health need to address both supply and demand, with additional attention to barriers due to poverty if equity in service use is a concern. © 2015 Skiles et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934767274	Performance of genotype mtbdrplus in the detection of resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid among clinical mycobacteria isolates in Ilorin, Nigeria	Nwofor A.C., Nyamngee A., Nwabuisi C., Iwakun M., Gidado M., Mensah C., Dakum P., Agbede O.O., Ndembi N., Blattner W.A., Abimiku A.G.	2015	Current HIV Research	13	4	None	Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; National Tuberculosis and leprosy Training Center, Zaria, Nigeria; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States	Nwofor, A.C., Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; Nyamngee, A., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Nwabuisi, C., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Iwakun, M., Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; Gidado, M., National Tuberculosis and leprosy Training Center, Zaria, Nigeria; Mensah, C., Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States; Dakum, P., Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; Agbede, O.O., University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Ndembi, N., Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States; Blattner, W.A., Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States; Abimiku, A.G., Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States	Background: Performance of Genotype MTBDRplus assay against Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) proportion method of Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST) in detection of resistance among clinical mycobacteria isolates to rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) was evaluated in Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: This retrospective study characterized one hundred mycobacteria isolates from pulmonary TB patients, stored on LJ medium and subcultured unto fresh LJ slants before being genotyped using MTBDRplus assay. DST was performed on the isolates against RMP, INH, Ethambutol and Streptomycin. Results: Genotype MTBDRplus identified 97% and 3% of the 100 isolates as Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) and Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) respectively. Fourteen of the isolates, (14%) were resistant to RMP while 86% were sensitive by the genotypic method. Three of these 14 RMP-resistant isolates were NTMs while 11 were MTBC. Twelve (12%) of the 100 isolates were resistant to INH. Three INH-resistant isolates were NTMs, and 9 were MTBC. Phenotypically and genotypically, the 3 NTMs were resistant to RMP and INH and ten of the 97 MTBC strains were RMP-resistant. One RMP-phenotypically-sensitive strain was genotypically resistant to RMP. Six of the MTBC isolates were resistant to both RMP and INH by both methods. Most mutations occurred in the S-531L and S315T1 codons of rpoB and KatG genes of RMP and INH, respectively. Conclusion: The high specificity and positive predictive values recorded by MTBDRplus in our study make it suitable for use in the programmatic management of drug-resistant TB in resource-limited settings. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.	Codons; First-line anti-TB drugs; Genotypic; MDR-TB; Nigeria; Phenotypic	ethambutol; isoniazid; rifampicin; streptomycin; antiviral susceptibility; Article; controlled study; DNA isolation; genotype; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nigeria; nonhuman; polymerase chain reaction; retrospective study	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903723679	Impact of PermaNet 3.0 on entomological indices in an area of pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in south-western Nigeria	Awolola S.T., Adeogun A.O., Olojede J.B., Oduola A.O., Oyewole I.O., Amajoh C.N.	2014	Parasites and Vectors	7	1	10.1186/1756-3305-7-236	Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria;	Awolola, S.T., Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Adeogun, A.O., Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olojede, J.B., Molecular Entomology and Vector Control Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, PMB 2013 Yaba Lagos, Nigeria; Oduola, A.O., Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oyewole, I.O., Department of Biological Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Nigeria; Amajoh, C.N., National Malaria Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria	Background: PermaNet® 3.0 is an insecticide synergist-combination long-lasting insecticidal net designed to have increased efficacy against malaria vectors with metabolic resistance, even when combined with kdr. The current study reports on the impact of this improved tool on entomological indices in an area with pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors in Nigeria. Methods. Baseline entomological indices across eight villages in Remo North LGA of Ogun State provided the basis for selection of three villages (Ilara, Irolu and Ijesa) for comparing the efficacy of PermaNet® 3.0 (PN3.0), PermaNet® 2.0 (PN2.0) and untreated polyester nets as a control (UTC). In each case, nets were distributed to cover all sleeping spaces and were evaluated for insecticidal activity on a 3-monthly basis. Collection of mosquitoes was conducted monthly via window traps and indoor resting catches. The arithmetic means of mosquito catches per house, entomological inoculation rates before and during the intervention were compared as well as three other outcome parameters: the mean mosquito blood feeding rate, mean mortality and mean parity rates. Results: Anopheles gambiae s.l. was the main malaria vector in the three villages, accounting for &gt;98% of the Anopheles population and found in appreciable numbers for 6-7 months. Deltamethrin, permethrin and lambdacyhalothrin resistance were confirmed at Ilara, Irolu and Ijesa. The kdr mutation was the sole resistance mechanism at Ilara, whereas kdr plus P450-based metabolic mechanisms were detected at Irolu and Ijesa. Bioassays repeated on domestically used PN 2.0 and PN 3.0 showed persistent optimal (100%) bio-efficacy for both net types after the 3rd, 6th, 9 th and 12th month following net distribution. The use of PN 3.0 significantly reduced mosquito densities with a 'mass killing' effect inside houses. Households with PN 3.0 also showed reduced blood feeding as well as lower mosquito parity and sporozoite rates compared to the PN 2.0 and the UTC villages. A significant reduction in the entomological inoculation rate was detected in both the PN 2.0 village (75%) and PN 3.0 village (97%) post LLIN-distribution and not in the UTC village. Conclusion: The study confirms the efficacy of PN 3.0 in reducing malaria transmission compared to pyrethroid-only LLINs in the presence of malaria vectors with P450-based metabolic- resistance mechanisms. © 2014 Awolola et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	Anopheles gambiae; PermaNet 3.0; Pyrethroid resistance	cyhalothrin; cytochrome P450; deltamethrin; permethrin; polyester; pyrethroid; vasculotropin receptor 2; insect protein; insecticide; pyrethroid; adult; Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; anopheles nili; arithmetic; article; bed net; bioassay; blood; blood feeding; comparative effectiveness; controlled study; density; feeding; gene; gene mutation; household; human; inoculation; insecticidal activity; insecticide resistance; kdr gene; malaria; mortality; multicenter study; Nigeria; nonhuman; parity; Plasmodium falciparum; randomized controlled trial; reduction; sleep; space; sporozoite; vector control; animal; Anopheles gambiae; disease carrier; drug effects; family size; feeding behavior; gene expression regulation; genetics; information processing; malaria; metabolism; mutation; population density; questionnaire; time; Anopheles gambiae; Animals; Anopheles gambiae; Data Collection; Family Characteristics; Feeding Behavior; Gene Expression Regulation; Insect Proteins; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticide-Treated Bednets; Insecticides; Malaria; Mutation; Nigeria; Population Density; Pyrethrins; Questionnaires; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860663852	The social and economic impacts of epilepsy on women in Nigeria	Komolafe M.A., Sunmonu T.A., Afolabi O.T., Komolafe E.O., Fabusiwa F.O., Groce N., Kett M., Disu J.O., Ajiboye J.K., Olaniyan S.O.	2012	Epilepsy and Behavior	24	1	10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.11.019	Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife,	Komolafe, M.A., Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sunmonu, T.A., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Afolabi, O.T., Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Komolafe, E.O., Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Fabusiwa, F.O., Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Groce, N., Leonard Chesire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Kett, M., Leonard Chesire Disability and Inclusive Development Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, United Kingdom; Disu, J.O., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Ajiboye, J.K., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria; Olaniyan, S.O., Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria	Background: Persons with epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa experience stigma and social marginalization. There is paucity of data on the social and economic impacts of epilepsy in these patients and in particular, groups like women. We sought to determine the social and economic impacts of epilepsy on Nigerian women and especially how it affects their treatment and outcomes. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey of 63 women with epilepsy (WWE) and 69 controls matched for age, social status and site of care. A structured questionnaire was used to document information on demographic characteristics, education, employment status, economic status, health care use, personal safety and perceived stigma. The data were collated and analyzed with SPSS version 15. Results: Unemployment, fewer years of formal education, lower marriage rates and higher stigma scores were more frequent among WWE than controls. Physical and sexual abuse with transactional sex was also reported among WWE. We also noted poorer environmental and housing conditions and lower mean personal and household incomes among WWE compared to the control group. Conclusion: WWE in this sample from Nigeria have worse social and economic status when compared with women with other non-stigmatized chronic medical conditions. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.	Education; Employment; Epilepsy; Marriage; Psychosocial aspects; Rural; Urban; Women	adult; article; comparative study; controlled study; cross-sectional study; disease duration; educational status; employment status; epilepsy; female; health care utilization; health survey; housing; human; income; major clinical study; marriage; Nigeria; onset age; outcome assessment; safety; sexual abuse; social status; stigma; structured questionnaire; unemployment; women's health; Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Employment; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Social Class; Social Stigma; Unemployment; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924617476	Medication safety activities of hospital pharmacists in Ghana; Challenges and perceived impact on patient care	Acheampong F., Bruce E., Anto B.P.	2015	International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine	27	1	10.3233/JRS-150638	Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Acheampong, F., Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Bruce, E., Pharmacy Directorate, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; Anto, B.P., Department of Clinical and Social Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	BACKGROUND: Pharmacists by their training have the competences and skills to promote safe use of medicines which is an essential component of patient safety. This study explored the perceptions of hospital pharmacists' role in medication safety in Ghana, identified their attendant challenges and ways of enhancing such roles in the future. METHOD: A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to 200 pharmacists selected conveniently from the 10 regions of Ghana. Questions in the questionnaire were based on a systematic literature review that had catalogued and summarised all the activities of hospital pharmacists related to medication safety. RESULTS: A total of 176 (88% response rate) questionnaires were completed and returned. Almost all pharmacists (97.7%) believed that they were involved in medication safety activities in their daily routine. The frequently performed activities were counselling of out-patient (91.8%), training pharmacy and other clinical students (72.2%), reporting on medication errors (70%), and reconciling medications (69.2%). The mean weekly time spent on the activities ranged from 6.5 to 19.8 hours. Participants who had clinical pharmacy related additional qualifications (χ2 = 37.749; p = 0.049) and worked in tertiary care hospitals (χ2 = 26.6; p = 0.377) undertook more medication safety activities than those without. The cited challenges faced by participants included inadequate time available (62.7%), spending most time in managerial activities (47.3%), lack of formal structures of engagement (43.8%), lack of motivation by superiors (34.9%), and no formal schedule by supervisor (32%). Only 7.7% stated they lack interest in performing those activities. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists undertake many medication safety activities routinely that they perceive to have impact on patient care outcomes. Restructuring of their managerial roles will contribute to freeing time for pharmacists to engage more in those activities. © 2015 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.	error reporting; Ghana; hospital; patient safety; Pharmacist	Article; cross-sectional study; drug safety; female; Ghana; hospital pharmacy; human; male; medication error; motivation; outpatient; patient care; patient counseling; perception; pharmacist; questionnaire	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923308388	Randomized pharmacokinetic evaluation of different rifabutin doses in African HIV- infected tuberculosis patients on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy	Naiker S., Connolly C., Wiesner L., Kellerman T., Reddy T., Harries A., McIlleron H., Lienhardt C., Pym A.	2014	BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology	15	1	10.1186/2050-6511-15-61	Medical Research Council, TB Research Unit, Durban, South Africa; Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban, South Africa; University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; WHO STOP Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland; University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa	Naiker, S., Medical Research Council, TB Research Unit, Durban, South Africa; Connolly, C., Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban, South Africa; Wiesner, L., University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Kellerman, T., University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Reddy, T., Medical Research Council, Biostatistics Unit, Durban, South Africa; Harries, A., International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France; McIlleron, H., University of Cape Town, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa; Lienhardt, C., WHO STOP Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland; Pym, A., Medical Research Council, TB Research Unit, Durban, South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa	Background: Pharmacokinetic interactions between rifampicin and protease inhibitors (PIs) complicate the management of HIV-associated tuberculosis. Rifabutin is an alternative rifamycin, for patients requiring PIs. Recently some international guidelines have recommended a higher dose of rifabutin (150 mg daily) in combination with boosted lopinavir (LPV/r), than the previous dose of rifabutin (150 mg three times weekly {tiw}). But there are limited pharmacokinetic data evaluating the higher dose of rifabutin in combination with LPV/r. Sub-optimal dosing can lead to acquired rifamycin resistance (ARR). The plasma concentration of 25-O-desacetylrifabutin (d-RBT), the metabolite of rifabutin, increases in the presence of PIs and may lead to toxicity. Methods and results: Sixteen patients with TB-HIV co-infection received rifabutin 300 mg QD in combination with tuberculosis chemotherapy (initially pyrazinamide, isoniazid and ethambutol then only isoniazid), and were then randomized to receive isoniazid and LPV/r based ART with rifabutin 150 mg tiw or rifabutin 150 mg daily. The rifabutin dose with ART was switched after 1 month. Serial rifabutin and d-RBT concentrations were measured after 4 weeks of each treatment. The median AUC0-48 and Cmax of rifabutin in patients taking 150 mg rifabutin tiw was significantly reduced compared to the other treatment arms. Geometric mean ratio (90% CI) for AUC0-48 and Cmax was 0.6 (0.5-0.7) and 0.5 (0.4-0.6) for RBT 150 mg tiw compared with RBT 300 mg and 0.4 (0.4-0.4) and 0.5 (0.5-0.6) for RBT 150 mg tiw compared with 150 mg daily. 86% of patients on the tiw rifabutin arm had an AUC0-24 &lt; 4.5 μg.h/mL, which has previously been associated with acquired rifamycin resistance (ARR). Plasma d-RBT concentrations increased 5-fold with tiw rifabutin dosing and 15-fold with daily doses of rifabutin. Rifabutin was well tolerated at all doses and there were no grade 4 laboratory toxicities. One case of uveitis (grade 4), occurred in a patient taking rifabutin 300 mg daily prior to starting ART, and grade 3 neutropenia (asymptomatic) was reported in 4 patients. These events were not associated with increases in rifabutin or metabolite concentrations. Conclusions: A daily 150 mg dose of rifabutin in combination with LPV/r safely maintained rifabutin plasma concentrations in line with those shown to prevent ARR. © 2014 Naiker et al.	Clinical trial; DDI; HIV; Lopinavir; Neutropenia; Pharmacokinetics; Randomized; Rifabutin; Tuberculosis; Uveitis	25 o desacetylrifabutin; aminotransferase; amylase; ethambutol; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir; lopinavir plus ritonavir; pyrazinamide; rifabutin; rifampicin; rifaximin; stavudine; unclassified drug; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; isoniazid; lamivudine; lopinavir; rifabutin; stavudine; tuberculostatic agent; adult; African; aminotransferase blood level; amylase blood level; antibiotic therapy; antiviral therapy; area under the curve; Article; CD4 lymphocyte count; clinical article; controlled study; crossover procedure; dosage schedule comparison; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug clearance; drug dose comparison; drug safety; drug tolerability; drug withdrawal; female; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; lung tuberculosis; male; maximum plasma concentration; minimum plasma concentration; mixed infection; neutropenia; open study; outcome assessment; plasma concentration-time curve; randomized controlled trial; side effect; steady state; time to maximum plasma concentration; treatment response; uveitis; virus load; Black person; blood; chemically induced; Coinfection; drug combination; HIV Infections; metabolism; neutropenia; South Africa; tuberculosis; uveitis; Adult; African Continental Ancestry Group; Anti-HIV Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Coinfection; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Isoniazid; Lamivudine; Lopinavir; Male; Neutropenia; Rifabutin; South Africa; Stavudine; Tuberculosis; Uveitis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892737140	Impact of training on Nigerian healthcare professionals' knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance	Osakwe A., Oreagba I., Adewunmi A.J., Adekoya A., Fajolu I.	2013	International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine	25	4	10.3233/JRS-130605	National Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, 12003 Idi-araba, Nigeria; Accident and Emergency, Lagos Universit	Osakwe, A., National Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Abuja, Nigeria; Oreagba, I., National Pharmacovigilance Centre, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Abuja, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, 12003 Idi-araba, Nigeria; Adewunmi, A.J., Accident and Emergency, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idiaraba, Lagos, Nigeria; Adekoya, A., Pharmacy Department, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idiaraba, Lagos, Nigeria; Fajolu, I., Department of Peadiatrics, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idiaraba, Lagos, Nigeria	BACKGROUND: Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug related problem. The effectiveness of this system revolves on the active participation of the healthcare practitioners. Poor knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance has necessitated training of healthcare professionals in different parts of Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to determine the knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst health professionals in Nigeria and the impact of previous training in pharmacovigilance on their knowledge and practice. METHODS: In this descriptive cross sectional study, purposive and systematic random sampling method was used in selecting health facilities and health care practitioners respectively. Data were collected using a three-part peer-reviewed structured questionnaire administered through electronic mail (25) and self administration by healthcare professionals (316). RESULTS: Respondents who had received training on pharmacovigilance had better knowledge of correct definition of pharmacovigilance (P = 0.001) and better theoretical knowledge and practice scores of pharmacovigilance (P = 0.001). Receiving quarterly newsletters was not significantly associated (p = 0.220) with improved knowledge of pharmacovigilance. Overall, knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance in Nigeria was still below average. The main challenges faced in the reporting and detecting of ADR were lack of awareness, poor communication, lack of continuity in training and poor funding. CONCLUSION: Although training was associated with improved knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance amongst the health care providers studied, its overall impact was mild. Strengthened awareness creation and innovations in PV training methods are necessary to improve the efficiency of the program. © 2013-IOS Press.	adverse drug reaction; health care practitioner; knowledge and practice; Pharmacovigilance; spontaneous reporting	article; awareness; biomedical engineer; biomedical engineering; clinical practice; continuing education; cross-sectional study; descriptive research; dietitian; drug surveillance program; e-mail; female; funding; health care facility; health care personnel; human; interpersonal communication; laboratory personnel; male; medical education; Nigeria; normal human; nurse; paramedical personnel; peer review; pharmacist; physician; physiotherapist; professional knowledge; publication; radiological technologist; structured questionnaire; work experience; adverse drug reaction; health care practitioner; knowledge and practice; Pharmacovigilance; spontaneous reporting; Attitude of Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Personnel; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Pharmacovigilance; Physicians; Questionnaires	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-15844375196	Ultraviolet protective performance of photoprotective lipsticks: Change of spectral transmittance because of ultraviolet exposure	Maier H., Schauberger G., Martincigh B.S., Brunnhofer K., Hönigsmann H.	2005	Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine	21	2	10.1111/j.1600-0781.2005.00143.x	Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria	Maier, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Schauberger, G., Inst. of Med. Physics/Biostatistics, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Martincigh, B.S., School of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban, South Africa; Brunnhofer, K., Austrian Consumers' Association, Vienna, Austria; Hönigsmann, H., Div. of Special/Environ. Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria	Background: Photoinstability of sunscreens because of ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a well-known and common phenomenon. Recently, it was also shown that sunscreens with complex filter combinations are photo-inactivated by UV exposures, which can easily be acquired by solar exposure over several hours. Objectives: To assess the change of the spectral transmission after UV exposure (UV-challenged protective performance) of 27 commercially available photoprotective lipsticks. Methods: Quartz slides were covered with a lipstick layer (area density 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/cm2 ) and irradiated with increasing doses of solar-simulated radiation. The spectral transmission (T) was measured spectrophotometrically before and after 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 standard erythema doses (SED) of exposure. We calculated the change in transmission (photoinstability) as the difference between the spectral transmission before and after a defined UV exposure, ΔT, and the arithmetic mean, for both the UVA (ΔTA) and UVB (ΔTB) ranges. A product was labelled as photounstable if the mean photoinstability in the UVA, ΔTA, or UVB range, ΔTB, was higher than 5% for an UV exposure of 12.5 SED. Results: Eleven products showed a significant photoinstability in the UVA range (ΔTA between 6% and 27%), only one product in the UVB range (ΔTB = 13%), and one product in both the UVA (ΔTA = 31%) and UVB (ΔTB = 9%) range. In one product photoinstability became significant in the UVA range at higher UV exposures. Conclusions: Out of 27 lipsticks only 13 products showed a photostable performance (ΔTA&lt;5% and ΔTB&lt;5% for 12.5 SED). We propose therefore that only products, which fulfil these UV photostability criteria should be marketed. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2005.	Lipstick; Photoinactivation; Photoprotection; Photostability; Solar-simulated radiation; Sunscreen; Ultraviolet radiation; UV; UVA; UVB	cosmetic; sunscreen; article; controlled study; erythema; in vitro study; mathematical computing; priority journal; radiation exposure; radiation protection; spectrophotometry; ultraviolet A radiation; ultraviolet B radiation; ultraviolet radiation; Humans; Lip; Photochemistry; Radiation Protection; Skin; Sunscreening Agents; Ultraviolet Rays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84898605376	The evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of soft drink leaf extract of phyllanthus amarus (euphorbiaceae) in rats	Adedapo A.A., Ofuegbe S.O.	2014	Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology	25	1	10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0033	Dept. of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Physiology, Oyo State 20005, Nigeria; Biological Sciences College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria; Dept. o	Adedapo, A.A., Dept. of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Physiology, Oyo State 20005, Nigeria, Biological Sciences College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ofuegbe, S.O., Dept. of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria	Background: Phyllanthus amarus has been used in traditional medicine in Nigeria to treat some disease conditions. This study evaluated the soft drink extract (SDE) of the plant for antidiabetic activities in rats. Methods: Standard phytochemical methods were used to test for the presence of phytoactive compounds in the plant. Acute toxicity was carried out in mice to determine safe doses for this plant extract. The antidiabetic activities of the SDE of the plant were assessed using some standard tests as well as histological changes in liver, kidney and pancreas. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats using alloxan, whereas glibenclamide at 0.2 mg/kg was the reference drug used in this study. Results: The SDE at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight caused a significant reduction of fasting blood glucose, a significant change in the oral glucose tolerance test, a marked effect in the hypoglycemic activity test, and a pronounced reduction in the glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels of diabetic rats. Histopathologically, the liver of the diabetic nontreated and glibenclamidetreated groups showed widespread vacuolar change in the hepatocytes, but there was no visible lesion seen in the kidney and pancreas of extract-treated and glibenclamide- Treated groups. No lesion was also seen in the liver of the SDE-treated group. Conclusions: The results from this study may have validated the traditional basis for the use of P. amarus as antidiabetic agent with the pharmacological activities attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolics contained in this plant. At the doses used, SDE also appeared safer than glibenclamide even though the latter is more potent.	Antidiabetic agent; Diabetes mellitus; Glibenclamide; Hypoglycemia; Mice; Normoglycemia; Phyllanthus amarus; Rats	alloxan; antidiabetic agent; cholesterol; glibenclamide; glucose; hemoglobin; plant extract; soft drink extract; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; antidiabetic agent; cholesterol; glibenclamide; glucose blood level; plant extract; triacylglycerol; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antidiabetic activity; article; body weight; cholesterol blood level; controlled study; diabetes mellitus; diet restriction; erythrocyte count; evaluation study; glucose blood level; histopathology; kidney; leukocyte count; liver; liver cell; male; mouse; nonhuman; oral glucose tolerance test; pancreas; Phyllanthus amarus; rat; soft drink; triacylglycerol blood level; animal; blood; blood cell count; chemistry; drug effects; experimental diabetes mellitus; glucose tolerance test; pathology; Phyllanthus; plant leaf; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glyburide; Hypoglycemic Agents; Kidney; Liver; Male; Pancreas; Phyllanthus; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Triglycerides	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893353935	Performance of four computer-coded verbal autopsy methods for cause of death assignment compared with physician coding on 24,000 deaths in low- and middle-income countries	Desai N., Aleksandrowicz L., Miasnikof P., Lu Y., Leitao J., Byass P., Tollman S., Mee P., Alam D., Rathi S.K., Singh A., Kumar R., Ram F., Jha P.	2014	BMC Medicine	12	1	10.1186/1741-7015-12-20	Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Center for the Promotion of Research Involving Innovative Statistical Methodology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York NY, United States; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Medical Research Council, Wits Univ. Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations, Their Health (INDEPTH) Network, Accra, Ghana; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, India	Desai, N., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Aleksandrowicz, L., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Miasnikof, P., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Lu, Y., Center for the Promotion of Research Involving Innovative Statistical Methodology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York NY, United States; Leitao, J., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Byass, P., WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Tollman, S., Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Medical Research Council, Wits Univ. Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations, Their Health (INDEPTH) Network, Accra, Ghana; Mee, P., Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, Medical Research Council, Wits Univ. Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Alam, D., International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Rathi, S.K., Centre for Global Heath Research, St. Michael's Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Pub