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WoS	WOS:000272445000005	The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Kenya with Emphasis on Textiles and Clothing Manufacturing	Kamau, Paul,McCormick, Dorothy,Pinaud, Nicolas	2009	WORLD ECONOMY	32	11	10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01251.x	University of Nairobi, OECD Dev Ctr	"Kamau, Paul: University of Nairobi","McCormick, Dorothy: University of Nairobi",	(1251) Paul Kamau with Dorothy McCormick and Nicolas Pinaud Kenya has enjoyed a relatively diversified economy (at least by SSA standards), with light manufacturing industries in particular playing a significant growing role. The rise of Asian competition (locally, regionally and on third-country markets), partly due to the erosion of trade preferences for clothing and footwear, has raised fresh policy challenges. The specific relevance of the clothing industry in the analysis of China's and India's impact on Africa is manifold: this is a low-skilled labour-intensive industry, and hence an avenue for African economies' diversification; the competition from Asian producers vis--vis the SSA clothing industry is felt at the local, regional and global level (on third-country markets): it is therefore direct and indirect; also, the Asian Drivers' impact on African clothing industries has both a trade and investment dimension while being competitive and complementary.	,AFRICA,CHINA	None	None
WoS	WOS:000272445000006	The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Ethiopia with Emphasis on Small-scale Footwear Producers	Gebre-Egziabher, Tegegne	2009	WORLD ECONOMY	32	11	10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01252.x	Addis Ababa University	None	(1252) Tegegne Gebre-Egziabher This paper examines the developmental impact of China and India on Ethiopia by examining macro-level trade, investment and aid relation, and micro-level impacts on local micro and small-scale footwear producers. Both secondary and primary data were used. At macro level there are clear evidences of an increase in trade between Ethiopia on the one hand and China and India on the other, though the trade balance disfavours Ethiopia. China has displaced other countries as export destinations for Ethiopia. Similarly, the presence of China and India is also felt in the areas of investment and aid. At local level, Chinese imports of footwear have forced local enterprises to downsize their activity and lose assets and money. At the same time, however, firms have followed both the high road of competition (design and quality improvement, investment in machinery, product specialisation) and the low road of competition (lowering price and profit, reducing raw materials and inputs, and joining the informal sector) to withstand the impact of Chinese imports. The long-term effect of Chinese imports is to crowd out local efforts of using the sector as the basis for industrialisation. Government, non-government organisations and local producers should work together in order to withstand the negative impacts of footwear imports by raising the competitiveness of the local producers.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68649127914	Impacts of heavy metals on 1,2-dichloroethane biodegradation in co-contaminated soil	Olaniran A.O., Balgobind A., Pillay B.	2009	Journal of Environmental Sciences	21	5	10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62322-0	Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa	Olaniran, A.O., Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Balgobind, A., Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Pillay, B., Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa	1,2-Dichloroethane (DCA), a potential mutagen and carcinogen, is commonly introduced into the environment through its industrial and agricultural use. In this study, the impact of lead and mercury on DCA degradation in soil was investigated, owing to the complex co-contamination problem frequently encountered in most sites. 1,2-Dichloroethane was degraded readily in both contaminated loam and clay soils with the degradation rate constants ranging between 0.370-0.536 week-1 and 0.309-0.417 week-1, respectively. The presence of heavy metals have a negative impact on DCA degradation in both soil types, resulting in up to 24.11% reduction in DCA degradation within one week. Both biostimulation and treatment additives increased DCA degradation, with the best degradation observed upon addition of glucose and a combination of diphosphate salt and sodium chloride, leading to about 17.91% and 43.50% increase in DCA degradation, respectively. The results have promising potential for effective remediation of soils co-contaminated with chlorinated organics and heavy metals. However, the best bioremediation strategy will depend on the soil types, microbial population present in the soil matrices, nutrients availability and metal forms. © 2009 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.	biodegradation; biostimulation; co-contamination; heavy metals; treatment additives	Agricultural use; biostimulation; Chlorinated organics; Clay soil; co-contamination; Contaminated soils; Contamination problem; Degradation rate constants; Dichloroethane; Diphosphates; Microbial populations; Negative impacts; Nutrients availability; Soil matrices; Soil types; treatment additives; Biochemistry; Biodegradation; Bioremediation; Clay; Clay minerals; Contamination; Degradation; Glucose; Land use; Lead; Mercury (metal); Metals; Microbiology; Rate constants; Sodium chloride; Soil pollution; 1,2 dichloroethane; heavy metal; biodegradation; bioremediation; carcinogen; heavy metal; soil pollution; soil remediation; article; metabolism; soil pollutant; Ethylene Dichlorides; Metals, Heavy; Soil Pollutants	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873540075	Combined 18F-Fluoride and 18F-FDG PET/CT scanning for evaluation of malignancy: Results of an international multicenter trial	Iagaru A., Mittra E., Mosci C., Dick D.W., Sathekge M., Prakash V., Iyer V., Lapa P., Isidoro J., De Lima J.M., Gambhir S.S.	2013	Journal of Nuclear Medicine	54	2	10.2967/jnumed.112.108803	Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Pretoria University Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Materials Science, and Engineering, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room H-0101, Stanford, CA 94305, United States	Iagaru, A., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room H-0101, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Mittra, E., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Mosci, C., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Dick, D.W., Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States; Sathekge, M., Pretoria University Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Prakash, V., Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Iyer, V., Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Lapa, P., Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Isidoro, J., Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; De Lima, J.M., Serviço de Medicina Nuclear, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Gambhir, S.S., Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, Materials Science, and Engineering, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States	18F-FDG PET/CT is used in a variety of cancers, but because of variable rates of glucose metabolism, not all cancers are reliably identified. 18F- PET/CT allows for the acquisition of highly sensitive and specific images of the skeleton. We prospectively evaluated combined 18F-/18F-FDG as a single PET/CT examination for evaluation of cancer patients and compared it with separate 18F - PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. Methods: One hundred fifteen participants with cancer were prospectively enrolled in an international multicenter trial evaluating 18F- PET/CT, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and combined 18F-/ 18F-FDG PET/CT. The 3 PET/CT scans were performed sequentially within 4 wk of one another for each patient. Results: 18F-/ 18FFDG PET/CT allowed for accurate interpretation of radiotracer uptake outside the skeleton, with findings similar to those of 18F-FDG PET/CT. In 19 participants, skeletal disease was more extensive on 18F- PET/CT and 18F -/18F-FDG PET/CT than on 18F-FDG PET/CT. In another 29 participants, 18F- PET/CT and 18F-/18F-FDG PET/CT showed osseous metastases where 18FFDG PET/CT was negative. The extent of skeletal lesions was similar in 18 participants on all 3 scans. Conclusion: This trial demonstrated that combined 18F-/18F-FDG PET/CT shows promising results when compared with separate 18F- PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT for evaluation of cancer patients. This result opens the possibility for improved patient care and reduction in health-care costs, as will be further evaluated in future trials. Copyright © 2013 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Inc.	18F-FDG; 18F-; Cancer; PET/CT	fluorine 18; fluorodeoxyglucose f 18; diagnostic agent; fluorine; glucose; adult; aged; article; bone metastasis; cancer invasion; cancer patient; cancer staging; clinical evaluation; computer assisted emission tomography; controlled study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic imaging; diagnostic test accuracy study; dosimetry; female; human; image analysis; major clinical study; male; malignant neoplastic disease; multicenter study; outcome assessment; patient assessment; priority journal; prospective study; radiation dose distribution; bone; bone tumor; clinical trial; computer assisted tomography; image processing; international cooperation; metabolism; metastasis; methodology; middle aged; neoplasm; nuclear medicine; oncology; pilot study; positron emission tomography; reproducibility; scintiscanning; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bone and Bones; Bone Neoplasms; Female; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Glucose; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; International Cooperation; Male; Medical Oncology; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nuclear Medicine; Pilot Projects; Positron-Emission Tomography; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Tomography, X-Ray Computed	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650317981	Impact of the fish Garra on the ecology of reservoirs and the occurrence of Microcystis blooms in semi-arid tropical highlands: An experimental assessment using enclosures	Dejenie T., Asmelash T., Rousseaux S., Gebregiorgis T., Gebrekidan A., Teferi M., Nyssen J., Deckers J., Van Der Gucht K., Vyverman W., De Meester L., Declerck S.A.J.	2009	Freshwater Biology	54	8	10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02209.x	Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Chemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Geography Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Geo-instituut, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium	Dejenie, T., Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Asmelash, T., Department of Microbiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Rousseaux, S., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Gebregiorgis, T., Department of Chemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Gebrekidan, A., Department of Chemistry, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Teferi, M., Department of Biology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Nyssen, J., Geography Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Deckers, J., Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Geo-instituut, Leuven, Belgium; Van Der Gucht, K., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Vyverman, W., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Protistology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; De Meester, L., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Declerck, S.A.J., Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium	1. Many man-made reservoirs in the semi-arid highlands of Northern Ethiopia (Tigray) are characterised by the occurrence of intensive blooms of cyanobacteria and a dominance of small riverine fishes belonging to the genus Garra. 2. We carried out enclosure experiments to test for the effect of these small fish on abiotic characteristics, phytoplankton biomass and zooplankton community structure in the pelagic of two reservoirs (Gereb Awso and Tsinkanet). Two experiments were carried out in each of the reservoirs, one at the end of the rainy season (highest water level) and one at the end of the dry season (lowest water level). 3. The presence of Garra in general increased the amount of suspended matter, nutrient concentrations (total nitrogen and total phosphorus), phytoplankton and Microcystis biomass (including the proportion of Microcystis in the phytoplankton community), and reduced water transparency. The positive effect of the presence of Garra on nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton productivity indicate that Garra has the potential to affect food web functioning indirectly through bottom-up effects, by enhancing nutrient concentrations through sediment resuspension and excretion of nutrients. Indeed, population densities of the cladoceran zooplankton taxa Ceriodaphnia and Diaphanosoma also showed an overall increase in enclosures with Garra. 4. However, our data also provide some evidence for a potential of Garra to exert top-down control on large bodied daphnids (Daphnia carinata, D. barbata), although such effect varied among experiments. The limited capability of Garra to control zooplankton communities mainly reflects the low efficiency of these small, riverine and benthos-oriented fish in foraging on zooplankton and suggests the existence of an unoccupied niche for zooplanktivorous fish in the majority of the reservoirs. 5. Although the main effects of Garra on the pelagic food web seemed to be mediated by bottom-up mechanisms, our results also indicate that one of the key variables, the relative abundance of Microcystis, was impacted by Daphnia-mediated trophic cascade effects. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Daphnia; Enclosure experiment; Ethiopia; Foodweb interactions; Garra; Microcystis; Reservoir; Tigray	Ceriodaphnia; Cyanobacteria; Daphnia; Daphnia barbata; Daphnia carinata; Daphniidae; Diaphanosoma; Garra; Microcystis; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951744731	Effect of wet feeding on growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate	Dei H.K., Bumbie G.Z.	2011	British Poultry Science	52	1	10.1080/00071668.2010.540230	Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana	Dei, H.K., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana; Bumbie, G.Z., Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, PO Box TL1882, Tamale, Ghana	1. The Guinea Savanna in the tropics is characterised by high diurnal temperatures, often beyond the thermo-neutral zone of modern poultry, which imposes heat stress on them. 2. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of partially (12 h wet mash in the day and 12 h dry mash in the night) or wholly (24 h) feeding wet mash on the growth performance of broiler chickens. 3. Three treatments: dry mash (control), wet mash (day) + dry mash (night) and wet mash (day+night) were tested. At 28 d of age, a total of 120 broiler chickens (Hybro, Netherlands) were randomly divided, using a completely randomised design, into 12 groups of 10 birds, each with mean live weight of approximately 800 g/bird. A maize-soybean based grower mash (200 g CP/kg and 12·5 MJ/kg ME) was fed. The wet mash was prepared daily by addition of 1·3 parts of water to 1 part of dry mash and fed from 28 to 56 d of age. The birds were housed in raised-floor pens. Feed and water were given ad libitum and light provided 24 h. Mean daily room temperature was 28-29°C in the morning and 35-41°C in the afternoon. 4. Mean feed intake of birds fed the wet mash (174 g/day) or wet + dry mash (166 g/day) was higher than that of birds fed the dry mash (152 g/day). Mean live weight gain of birds fed the wet mash (64 g/day) or wet + dry mash (64 g/day) was higher than that of birds fed the dry mash (58 g/day). There were no differences in gain/feed ratios (0·38-0·39) of any of the treatments, neither were there any differences between the feeding of wet mash partly or wholly for all variables. 5. It was concluded that wet feeding, particularly during day-time, had the potential to improve growth performance of broiler chickens in a hot climate. © 2011 British Poultry Science Ltd.	None	water; animal; animal food; article; chicken; eating; evaluation; Ghana; growth, development and aging; maize; metabolism; physiological stress; soybean; tropic climate; weight gain; Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Eating; Ghana; Soybeans; Stress, Physiological; Tropical Climate; Water; Weight Gain; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays; Aves; Gallus gallus; Glycine max; Zea mays	None
None	None	The impact of a pathogenic bacterium on a social carnivore population	Höner O.P., Wachter B., Goller K.V., Hofer H., Runyoro V., Thierer D., Fyumagwa R.D., Müller T., East M.L.	2012	Journal of Animal Ecology	81	1	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01873.x	Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro, Tanzania; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Seestraße 55, 16868 Wusterhausen an der Dosse, Germany	Höner, O.P., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Wachter, B., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Goller, K.V., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Hofer, H., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Runyoro, V., Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1, Ngorongoro, Tanzania; Thierer, D., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Fyumagwa, R.D., Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, PO Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania; Müller, T., Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Seestraße 55, 16868 Wusterhausen an der Dosse, Germany; East, M.L., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany	1.The long-term ecological impact of pathogens on group-living, large mammal populations is largely unknown. We evaluated the impact of a pathogenic bacterium, Streptococcus equi ruminatorum, and other key ecological factors on the dynamics of the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta population in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. 2.We compared key demographic parameters during twoyears when external signs of bacterial infection were prevalent ('outbreak') and periods of fiveyears before and after the outbreak when such signs were absent or rare. We also tested for density dependence and calculated the basic reproductive rate R 0 of the bacterium. 3.During the five pre-outbreak years, the mean annual hyena mortality rate was 0·088, and annual population growth was relatively high (13·6%). During the outbreak, mortality increased by 78% to a rate of 0·156, resulting in an annual population decline of 4·3%. After the outbreak, population size increased moderately (5·1%) during the first three post-outbreak years before resuming a growth similar to pre-outbreak levels (13·9%). We found no evidence that these demographic changes were driven by density dependence or other ecological factors. 4.Most hyenas showed signs of infection when prey abundance in their territory was low. During the outbreak, mortality increased among adult males and yearlings, but not among adult females - the socially dominant group members. These results suggest that infection and mortality were modulated by factors linked to low social status and poor nutrition. During the outbreak, we estimated R 0 for the bacterium to be 2·7, indicating relatively fast transmission. 5.Our results suggest that the short-term 'top-down' impact of S. equi ruminatorum during the outbreak was driven by 'bottom-up' effects on nutritionally disadvantaged age-sex classes, whereas the longer-term post-outbreak reduction in population growth was caused by poor survival of juveniles during the outbreak and subsequent poor recruitment of breeding females. These results suggest synergistic effects of 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' processes on host population dynamics. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2011 British Ecological Society.	Basic reproductive rate (R 0); Crocuta crocuta; Disease ecology; Ngorongoro Crater; Population dynamics; Population regulation; Spotted hyena; Streptococcus	age class; bacterium; bottom-up control; breeding population; carnivore; density dependence; disease prevalence; disease transmission; ecological impact; host-pathogen interaction; juvenile; mammal; mortality; pathogen; population dynamics; population growth; population outbreak; population regulation; reproductive productivity; survival; top-down control; animal; animal disease; article; Carnivora; demography; disease transmission; epidemic; female; male; microbiology; nutritional status; physiology; population density; population dynamics; social dominance; Streptococcus equi; Streptococcus infection; Tanzania; Animals; Demography; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Hyaenidae; Male; Nutritional Status; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Social Dominance; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus equi; Tanzania; Arusha [Tanzania]; Ngorongoro Crater; Tanzania; Bacteria (microorganisms); Crocuta crocuta; Mammalia; Streptococcus; Streptococcus equi	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61449110163	Disease, predation and demography: Assessing the impacts of bovine tuberculosis on African buffalo by monitoring at individual and population levels	Cross P.C., Heisey D.M., Bowers J.A., Hay C.T., Wolhuter J., Buss P., Hofmeyr M., Michel A.L., Bengis R.G., Bird T.L.F., Du Toit J.T., Getz W.M.	2009	Journal of Applied Ecology	46	2	10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01589.x	Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States; Ecoleges, Environmental Consultants, PO Box 40091, The Village 1218, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Southern African Wildlife College, Private Bag X3015, Hoedspruit, 1380, South Africa; Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, South Africa; South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa; Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States	Cross, P.C., Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, US Geological Survey, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States; Heisey, D.M., US Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, United States; Bowers, J.A., Ecoleges, Environmental Consultants, PO Box 40091, The Village 1218, South Africa, Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Hay, C.T., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Southern African Wildlife College, Private Bag X3015, Hoedspruit, 1380, South Africa; Wolhuter, J., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X 680, Pretoria, South Africa; Buss, P., South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Hofmeyr, M., South African National Parks, Skukuza, PO Box 402, South Africa; Michel, A.L., Bacteriology Section, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bengis, R.G., Veterinary Investigation Centre, P.O. Box 12, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa; Bird, T.L.F., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Du Toit, J.T., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, United States; Getz, W.M., Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States	1. Understanding the effects of disease is critical to determining appropriate management responses, but estimating those effects in wildlife species is challenging. We used bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in the African buffalo Syncerus caffer population of Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study to highlight the issues associated with estimating chronic disease effects in a long-lived host. 2. We used known and radiocollared buffalo, aerial census data, and a natural gradient in pathogen prevalence to investigate if: (i) at the individual level, BTB infection reduces reproduction; (ii) BTB infection increases vulnerability to predation; and (iii) at the population level, increased BTB prevalence causes reduced population growth. 3. There was only a marginal reduction in calving success associated with BTB infection, as indexed by the probability of sighting a known adult female with or without a calf (P = 0·065). 4. Since 1991, BTB prevalence increased from 27 to 45% in the southern region and from 4 to 28% in the central region of Kruger National Park. The prevalence in the northern regions was only 1·5% in 1998. Buffalo population growth rates, however, were neither statistically different among regions nor declining over time. 5. Lions Panthera leo did not appear to preferentially kill test-positive buffalo. The best (Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small sample size) AICc model with BTB as a covariate [exp(β) = 0·49; 95% CI = (0·24-1·02)] suggested that the mortality hazard for positive individuals was no greater than for test-negative individuals. 6. Synthesis and applications. Test accuracy, time-varying disease status, and movement among populations are some of the issues that make the detection of chronic disease impacts challenging. For these reasons, the demographic impacts of bovine tuberculosis in the Kruger National Park remain undetectable despite 6 years of study on known individuals and 40 years of population counts. However, the rainfall and forage conditions during this study were relatively good and the impacts of many chronic diseases may be a non-linear function of environmental conditions such that they are only detectable in stressful periods. © 2008 British Ecological Society.	Bovine tuberculosis; Detection; Disease; Population growth; Predator; Syncerus caffer	Akaike information criterion; bovine tuberculosis; cattle; census; demography; detection method; disease prevalence; host-pathogen interaction; mortality; national park; population growth; vulnerability; wildlife management; Africa; Kruger National Park; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bovinae; Panthera; Panthera leo; Syncerus caffer	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-35148850067	Population dynamics in a long-lived seabird: I. Impact of breeding activity on survival and breeding probability in unbanded king penguins	Bohec C.L., Gauthier-Clerc M., Grémillet D., Pradel R., Béchet A., Gendner J.-P., Maho Y.L.	2007	Journal of Animal Ecology	76	6	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01268.x	Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France; Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Montpellier, France; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France	Bohec, C.L., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, IPHC, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France; Gauthier-Clerc, M., Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Grémillet, D., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France, Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, NRF/DST Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; Pradel, R., Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Montpellier, France; Béchet, A., Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Arles, France; Gendner, J.-P., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France; Maho, Y.L., Département d'Écologie, Physiologie et Éthologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Strasbourg, France	1. Understanding the trade-off between current reproductive effort, future survival and future breeding attempts is crucial for demographic analyses and life history studies. 2. We investigated this trade-off in a population of king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) marked individually with transponders using multistate capture-recapture models. 3. This colonial seabird species has a low annual proportion of non-breeders (13%), despite a breeding cycle which lasts over 1 year. To draw inferences about the consequences of non-breeding, we tested for an effect of reproductive activity on survival and on the probability of subsequent breeding. 4. We found that birds non-breeding in year t show the same survival rate as breeders (two-states analysis: breeding and non-breeding). However, breeders had a lower probability of breeding again the following year. This negative phenotypic correlation suggests the existence of reproductive costs affecting future breeding probability, but it might also be strengthened by late arrival for courtship in year t. 5. A three-state analysis including breeding success revealed that failed breeders in year t have a lower probability to reproduce successfully in year t + 1 than non-breeders in year t, providing some evidence for the existence of reproductive costs. Moreover, successful breeders showed higher survival probability. This positive phenotypic correlation between current reproduction and subsequent survival supports the hypothesis of an heterogeneity in individual quality. 6. Males breeding in year t had a lower probability to breed again in year t + 1 than females, suggesting higher reproductive costs for this sex. Such additional costs might be due to higher male parental investment in the final phase of chick-rearing, which also delays the arrival of males in year t + 1, and decreases their breeding probability. 7. Our study is the first to explore the breeding biology and the demography of penguins without the disturbance of flipper-bands. © 2007 The Authors.	Heterogeneity hypothesis; Intermittent breeding; Multistate mark-recapture models; Prudent parent hypothesis; Transponder tags	demographic survey; heterogeneity; mark-recapture method; population dynamics; reproductive biology; reproductive cost; reproductive cycle; reproductive effort; reproductive success; seabird; survival; tagging; trade-off; animal; Antarctica; article; breeding; female; male; methodology; mortality; penguin; physiology; population dynamics; probability; reproduction; sexual development; survival; time; Animals; Antarctic Regions; Breeding; Female; Male; Mortality; Population Dynamics; Probability; Reproduction; Sex Characteristics; Spheniscidae; Survival; Time Factors; Aptenodytes patagonicus; Aves; Spheniscidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349229757	Nutritional evaluation of termite (Macrotermes subhyalinus) meal as animal protein supplements in the diets of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings	Sogbesan A.O., Ugwumba A.A.A.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	Sogbesan, A.O., Federal University of Technology, Department of Fisheries, Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria; Ugwumba, A.A.A., University of Ibadan, Department of Zoology, Ibadan, Nigeria	250 fingerlings of Heterobranchus longifilis had an average weight of 2.04±0.21 g were fed five crude protein 42.5% isonitrogenous experimental diets coded Tm1 - Tm5 were tested on the fingerlings. Termite meal was used to replace fish meal in the diets at 0% (Diet Tm1- control diet), 25% (Diet Tm2), 50% (Diet Tm3), 75% (Diet Tm4) and 100% termite meal inclusion levels (Diet Tm5). The experiment was in triplicates and the fingerlings were fed 5% body weight twice a day for 12 weeks. Termite meal had a crude protein of 46.3% and ash content of 3.6% while fish meal used has 71.5% crude protein and 18.2% ash and these differed significantly (P<0.05). The lipid content of 11.3% and 8.0% respectively for termite meal and fishmeal also differed significantly (P<0.05). The water stability of the experimental diets ranged between72.3%-76.9%. The highest mean weight gain of 9.6 g/fish, relative growth rate of 488.0% and specific growth rate of 0.9%/day were recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The feed striking time ranged between 5.0-6.0 second. The lowest feed conversion ratio of 2.9 and highest protein efficiency ratio of 0.8 were also recorded in fish fed 50% termite meal inclusion diet. The lowest incidence of cost (2.1), highest profit index (1.6) and best benefit cost ratio (1.2) were also from 50% termite meal diet. Based on the broken-line analysis, 50% inclusion levels of termite meal will yield the best result in a practical diet for H. longifilis fingerlings for a profitable and sustainable aquaculture venture. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Cost; Fishmeal; Growth; H. longifilis; Nutrient; Termite meal	Animalia; Heterobranchus longifilis; Isoptera; Macrotermes subhyalinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893487553	Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of 3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid from Piper multiplinervium	Malami I., Gibbons S., Malkinson J.P.	2014	Fitoterapia	93	None	10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.005	Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, P.M.B 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom	Malami, I., Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, P.M.B 2346 Sokoto, Nigeria; Gibbons, S., Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom; Malkinson, J.P., Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom	3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid is an antibacterial agent isolated from the leaves of Piper multiplinervium. This compound has activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Helicobacter pylori. This research aimed to synthesize a natural antibacterial compound and its analogs. The synthesis of 3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid consists of three steps: straightforward synthesis involving protection of phenolic hydroxyl group, coupling of suitable isoprenyl chain to the protected aromatic ring at ortho position followed by carboxylation with concomitant deprotection to give the derivatives of the salicylic acid. All the three prenylated compounds synthesized were found to exhibit spectrum of activity against S. aureus (ATCC) having MIC: 5.84 × 10- 3, 41.46 × 10- 2 and 6.19 × 10 - 1 μmol/ml respectively. The compounds also displayed activity against resistance strain of S. aureus (SA1119B) having MIC: 5.84 × 10- 3, 7.29 × 10- 3 and 3.09 × 10 - 1 μmol/ml respectively. This synthesis has been achieved and accomplished with the confirmation of it structure to that of the original natural product, thus producing the first synthesis of the natural product and providing the first synthesis of its analogs with 3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid having biological activity higher than that of the original natural product. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	3-Farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid; Antibacterial; Piper multiplinervium; Prenylated salicylic acid; Staphylococcus aureus	1, 3 dibromo 2 methoxymethoxybenzene; 2 bromo 6 dimethlyallyl 1 methoxymethoxybenzene; 2 bromo 6 farnesyl 1 methoxymethoxybenzene; 2 bromo 6 geranyl 1 methoxymethoxybenzene; 3 dimethylallyl 2 hydroxybenzoic acid; 3 farnesyl 2 hydroxybenzoic acid; 3 geranyl 2 hydroxybenzoic acid; antiinfective agent; aromatic compound; natural product; norfloxacin; phenol; salicylic acid; unclassified drug; 3-farnesyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid; antiinfective agent; farnesol; hydroxybenzoic acid derivative; antibacterial activity; article; biological activity; carboxylation; controlled study; deprotection reaction; drug isolation; drug screening; drug synthesis; Escherichia coli; Gram negative bacterium; Gram positive bacterium; Helicobacter pylori; isoprenylation; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Piper (plant); Piper multiplinervium; plant leaf; prenylation; priority journal; Staphylococcus aureus; structure activity relation; analogs and derivatives; chemistry; medicinal plant; microbial sensitivity test; Piper (plant); synthesis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Farnesol; Hydroxybenzoates; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Piper; Plants, Medicinal	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919947877	Synthesis of functionalized 3-, 5-, 6- and 8-aminoquinolines via intermediate (3-pyrrolin-1-yl)- and (2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)quinolines and evaluation of their antiplasmodial and antifungal activity	Vandekerckhove S., Van Herreweghe S., Willems J., Danneels B., Desmet T., De Kock C., Smith P.J., Chibale K., D'Hooghe M.	2015	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	92	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.020	SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa	Vandekerckhove, S., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Van Herreweghe, S., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Willems, J., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Danneels, B., Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Desmet, T., Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; De Kock, C., Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Division of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa; Chibale, K., South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa; D'Hooghe, M., SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium	(3-Pyrrolin-1-yl)- and (2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)quinolines were prepared via cyclization of diallylaminoquinolines and 4-chloro-N-quinolinylbutanamides, respectively, as novel synthetic intermediates en route to N-functionalized 3-, 5-, 6- and 8-aminoquinolines with potential biological activity. (3-Pyrrolin-1-yl)quinolines were subjected to bromination reactions, and the reactivity of (2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)quinolines toward lithium aluminum hydride and methyllithium was assessed, providing an entry into a broad range of novel functionalized (pyrrolidin-1-yl)- and (hydroxyalkylamino)quinolines. Antiplasmodial evaluation of these novel quinolines and their functionalized derivatives revealed moderate micromolar potency against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, and the two most potent compounds also showed micromolar activity against a chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum. Antifungal assessment of (hydroxyalkylamino)quinolines revealed three compounds with promising MIC values against Rhodotorula bogoriensis and one compound with potent activity against Aspergillus flavus. © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	Antimalarial agents; Antimicrobial agents; Pyrrolidine derivatives; Quinolines	2 methyl 3 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 3 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 3 (pyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 4 (quinolin 3 ylamino)butanol; 4 (quinolin 5 ylamino)butanol; 4 (quinolin 6 ylamino)butanol; 4 (quinolin 8 ylamino)butanol; 5 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 5 (2 methylquinolin 3 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 5 (2 methylquinolin 3 ylamino)pentan 2 ol; 5 (pyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 5 (quinolin 3 ylamino)pentan 2 one; 5 (quinolin 5 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 5 ylamino)pentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 5 ylamino)pentan 2 one; 5 (quinolin 6 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 6 ylamino)pentan 2 ol; 5 (quinolin 6 ylamino)pentan 2 one; 5 (quinolin 8 ylamino) 2 methylpentan 2 ol; 6 (2 methylpyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 6 (pyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; 8 (2 oxopyrrolidin 1 yl)quinoline; aminoquinoline derivative; amphotericin B; antifungal agent; antimalarial agent; artesunate; chloroquine; emetine; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; aminoquinoline derivative; antifungal agent; antimalarial agent; antifungal activity; antimalarial activity; Article; Aspergillus flavus; bromination; Candida albicans; controlled study; derivatization; drug design; drug potency; drug screening; drug synthesis; IC50; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; Rhodotorula; Rhodotorula bogoriensis; structure activity relation; substitution reaction; chemistry; dose response; drug effects; drug sensitivity; synthesis; Aminoquinolines; Antifungal Agents; Antimalarials; Aspergillus flavus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Plasmodium falciparum; Rhodotorula; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650373218	Evaluation of enzyme and probiotic supplementation of maize processing waste-based diets on performance and nutrient utilization of weaner rabbits	Onu P.N., Oboke S.A.	2010	Indian Journal of Animal Research	44	2	None	Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Onu, P.N., Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Oboke, S.A., Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	48 six weeks old crossbred weaner rabbits were randomly allocated to four treatments to determine the effect of enzyme and probiotic supplementation of maize processing wastebased diets on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaner rabbits. Four experimental diets were formulated such that diet 1 (T1) contained 0% MPW while diet 2 (T2) contained 50% MPW without supplementation. Diets 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) contained 50% MPW supplemented with 200mg of enzyme (grindazym) and probiotic (yeast) per kilogram of feed respectively. Results showed significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences in body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), crude protein, dry matter, crude fibre and ether extract digestibility among the rabbits. Rabbits fed enzyme (T3) and probiotic (T4) supplemented diets had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) superior BWG, FCR and PER. compared to other treatment groups. Rabbits fed 50% MPW diet without supplementation (T2) recorded higher BWG and better FCR than those fed 0% MPW diet (T1) There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference among the groups in daily feed intake (DFI), daily protein intake (DPI) and ash digestibility. Economic analysis favoured the inclusion of MPW, enzyme and probiotic in weaned rabbits diets. However, cost saving in percentage was higher for the supplemented diets. Results of this study suggest that up to 50% maize in rabbit diet could be replace with MPW and that enzyme and probiotic supplementation of MPW-based diet enhanced the performance of the rabbits.	Enzyme; Nutrient digestibility; Performance; Probiotic; Supplementation; Weaner rabbits	Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51649102055	Evaluation of lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of anacardic acids	Kubo I., Tae J.H., Tsujimoto K., Tocoli F.E., Green I.R.	2008	Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences	63	42559	None	Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	Kubo, I., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tae, J.H., Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States; Tsujimoto, K., School of Material Sciences, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan; Tocoli, F.E., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa; Green, I.R., Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, P/Bag X17, Bellville, 7530, South Africa	6-Alkylsalicylic acids inhibit the linoleic acid peroxidation catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, type 1) competitively and without pro-oxidant effects. This activity is largely dependent on the nature of their alkyl side chains. Inhibitory activities of anacardic acids, viz. 6-pentadec(en)ylsalicylic acids, isolated from the cashew Anacardium occidentale, were initially used for comparison because their aromatic head portions are the same. Consequently, the data should be interpreted to mean that changes in the hydrophobic side chain tail portions of the molecules evaluated correlate with the specific activity determined. © 2008 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.	Anacardic acids; Hydrophobicity; Inhibitory activity; Lipoxygenase	anacardic acid; lipoxygenase inhibitor; scavenger; article; chemistry; drug screening; electrospray mass spectrometry; Anacardic Acids; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Anacardium occidentale; Glycine max	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949792518	Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Ferroquine and Phenylequine Analogues as Potential Antiplasmodial Agents	Jacobs L., De Kock C., De Villiers K.A., Smith P.J., Smith V.J., Van Otterlo W.A.L., Blackie M.A.L.	2015	ChemMedChem	10	12	10.1002/cmdc.201500349	Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X2 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Jacobs, L., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; De Kock, C., Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X2 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; De Villiers, K.A., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Smith, P.J., Department of Pharmacology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X2 Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Smith, V.J., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Van Otterlo, W.A.L., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Blackie, M.A.L., Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa	7-Chloroquinoline-based antimalarial drugs are effective in the inhibition of hemozoin formation in the food vacuole of the Plasmodium parasite, the causative agent of malaria. We synthesized five series of ferroquine (FQ) and phenylequine (PQ) derivatives, which display good in vitro efficacy toward both the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) NF54 (IC50: 4.2 nm) and chloroquine-resistant (CQR) Dd2 (IC50: 33.7 nm) strains of P. falciparum. Several compounds were found to have good inhibitory activity against β-hematin formation in an NP-40 detergent assay, with IC50 values ranging between 10.4 and 19.2 μm. © 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.	ferroquine; malaria; oxalamide; phenylequine; β-hematin	antimalarial agent; aromatic amine; artesunate; beta hematin; chloroquine; ethyl 2 [[2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]amino] 2 oxoacetate; ethyl 2 [[3 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)propyl] [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]amino] 2 oxoacetate; ferroquine; hematin; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]butan 1,4 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]hexan 1,6 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]ethan 1,2 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 3 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]propan 1,3 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]butan 1,4 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 5 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]pentan 1,5 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 5 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]penta 1,5 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]hexan 1,6 diamine; n 1 (7 chloroquinolin 4 yl) n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]hexane 1,6 diamine; n 1 [2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 2 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [2 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [3 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 3 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [3 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 3 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [4 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [4 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 4 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [5 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 5 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; n 1 [6 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]benzyl]oxalamide; n 1 [6 (7 chloroquinolin 4 ylamino)ethyl] n 6 [2 [(dimethylamino)methyl]ferrocenylmethyl]oxalamide; phenylequine derivative; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; antimalarial activity; antimalarial drug resistance; Article; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; cross resistance; drug design; drug efficacy; drug screening; drug synthesis; follow up; hydrogen bond; IC50; in vitro study; infrared spectroscopy; nonhuman; Plasmodium falciparum; priority journal; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; X ray diffraction	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949083973	Performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (Telfaria occidentalis) leaves extract supplement	Nworgu F.C., Onabakin A.M., Obadina T.A.	2008	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	6	1	None	Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	Nworgu, F.C., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Onabakin, A.M., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria; Obadina, T.A., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria	A 10-week trial was conducted to evaluate the performance and haematological indices of weaned rabbits served fluted pumpkin (T. occidentalis) leaves extract (FPLE). Twenty four six-weeks old weaned rabbits averagely weighing 507.5 g were matched for weight and sex and distributed to four treatments which contained 0, 50, 100 and 150 ml FPLE per litre of water for A, B, C and D, respectively, in a completely randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated three times. The rabbits were fed the same growers diet. Feed and water were served ad-libitum. The experiment lasted 10 weeks and the FPLE was offered at 4 days interval throughout the period of the experiment. The results revealed that FPLE was rich in protein and minerals but low in fibre, tannin and oxalate, hence a good protein and mineral supplement for weaned rabbits during dry season in humid tropical environment. Results of final live weight, average body weight gain (ABWG), feed conversion ration, protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed cost per kg live weight gain, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) and white and red blood cells were significantly (p&lt;0.05) different among the treatments. The ABWG, PER, PCV, Hb and RBC were for the weaned rabbits served 150 ml FPLE 1515 g/rabbit, 1.74, 66.33%, 7.33 g/100 ml and 5.39×106 L-1 and for control 930 g/rabbit, 0.85, 58.00%, 6.83 g/100 ml and 5.02×106L -1, respectively. The aforementioned parameters progressively and significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased with increased concentrations of FPLE. For improved rabbit production and blood formation, 150 ml FPLE is recommended for weaned rabbits as 0-100 ml FPLE had lower performance effects in terms of ABWG, PER, RBC and relative cost advantage.	Fluted pumpkin; Haematological indices; Performance; Supplement; Weaned rabbits	Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79751498328	Mobility and photovoltaic performance studies on polymer blends: Effects of side chains volume fraction	Adam G., Pivrikas A., Ramil A.M., Tadesse S., Yohannes T., Sariciftci N.S., Egbe D.A.M.	2011	Journal of Materials Chemistry	21	8	10.1039/c0jm02668a	Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Adam, G., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Pivrikas, A., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Ramil, A.M., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Tadesse, S., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria, Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Yohannes, T., Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Sariciftci, N.S., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria; Egbe, D.A.M., Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS), Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, Linz 4040, Austria	A 1:1 mixture of two thiophene based poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)-alt- poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s denoted DO-PThE1-PPV2 (D1) and MEH-PThE1-PPV2 (D2), consisting of the same conjugated backbone but different types and volume fraction of alkoxy side chains on the phenylene ethynylene unit, has led to enhanced charge carrier mobility (measured using CELIV technique) as compared to the individual polymers. The resulting ternary blend with PC60BM showed better photovoltaic performance as compared to binary blends from the single polymers mixed with PCBM. This is due to the improved active layer nanomorphology in the ternary system as revealed by AFM studies. © 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry.	None	Active Layer; AFM; Binary blends; Conjugated backbones; Nanomorphologies; P-phenylene; Photovoltaic performance; Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s; Side chains; Single polymers; Ternary blends; Conjugated polymers; Organic polymers; Photovoltaic effects; Polymer blends; Ternary systems; Thiophene; Titration; Carrier mobility	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650333983	Evaluation of cellulolytic enzyme supplementation on production indices and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed soybean hull based diets	Esonu B.O., Izukanne R.O., Inyang O.A.	2005	International Journal of Poultry Science	4	4	10.3923/ijps.2005.213.216	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Izukanne, R.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria; Inyang, O.A., Department of Animal Production, Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria	A 120-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate cellulolytic enzyme supplementation on production indices and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed soybean hull based diets. Seven experimental layers diets were formulated incorporating soybean hull meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% (without enzyme supplementation) and 10, 20 and 30% (with 2.0% enzyme supplementation) dietary levels respectively. One hundred and forty seven (147), Shikka brown layers already 12 months in lay were divided into 7 groups of 21 birds each and randomly assigned to the 7 treatment diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). There were significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, feed conversion ratio, hen-day production, feed cost/dozen eggs, egg weight, Haugh unit, digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre among the groups. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the groups in body weight, egg yolk colour, shell thickness, albumen and yolk indices, horizontal and oblong circumferences and digestibility of dry matter and ash respectively. The group on 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal (without enzyme supplementation) performed significantly (P<0.05) better than the other groups in hen-day egg production, feed cost/dozen eggs and egg weight. The results of this experiment suggest that 2.0% "safzyme" cellulolytic enzyme supplementation at 30% dietary level of soybean hull meal in layer diet could not significantly affect the performance of laying hens. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2005.	Cellulolytic enzyme supplementation; Laying hens; Production indices; Soybean hull	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349242255	Monitoring of the physical parameters and evaluation of the chemical composition of river and groundwater in Calabar (Southeastern Nigeria)	Edet A., Worden R.H.	2009	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	157	04-Jan	10.1007/s10661-008-0532-y	Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom; Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Unical Post Office, Calabar 540001, Nigeria	Edet, A., Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom, Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Unical Post Office, Calabar 540001, Nigeria; Worden, R.H., Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, 4 Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GP, United Kingdom	A 12-month study was carried to assess the seasonal and tidal effects on the physical parameters of river and groundwater, which constitute the major potable water sources in Calabar (Nigeria). The study also included an evaluation of the chemical composition of the different water bodies and their relationship. The results show that there was a significant seasonal effect on dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate in groundwater on one hand, and on temperature, redox potential (Eh), and DO in river water on the other. Also, a significant tidal influence exists on DO in both river-and groundwater. Comparison between groundwater and river water show statistically significant difference in EC, TDS, Eh, DO, Na, Cl and NO3. The significant differences in EC, TDS, Na and Cl are due to tidal flushing. The difference in Eh is due to geology of the area while, NO3 is as a result of anthropogenic pollution. The concentrations of ions in the river and groundwater for the different seasons and tidal cycles show an inverse relationship, while the river water is generally more concentrated than the groundwater. Using a binary mixing model, estimates show that the degree of mixing of river water and groundwater is low, with values of between 1.93% and 2.76% respectively, in the western and eastern parts of the study area. The study concludes that tidal flushing, anthropogenic effects and oxygen supply during recharge contribute to the shaping of water chemistry in the area. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Calabar; Chemical composition; Coastal aquifer; Drinking water quality; Groundwater; Physical properties; River; Season; Tide	Calabar; Chemical composition; Coastal aquifer; Drinking water quality; Season; Aquifers; Biochemical oxygen demand; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Dissolved oxygen sensors; Electric conductivity measurement; Groundwater resources; Hydrogeology; Oxygen supply; Physical properties; Rivers; Water distribution systems; Water pollution; Water quality; Potable water; dissolved oxygen; drinking water; ground water; nitrate; river water; chemical composition; coastal aquifer; dissolved oxygen; groundwater; nitrate; redox potential; river water; water chemistry; article; chemical composition; geology; monitoring; Nigeria; oxidation reduction potential; oxygen supply; physical chemistry; seasonal variation; statistical significance; temperature; water analysis; water pollution; Chlorine; Cities; Electric Conductivity; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nigeria; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Rivers; Seasons; Sodium; Temperature; Water Pollutants; Africa; Calabar; Cross River [(STT) Nigeria]; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745087239	The impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in Limpopo province, South Africa	Rikhotso B.O., Stoltsz W.H., Bryson N.R., Sommerville J.E.M.	2005	Journal of the South African Veterinary Association	76	4	None	Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Rikhotso, B.O., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa, Department of Veterinary Services, Limpopo Provincial Government, Private Bag X1321, Thulamahashe 1365, South Africa; Stoltsz, W.H., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Bryson, N.R., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Sommerville, J.E.M., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	A 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the Bushbuckridge region, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (Babesia bigemina and Babesin bovis) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. To this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were assayed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma antibodies. Cattle in the intensively dipped group were dipped 26 times and maintained on a 14-day dipping interval throughout the study, whereas cattle in the strategically dipped group were dipped only 13 times. Three cattle, from which adult ticks were collected, were selected from each village, while immature ticks were collected by drag-sampling the surrounding vegetation. During the dipping process, a questionnaire aimed at assessing the prevalence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease, abscesses and mortalities was completed by an Animal Health Technician at each diptank. An increase in seroprevalence to B. bovis and B. bigemina and a decrease in seroprevalence to Anaplasma was detected in the strategically dipped group while in the intensively dipped group the converse was true. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most numerous tick species on the cattle, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was more plentiful than Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus. Drag samples yielded more immature stages of A. hebraeum than of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. The incidence of clinical cases of tick-borne disease and of abscesses increased in the strategically dipped group at the start of the survey.	Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma marginale; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Catte; Communal grazing; Endemic stability; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus; Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; Strategic dipping	acaricide; protozoon antibody; bacterium antibody; insecticide; abscess; Anaplasma marginale; anaplasmosis; article; Babesia; babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; babesiosis; blood sampling; cattle; cattle disease; cattle farming; controlled study; disease surveillance; endemic disease; female; grazing; infection control; male; mortality; nonhuman; parasite development; questionnaire; Rhipicephalus; seroprevalence; South Africa; tick; tick borne disease; vegetation; animal; animal disease; blood; drug effect; epidemiology; growth, development and aging; microbiology; parasitology; season; treatment outcome; Acari; Amblyomma hebraeum; Anaplasma; Anaplasma marginale; Animalia; Babesia bigemina; Babesia bovis; Boophilus; Boophilus bigemina; Boophilus bovis; Bos taurus; Ixodida; Rhipicephalus; Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antibodies, Protozoan; Babesia; Babesia bovis; Babesiosis; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Insecticides; Male; Seasons; Seroepidemiologic Studies; South Africa; Tick-Borne Diseases; Ticks; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952122658	Effects of feed forms and feeding frequency on growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings	Ajani F., Dawodu M.O., Bello-Olusoji O.	2011	African Journal of Agricultural Research	6	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Management, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, lwo, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Bowen University, Lwo, Nigeria; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nige	Ajani, F., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries Management, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, lwo, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry, Bowen University, Lwo, Nigeria; Bello-Olusoji, O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	A 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the optimum feeding frequency and best feed form for the growth and nutrient utilization of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Three replicate groups of fish (average weight of 3.05± 0.25 g) were fed at 5% body weight using either floating or sinking pellets at different feeding frequencies (three meals a day, two meals a day or one meal a day) in a 2 × 3 factorial experimental design. The mean weight gain and daily feed intake of the fish were not affected significantly by the feed forms; however the fish fed with floating pellets had a slight higher weight gain than those fed with the sinking pellets. The weight gain and daily feed intake of fish fed floating or sinking pellets twice a day and thrice a day were significantly higher than that of the fish fed once in a day (p < 0.05). The feeding frequency did not have any effect on the feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed with sinking pellet but these variables were significantly (p < 0.05) affected in the fish fed once in a day when compared with other feeding frequencies while using floating pellet. The feeding frequencies and feed forms had no significant effect on the protein content of the fish carcass. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded in the lipid content of fish as feeding frequency increases. It is therefore concluded that any of these fish feed forms can be fed at twice or thrice per day effectively for optimum result in the growth of C. gariepinus. © 2011 Academic Journals.	African catfish (Clarias gariepinus); Feed form; Feed frequency; Growth; Nutrient utilization	Clarias gariepinus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650476281	Evaluation of Detarium microcarpum pulp meal as feed ingredient in the diets of growing rabbits	Obun C.O., Yahaya S.M., Kibon A.A., Olafadehan O.A., Alison S.D.	2010	Journal of Applied Sciences Research	6	11	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno	Obun, C.O., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Yahaya, S.M., Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Kibon, A.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Olafadehan, O.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Alison, S.D., Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	A 12-week study was conducted to investigate response of growing rabbits to diets containing graded levels, 0, 5, 10 and 15%, of dietary Detarium microcarpum fruit pulp meal (DFPM) as replacement for maize. Twenty-four, 5-week-old mixed breed grower rabbits divided into 4 groups of 6 rabbits were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The result of the phytochemical assay shows that DFPM contained low level of tannins (0.023%), whereas saponins, phytate, oxalates and hydrogen cyanide were not detected. Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 15% DFPM than in the control diet. Daily weight gains, nutrient intake, protein to gain ratio and feed conversion ratio were not (P > 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Similarly, nutrient digestibility was similar (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Cost of feeding and feed cost per kg body weight gain (BWG) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of DFPM in the diets. Cost differential per kg BWG, savings of feed cost and relative cost benefit per kg BWG significantly (P < 0.05) varied among the diets; the rank order is: 15% > 10% > 5% > 0% DFPM. The impressive performance, nutrient digestibility and comparative cost advantage of rabbits fed DFPM suggests that DFPM is an economically viable alternative basal feedstuff to maize and can be used up to 15% or replace 37.5% of maize in the diets of growing rabbits. © 2010, INSInet Publication.	Cost effectiveness; Detarium microcarpum; Digestibility; Performance; Rabbits; Tannins	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956067293	Evaluation of Detarium microcarpum pulp meal as feed ingredient in rabbits diets	Obun C.O., Yahaya S.M., Kibon A.A., Olafadehan O.A., Alison S.D.	2010	Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry	9	2	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno	Obun, C.O., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B.268, New Bussa, Niger State, Nigeria; Yahaya, S.M., Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Kibon, A.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria; Olafadehan, O.A., Department of Animal Science, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Alison, S.D., Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	A 12-week study was conducted to investigate response of weaner rabbits to diets containing graded levels, 0, 5, 10 and 15%, of dietary Detarium microcarpum fruit pulp meal (DFPM).Twenty-four, 4-week-old mixed breed weaner rabbits divided into 4 groups of 6 rabbits were randomly assigned to the four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The results of the phytochemical assay shows that DFPM contained tannins (0.023%) whereas saponins, phytate, oxalates and hydrogen cyanides were not detected. Feed intake was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 15% DFPM than in the control diet. Daily weight gain, nutrients intake, protein to gain ratio and feed conversion ratio were not (P > 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Similarly, nutrients digestibility was similar (P > 0.05) among the treatments. However, cost of feeding and feed cost per kg body weight gain (BWG) decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of DFPM in the diets. Cost differential per kg BWG, savings of feed cost and relative cost benefit per kg BWG significantly (P < 0.05) varied among the diets; the rank order is: 15% > 10% > 5% DFPM. The impressive performance and comparative cost advantage suggests that DFPM is an economic viable alternative feedstuff and can be used up to 15% in the diets of weaner rabbits.	Detarium fruit pulp meal; Digestibility; Economic analysis; Performance; Rabbits	Detarium; Detarium microcarpum; Oryctolagus cuniculus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937515316	Effect of supplementation with molecular or nano-clay adsorbent on growth performance and haematological indices of starter and grower turkeys fed diets contaminated with varying dosages of aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>	Lala A.O., Oso A.O., Ajao A.M., Idowu O.M., Oni O.O.	2015	Livestock Science	178	None	10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.029	Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department o	Lala, A.O., Institute of Food Security, Environmental Resources and Agricultural Research, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ajao, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oni, O.O., Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation with molecular or nano-clay adsorbent on growth performance and haematological indices of starter (0-56d) and grower (56-84d) turkeys fed diets contaminated with varying doses (0, 60, and 110ppb) of aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>. Two hundred and sixteen 1-d-old male turkeys were assigned to 9 diets supplemented with no adsorbent, molecular clay adsorbent, and nano-clay adsorbent and contaminated with 0, 60, and 110ppb aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf> in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 replicate pens and 8 turkeys per pen. The turkeys were housed in an open-sided, deep litter system, which was partitioned into 27 pens (2×1.5m2) using wire mesh. As aflatoxin contamination increased from 0 to 110ppb, feed intake and weight gain decreased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased in starter turkeys, but the adverse effects of aflatoxin were progressively less from those fed the diets with no adsorbent to molecular clay adsorbent and then to nano-clay adsorbent (adsorbent× aflatoxin. P<0.044). Grower turkeys fed the diets with adsorbents consumed more feed and had better FCR than those fed the diets without adsorbent, and those fed the diets with nano-clay adsorbent had better FCR than grower turkeys fed the diets with molecular clay adsorbent (P<0.001). The highest mortality was observed in starter and grower turkeys fed the diet with no adsorbent and contaminated with 110ppb aflatoxin (adsorbent×aflatoxin, P=0.002). As aflatoxin increased in starter and grower turkeys fed the diets with no adsorbent, white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts increased and packed cell volume (PCV) decreased, whereas aflatoxin had no noticeable effect on those response criteria in turkeys fed the diets with molecular clay and nano-clay adsorbent (adsorbent×aflatoxin, P<0.05). Starter turkeys fed the diets with adsorbents had a greater Hb and monocyte concentration (P<0.001), whereas grower turkeys fed the diets with adsorbents had less heterophil and eosinophil counts (P<0.043) than those fed the diets with no adsorbent. In conclusion, supplementation of aflatoxin-contaminated diets with clay adsorbents seemed to improve weight gain and reduce mortality, and reduce adverse effects of aflatoxin on PCV and Hb in turkeys. Grower turkeys fed the diet supplemented with nano-clay adsorbent had better growth performance than those fed the diet supplemented with molecular clay adsorbent. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..	Aflatoxin; Clay adsorbents; Growing turkey; Haematological indices	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858128134	Growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet fed dietary concentrations of organic and inorganic copper sources	Jegede A.V., Oduguwa O.O., Oso A.O., Fafiolu A.O., Idowu O.M.O., Nollet L.	2012	Livestock Science	145	03-Jan	10.1016/j.livsci.2012.02.011	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland	Jegede, A.V., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oduguwa, O.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fafiolu, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Nollet, L., Alltech Biotechnology Centre, Dunboyne, Ireland	A 140-day study was conducted to determine the influence of dietary organic Cu (Cu proteinate) and inorganic Cu (CuSO 4) on growth performance, blood characteristics and plasma lipids of growing pullet. 480day-old Kabiru® breed chicks were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups of 80 birds split over 4 replicates of 20 birds each. The diets consisted of a basal diet (containing 32.84 and 31.78mg/kg Cu for starter and grower phases respectively) supplemented with organic Cu (Cu proteinate; Cu-P) or inorganic Cu (Cu sulphate; CuSO 4) fed at 3 dietary concentrations (50, 100 and 150mg/kg). No significant (P&gt;0.05) effect of Cu source, concentration and interaction of Cu source and concentration was obtained for growth response at starter and grower phases. CuSO 4 supplementation resulted in elevated (P&lt;0.05) serum uric acid. Supplementation of diets with 150mg/kg Cu resulted in the reduction (P&lt;0.05) of white blood cell count of the birds. Cu-P decreased (P&lt;0.05) plasma cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride in comparison to CuSO 4. CuSO 4 supplementation resulted in increased high density lipoprotein (HDL). Cu concentration elicited a linear response (P&lt;0.05) for total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride. It was concluded that the source and concentration of Cu did not lead to a significant difference in growth performance. Furthermore, Cu-P reduced (P&lt;0.05) the plasma cholesterol concentration of the experimental birds when compared to CuSO 4. Also plasma cholesterol concentration reduced (P&lt;0.05) with increased dietary Cu concentration. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Copper; Growth; Lipid; Performance; Pullet	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84921938676	Effects of supplementing cassava peels with cassava leaves and cowpea haulms on the performance, intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of West African Dwarf goats	Abatan O., Oni A.O., Adebayo K., Iposu S., Sowande O.S., Onwuka C.F.I.	2014	Tropical Animal Health and Production	47	1	10.1007/s11250-014-0695-1	Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health,	Abatan, O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oni, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adebayo, K., Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Iposu, S., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Sowande, O.S., Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Onwuka, C.F.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 16-week experiment was conducted to determine the utilization of ratios of cassava leaf meal, cassava peel and cowpea haulms by West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Thirty WAD bucks aged 8 ± 1.3 months with body weights of 6–6.5 ± 0.12 kg were divided into five groups of six animals and each group randomly assigned to one of the treatments in a completely randomized design. The five dietary treatments were formulated to contain cassava peels, leaves and cowpea haulms at different proportions of 700:100:175 (T1), 500:200:275 (T2), 300:300:375 (T3) and 100:400:475 (T4) g/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. A standard diet formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of the animals with no cassava and cowpea haulms was used as the control diet (T5). DM intake ranged from 316.16 to 458.73 g/day and significantly increased (linear (L), quadratic (Q), cubic (C): P < 0.05) as the inclusion of cassava peels reduced and cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased in the diets. The crude protein (CP) intake significantly increased (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) as the inclusion of cassava peels reduced and cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased in the diets. Growth rate values significantly (L: P < 0.05; Q: P < 0.01) ranged from 21.55 g/day in T1 to 43.09 g/day in T4. The feed conversion ratio was significantly (L, Q: P <0.01) lowest in T4 (11.35) and was highest in animals in T5 (14.33). Dry matter digestibility significantly (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) ranged from 78.94 to 89.52 %. The digestibility increased as the inclusion of cassava leaves and cowpea haulms increased and reduced cassava peels in the diets. The highest N intake of 14.75 g/day obtained in T4 was significantly (L: P < 0.01; Q, C: P < 0.05) different from the values of 9.26, 10.56, 11.31 and 12.02 in T1, T2, T3 and T5, respectively. Nitrogen balance values significantly (L, Q, C: P < 0.05) ranged from 2.75 g/day in T1 to 9.15 g/day in T4. It is recommended that cassava peels, leaves and cowpea haulms in the proportion of 100:400:475 g/kg DM improved the growth and digestibility of WAD goats and can therefore be used to sustain animal performance during the dry season in a total mixed ration. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Cassava leaves; Cassava peels; Cowpea haulms; Nitrogen; Performance; WAD goats	nitrogen; Africa; analysis; animal; animal food; body weight; chemistry; controlled study; diet; diet supplementation; digestion; drug effects; goat; growth, development and aging; Manihot; metabolism; plant leaf; randomized controlled trial; veterinary; Africa, Western; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Goats; Manihot; Nitrogen; Plant Leaves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953818977	Predicting the impact of food processing industry on water quality of its environment using 24 full factorial design	Chukwu O.	2009	Modelling, Measurement and Control C	70	02-Jan	None	Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	Chukwu, O., Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology, PMB 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria	A 24 full factorial design was used to predict the impact of a food processing industry on the water quality of its environment. The factorial, main, and interaction effects of four water pollutants, namely, total dissolved solids, sulphide of lead, total nitrates, and total undissolved solids on biological oxygen demand (BOD) were obtained statistically. From sensitive analysis, it was concluded that all the main effects and interactions in the model have significant impacts on the level of BOD of the surface water. The statistical analysis of the experimental data showed that the predictive model is adequate for obtaining optimum conditions. Validation of the model gave a correlation coefficient of 0.999749 between the measured and predicted values. It was recommended that any processing activity by the industry that could lead to the discharge of the pollutants into water bodies at values more than the maximum permissible limits must be discouraged.	Biological oxygen demand; Environment; Factorial design; Food processing; Impact; Prediction; Water ouality	Biological oxygen demand; Correlation coefficient; Environment; Experimental data; Factorial design; Food processing industry; Full factorial design; Interaction effect; Main effect; Optimum conditions; Predictive models; Processing activity; Sensitive analysis; Significant impacts; Statistical analysis; Total dissolved solids; Undissolved solids; Water pollutants; Waterbodies; Biochemical oxygen demand; Design; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Forecasting; Industry; Surface waters; Waste treatment; Water pollution; Water quality; Food processing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33947287211	Evaluation of performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broiler finisher fed dried rumen digesta	Esonu B.O., Ogbonna U.D., Anyanwu G.A., Emenalom O.O., Uchegbu M.C., Etuk E.B., Udedibie A.B.I.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	Esonu, B.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Ogbonna, U.D., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Anyanwu, G.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Uchegbu, M.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Etuk, E.B., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Udedibie, A.B.I., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial involving 264, 5-week old Hubbard broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, organ characteristics and economic analysis of broilers fed dried rumen digesta (DRD) at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake of the groups on varying dietary levels of dried rumen digesta were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control (0%) group. Birds on diets containing dried rumen digesta recorded higher body weight gain than the control (0%) group. However, this increase in body weight, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weights were not significant (P>0.05). The lower feed cost per kilogramme meat produced on dried rumen digesta diet suggest that the material is economically viable alternative. Furhter research is necessary to investigate the biosafety of dried rumen digesta. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Dried rumen digesta; Economic analysis; Feed ingredient	Aves	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-41449088732	Performance, carcass characteristics and economy of production of broilers fed maize-grit and brewers dried grain replacing maize	Anyanwu G.A., Iheukwumere F.C., Emerole C.O.	2008	International Journal of Poultry Science	7	2	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics and	Anyanwu, G.A., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Abia State University, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria; Emerole, C.O., Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial involving ninety-six (96) four weeks old broiler chicks was conducted to investigate the effect of total replacement of maize with different combination ratios of maize grit and Brewers Dried Grain (BDG) on the performance, carcass characteristics and economy of finisher broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated by substituting maize with maize grit and BDG in the ratio of T1 (0%); T2 (3:1-45 + 15); T 3 (1:1-30 + 30) and T4 (1:3-15 + 45) respectively. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatment diets. Each experimental unit of 24 birds was replicated twice giving 12 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. Body weight and weight gain per feed intake through higher at high cost with the control diet improved in cheaper diets formulated with maize grit and BDG. There was no consistency in the carcass characteristics of the groups particularly among the internal organs showing that dietary maize grit ad BDG could not pose any discernible nutritional problems that might manifest in the carcass of the broilers. Cheaper feed formulated with maize grit and BDG gave the higher gross margins especially diet 4. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broilers; Carcass; Economy of production; Maize; Maize grit-brewers dried grain; Performance	Aves; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28944454660	Effect of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler starter chickens	Emenalom O.O., Orji V.C., Ogbonna N.C.	2005	Livestock Research for Rural Development	17	12	None	Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Emenalom, O.O., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Orji, V.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ogbonna, N.C., Department of Animal Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of whole and cracked velvet bean seeds cooked in maize-cob ash solution on the performance of broiler chicks. Whole and cracked velvet bean seeds were separately soaked in water for 48 hours, cooked for one hour in maize-cob ash solution, sun-dried and then ground into meals. The meals were then incorporated into broiler starter diets at 25 and 30% dietary levels respectively and fed from 0 to 28 days of age. The control diet contained no velvet bean meal. At 25 and 30% dietary levels, cracked velvet bean meal supported broiler performance comparable to the control. Birds fed 30% whole velvet bean (WVB) meal had a significantly depressed growth; grew 84.22% of control but feed intake and feed to gain ratio were unaffected. Cooking in maize-cob ash solution improved the nutritive value of velvet bean seeds, allowing for 25 and 30% dietary inclusion levels for whole and cracked seeds respectively.	Broilers; Maize-cob-ash; Performance; Velvet bean	Aves; Gallus gallus; Mucuna deeringiana; Mucuna pruriens; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749599186	Performance characteristics and nutrient utilization of starter broilers fed raw and processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal	Onu P.N., Okongwu S.N.	2006	International Journal of Poultry Science	5	7	10.3923/ijps.2006.693.697	Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Onu, P.N., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Okongwu, S.N., Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 28 - day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of processing of pigeon pea seeds on the performance and nutrient digestibility of finisher broilers. Four experimental diets were formulated such that each diet contained raw, boiled, boiled with potash and toasted pigeon pea seed meals at 26% dietary level respectively. One hundred and ninety two 5-week old Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the four experimental diets in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment group was replicated four times with 12 birds per replicate. At the end of the 4 weeks feeding trial, three birds were randomly selected from each replicate and transferred to metabolic cages for faecal collection and determination of apparent nutrient digestibility. Another set of 3 birds were randomly selected from each replicate, deprived of water but not feed for 24 hours, slaughtered and eviscerated for organ weight determination. Results showed significant (P < 0.05) differences in performance among the birds fed processed and raw pigeon pea seed meals. Birds fed processed pigeon pea seed meal performed significantly (P < 0.05) better than those on raw pigeon pea seed meal. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in performance among the groups fed differently processed pigeon pea seed meals. The results of the digestibility trial showed that significant (P < 0.05) differences existed among the groups in protein digestibility only. The results of the trial indicated that the three processing methods boiling, boiling with potash and toasting were effective in reducing the antinutritional factors in pigeon pea seeds. The result of the study also indicated improved nutritive value of pigeon pea boiled with potash. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006.	Finisher broilers; Nutrient digestibility; Nutritive value; Performance; Processed pigeon pea	Aves; Cajanus cajan	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77954274047	Performance and cost evaluation of substituting bambara seed [Vigna subterranean (L) Verdc] offal for soyabean meal in the diets of broiler starter chicks	Obih T.K.O., Ekenyem B.U.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	4	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28 day feeding trial was conducted using 160 marshalstrain of day old broiler chicks fed 0, 5, 10 and 15% levels of Bambara Seed Offal (BSO) in a completely randomized design where BSO replaced soyabean meal weight for weight. Each of the four dietary treatments was further replicated four times. Routine vaccination and medication typical of broilers were strictly adhered to. The initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed costlkilogram and feed costlkilogram weight gain were measured. Results show that birds on control (0% BSO) and T2 (5% BSO) with weight gains 584.78 and 583.48 respectively did not differ significantly (p>0.05) but were superior to those of levels 10% and 15% BSO (539.4 g and 505.0 g respectively). Both feed conversion ratio and feed costlkg declined as the level of BSO increased from 0.15% while feed costlkg weight gain did not maintain any particular trend. Treatment 2 (5% BSO) had the lowest cost of production feed wise. The control (0% BSO) and treatment 2 (5% BSO) were statistically similar (p>0.05) for final weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Bambara seed offal (BSO); Soyabean meal; Starter broiler chicks	Aves; Bambara; Glycine max; Vigna subterranea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958048813	Performance characteristics of finisher broiler chicks fed varying levels of exogenous enzyme supplemented Bambara seed [Vigna subterranean (L) Verde] offal as Replacement for maize	Obih T.K.O., Ekenyem B.U.	2010	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	9	5	None	Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 200, Owerri, Nigeria	Obih, T.K.O., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 200, Owerri, Nigeria; Ekenyem, B.U., Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Imo State University, P.M.B. 200, Owerri, Nigeria	A 28-day feeding trial was conducted using 240 Anak 2000 strain of finisher broilers fed 0, 15, 30 and 45% levels of exogenous enzyme supplemented Bambara Seed Offal (esBSO) in a completely randomized design where esBSO replaced whole maize weight for weight. Each of four dietary treatments was further replicated four times. Routine vaccination and medication typical of broilers were strictly adhered to. The initial weight, final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost/kg and feed cost/weight gain were measured. Results show that birds on control (0%) and 15% esBSO with weight gains 1.73kg each, did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and were superior to those of levels 30 and 45% (1.55 and 1.43 kg respectively). Feed conversion ratio, feed cost/kg and feed cost/weight gain declined as the level of esBSO increased from 0-45%, with 0% having the best FCR. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Enzyme supplemented bambara seed offal (esBSO); Finisher broiler; Whole maize	animal behavior; animal food; article; broiler; controlled study; cost control; cost minimization analysis; diet supplementation; food composition; food intake; legume; maize; nonhuman; nutrient content; plant seed; Vigna subterranean; weight gain; Aves; Bambara; Vigna subterranea; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952646517	Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on performance of broiler chickens exposed to different lighting regime	Tuleun C., Njoku P.C., Okwori A.I.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	2	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; National University Commission, Abuja, Nigeria	Tuleun, C., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Njoku, P.C., National University Commission, Abuja, Nigeria; Okwori, A.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the performance of 400 Anak broiler chicks exposed to two lighting regimes viz. 12 h light: 12 h darkness and 24 h lightO h darkness and fed diets containing two levels of ascorbic acid (0 and 250 mg AA/kg of feed). Each treatment was replicated four times with 25 birds per replicate. Results showed that at the starter phase of growth, chicks on continuous lighting regime recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain than those on limited lighting regime. Addition of ascorbic acid in the diet of chicks in the starter phase significantly (p<0.05) improved weight gain. At the grower phase, lighting regime recorded no significant (p>0.05) effect on weight gain but addition of ascorbic acid in the diet significantly (p<0.05) improved weight gain. There was significant (p<0.05) interaction as chicks on continuous lighting regime with ascorbic acid in their diet recorded higher weight gain than other treatments i.e limited lighting with no ascorbic acid in the diet. At the starter phase there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between continuous and limited lighting on feed: gain ratio. However, chicks with ascorbic in their diet recorded significantly (p<0.05) better feed: gain ratio than those without ascorbic acid. Inclusion of ascorbic acid in the diet significantly (p<0.05) reduced feed cost per kilogram weight gain. Ascorbic acid inclusion significantly (p<0.05) increased femur weight but not femur ash and tibia length. Continuous lighting and inclusion of ascorbic acid from diets increased incidence of leg abnormality significantly. Inclusion of ascorbic acid significantly (p<0.05) reduced the severity of leg abnormality. In conclusion continuous lighting and ascorbic acid in the diet may improve weight gain, feed: gain ratio, reduced feed cost per kilogram weight gain and reduction in the severity of leg abnormality. It may be recommended that under continuous lighting, inclusion of ascorbic acid in the diet may be recommended for balanced growth of the chicks. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Ascorbic acid; Bone; Broiler performance; Lighting regimes	Aves; Gallus gallus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36749084577	Performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leef meal (Manihot esculenta crantz)	Iheukwumere F.C., Ndubuisi E.C., Mazi E.A., Onyekwere M.U.	2008	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	7	1	None	Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	Iheukwumere, F.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Ndubuisi, E.C., Department of Agriculture, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umudike, Nigeria; Mazi, E.A., Department of Food Science, Abia State University, PMB 7010, Umuahia, Nigeria; Onyekwere, M.U., Federal College of Agriculture, Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria	A 35-day feeding trial involving 120, 5-week old Anak broilers was carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilization and organ characteristics of broilers fed cassava leaf meal at dietary levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and organ weight of birds on the control (0%) and (5%) leaf meals were significantly superior (p<0.05) to the group on 10% and 15% leaf meal. The utilization of Dry Matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract and ash was significantly poorer at the 10 and 15% dietary levels. The organ weights (heart, liver, gizzard) were superior at 0 and 5% (p<0.05) groups to the groups on 10 and 15% inclusion levels of the leaf meal. It is suggested that 5% inclusion of cassava leaf meal could be used in broiler finisher diets without any deleterious effects. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2008.	Broiler; Cassava leaf meal; Organs weight and nutrient utilization; Performance	animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; article; ash; avian stomach; bird; cassava; chemical composition; controlled study; food composition; food intake; heart weight; liver weight; meal; nonhuman; nutrient uptake; organ weight; plant leaf; randomization; weight gain; Aves; Manihot esculenta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84904411894	Operational evaluation of the performance of a solar powered absorption system in Pretoria	Bvumbe T.J., Inambao F.L.	2013	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	24	3	None	School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	Bvumbe, T.J., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Inambao, F.L., School of Mechanical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa	A 35kW pilot solar powered absorption cooling system was designed and constructed at Moot Hospital in Pretoria to investigate the technical and economic performance of the technology. Technically, the system produced an estimated 43.938MWh of cooling energy per year and reached a maximum power of 31kW and operated with an average COP of 0.63, which compares favourably with the 0.7 given by the manufacturer. This system has since been decommissioned. Unfortunately, due to a lack of standard design and operation information, the system was overdesigned. As a result, the economic performance of this technology could not be accurately determined.	Economic performance; LiBr-water; Solar powered absorption cooling; System performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79958150855	Electrical performance results of an energy efficient building with an integrated photovoltaic system	Ziuku S., Meyer E.L.	2010	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	21	3	None	Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	Ziuku, S., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa; Meyer, E.L., Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa	A 3.8 kW rooftop photovoltaic generator has been installed on an energy efficient house built at the University of Fort Hare, Alice campus, South Africa. The system, located on the north facing roof, started generating electrical power in February 2009. In addition to providing electrical energy, the photovoltaic panels also act as the building roofing material. An instrumentation and data acquisition system was installed to record the indoor and outdoor ambient temperature, indoor and outdoor relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar irradiance, electrical energy produced by the solar panels and the household energy consumption. This paper presents the initial results of the electrical performance of the building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) generator and energy consumption patterns in the energy efficient house.	Building integrated photovoltaics; Energy consumption; Energy demand; Energy efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33847607120	Impact of tillage and nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen use efficiency of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and soil properties	Habtegebrial K., Singh B.R., Haile M.	2007	Soil and Tillage Research	94	1	10.1016/j.still.2006.07.002	Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	Habtegebrial, K., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway, Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Singh, B.R., Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Haile, M., Department of Land Resource Management, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia	A 3-yr (2003-2005) study was conducted to assess the effect of two tillage methods: conventional tillage (CT, with four ploughings using a traditional plough, maresha) and minimum tillage (MT, with a single pass prior to sowing) and of N-fertilization, on tef yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), weed infestation and soil properties at two locations in the rainfed semiarid conditions of Ethiopia. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, with tillage treatments as main plots and N-rates as subplots. The N-fertilization rates were 0 kg N ha-1 (ZN), 30 kg N ha-1 (LN), 60 kg N ha-1 (MN) and 90 kg N ha-1 (HN). The minimum tillage practice produced as high yields as conventional tillage. Both total dry matter (DM) and grain yields were increased by N-fertilization. At both locations and in all years, there was a linear increase in dry matter production when N was increased from ZN to HN. The grain yield showed a similar increasing trend up to MN level but decreased from MN to HN. Available moisture content was relatively higher for minimum till (MT) than for conventional till (CT). In the dry years of the 2003 and 2004 cropping seasons, the average available moisture content in the plough layer was higher in MT than in CT by 0.004 m (2003) and 0.003 m (2004). Weed infestation was significantly higher in MT than in CT, with weed numbers 96 higher and weights 102 g m-2 higher in MT. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increased N but was not affected by tillage methods. Average N recoveries for CT and MT were generally similar (about 43%). Nitrogen fertilization significantly affected the soil total N and C/N ratio at lower depth (0.15-0.30 m). Average total N at the lower depth increased by 35.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 (203%) when N application rate was increased from MN to HN, suggesting that higher N levels are to be avoided to reduce excessive leaching to lower depths. Thus, the adoption of MT in the semiarid conditions could benefit soil and moisture conservations and reduce costs for resource poor farmers in Ethiopia without significantly affecting yield. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation	Arid regions; Nitrogen fertilizers; Plants (botany); Soil mechanics; Available moisture; Conventional tillage; Minimum tillage; Semiarid; Weeds infestation; Agriculture; cereal; crop yield; fertilizer application; moisture content; nitrogen; nutrient use efficiency; semiarid region; soil property; tillage; weed; Agriculture; Fertilizers; Moisture; Nitrogen; Soil Mechanics; Weeds; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eragrostis; Eragrostis tef	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879275072	Effect of nutrase xyla® supplementation on growth performance of grower pigs fed low or high fibre diets	Alu S.E., Oluremi O.I.A., Kaankuka F.G.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	11	None	Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Keffi, P.M.B. 135, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nige	Alu, S.E., Department of Animal Science, Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Keffi, P.M.B. 135, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Kaankuka, F.G., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	A 49-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of fibre and Nutrase xyla® enzyme supplementation on the growth performance of grower pigs. Sixteen Landrace x Large white cross bred pigs were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 2 enzyme levels (0 and 100 ppm) and two dietary fibre levels (10 and 15%). Sixteen weaned crosses of Landrace x Large white piglets were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement having 2 enzyme levels (0 and 100 ppm) and 2 dietary fibre levels (10 and 15%). Four isonitrogenous (18% CP) experimental diets with marginal variation in caloric content tagged T1, T2, T3 and T4 were compounded. Treatments 1 and 2 contained 10% crude fibre level (low fibre), while treatments 3 and 4 contained about 15% crude fiber levels (high fibre). Treatments 1 and 3 served as the control diets for treatments 2 and 4, respectively. Performance data such as feed intake, initial weight and final weight were recorded and used to calculate weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, feed cost/kg and feed cost/unit weight gain. There were no significant (p>0.05) effects of dietary fibre levels and enzyme supplementation or their interactive effects on average daily feed intake, feed: gain ratio, protein efficiency ratio and feed cost per unit weight gain. The economic analyses revealed that the use of Nutrase xyla® at 100ppm in these diets resulted in increased feed cost but higher level of dietary fibre reduced the cost of feed. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Fibre; Grower pigs; Nutrase xyla®; Rice offal	enzyme; nutrase xyla; unclassified drug; animal experiment; animal food; article; caloric intake; controlled study; cost; diet; diet supplementation; economic evaluation; feed converion ratio; fiber; food composition; growth rate; high fiber diet; low fiber diet; nonhuman; nutritional parameters; piglet; protein efficiency ratio; swine; test meal; weight gain; Pieris brassicae; Suidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77958581969	Performance of growing Small East African Goats offered Rhodes grass hay and supplemented with a 1:1 mixture of Maerua angolensis: Zizyphus mucronata leaf browses	Ondiek J.O., Abdulrazak S.A., Njoka E.N.	2010	Livestock Research for Rural Development	22	9	None	Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; National Council for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 30623-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Chuka University College, P.O. Box 109, Chuka, Kenya	Ondiek, J.O., Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; Abdulrazak, S.A., Egerton University, Department of Animal Science, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya, National Council for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 30623-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Njoka, E.N., Chuka University College, P.O. Box 109, Chuka, Kenya	A 56-day experiment was conducted to examine the contribution of Maerua angolensis and Zizyphus mucronata, mixed on a 1:1 ratio as a supplement to growing Small East African Goats fed a basal diet of Chloris gayana hay. Twenty goats were assigned to five treatments of: 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30 g DM kg-1W0.75, assigned as MZ0, MZ15, MZ20, MZ25 and MZ30. The total extractable phenolics (TEPH) and total extractable tannins (TET) for Maerua angolensis (11.4, 3.01 mg kg-1 DM) were lower than for Zizyphus mucronata (72.3, 41.2 mgkg-1DM) and the mixture had average values (41.9, 22.1 mg kg-1 DM), respectively. The Chloris gayana hay had low crude protein content (54 g kg-1 DM). Intake of hay and of total DM, and coefficients of apparent digestibility of diet proximate components, increased with supplementation. The control animals (MZ0) lost weight and the supplemented groups gained weight with best growth on the MZ20 diet. Rumen pH was in the normal range but rumen ammonia N was low for the control diet (8.99 mg 100ml-1), increasing with supplementation to 11.3 - 12.7 mg 100ml-1. There was a positive linear relationship between rumen ammonia level and live weight change. It is concluded that the 1:1 mixture of Maerua angolensis:Zizyphus mucronata with a CP of 261g kg-1 DM is an adequate protein supplement for growing Small East African Goats when fed a low quality (5.4% CP) basal diet of Chloris gayana hay.	Digestibility; Forage mixture; Indigenous browse; Intake; Rumen ammonia	Animalia; Capra hircus; Chloris gayana; Maerua angolensis; Ziziphus; Ziziphus mucronata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54049158499	Effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of oreochromis niloticus fingerlings	Ogunji J.O., Kloas W., Wirth M., Neumann N., Pietsch C.	2008	Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition	92	4	10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00745.x	Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053,	Ogunji, J.O., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Wirth, M., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Neumann, N., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Pietsch, C., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to access the effect of housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets on the performance, concentration of plasma glucose, cortisol and blood characteristics of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Seven feeds formulated to contain 36% protein and 20 kJ g)1 gross energy (dry matter basis), were prepared by replacing fish meal with magmeal. Fifteen fingerlings (initial average weight 2.0 ± 0.1 g) stocked per experimental tank were fed in triplicates at 5% body weight in two portions per day (a level previously established). Growth and food conversion ratio were adequate and comparable without any significant differences (p < 0.5) between feeding groups. Mean values for haematocrit and plasma glucose were not significantly different (p < 0.05) among the feeding groups. Fish group fed control diet (containing highest inclusion level of fish meal and without magmeal) gave the lowest haemoglobin concentration (5.96 ± 0.22 g dl)1). This value was significantly different from other feeding groups. Stressful conditions in fish and in mammals are associated with decreased growth, haematocrit (packed cell volume) and haemoglobin values, increased whole blood glucose (hyperglycaemia) and plasma cortisol concentrations. No such physiological changes were observed in this study. Results suggest that feeding O. niloticus fingerling with magmeal diets did not cause any form of physiological stress. Magmeal can be used as a good alternative protein source in tilapia diets. © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Fishmeal; Housefly maggot meal; Oreochromis niloticus; Stress response	Mammalia; Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia; hemoglobin; hydrocortisone; animal; animal disease; animal food; article; blood; blood analysis; cichlid; diet; glucose blood level; growth, development and aging; hematocrit; house fly; larva; metabolism; randomization; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Glucose; Cichlids; Diet; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Houseflies; Hydrocortisone; Larva; Random Allocation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959607322	Evaluation of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed meal as a replacer for soybean meal in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)	Jimoh W.A., Aroyehun H.T.	2011	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	11	2	10.4194/trjfas.2011.0202	Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Jimoh, W.A., Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Aroyehun, H.T., Crescent University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% crude protein), isolipidic (12% lipid) and isoenergetic (18 Mj/g). Cooked and mechanically defatted sesame seed meals were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100% respectively. The performance of the fish fed sesame seed meal-based test diets was compared to fish fed a soybean meal-based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerlings per tank with mean initial body weight of 6.37±0.21 g. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets containing 25% sesame. Similarly there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude deposition between fish fed fish fed diets containing 25% sesame and fish fed diets containing 50% sesame. However, a significant difference (P<0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed other test diets using the above indices. Comparable performance in growth nutrient utilization and carcass crude protein deposition in Clarias gariepinus fed diets with SSM25 and SSM50 showed that these meals could be viable means of improving the cost of fish feeding. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey.	African catfish; Mechanically defatted; Sesame; Soybean meal	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891556563	Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum metabolites, gut morphology, and microflora of growing guinea fowl	Oso A.O., Awe A.W., Awosoga F.G., Bello F.A., Akinfenwa T.A., Ogunremi E.B.	2013	Tropical Animal Health and Production	45	8	10.1007/s11250-013-0430-3	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Awe, A.W., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Awosoga, F.G., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bello, F.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinfenwa, T.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Ogunremi, E.B., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, P.M B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of dried ginger meal (DGM) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum parameters, gut morphology, and microflora of growing helmeted guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris). One hundred sixty 28-day-old male keets were assigned to four dietary treatments. There were 40 birds per treatment replicated four times with 10 keets each. The experimental diets consisted of the basal diet (control), ginger-supplemented diets containing 20, 40, and 60 g/kg DGM, respectively. Guinea fowls fed diet supplemented with DGM had higher (P &lt;0.05) final body weight, body weight gain and lower (P &lt;0.05) feed intake. Optimum weight gain was obtained with supplementation level of 36.15-g DGM (R 2 = 0.923). Guinea fowls fed diet supplemented with 40 g/kg DGM recorded the highest (P &lt;0.05) coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and longest (P &lt;0.05) duodenal and ileal villus heights. The crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum reduced (P &lt;0.05) with increasing level of dietary supplementation of DGM. Dietary supplementation of DGM resulted in increased (P &lt;0.05) total serum protein, serum albumin and low (P &lt;0.05) serum cholesterol concentration. Ileum content of birds fed diet supplemented with 40 g/kg DGM recorded the highest (P &lt;0.05) lactobacillus count. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 40-g DGM per kilogram diet is hereby recommended for improved growth, apparent nutrient digestibility, gut morphology, serum chemistry, and stimulation of balanced intestinal microflora in growing guinea fowl. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Dried ginger meal; Gut morphology and microflora; Helmeted guinea fowl; Serum metabolites concentration	Aves; Galliformes; Lactobacillus; Numida meleagris; Zingiber officinale; alanine aminotransferase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; cholesterol; creatinine; globulin; serum albumin; uric acid; animal; animal disease; article; bacterial count; blood; cytochemistry; diet supplementation; digestion; Galliformes; gastrointestinal tract; ginger; growth, development and aging; male; metabolism; microbiology; physiology; regression analysis; ultrastructure; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Cholesterol; Colony Count, Microbial; Creatinine; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Galliformes; Gastrointestinal Tract; Ginger; Globulins; Histocytochemistry; Male; Regression Analysis; Serum Albumin; Uric Acid	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349251730	Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets	Ogunji J., Summan Toor R.-U.-A., Schulz C., Kloas W.	2008	Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences	None	1	None	Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria; Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Institut	Ogunji, J., Ebonyi State University, Department of Animal Production and Fisheries Management, Nigeria, Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany; Summan Toor, R.-U.-A., Anatomy University of Agriculture, Dept. of Veterinary, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; Schulz, C., Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung Christian, Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany; Kloas, W., Institute of Freshwater Ecology and, Inland Fisheries Berlin, Germany, Institute of Biology, Dept. of Endocrinology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany	A 56 day study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile Tilapia fed diets containing housefly maggot meal (magmeal). Three isoenergetic diets respectively containing 31.20, 34.0 and 36.10% crude protein were formulated. Fishmeal was replaced partially with magmeal. Results of the study showed a good overall growth performances and status of experimental fish. Standard growth rate was between 2.58 - 3.08; food conversion ratio ranged from 1.12 to 1.45; Protein efficiency ratio was between 2.21-2.47, while hepatosomatic Index and condition factor were ranged between 3.08-3.14; and 2.47-2.89, respectively. Fish survival was 100%. These recommend the suitability of magmeal in diets for Nile tilapia fingerling. However, the apparent crude protein digestibility of diet 3 (65.71%) containing highest magmeal dietary inclusion level, decreased significantly compared to diet 1 and 2 (76.26%, 77.04%). This may be due to the effect of elevated ash concentration of magmeal used in the diet formulation. © Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).	Alternative protein sources; Fishmeal substitute; Magmeal	Musca domestica; Oreochromis niloticus; Tilapia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956973322	Effect of fermentation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on its phytonutrients and the performance of broiler starter	Oluremi O.I.A., Okafor F.N., Adenkola A.Y., Orayaga K.T.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	6	None	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Physiolog	Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Okafor, F.N., Department of Animal Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Adenkola, A.Y., Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Orayaga, K.T., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	A 5-week feeding trial to determine the effect of fermentation of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel on its maize replacement value in broiler starter diet was conducted. Sweet orange fruit peels were collected from peeled orange sellers and divided into three portions. The first portion was not fermented (SPo), while the second and third portions were fermented for 24hrs (SP24) and 48hrs (SP48), respectively. They were separately sun-dried, milled and samples screened and analyzed for phytonutrients. Four different diets namely the control (CD) and three test diets SPoD, SP24D and SP4sD in which SPo, SP24D and SP48 replaced maize in the control diet (CD) at 30% level in that order were compounded. Seven-day old one hundred and twenty Anak 2000 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to these diet groups to evaluate their performance. There was a decrease in the concentration of each of oxalate, flavonoid, tannin, saponin and phytate detected in the peels as the duration of fermentation increased from 0 to 48hrs. Thirty percent replacement of maize by the fermented sweet orange fruit peel meal depressed body weight gain (p&lt;0.01), feed intake (p&lt;0.05) and live weight (p&lt;0.01) of broiler starter. The fermentation technique used in this study did not improve the nutritive value of the sweet orange fruit peels to enhance its suitability as a feed resource in broiler starter production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Broiler starter; Performance; Phytonutrients; Sweet orange peel	Citrus sinensis; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863802492	Effects of replacing maize with yam peel meal on short term laying performance of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)	Edache J.A., Yisa A.G., Opkala E.J.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	7	None	Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	Edache, J.A., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Yisa, A.G., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Opkala, E.J., Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	A 6-week feeding trail was conducted to determine the effect of varying levels of yam peel meal (CP; 8.07% and ME; 2701 kcal/kg) on the laying performance of Japanese quails. One hundred and fifty 4 - week old female quails divided into 4 groups having 3 replicates of 12 birds each were used in this study. Four isonitrogenous (20% CP) diets incorporating graded levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of yam peel meal were compounded. The diets, however, varied in energy levels having 2,626 (Diet A), 2,553 (Diet B), 2,480 Diet C and 2,406 kcalME/kg (Diet D) respectively. Each diet was replicated three times. Average daily feed intake (34.77, 31.13, 31.50 and 33.23 g/bird) and hen-day production (30.06, 22.17, 18.81 and 16.19%) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by the test diets. However, respective daily weight gains (10.23, 8.93, 10.40, 7.83 g/bird), feed conversion ratio (7.96, 7.78, 6.90, 8.07) and egg weights (7.0, 8.8, 8.67 and 7.47 g) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected. As the level of yam peel meal increased in the diet, hen-day egg production was dropping. Feed cost/kg diet (N) decreased from diet A (41.24), B (38.02), C (34.52) to 31.02 (diet D) which had a cost saving of 25% over the control diet. By this study, it is indicated that at dietary crude protein level of 20% and Metabolizable Energy of between 2,480 and 2,626 kcal/kg, 20% level of yam peel meal inclusion in Japanese quail diet is acceptable for satisfactory egg production. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Japanese quail; Productive performance; Yam peel	protein; animal experiment; article; controlled study; cost control; Coturnix; coturnix coturnix japonica; diet; egg laying; egg production; energy metabolism; female; food intake; maize; meal; nonhuman; weight gain; yam; yam peel; Aves; Coturnix japonica; Dioscorea alata; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857867903	Physiological response of broiler chickens to neem (Azadirachta indica) and akakapenpen (Rauvolfia vomitoria) decoctions: Performance and carcass characteristics	Zanu H.K., Kagya-Agyemang J.K., Kwenin W.K.J., Bonsu F.R.K., Antwi E., Ateni S.	2011	International Journal of Poultry Science	10	9	10.3923/ijps.2011.730.733	Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana	Zanu, H.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Kagya-Agyemang, J.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Kwenin, W.K.J., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Bonsu, F.R.K., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Antwi, E., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana; Ateni, S., Department of Animal Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P.O. Box 40, Mampong-Ashanti, Ghana	A 6-week feeding trial was conducted on One hundred and eighty (180) Cobb broilers to evaluate the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) decoction (AID) and Akakapenpen (Rauvolfia vomitoria) decoction (RVD) on body weight gain, carcass and organ characteristics and haematological values of broiler chickens. The leaves of Azadirachta indica and Rauvolfia vomitoria were harvested and dried in the sun until they became crispy but still greenish in coloration. They were washed and then boiled (40 g of chopped leaves in 9L of water). The decoctions were placed in separate sterilized bottles ready for use and were offered ad libitum. The birds were randomly distributed to the treatments with twenty (20) birds per replicate, with each treatment replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The total replacement of antibiotics and coccidiostat resulted in non-significant depression (p<0.05) in final body weight and weight gain in experimental birds. However, feed intake was slightly affected (p<0.05) by administration of RVD to broilers. There was no significant effect of decoctions on water intake, feed conversion efficiency and mortality. Decoction had no significant influence on the dressing percentage, weights of crop (full), heart, proventriculus (full), intestines (full), feet and head. Decoction however, significantly affected gizzard (both full and empty), crop (empty), liver, kidney and proventriculus (empty). Liver and gizzard weights significantly increased with the inclusion of AID and RVD in water. Apart from WBC and Lymphocytes which were significantly influenced by decoction, the other blood parameters did not show any significant difference. This study suggests that AID and RVD replacement to antibiotics and coccidiostat may have beneficial effects on body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency. Total comparative profit derived from replacing antibiotics + coccidiostat with AID and RVD resulted in economic gains. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011.	Azadirachta indica; Broiler chickens; Decoctions; Rauvolfia vomitoria	Aves; Azadirachta indica; Gallus gallus; Rauvolfia; Rauvolfia vomitoria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650085749	Nutritional evaluation of sunflower and sesame seed meal in clarias gariepinus: An assessment by growth performance and nutrient utilization	Fagbenro O.A., Adeparusi E.O., Jimoh W.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	22	None	Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Fagbenro, O.A., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Adeparusi, E.O., Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Jimoh, W.A., Fisheries and Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the potential nutritive value of rawsunflower and Sesame seed meal as dietary replacement of soybean meal in practical diets of Clarias gariepinus. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous, (40% c.p). Raw sunflower and sesame seed meal were used to replace soybean meal at a rate of 15, 30 and 45% respectively. The performance of the fish diets was compared to fish fed soybean meal based control diets containing 40% crude protein. Each treatment had three replicates using 15 catfish fingerling per tank with mean initial body weight of 3.28 ± 0.15 g. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in protein productive value, feed intake; specific growth rate, % weight gain and crude protein deposition between fish fed control diets and fish fed RSF15, RSM15, RSF30, RSM30 diets. However, a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was recorded between fish fed control diets and fish fed diets RSF 45 and RSM 45 using the above indices. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Clarias gariepinus; Growth performance; Nutrient utilization; Sesame; Sunflower	Clarias gariepinus; Glycine max; Helianthus; Sesamum indicum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890856110	Effect of combination of whole millet feeding and mannan oligossaccharides supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights of growing guinea fowl (Numidia meleagris)	Oso A.O., Williams G.A., Jegede A.V., Sobayo R.A., Idowu O.M.O., Fafiolu A.O., Sogunle O.M., Akinola O.S., Adeleye O.O., Olorunsola I.A.R., Ogunade I.M., Osho S.O., Obadire F.O., Bamgbose A.M.	2014	Livestock Science	159	1	10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.020	Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal	Oso, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Williams, G.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Jegede, A.V., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sobayo, R.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Idowu, O.M.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Fafiolu, A.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Sogunle, O.M., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinola, O.S., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Adeleye, O.O., Department of Animal Production and Health, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olorunsola, I.A.R., Faculty of Science, Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Ondo, Nigeria; Ogunade, I.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osho, S.O., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Obadire, F.O., Faculty of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Jigawa, Dutse, Nigeria; Bamgbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A 84-day study was conducted to determine the effect of combination of whole millet feeding and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation on growth performance, serum biochemistry and relative organ weights of growing guinea fowl. 192 One-day-old, male guinea fowls were randomly allocated to four treatment groups of 48 guinea fowl split over six replicates of eight birds. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial arrangements of two diet forms (whole millet diets (WMD) and completely ground diets (CGD)) supplemented with and without 1. g/kg MOS. WMD contained similar feed ingredients as CGD except that certain quantity of millet grains (150. g/kg for 1-29 days and 450. g/kg for 29-84 days birds) were progressively removed and fed whole for WMD-fed group. Birds fed WMD had reduced (P<0.05) feed intake and improved (P<0.05) feed to gain ratio when compared to group fed CGD. Supplementation of MOS in diets for growing guinea fowl (29-84 days) notwithstanding the feed form resulted in increased (P<0.05) total serum protein, reduced (P<0.01) serum uric acid and cholesterol concentration. Birds fed WMD had higher (P<0.05) gizzard and thymus weights while dietary supplementation of MOS showed reduced (P<0.05) liver weights and increased (P<0.05) spleen weight. It was concluded that whole millet feeding when combined with MOS supplementation in growing guinea fowls showed improved growth performance, gizzard development, serum chemistry and positive influence on organ weights. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Growth performance; Mannan oligosaccharides; Relative organ weight; Serum biochemistry; Whole millet diet	Aves; Galliformes; Numida meleagris	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952260142	Effect of dietary levels of toasted mucuna seed meal (TMSM) on the performance and egg quality parameters of laying Japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica)	Tuleun C.D., Dashe N.A.	2010	International Journal of Poultry Science	9	12	10.3923/ijps.2010.1092.1096	Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Tuleun, C.D., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Dashe, N.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A 8 week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of Toasted Mucuna Seed Meal (TMSM) on the performance and egg qualities of Japanese quail layers. Four (4) isonitrogenous (20% cp) diets were formulated to contain toasted mucuna seed meal at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Each of the dietary treatments was triplicated with 10 birds per replicate (making a total of 120 birds for the experiment) in a completely randomized design. The birds were offered feed and water ad libitum. The results showed that the quail layers fed up to 15% dietary levels of TMSM had percent hen-day and hen housed egg production, average feed intake, feed intake per egg production and feed intake per gram egg production values that were not statistically different (p>0.05) from those fed the 0% TMSM (control) diet. Albumen width and shell thickness were significantly (p<0.05) lowered by the increasing levels of TMSM, while egg circumference and all yolk parameters were not affected significantly (p>0.05). Dietary inclusion of TMSM at all levels reduced feed cost which was also reflected in feed cost per egg produced and feed cost per bird produced. Therefore the use of TMSM as a feed ingredient up to 15% level in quail layer diets is profitable, feasible and desirable. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2010.	Feed ingredient; Performance and egg qualities; Quail layer; Toasted mucuna seed meal	Aves; Coturnix; Coturnix japonica; Mucuna; Phasianidae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937512504	Growth performance and carcass characteristics of three chicken strains in response to incremental levels of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal	Sebola N.A., Mlambo V., Mokoboki H.K., Muchenje V.	2015	Livestock Science	178	None	10.1016/j.livsci.2015.04.019	Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Sebola, N.A., Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Mlambo, V., Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Mokoboki, H.K., Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa, Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng, South Africa; Muchenje, V., Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa	A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of three chicken strains (male and female) that are normally reared under extensive production systems in South Africa. Moringa leaves were harvested by hand, air-dried and milled into M. oleifera leaf meal (MOLM). The MOLM was chemically analysed and used to dilute a commercial broiler finisher diet at 0 (MOLM0), 25 (MOLM25), 50 (MOLM50), and 100 (MOLM100) g/kg DM, producing four dietary treatments. Two hundred and sixteen (216) Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK), Ovambo (OV) and Black Australorp (BA) chickens were raised on a commercial starter mash for 4 weeks. On the fourth week, experimental diets were offered and growth performance data were collected over a period of 13 weeks. Carcass characteristics were measured upon slaughter at the end of the 13-week feeding period. Diet×strain interaction was significant (. P<0.001) for feed intake but not (. P>0.05) for growth rate and FCE. Feed intake responded to incremental levels of MOLM in an asymptotic fashion. Maximum feed intake was achieved at dietary MOLM inclusion levels between 50 and 70. g/kg DM. Black Australorp chickens had the highest feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of 2.35, while OV and PK chickens had lower FCE values of 2.09 and 2.05, respectively. Diet, strain and gender, all had significant effects on dressing percent (. P<0.001), leg and thigh weight (. P<0.05), and wing weight (. P<0.05). Male chickens attained higher (. P<0.05) carcass weight, leg and thigh weight, dressing percent, and breast mass than female chickens (. P<0.001). In female chickens, diets containing MOLM resulted in chickens with better carcass weight, leg and thigh weight, dressing percent, and breast mass compared to the control. In conclusion, Black Australorp chickens were better at utilizing diets with higher levels of MOLM compared to OV and PK strains. Inclusion of MOLM in chicken diets positively affected growth performance and carcass characteristics of the birds. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..	Carcass weight; Feed conversion efficiency; Feed intake; Indigenous chickens; Moringa oleifera leaf meal	Aves; Gallus gallus; Moringa; Moringa oleifera	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865827371	Development and preliminary evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for Halioticida noduliformans in abalone tissues	Greeff M.R., Christison K.W., MacEy B.M.	2012	Diseases of Aquatic Organisms	99	2	10.3354/dao02468	Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa	Greeff, M.R., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Christison, K.W., Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa; MacEy, B.M., Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Aquaculture Research, Private Bag X2, Roggebaai, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa	Abalone Haliotis midae exhibiting typical clinical signs of tubercle mycosis were discovered in South African culture facilities in 2006, posing a significant threat to the industry. The fungus responsible for the outbreak was identified as a Peronosporomycete, Halioticida noduliformans. Currently, histopathology and gross observation are used to diagnose this disease, but these 2 methods are neither rapid nor sensitive enough to provide accurate and reliable diagnosis. Realtime quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a rapid and reliable method for the detection and quantification of a variety of pathogens, so therefore we aimed to develop a qPCR assay for species-specific detection and quantification of H. noduliformans. Effective extraction of H. noduliformans geno - mic DNA from laboratory grown cultures, as well as from spiked abalone tissues, was accomplished by grinding samples using a pellet pestle followed by heat lysis in the presence of Chelax- 100 beads. A set of oligonucleotide primers was designed to specifically amplify H. noduliformans DNA in the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene, and tested for cross-reactivity to DNA extracted from related and non-related fungi isolated from seaweeds, crustaceans and healthy abalone; no crossamplification was detected. When performing PCR assays in an abalone tissue matrix, an environment designed to be a non-sterile simulation of environmental conditions, no amplification occurred in the negative controls. The qPCR assay sensitivity was determined to be approximately 0.28 pg of fungal DNA (∼2.3 spores) in a 25 μl reaction volume. Our qPCR technique will be useful for monitoring and quantifying H. noduliformans for the surveillance and management of abalone tubercle mycosis in South Africa. © Inter-Research 2012.	Abalone; Disease; Halioticida noduliformans; PCR; Tubercle mycosis	bioassay; environmental conditions; fungal disease; histopathology; host-pathogen interaction; matrix; mitochondrial DNA; monitoring; polymerase chain reaction; population outbreak; seaweed; South Africa; Bacteria (microorganisms); Crustacea; Fungi; Haliotidae; Haliotis midae; Lonchocarpus glaucifolius; fungal DNA; animal; article; classification; fungus; genetics; isolation and purification; methodology; microbiology; mollusc; real time polymerase chain reaction; sensitivity and specificity; species difference; Animals; DNA, Fungal; Fungi; Mollusca; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Species Specificity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857892354	Evaluation of heavy metal pollution indices in some water supplies in ebonyi state, Nigeria	Afiukwa J.N.	2011	Pollution Research	30	4	None	Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Afiukwa, J.N., Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria	A baseline study of heavy metal contamination levels in drinking water supplies has never been conducted in Ebonyi State since its creation in 1996. Fifty-two water samples comprising 30 underground water and 22 surface water were collected from nine Local Government Areas in Ebonyi State at two different seasons and analyzed for some heavy metal concentrations using Perkin Elmer A Analyst 400 Model AAS. Various pollution indices were used to evaluate some heavy metals pollution levels in public water supplies in the area. The results indicated elevated metal concentrations above the WHO guideline limits for drinking water in the order Pb > Mn > Fe > Cr > Co > Cd > Ni for surface water and Mn > Pb > Cr > Co > Fe > Cd > Ni for under groundwater samples. The pollution indices for the elevated metals decreased in the order: Pb > Mn > Cr > Fe > Co > Cd in surface water and Mn > Co > Cr > Cd in underground water. The study also indicated that surface water was significantly enriched with Pb and Mn compared with groundwater which indicated moderate enrichment with Mn. The overall pollution load index indicated a considerable heavy metals pollution of surface waters and moderately polluted underground water. Seasonal variations were however not significant (P > 0.05). © EM International.	Drinking water and public health; Heavy metals; Pollution indices	concentration (composition); drinking water; groundwater pollution; heavy metal; pollution effect; public health; seasonal variation; water supply; World Health Organization; Ebonyi; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84891818187	Major causes of organ condemnation for cattle and its financial impact at Wolaita Soddo municipality abattoir, southern Ethiopia	Abunna F., Hordofa D.	2013	Global Veterinaria	11	6	10.5829/idosi.gv.2013.11.6.8142	Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Departement of Clinical Studies, P.O. Box, 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Hawassa University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box, 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Abunna, F., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Departement of Clinical Studies, P.O. Box, 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Hordofa, D., Hawassa University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box, 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia	Abattoirs provide information on the epidemiology of the diseases in livestock, in order to know the extent of the exposure of the public to certain zoonotic diseases and to estimate the financial losses incurred through condemnation of affected organs. Tracing the records of the slaughter houses from November 2010 to February 2011 was done at Wolaita Soddo Municipal abattoir to determine the causes of organ condemnation and associated financial loss. Out of 953 cattle examined 378 (39.68%) livers, 244 (25.61%) lungs, 39 (4.09%) hearts, 30 (3.15%) kidneys and 14 (1.47%) spleens were condemned. The major causes of condemnation were fasciolosis (61.1%) and hydatidosis (12.17%) for liver; hydatid diseases (62.3%) and emphysema (8.61%) for lungs; unknown causes (33.33%), pericarditis (23.08%) and hydatid cyst (23.08%) for heart; unknown causes (26.67%) and calcification (23.33%) for kidneys and hydatidosis (64.29%) for spleen. Rate of condemnations due to parasitic causes was higher in the liver (29.07%) than in the lungs (15.95%). Parasitic diseases particularly fasciolosis and hydatidosis were the major causes of economic loss through condemnation of affected organs. The total annual economic loss incurred due to organs condemnation at the study area was estimated to be 24,340 ETB (24323.49 USD). The current result suggests that a thorough investigation that leads to disease control strategy is required to reduce the economic and public health consequences. © IDOSI Publications, 2013.	Abattoir; Cattle; Ethiopia; Organ condemnation; Wolaita soddo	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862876803	Performance evaluation of two serological tests for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) detection in an enzootic area using a Bayesian framework	Sidibé C.A.K., Grosbois V., Thiaucourt F., Niang M., Lesnoff M., Roger F.	2012	Tropical Animal Health and Production	44	6	10.1007/s11250-011-0063-3	Central Veterinary Laboratory, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP: 2295 Bamako, Mali; CIRAD, Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; African Union, Interafrican Bureau For Animal Resources, Kenindia Business Park, Museum Hill, Westlands Road, Nairobi, Kenya; CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CIRAD, SELMET Unit, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	Sidibé, C.A.K., Central Veterinary Laboratory, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP: 2295 Bamako, Mali, CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Grosbois, V., CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Thiaucourt, F., CIRAD, Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases Unit, TA A-15/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Niang, M., Central Veterinary Laboratory, Km 8, Route de Koulikoro, BP: 2295 Bamako, Mali, African Union, Interafrican Bureau For Animal Resources, Kenindia Business Park, Museum Hill, Westlands Road, Nairobi, Kenya; Lesnoff, M., CIRAD, SELMET Unit, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Roger, F., CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, (ES), TA A-22/E, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France	A Bayesian approach, allowing for conditional dependence between two tests was used to estimate without gold standard the sensitivities of complement fixation test (CFT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (cELISA) and the serological prevalence of CBPP in a cattle population of the Central Delta of the Niger River in Mali, where CBPP is enzootic and the true prevalence and animals serological state were unknown. A significant difference (P = 0.99) was observed between the sensitivities of the two tests, estimated at 73.7% (95% probability interval [PI], 63.4-82.7) for cELISA and 42.3% (95% PI, 33.3-53.7) for CFT. Individual-level serological prevalence in the study population was estimated at 14.1% (95% PI, 10.8-16.9). Our results indicate that in enzootic areas, cELISA performs better in terms of sensitivity than CFT. However, negative conditional sensitivity dependence between the two tests was detected, implying that to achieve maximum sensitivity, the two tests should be applied in parallel. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.	Bayesian framework; CBPP; Field cattle; Sensitivity; Serological tests; Specificity	animal; animal disease; article; Bayes theorem; cattle; cattle disease; comparative study; complement fixation test; contagious pleuropneumonia; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; epidemiology; evaluation; Mali; methodology; microbiology; sensitivity and specificity; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Complement Fixation Tests; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Mali; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious; Sensitivity and Specificity; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Mycoplasma	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-51149111603	Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in South Sudan: Benefit-cost analysis and livelihoods impact	Barasa M., Catley A., MacHuchu D., Laqua H., Puot E., Kot D.T., Ikiror D.	2008	Transboundary and Emerging Diseases	55	8	10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01042.x	Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Barasa, M., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Catley, A., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; MacHuchu, D., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Laqua, H., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Puot, E., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Kot, D.T., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya; Ikiror, D., Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Suisse, Nairobi, Kenya	A benefit-cost analysis of vaccination for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was conducted in an area of South Sudan, which due to chronic conflict, had been subject to large-scale humanitarian assistance for many years. The study used participatory epidemiology (PE) methods to estimate the prevalence and mortality of acute and chronic FMD in different age groups of cattle, and the reduction in milk off-take in cows affected by FMD. The benefit-cost of FMD vaccination was 11.5. Losses due to the chronic form of FMD accounted for 28.2% of total FMD losses, indicating that future benefit-cost analyses for FMD control in pastoral and agropastoral areas of Africa need to consider losses caused by chronic disease. Participatory epidemiological methods were also used to assess the importance of milk in the diet of Nuer agropastoralists, and seasonal variations in diet in relation to cattle movements and FMD outbreaks. Marked seasonal variation in diet included a 'hunger gap' period during which households were highly dependent on milk as their main source of food. Outbreaks of FMD occurred immediately before this period of milk dependency, with chronic losses extending through this period and affecting human food security. The paper discusses the need and feasibility of mass vaccination and strategic vaccination for FMD in South Sudan. The paper also discusses the value of combining conventional benefit-cost analysis with livelihoods analysis to inform disease control efforts and funding commitments in humanitarian contexts. © 2008 Blackwell Verlag.	Benefit-cost analysis; Foot-and-mouth disease; Human food security; Participatory epidemiology; South Sudan; Vaccination	virus vaccine; animal; animal disease; article; cattle; cattle disease; cost benefit analysis; economics; epidemic; female; foot and mouth disease; Foot and mouth disease virus; immunology; infection control; male; milk; secretion; Sudan; vaccination; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Communicable Disease Control; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Foot-and-Mouth Disease; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Male; Milk; Sudan; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Bos	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549104681	Performance evaluation of a biogas stove for cooking in Nigeria	Ltodo I.N., Agyo G.E., Yusuf P.	2007	Journal of Energy in Southern Africa	18	4	None	Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria	Ltodo, I.N., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Agyo, G.E., Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria; Yusuf, P., Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A biogas stove was designed, constructed and its performance evaluated using a 3 m 3 continuousflow Indian type biogas plant at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. The biogas plant was operated with cattle dung as feedstock in the ratio of 1 part of dung to 2 parts of water at a retention time of 30 days and daily loading rate of 100 kg of slurry. The performance of the stove was evaluated by boiling water, cooking rice and beans and the time taken to perform specific tasks determined from a stop watch. The amount of biogas used in boiling and cooking was determined from the operating pressure of the plant measured from a manometer that was placed between the stove and the plant. The results obtained showed that 0.14 I of water was boiled in 1 minute while 5.13 g of rice and 2.55 g of beans cooked in a minute. The biogas consumption for boiling water, cooking rice and beans was 0.69m 3/min, 2.81m 3/min and 4.87m 3/min respectively. The efficiency of the stove in boiling water, cooking rice and beans was 20%, 56% and 53% respectively.	Biogas stove; Cooking; Nigeria; Performance evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865975626	Evaluation of highway failure of a portion of ibadan-iwo road, southwestern nigeria, using very low frequency electromagnetic and resistivity methods	Popoola O.I., Okhaifo B.O.	2012	Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering	None	None	None	Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	Popoola, O.I., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Okhaifo, B.O., Department of Physics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria	About 1600 m portion of the Ibadan - Iwo road (southwestern Nigeria) which has suffered structural failures repeatedly was investigated using Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) profiling at 10 m intervals and five Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). The results from the VLF-EM investigation showed the presence of near surface linear geologic structures of varying lengths, depths, and elevations which suggest probable conductive zones that are inimical to the foundation of the road subgrade. Also, the lateral resistivity profile showed low resistivity zones that coincided with most of the peak positive VLF-EM anomalies, indicating near surface clay materials and linear structures. The quantitative interpretation of the VES results established the presence of four geologic layers namely top soil, weathered layer, partly weathered layer and fractured basement with varying resistivity values and thicknesses. The unstable segment of the road was characterized by low resistivity of the near surface materials on which the road pavement was founded. The clayey subgrade soil below the highway pavement and identified geologic features are the major factors responsible for the highway failure. © 2012 ejge.	Geologic features; Highway failure; Ibadan-iwo road; Resistivity profile; Vlf-em investigation	Fractured basement; Geologic features; Geologic layers; Geologic structures; Highway pavement; Ibadan-iwo road; Linear structures; Low resistivity; Major factors; Near-surface; Near-surface clay; Near-surface materials; Nigeria; Quantitative interpretation; Resistivity profile; Resistivity values; Road pavements; Schlumberger; Structural failure; Subgrade soil; Top soils; Vertical electrical sounding; Very low frequency; Vlf-em investigation; Electric prospecting; Electromagnetism; Fracture mechanics; Pavements; Surfaces; Transportation; electrical resistivity; electromagnetic method; failure analysis; motorway; pavement; subgrade; vertical electrical sounding; Ibadan; Iwo; Nigeria; Osun; Oyo	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34247490332	Evaluation of experimental varieties from recurrent selection for Striga resistance in two extra-early maize populations in the savannas of West and Central Africa	Badu-Apraku B., Fakorede M.A.B., Fontem Lum A.	2007	Experimental Agriculture	43	2	10.1017/S0014479706004601	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Badu-Apraku, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom; Fakorede, M.A.B., Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Fontem Lum, A., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, c/o L.W. Lambourn (UK) Limited, Carolyn House, 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, United Kingdom	A breeding programme for resistance to Striga hermonthica in maize (Zea mays) was initiated in Côte d'Ivoire in 1994. Two extra-early populations, white (TZEE-W Pop STR) and yellow (TZEE-Y Pop STR), were formed from diallel crosses of the best adapted extra-early maturing maize germplasm in the West and Central African subregion. In an effort to improve the populations for Striga resistance, TZEE-W Pop was crossed to inbred 1368 STR (Tzi 3 STR), and TZEE-Y Pop to 9450 STR (Tzi 25 STR). The resulting F1 populations were carried through two backcross (BC) generations. S1 lines were developed from the BC2 and subjected to two cycles of random mating to generate TZEE-W Pop STR C0 and TZEE-Y Pop STR C0. These two populations were subjected to three cycles of S1 recurrent selection under artificial Striga infestation and several experimental varieties were extracted from the different cycles of the selection programme. The original populations (C0), improved populations, and experimental varieties were evaluated in two experiments under Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions. The primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of S1 recurrent selection in developing Striga-resistant extra-early maize varieties. Results of the performance tests showed that the populations were good sources of Striga-resistant varieties with high-yield potential under both Striga-infested and Striga-free conditions. The results have also confirmed the effectiveness of inbreeding, selection and hybridization, as well as the backcross breeding methods, as tools for the development of extra-early populations, synthetic varieties and inbred lines. © 2007 Cambridge University Press.	None	Striga; Striga hermonthica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349293668	Impact of HLA in mother and child on disease progression of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection	Thobakgale C.F., Prendergast A., Crawford H., Mkhwanazi N., Ramduth D., Reddy S., Molina C., Mncube Z., Leslie A., Prado J., Chonco F., Mphatshwe W., Tudor-Williams G., Jeena P., Blanckenberg N., Dong K., Kiepiela P., Coovadia H., Ndung'u T., Walker B.D.,	2009	Journal of Virology	83	19	10.1128/JVI.00921-09	HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 021294, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 201855, United States	Thobakgale, C.F., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Prendergast, A., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Crawford, H., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Mkhwanazi, N., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ramduth, D., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Reddy, S., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Molina, C., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Mncube, Z., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Leslie, A., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Prado, J., Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Chonco, F., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Mphatshwe, W., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Tudor-Williams, G., Department of Paediatrics, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Jeena, P., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Blanckenberg, N., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Dong, K., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Kiepiela, P., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Coovadia, H., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Ndung'u, T., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Walker, B.D., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 021294, United States, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 201855, United States; Goulder, P.J.R., HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom	A broad Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response is associated with effective control of adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The association of certain HLA class I molecules, such as HLA-B*57, -B*5801, and -B*8101, with immune control is linked to mutations within Gag epitopes presented by these alleles that allow HIV to evade the immune response but that also reduce viral replicative capacity. Transmission of such viruses containing mutations within Gag epitopes results in lower viral loads in adult recipients. In this study of pediatric infection, we tested the hypothesis that children may tend to progress relatively slowly if either they themselves possess one of the protective HLA-B alleles or the mother possesses one of these alleles, thereby transmitting a low-fitness virus to the child. We analyzed HLA type, CD8+ T-cell responses, and viral sequence changes for 61 mother-child pairs from Durban, South Africa, who were monitored from birth. Slow progression was significantly associated with the mother or child possessing one of the protective HLA-B alleles, and more significantly so when the protective allele was not shared by mother and child (P = 0.007). Slow progressors tended to make CD8+ T-cell responses to Gag epitopes presented by the protective HLA-B alleles, in contrast to progressors expressing the same alleles (P = 0.07; Fisher's exact test). Mothers expressing the protective alleles were significantly more likely to transmit escape variants within the Gag epitopes presented by those alleles than mothers not expressing those alleles (75% versus 21%; P = 0.001). Reversion of transmitted escape mutations was observed in all slow-progressing children whose mothers possessed protective HLA-B alleles. These data show that HLA class I alleles influence disease progression in pediatric as well as adult infection, both as a result of the CD8+ T-cell responses generated in the child and through the transmission of low-fitness viruses by the mother. Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	epitope; HLA antigen class 1; HLA B57 antigen; adult; allele; article; CD8+ T lymphocyte; childhood disease; disease course; female; Fisher exact test; gene expression; gene sequence; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; hypothesis; infant; major clinical study; nonhuman; passive immunization; priority journal; South Africa; vertical transmission; virus transmission; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Progression; Epitopes; Female; Gene Products, gag; HIV Infections; HIV-1; HLA Antigens; HLA-B Antigens; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mothers; Virus Replication; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-42149087700	Effects of dietary phytase on performance and nutrient metabolism in chickens	Pirgozliev V., Oduguwa O., Acamovic T., Bedford M.R.	2008	British Poultry Science	49	2	10.1080/00071660801961447	ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; ASRC, SAC, Auchincruive Estate, Ayr, KA6 5HW, United Kingdom; University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; AB Vista Feed	Pirgozliev, V., ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, ASRC, SAC, Auchincruive Estate, Ayr, KA6 5HW, United Kingdom; Oduguwa, O., ASRC, SAC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Acamovic, T., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Bedford, M.R., Syngenta Animal Nutrition Inc., Beckhampton, Marlborough, Wiltshire, United Kingdom, AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Woodstock Court, Blenheim Rd., Marlborough Bus. Pk., Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom	A broiler growth study was conducted to compare the effect of different concentrations of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase on performance, apparent metabolisable energy (AME), nitrogen (N), amino acid and mineral metabolisability, sialic acid excretion and villus morphology when fed to broiler chickens. 2.Female Ross 308 broilers (480) were reared in floor pens from 0 to 28 d of age. All birds were fed on nutritionally complete starter (0 to 21 d of age) and grower diets (21 to 28 d of age) with the exception that they were low in P (28 and 23 g/kg available P, respectively). These maize-soy diets were supplemented with 0, 250, 500 or 2500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed. 3.Between 21 and 28 d of age, two birds from each floor pen were selected, and each pair placed in one of 32 metabolism cages (two birds per cage). Feed intake was recorded and excreta collected for the last 2 d of the feeding period, and AME, N, amino acid and mineral metabolisability coefficients and endogenous losses were determined following a total collection procedure. 4.Feed intake and weight gain increased in a linear manner in response to phytase dose, with an average increase of approximately 117 and 135%, respectively, compared with chickens fed on the low-P diet. Birds given diets with 2500 FTU weighed 66% more and had a 24% higher feed conversion efficiency (FCE) than those fed on diets containing 500 FTU. 5.Enzyme supplementation increased the intake of AME and metabolisable N by 103 and 39%, respectively, principally through increases in feed intake. Birds given enzyme-supplemented diets also improved their intake of metabolisable amino acids and P by approximately 14 and 124%, respectively, compared with birds fed on the control diet. Enzyme supplementation did not affect ileal villus morphometry of the birds.	None	amino acid; mineral; phytase; animal; animal food; article; chemistry; chicken; comparative study; diet; eating; enzymology; Escherichia coli; feces; female; growth, development and aging; metabolism; weight gain; 6-Phytase; Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Eating; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Minerals; Weight Gain; Aves; Escherichia coli; Gallus gallus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919718771	Growth performance of crossbred naked neck and normal feathered laying hens kept in tropical villages	Adomako K., Olympio O.S., Hagan J.K., Hamidu J.A.	2014	British Poultry Science	55	6	10.1080/00071668.2014.960805	Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana	Adomako, K., Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Olympio, O.S., Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Hagan, J.K., Department of Animal Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Hamidu, J.A., Department of Animal Science, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana	Abstract: 1. Two experiments were conducted to develop naked neck (Na/na) and normal feathered (na/na) crossbreds and compare their growth performance, linear body measurements and carcass characteristics in the first and second filial generations.2. In the first experiment, 4 indigenous naked neck males (Na/na) were mated to 36 Lohmann commercial females (na/na) in a ratio of 1:9. The two genotypes (Na/na, na/na) were allocated randomly according to batches of hatch, sire lines and sex to three different villages.3. In the second experiment, 10 males and 100 females of F1 Na/na birds were selected and mated inter se in a ratio of 1:10. The three genotypes (Na/Na, Na/na and na/na) were compared in a randomised complete block design experiment, with the three villages, hatch and sex as blocks and the three genotypes as treatments. F1 Na/na birds had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio, body weight, body weight gain, linear body measurements, survivability and carcass yield than their na/na counterparts.4. In the F2 generation, Na/Na and Na/na birds had significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) feed conversion ratio, body weight, body weight gain, linear body measurements, survivability and carcass yield compared to their na/na counterparts.5. The birds showing the naked neck phenotype appeared to show superior performance compared to normal feathered birds and could be exploited for potential utilisation in local poultry production. © 2014, © 2014 British Poultry Science Ltd.	None	Aves; anatomy and histology; animal; animal husbandry; body weight; chicken; feather; female; genetics; Ghana; growth, development and aging; hybridization; male; neck; physiology; tropic climate; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Feathers; Female; Ghana; Hybridization, Genetic; Male; Neck; Tropical Climate	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938989866	Performance analysis of cylindrical metal hydride beds with various heat exchange options	Satya Sekhar B., Lototskyy M., Kolesnikov A., Moropeng M.L., Tarasov B.P., Pollet B.G.	2015	Journal of Alloys and Compounds	645	S1	10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.272	South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Laboratory of Hydrogen Storage Materials, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Semenova, 1, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation	Satya Sekhar, B., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Lototskyy, M., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Kolesnikov, A., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Moropeng, M.L., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, South Africa; Tarasov, B.P., Laboratory of Hydrogen Storage Materials, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Semenova, 1, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation; Pollet, B.G., South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Abstract A 3D numerical heat-and-mass transfer model was used for the comparison of H<inf>2</inf> uptake performances of powdered cylindrical MH beds comprising MmNi<inf>4.6</inf>Al<inf>0.4</inf> hydrogen storage material. The considered options of heat exchange between the MH and a heat transfer fluid included internal cooling using straight (I) or helically coiled (II) tubing, as well as external cooling of the MH bed without (III) and with (IV) transversal fins. The dynamic performances of these layouts were compared based on the numerical simulation. The effect of heat transfer coefficient was also analysed. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Heat and mass transfer; Hydrogen storage; Metal hydrides; Thermal model	Coiled tubing; Computational fluid dynamics; Heat exchangers; Hydrides; Hydrogen; Hydrogen storage; Mass transfer; Dynamic performance; External cooling; Heat and mass transfer; Heat and mass transfer models; Internal cooling; Metal hydrides; Performance analysis; Thermal model; Heat transfer	14.604.21.0124, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; 76735, NRF, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; UI RFMEFI60414X0124, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942365769	Successful scale-up performance of a novel papaya-clay combo adsorbent: up-flow adsorption of a basic dye	Unuabonah E.I., Adedapo A.O., Nnamdi C.O., Adewuyi A., Omorogie M.O., Adebowale K.O., Olu-Owolabi B.I., Ofomaja A.E., Taubert A.	2015	Desalination and Water Treatment	56	2	10.1080/19443994.2014.944572	Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Biosorption and Water Treatment Research Laborator	Unuabonah, E.I., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adedapo, A.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Nnamdi, C.O., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adewuyi, A., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Omorogie, M.O., Environmental and Chemical Processes Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adebowale, K.O., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Olu-Owolabi, B.I., Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ofomaja, A.E., Biosorption and Water Treatment Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, P. Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa; Taubert, A., Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Golm, Germany	Abstract: A novel low-cost papaya-clay combo adsorbent, hybrid clay (HYCA), was prepared from a combination of Carica papaya seeds and Kaolinite clay. HYCA breakthrough adsorption capacity was 35.46 mg/g for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye in a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor. In ca. 20 min, regeneration of MB dye-loaded HYCA reached at least 90% each cycle for five regeneration cycles. However, above 40°C, the HYCA adsorbent lost more than 50% of its adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. The AdDesignSTM software was used to successfully predict the breakthrough curve and scale-up performance of MB dye adsorption onto the HYCA adsorbent. The pore and surface diffusion model (PSDM) described experimental data better than the constant pattern homogeneous surface diffusion model. From economic assessment using the PSDM, the AdDesignSTM software predicted that 1 kg of HYCA can effectively treat 1.45 m3 (0.29 m3 each cycle) of water containing 1 mg/L of MB dye (with a treatment objective of 50 μg/L MB dye) in effluent solution in 9 h 35 min with run time of ca. 15 h in a day including time for five regeneration cycles It was further predicted that the presence of other organic pollutants in low concentrations reduce the breakthrough adsorption capacity of HYCA by 10%. Finally, the cost of preparing 1 kg of HYCA adsorbent was calculated to ≈$6.31 vs. ≈$31.25/kg for medium quality commercial activated carbon. © 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.	Adsorption; Breakthrough; Cationic dye; Hybrid clay; Methylene blue; Pore and surface diffusion model; Regeneration	adsorption; breakthrough curve; diffusion; dye; kaolinite; organic pollutant; water treatment; Carica papaya	TWAS, Academy of Sciences for the Developing World; 3240245996, UNESCO, Academy of Sciences for the Developing World
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939877670	Novel series of phenylalanine analogs endowed with promising anti-inflammatory activity: Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and computational insights	Palkar M.B., Praveen D.M., Ronad P.M., Viswanathswamy A.H.M., Rane R.A., Patel H.M., Shaikh M.S., Hampannavar G.A., Jain K.S., Karpoormath R.	2015	Medicinal Chemistry Research	24	5	10.1007/s00044-014-1272-x	Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Department of Pharmacology, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India	Palkar, M.B., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Praveen, D.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Ronad, P.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Viswanathswamy, A.H.M., Department of Pharmacology, K.L.E. University College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India; Rane, R.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Patel, H.M., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Shaikh, M.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Hampannavar, G.A., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Jain, K.S., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa; Karpoormath, R., Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa	Abstract A novel series of methyl-2-(substituted benzylideneamino)-3-phenyl propionate (2a-j) derivatives have been synthesized. The title compounds (2a-j) were screened for in vivo acute anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Compound 2e exhibited the most promising and significant anti-inflammatory profile while compounds 2b, 2h, 2i, and 2j showed moderate to good inhibitory activity at 2nd and 4th h, respectively. These compounds were also found to have considerable analgesic activity (acetic acid-induced writhing model) and antipyretic activity (yeast-induced pyrexia model). In addition, the tested compounds were also found to possess less degree of ulcerogenic potential as compared to the standard NSAIDs. The synthesized compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory activity against cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1/COX-2), by in vitro colorimetric COX (ovine) inhibitor screening assay method. The results revealed that the compounds 2b, 2e, 2h, 2i, and 2j exhibited selective and effective inhibition against COX-2. In an attempt to understand the ligand-protein interactions in terms of their binding affinity, docking studies were also performed using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD-2013, 6.0) for the title compounds. It was observed that the binding affinities calculated were in agreement with the experimental IC<inf>50</inf> values. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Analgesic; Anti-inflammatory; Antipyretic; Cyclooxygenase (COX); Docking; Phenylalanine; Schiff base; Ulcerogenic activity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953417452	Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of extracts of Sida acuta against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome patients	Iroha I.R., Amadi E.S., Nwuzo A.C., Afiukwa F.N.	2009	Research Journal of Pharmacology	3	2	None	Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Iroha, I.R., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Amadi, E.S., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Nwuzo, A.C., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Afiukwa, F.N., Department of Applied Microbiology, Ebonyi State University, PMB 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria	Abstract: Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanol leaves extracts of Sida acuta against 45 clinical isolates of Staphylococccus aureas isolated from nasal cavity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. (HIV/AIDS) patients from University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enugu was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was also determined using agar well diffusion technique and the killing rates of each extracts was also determined at different time intervals of 0-90 min. Results of the agar well diffusion study revealed that ethanol extracts produced the highest antimicrobial activity (86%), followed by hot water (61 %) and cold water extracts (48%). The MIC obtained ranged from 0.9625-1.8125 μg mL-1 for ethanol extracts, 7.8125-31.25 μg mL-1 for hot water and 15.625-31.25 μg mL-1 for cold water extracts. The result of killing rate studies showed that the test organisms were killed within 0-10 min for ethanol and hot water extracts and 5-60 min for cold water extracts. The over all results indicated that Sida acuta extracts have appreciable antimicrobial activity against S. aureus isolated Eroin HIV/AIDS patients. In addition to authenticating, the folkloric use of Sida acuta in the treatment of common diseases, the finding of this study highlights the possible usefulness of this plant material in the treatment of opportunistic infections caused by S. aureus in HIV/AIDS patients. © Medwell Journals, 2009.	Antimicrobial activity; Aqueous; Ethanolic; Leaf extracts; Screening; Susceptible; Test organism	alcohol; cold water; herbaceous agent; hot water; lincomycin; Sida acuta extract; unclassified drug; water; agar diffusion; angiosperm; antibacterial activity; article; bacterial kinetics; bacterial strain; bacterium isolate; controlled study; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; inhibition kinetics; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonhuman; nose cavity; Sida acuta; Staphylococcus aureus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938424022	The more the merrier? Network portfolio size and innovation performance in Nigerian firms	Egbetokun A.A.	2015	Technovation	None	None	10.1016/j.technovation.2015.05.004	DFG Research Training Program 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Friedrich Schiller Universität, Carl-Zeiss Str. 3, Jena, Germany; National Centre for Technology Management, PMB 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; South African Research Chair on Innovation (SARChI), Tshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South Africa	Egbetokun, A.A., DFG Research Training Program 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Friedrich Schiller Universität, Carl-Zeiss Str. 3, Jena, Germany, National Centre for Technology Management, PMB 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, South African Research Chair on Innovation (SARChI), Tshwane University of TechnologyPretoria, South Africa	Abstract A positive relationship between firms' networking activities and innovativeness has been consistently established in the literature on innovation. However, studies considering different innovation types, and on developing countries are scarce. This paper addresses questions concerning the relationship between networking strategies and innovativeness of firms, using innovation survey data on Nigerian firms. Quantile regression is applied to trace the link between portfolio size and innovation at different levels of innovative success. The results show a positive relationship between a firm's innovation performance and the size of its networking portfolio. This relationship varies across different innovation types and with increasing innovation performance. The findings suggest that the widely accepted portfolio approach to external search for knowledge is not necessarily always the best - its utility depends on the firm's current level of innovative success. This poses a challenge for open innovation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Collaboration; External knowledge; Innovative success; Networking; Nigeria; Open innovation	Developing countries; Collaboration; External knowledge; Innovative success; Networking; Nigeria; Open innovation; Innovation	DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925457770	Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of fluorocarbon-containing rhodium(I) complexes for biphasic hydroformylation reactions	Maqeda L., Makhubela B.C.E., Smith G.S.	2015	Polyhedron	91	None	10.1016/j.poly.2015.02.037	Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Maqeda, L., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Makhubela, B.C.E., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Smith, G.S., Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa	Abstract A series of fluorocarbon-containing salicylaldimine and iminophosphine Schiff base ligands and their Rh(I) complexes were synthesized. The synthesized ligands and complexes were characterized using different analytical and spectroscopic techniques including (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H} and 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy), FT-IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI and EI), and elemental analysis. In addition, single crystal X-ray diffraction was also used for characterization for complexes 1 and 2. Consequently, the Rh(I) synthesized complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors in the hydroformylation of 1-octene. The hydroformylation results showed that the iminophosphine and salicylaldimine-based catalyst precursors are active and selective under mild conditions, converting 1-octene to mostly aldehydes. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Biphasic catalysis; Fluorocarbon; Hydroformylation; Rhodium(I) complexes; Schiff bases	None	DST, University of Capetown; UCT, University of Capetown
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938519512	Impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations and trypanosomosis risk in Eastern Zambia	Mweempwa C., Marcotty T., De Pus C., Penzhorn B.L., Dicko A.H., Bouyer J., De Deken R.	2015	Parasites and Vectors	8	1	10.1186/s13071-015-1018-8	Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia; Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683Dakar, Senegal; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France; Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal; VERDI-RandD, Louveigné, Belgium	Mweempwa, C., Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development, Zambia, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Marcotty, T., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa, VERDI-RandD, Louveigné, Belgium; De Pus, C., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Penzhorn, B.L., Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa; Dicko, A.H., West African Science Service in Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Climate change economics research program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, BP 5683Dakar, Senegal; Bouyer, J., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 1309 'Contrôle des Maladies Animales Exotiques et Emergentes', Montpellier, France, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Montpellier, France, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Service de Parasitologie, BP 2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal; De Deken, R., Animal Health Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium	Abstract Background: Fragmentation of tsetse habitat in eastern Zambia is largely due to encroachments by subsistence farmers into new areas in search of new agricultural land. The impact of habitat fragmentation on tsetse populations is not clearly understood. This study was aimed at establishing the impact of habitat fragmentation on physiological and demographic parameters of tsetse flies in order to enhance the understanding of the relationship between fragmentation and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) risk. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted to establish the age structure, abundance, proportion of females and trypanosome infection rate of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in areas of varying degrees of habitat fragmentation in Eastern Zambia. Black screen fly rounds were used to sample tsetse populations monthly for 1 year. Logistic regression was used to analyse age, proportion of females and infection rate data. Results: Flies got significantly older as fragmentation increased (p < 0.004). The proportion of old flies, i.e. above ovarian category four, increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 25.9 % (CI 21.4-31.1) at the least fragmented site (Lusandwa) to 74.2 % (CI 56.8-86.3) at the highly fragmented site (Chisulo). In the most fragmented area (Kasamanda), tsetse flies had almost disappeared. In the highly fragmented area a significantly higher trypanosome infection rate in tsetse (P < 0.001) than in areas with lower fragmentation was observed. Consequently a comparatively high trypanosomosis incidence rate in livestock was observed there despite lower tsetse density (p < 0.001). The overall proportion of captured female flies increased significantly (P < 0.005) as fragmentation reduced. The proportion increased from 0.135 (CI 0.10-0.18) to 0.285 (CI 0.26-0.31) at the highly and least fragmented sites, respectively. Conclusions: Habitat fragmentation creates conditions to which tsetse populations respond physiologically and demographically thereby affecting tsetse-trypanosome interactions and hence influencing trypanosomosis risk. Temperature rise due to fragmentation coupled with dominance of old flies in populations increases infection rate in tsetse and hence creates high risk of trypanosomosis in fragmented areas. Possibilities of how correlations between biological characteristics of populations and the degree of fragmentation can be used to structure populations based on their well-being, using integrated GIS and remote sensing techniques are discussed. © 2015 Mweempwa et al.	Habitat fragmentation; Trypanosomosis risk; Tsetse ecology; Zambia	diminazene aceturate; age distribution; animal experiment; Article; female; Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossina pallidipes; Glossinidae; habitat fragmentation; host parasite interaction; human; incidence; infection rate; longitudinal study; male; nagana; nonhuman; parasite control; population abundance; population density; risk factor; sex difference; species habitat; trypanosomiasis; Zambia; Animalia; Diptera; Glossina (genus); Glossina morsitans morsitans; Glossinidae	Wellcome Trust
None	None	Monitoring of efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based anti-malarials for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: A review of evidence of implementation of anti-malarial therapeutic efficacy trials in Tanzania	Shayo A., Buza J., Ishengoma D.S.	2015	Malaria Journal	14	1	10.1186/s12936-015-0649-8	Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania	Shayo, A., Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Buza, J., Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Ishengoma, D.S., National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Research Centre, P.O Box 5004, Tanga, Tanzania	Abstract Background: Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are considered the cornerstones of malaria control and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is currently the main anti-malarial drugs used for case management. After deployment of ACT due to widespread parasite resistance to the cheap and widely used anti-malarial drugs, chloroquine and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, the World Health Organization recommends regular surveillance to monitor the efficacy of the new drugs. The present paper assessed the implementation of anti-malarial efficacy testing for monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of ACT for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania before and after policy changes in 2006. Methods: A literature search was performed for published clinical trials conducted in Tanzania from 2001 to 2014. It focused on studies which assessed at least one form of ACT for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children less than 10 years and reported efficacy and safety of the tested anti-malarials. References were imported into the Endnote library and duplicates removed. An electronic matrix was developed in Microsoft Excel followed by full text review with predetermined criteria. Studies were independently assessed and information related to ACT efficacy and safety extracted. Results: Nine papers were selected from 125 papers screened. The efficacy of both artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (AS + AQ) against uncomplicated P. falciparum infections in Tanzania was high with PCR-corrected cure rates on day 28 of 91-100% and 88-93.8%, respectively. The highest day-3 parasite positivity rate was 1.4%. Adverse events ranged from mild to serious but were not directly attributed to the drugs. Conclusion: ACT is efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania. However, few trials were conducted in Tanzania before and after policy changes in 2006 and thus more surveillance should be urgently undertaken to detect future changes in parasite sensitivity to ACT. © 2015 Shayo et al.	Amodiaquine; Artemether; Artesunate; Combination therapy; Efficacy; Lumefantrine; Plasmodium falciparum and Tanzania; Safety	amodiaquine; artemether; artesunate; benflumetol; Article; drug blood level; drug efficacy; drug monitoring; drug safety; human; malaria falciparum; parasite clearance; systematic review; Tanzania; treatment outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-68149114241	National data system on near miss and maternal death: Shifting from maternal risk to public health impact in Nigeria	Oladapo O.T., Adetoro O.O., Fakeye O., Ekele B.A., Fawole A.O., Abasiattai A., Kuti O., Tukur J., Ande A.B., Dada O.A.	2009	Reproductive Health	6	1	10.1186/1742-4755-6-8	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin,	Oladapo, O.T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adetoro, O.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria, Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Fakeye, O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ilorin, Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Ekele, B.A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usman Danfodiyo University, Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria; Fawole, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Abasiattai, A., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Uyo, Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria; Kuti, O., Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Perinatology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria; Tukur, J., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria; Ande, A.B., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin, Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Edo State, Nigeria; Dada, O.A., Centre for Research in Reproductive Health, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Abstract. Background. The lack of reliable and up-to-date statistics on maternal deaths and disabilities remains a major challenge to the implementation of Nigeria's Road Map to Accelerate the Millennium Development Goal related to Maternal Health (MDG-5). There are currently no functioning national data sources on maternal deaths and disabilities that could serve as reference points for programme managers, health advocates and policy makers. While awaiting the success of efforts targeted at overcoming the barriers facing establishment of population-based data systems, referral institutions in Nigeria can contribute their quota in the quest towards MDG-5 by providing good quality and reliable information on maternal deaths and disabilities on a continuous basis. This project represents the first opportunity to initiate a scientifically sound and reliable quantitative system of data gathering on maternal health profile in Nigeria. Objective. The primary objective is to create a national data system on maternal near miss (MNM) and maternal mortality in Nigerian public tertiary institutions. This system will conduct periodically, both regionally and at country level, a review of the magnitude of MNM and maternal deaths, nature of events responsible for MNM and maternal deaths, indices for the quality of care for direct obstetric complications and the health service events surrounding these complications, in an attempt to collectively define and monitor the standard of comprehensive emergency obstetric care in the country. Methods. This will be a nationwide cohort study of all women who experience MNM and those who die from pregnancy, childbirth and puerperal complications using uniform criteria among women admitted in tertiary healthcare facilities in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. This will be accomplished by establishing a network of all public tertiary obstetric referral institutions that will prospectively collect specific information on potentially fatal maternal complications. For every woman enrolled, the health service events (care pathways) within the facility will be evaluated to identify areas of substandard care/avoidable factors through clinical audit by the local research team. A summary estimate of the frequencies of MNM and maternal deaths will be determined at intervals and indicators of quality of care (case fatality rate, both total and cause-specific and mortality index) will be evaluated at facility, regional and country levels. Management. Overall project management will be from the Centre for Research in Reproductive Health (CRRH), Sagamu, Nigeria. There will be at least two meetings and site visits for efficient coordination of the project by regional coordinators and central coordinating staff. Data will be transferred electronically by hospital and regional coordinators and managed at the Data Management Unit of CRRH, Sagamu, Nigeria. Expected outcomes. The outcome of the study would provide useful information to the health practitioners, policy-makers and international partners on the strengths and weaknesses of the infrastructures provided for comprehensive emergency obstetric care in Nigeria. The successful implementation of this project will pave way for the long-awaited Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths that would guide the formulation and or revision of obstetric policies and practices in Nigeria. Lessons learnt from the establishment of this data system can also be used to set up similar structures at lower levels of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. © 2009 Oladapo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.	None	article; cause of death; childbirth; cohort analysis; emergency care; fatality; female; health care facility; health care quality; human; information processing; maternal mortality; medical audit; Nigeria; obstetric care; outcome assessment; pregnancy complication; public health service; standard; tertiary health care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938231963	The influence of innovation on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Zimbabwe	Makanyeza C., Dzvuke G.	2015	Journal of African Business	16	42371	10.1080/15228916.2015.1061406	Department of Marketing, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe; Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative DevelopmentHarare, Zimbabwe	Makanyeza, C., Department of Marketing, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe; Dzvuke, G., Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperative DevelopmentHarare, Zimbabwe	Abstract: Based on a survey of 200 SMEs, this research investigated innovation’s influence on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study found that SMEs were somewhat innovative. The performance of SMEs was found to somewhat increase over the period SMEs were innovating. Innovation was found to positively predict the performance of SMEs. Organizational innovation and product innovation positively predicted the performance of SMEs while marketing innovation and process innovation did not. The influence of innovation on enterprise performance varied from industry to industry. The research has implications for managers and future researchers. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	Firm innovation; firm performance; innovation; small and medium enterprises; Zimbabwe	firm size; industrial performance; industrial production; innovation; small and medium-sized enterprise; technological development; Harare [Zimbabwe]; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929509763	How 'big data' can make big impact: Findings from a systematic review and a longitudinal case study	Fosso Wamba S., Akter S., Edwards A., Chopin G., Gnanzou D.	2015	International Journal of Production Economics	165	None	10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.12.031	NEOMA Business School, Rouen, 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France; University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; School of Management, Operations and Marketing, Faculty of Business, University of WollongongNSW, Australia; NSW State Emergency Service, Wollongong, Australia; Inventoriste at Geoffrey Chopin Firm, France; La Rochelle Business School, 102, Rue de Coureilles - Les Minimes, France	Fosso Wamba, S., NEOMA Business School, Rouen, 1 Rue du Maréchal Juin, BP 215, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France, University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa; Akter, S., School of Management, Operations and Marketing, Faculty of Business, University of WollongongNSW, Australia; Edwards, A., NSW State Emergency Service, Wollongong, Australia; Chopin, G., Inventoriste at Geoffrey Chopin Firm, France; Gnanzou, D., La Rochelle Business School, 102, Rue de Coureilles - Les Minimes, France	Abstract Big data has the potential to revolutionize the art of management. Despite the high operational and strategic impacts, there is a paucity of empirical research to assess the business value of big data. Drawing on a systematic review and case study findings, this paper presents an interpretive framework that analyzes the definitional perspectives and the applications of big data. The paper also provides a general taxonomy that helps broaden the understanding of big data and its role in capturing business value. The synthesis of the diverse concepts within the literature on big data provides deeper insights into achieving value through big data strategy and implementation. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	'Big data'; Analytics; Business value; Case study; Emergency services; Issues; Literature review	Emergency services; Analytics; Business value; Empirical research; Issues; Literature reviews; Longitudinal case study; Strategic impacts; Systematic Review; Big data	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934270632	High-performance towards removal of toxic hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution using graphene oxide-alpha cyclodextrin-polypyrrole nanocomposites	Chauke V.P., Maity A., Chetty A.	2015	Journal of Molecular Liquids	211	None	10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.044	Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa; DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured MaterialsPretoria, South Africa; Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Chauke, V.P., Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa; Maity, A., DST, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured MaterialsPretoria, South Africa, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Chetty, A., Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Pretoria, South Africa	Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was functionalized with alpha cyclodextrin (αCD) through a covalent bond to form GO-αCD nanocomposites (NC). GO-αCD NC was further modified with polypyrrole (PPY) to afford an advanced GO-αCD-PPY NC for the removal of highly toxic Cr(VI) from water. The prepared GO-αCD-PPY NCs were successfully characterised with AT-FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, BET and XRD techniques. Adsorption experiments were performed in batch mode to determine optimum conditions that include temperature, pH, concentration of Cr(VI) and contact time. It was deduced from the experiments that the adsorption of Cr(VI) by the GO-αCD-PPY NC is pH and temperature dependent, where optimum adsorption was achieved at pH 2 and it increased with increasing temperature. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorption isotherms fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 606.06 to 666.67 mg/g. Effect of co-existing ions studies revealed that cations and anions had no significant effect on the adsorption of Cr(VI). Desorption studies also illustrated that the NC can be re-used up to 3 cycles. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Adsorption; Cr(VI) removal; Cyclodextrin; Graphene oxide; Nanocomposite; Polypyrrole	Adsorption isotherms; Chemicals removal (water treatment); Chromium compounds; Cyclodextrins; Graphene; Nanocomposites; Polypyrroles; Solutions; Adsorption experiment; Cr removal; Graphene oxides; Increasing temperatures; Langmuir isotherm models; Polypyrrole nanocomposites; Pseudo-second order model; Temperature dependent; Adsorption	CSIR, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934936972	Modelling of immobilised enzyme biocatalytic membrane reactor performance	Du Preez R., Clarke K.G., Callanan L.H., Burton S.G.	2015	Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic	119	None	10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.05.015	Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa	Du Preez, R., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Clarke, K.G., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Callanan, L.H., Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Burton, S.G., Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, South Africa	Abstract Immobilised enzyme-catalysed conversions frequently provide specific advantages of selectivity over chemical conversions and further, facilitate continuous operation through biocatalyst retention and reuse. This study focuses on the development and modelling of an enzyme-catalysed continuous immobilised enzyme biocatalytic membrane reactor (BMR). The conversion of the amidase-catalysed lactamide to lactic acid process was used as an industrially representative system with which to evaluate the process performance of the BMR. The model was developed from unsteady state differential mass balances incorporating a second order enzyme decay. This model was validated from empirically determined conversions in dual experiments using 80 and 40 mM amide substrate, 6.4 and 20.1 mg immobilised amidase and a flow rate of 0.0005 and 0.0001 L/min respectively. Model predictions over a range of amidase amounts and stabilities, flow rates and initial amide concentrations quantified the direction and extent of the influence of these parameters on the maximum conversions attainable, consequently identifying the critical parameter ranges defining optimal BMR performance. Although the model has been developed and validated for the prediction of BMR performance of the specific lactamide-lactic acid system, it nevertheless has broad applicability for and relevance to broad-based prediction of the performance of immobilised enzyme BMR processes in general, irrespective of the specific enzyme or substrate moieties. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Biocatalytic membrane reactor; Bioprocess; Immobilised enzyme; Mathematical modelling	Amides; Bioreactors; Catalysis; Flow rate; Lactic acid; Mathematical models; Biocatalytic membrane reactors; Bioprocesses; Chemical conversions; Continuous operation; Immobilised enzymes; Model prediction; Parameter range; Process performance; Enzymes; amidase; amide; immobilized enzyme; lactic acid; tiopronin; Article; basal metabolic rate; bioprocess; catalysis; concentration (parameters); enzyme immobilization; enzyme substrate; experiment; flow rate; immobilized enzyme reactor; membrane reactor; prediction; validation study	US, Universiteit Stellenbosch
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929955236	Performance of bonded boards using lignin-based resins	Oluwasina O.O., Lajide L., Owolabi B.J.	2015	Wood Material Science and Engineering	10	2	10.1080/17480272.2014.923044	Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Oluwasina, O.O., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Lajide, L., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria; Owolabi, B.J., Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria	Abstract: Lignin was extracted from some underutilized plant materials using soda–anthraquinone and soda–anthraquinone–ethanol pulping chemicals. Soda–anthraquinone–ethanol gave higher lignin yield, ranging from 44.47% to 50.41% versus 39.40% to 47.92% of soda-anthraquinone. The isolated lignin was used as a partial substitution for phenol in preparation of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde. The free formaldehyde of the resins ranges from 0.25% to 0.67% versus 1.23% of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin used as control. The bonding effectiveness of the resin was evaluated when used as glue for board preparation. The density of the board ranges from 333.54 Kg/m3 to 363.84 Kg/m3. The result revealed that Musa sapientum-, Musa parasidiaca- and Tithonia diversifolia- soda–anthraquinone-derived resins, and soda-anthraquinone–ethanol-derived resin of M. parasidiaca and T. diversifolia had boards with better modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than the board obtained using PF resin. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	Board; characterization; lignin; plants; pulping; resin	Aromatic compounds; Characterization; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Ketones; Lignin; Phenols; Board; Bonding effectiveness; Free formaldehydes; Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde; Partial substitution; Phenol formaldehyde; plants; pulping; Resins	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84931572586	Laboratory evaluation of three dual rapid diagnostic tests for HIV and syphilis in China and Nigeria	Yin Y.-P., Ngige E., Anyaike C., Ijaodola G., Oyelade T.A., Vaz R.G., Newman L.M., Chen X.-S.	2015	International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics	130	S1	10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.04.004	National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, China; National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; World Health Organization, Abuja, Nigeria	Yin, Y.-P., National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, China; Ngige, E., National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Anyaike, C., National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Ijaodola, G., National AIDS and STIs Control Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria; Oyelade, T.A., World Health Organization, Abuja, Nigeria; Vaz, R.G., World Health Organization, Abuja, Nigeria; Newman, L.M., World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Chen, X.-S., National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College, 12 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, China	Abstract Objective To determine the laboratory-based performance and operational characteristics of three dual rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for testing HIV and syphilis. Methods Three dual RDTs (SD Bioline, Chembio, and MedMira) were evaluated using 1514 serum specimens archived at laboratories or collected from clinics in China and Nigeria to determine sensitivity and specificity, with 95% confidence intervals. Concordance of testing results read by two technicians, stability of testing results read at two time points, and test operation characteristics were also assessed. Results All three of the evaluated RDTs gave excellent performance with a combined sensitivity ranging from 99.0%-99.6% for HIV and 98.3%-99.0% for syphilis, and a combined specificity ranging from 97.9%-99.0% for HIV and 97.2%-99.6% for syphilis. Concordance of testing results between two technicians and stability of testing results read within and one hour past the recommended reading period showed excellent agreement, with Kappa greater than or equal to 0.98. Conclusions All the tests were found to be very or fairly easy to use and easy to interpret the results. Further evaluations of these dual RDTs with whole blood in field settings, and more studies on the implication of introduction of these tests in HIV and syphilis control programs are needed. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.	HIV; Rapid tests; Sensitivity; Specificity; Syphilis	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; Article; China; diagnostic test accuracy study; evaluation study; HIV rapid test; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; intermethod comparison; laboratory; Nigeria; performance; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; syphilis; syphilis rapid test	World Health Organization; UNFPA, World Health Organization; WHO, World Health Organization
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938526082	Use of the MSCR test to characterize the asphalt binder properties relative to HMA rutting performance - A laboratory study	Zhang J., Walubita L.F., Faruk A.N.M., Karki P., Simate G.S.	2015	Construction and Building Materials	94	None	10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.044	Texas AandM University, College Station, TX, United States; Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Zhang, J., Texas AandM University, College Station, TX, United States; Walubita, L.F., Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; Faruk, A.N.M., Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; Karki, P., Texas AandM Transportation Institute, Texas AandM University System, College Station, TX, United States; Simate, G.S., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa	Abstract Permanent deformation (or rutting) is one of the common distresses occurring in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. HMA is predominantly composed of aggregates and asphalt binder; and the asphalt binder plays a significant role in the HMA performance including permanent deformation and rutting resistance. In order to characterize the properties of the asphalt binder related to HMA rutting, the Superpave performance grade system uses the high-temperature grade, which is determined based on the complex shear modulus (|G∗|) and phase angle (δ) parameter (G∗/sinδ) that is measured from the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test. However, G∗/sinδ is not a performance-based parameter. Therefore, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has developed a performance-based PG binder test, the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test, to supplement the conventional DSR high temperature test. The primary objective of this laboratory study was to compare the two asphalt binder tests (the MSCR and the DSR high-temperature grade) and two HMA rutting related performance tests (the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test [HWTT] and the Repeated Loading Permanent Deformation [RLPD] Test) for characterizing the asphalt binder high temperature properties relative to HMA permanent deformation and rutting performance. For the asphalt binders and HMA evaluated, the MSCR showed a better correlation with the two rutting related performance tests (HWTT and RLPD) than the DSR high temperature grade. Thus, the MSCR test results shows promise to supplement or serve as a surrogate to the existing DSR test in characterizing the asphalt binder high temperature properties that are related to HMA rutting. However, more lab testing and field validation is still warranted to complement the results and findings reported herein. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Asphalt binder; DSR; G∗; HWTT; J<inf>nr</inf>; MSCR; Permanent deformation; RLPD; Rutting	Asphalt; Asphalt pavements; Creep; Deformation; High temperature properties; Highway administration; Asphalt binders; DSR; HWTT; MSCR; Permanent deformations; RLPD; Rutting; Binders	TxDOT, Texas Department of Transportation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84937725758	Evaluation of covalently and ionically cross-linked PBI-excess blends for application in SO<inf>2</inf> electrolysis	Krüger A.J., Kerres J., Bessarabov D., Krieg H.M.	2015	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	40	29	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.05.063	DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany	Krüger, A.J., DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kerres, J., Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany; Bessarabov, D., DST HySA Infrastructure Centre of Competence, Faculty of Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Krieg, H.M., Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, Faculty of Natural Science, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Abstract Proton exchange membranes (PEM) containing various combinations of PPOBr (pol(2,6-dimethylbromide-1,4-phenylene oxide, covalently cross-linked) or PWN (poly(tetrafluorostyrene-4-phosphonic acid), ionically cross-linked) were evaluated for their suitability in an SO<inf>2</inf> electrolyser environment. Since H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf> is produced during the oxidation of SO<inf>2</inf> in the presence of water, the membranes used in the electrolyser must be both chemically and electrochemically stable. Acid stability tests showed that the blend membranes are stable in 80 wt % acidic media at 80°C for 120 h. The electrochemical characterisation included polarisation curves, voltage stepping and long term operation. Using polarisation curves two blend combinations were selected for the voltage stepping. Both types of blend membranes showed high stability up to 110 cycles while the F<inf>6</inf>PBI/PPOBr blend membrane had comparable (to N115®) long term operating voltage, while the F<inf>6</inf>PBI/PWN blend membrane showed improved voltage, attaining 0.781 V compared to the 0.812 V obtained when using N115 at 0.1 A cm-2. © 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Covalently cross-linked; F<inf>6</inf>PBI blend proton exchange membranes; Ionically cross-linked; Long term operation; SO<inf>2</inf> electrolysis; Voltage stepping	Blending; Electrolysis; Membranes; Polarization; Covalently cross-linked; Ionically cross-linked; Long term operation; Operating voltage; Polarisation curves; Presence of water; Proton exchange membranes; Proton-exchange membrane; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)	KE 673/11-1, DFG, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa; DST, Department of Science and Technology, Republic of South Africa
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929667479	NYU dance education study abroad program to Uganda: impact on work experiences of study abroad alumni in New York City	Mabingo A.	2015	Research in Dance Education	16	2	10.1080/14647893.2014.950641	Department of Performing Arts and Film, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Mabingo, A., Department of Performing Arts and Film, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda	Abstract: Study abroad programs in dance education have played a key role in equipping students with globally and culturally diverse academic, pedagogic and professional knowledge, aptitudes and experiences. For this study, I interviewed six subjects who participated in New York University dance education study abroad program to Uganda from 2007 to 2010 to interrogate and establish what motivated them to participate in the program, their pre-departure preparations for the program and the observed and embodied cross-cultural learning encounters that they had during the program. The article further reveals the different modalities that these study abroad alumni have used to integrate the skills, knowledge, and competences that they acquired through the program into their work experiences in New York City. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis.	cultural translation; dance education; experiences; experiential learning; learning; pedagogy; study abroad; Uganda	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84919840894	Tackler characteristics associated with tackle performance in rugby union	Hendricks S., Matthews B., Roode B., Lambert M.	2014	European Journal of Sport Science	14	8	10.1080/17461391.2014.905982	UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Hendricks, S., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Matthews, B., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Roode, B., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lambert, M., UCT/MRC Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Abstract: Tackling is an important skill for performance in rugby, yet little has been reported on tackler characteristics and its relationship to performance in competition. The aim of this study was to identify tackler characteristics and its association with tackle performance in matches. Eighteen matches of the 2010 Super 14 were analysed, which amounted to 2092 coded tackles. Tackler characteristics such as head position – in motion, up and forward, type of tackle – shoulder tackler, arm tackle or ball-carrier fend – absent, moderate, strong and leg drive–absent, moderate, strong or shoulder usage were coded and associated with tackle outcomes. Relative risk ratio (RRR), the ratio of the probability of an outcome occurring when a characteristic was observed (versus the non-observed characteristic) was determined using multinomial logistic regression. Having the head in motion decreased the tackler's chances of a successful tackle (RRR 2.24, 95% CI 1.72–2.92, p < 0.001) relative to an up and forward head position. Ball-carriers using a fend significantly decreased the tackler's probability of success (moderate fend RRR 2.97, 95% CI 2.04–4.31, p < 0.001). Moderate leg drive (RRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.26–0.50, p < 0.001) by the tackler increased the likelihood of tackle success. Head up and forward, counter-acting the ball-carrier fend, shoulder tackles targeted at the ball-carrier mid-torso, using the arms to wrap or pull, and leg driving were key tackler characteristics associated with positive tackle outcome in matches. Based on these findings, it is recommended that these technical characteristics are emphasised and incorporated into training to effectively prepare tacklers for competition. © 2014, © 2014 European College of Sport Science.	collision sports; contact skills; multinomial logistic regression; performance; Tackling; technique	athletic performance; football; human; image processing; physiology; statistical model; videorecording; Athletic Performance; Football; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Logistic Models; Video Recording	National Research Foundation; DAAD, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928317807	Performance modeling of industrial gas turbines with inlet air filtration system	Effiom S.O., Abam F.I., Ohunakin O.S.	2015	Case Studies in Thermal Engineering	5	None	10.1016/j.csite.2015.03.008	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B 1123, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B 7276, Umudike, Umuhia, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engine	Effiom, S.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, P.M.B 1123, Calabar, Nigeria; Abam, F.I., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, P.M.B 7276, Umudike, Umuhia, Nigeria; Ohunakin, O.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria	Abstract The effect of inlet air filtration on the performance of two industrial gas turbines (GT) is presented. Two GTs were modeled similar to GE LM2500+ and Alstom GT13 E2-2012, using TURBOMATCH and chosen to operate at environmental conditions of Usan offshore oilfield and Maiduguri dessert in Nigeria. The inlet pressure recovered (Precov) from the selected filters used in Usan offshore, and Maiduguri ranged between 98.36≤Precov≤99.51% and 98.67≤Precov≤99.56% respectively. At reduced inlet Precov by 98.36% (1.66 kPa) and, at a temperature above 15 C (ISA), a reduction of 16.9%, and 7.3% of power output and efficiency was obtained using GT13 E2-2012, while a decrease of 14.8% and 4.7% exist for power output and efficiency with GE LM2500+. In addition, a reduction in mass flow rate of air and fuel under the same condition was between 4.3≤mair≤10.6% and 10.4≤mfuel≤11.5% for GT13 E2-2012 and GE LM2500+, correspondingly. However, the GE LM2500+ was more predisposed to intake pressure drops since it functioned at a higher overall pressure ratio. The results obtained were found worthwhile and could be the basis for filter selection and efficient compressor housing design in the locations concerned. © 2015 The Authors.	Contaminants; Filters; Gas turbine; Pressure drop; Turbomatch	Architectural design; Drops; Filters (for fluids); Gas turbines; Gases; Impurities; Oil fields; Pressure drop; Environmental conditions; Filter selection; Industrial gas turbines; Mass flow rate of air; Offshore oilfield; Overall pressure ratios; Performance Model; TURBOMATCH; Air filters	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926153714	Evaluation and Potential Health Hazard of Selected Metals in Water, Sediments, and Fish from the Gomti River	Gupta S.K., Chabukdhara M., Singh J., Bux F.	2015	Human and Ecological Risk Assessment	21	1	10.1080/10807039.2014.902694	Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India	Gupta, S.K., Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Chabukdhara, M., Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India; Singh, J., Dr. R. M. L. Avadh University, Faizabad, India; Bux, F., Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	ABSTRACT: The health hazard associated with the consumption of fish from the Gomti River in India, contaminated with the heavy metals Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn was assessed in terms of target hazard quotients (THQs). The concentrations of metals (mg kg−1, wet weight basis) in the muscle tissues of different fish species Mastacembelus puncalus, Clupisona garua, Cyrinous carpio, Botia lochachata, Channa punctatus, Heteropneustise fossilis, Puntius sofore, and Clarious batrachus ranged as follows: Cr (2.2–21.4), Cu (0.3–14.3), Mn (2.3–5.5), Ni (0.5–10.9), Pb (1.0–3.9), and Zn (12.3–46.9). The accumulation of metals in fish muscle tissue was in the order: Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; Mn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb. THQs indicated a potential health hazard to children due to the consumption of fish contaminated with Ni and Pb; their THQs were greater than 1 for almost all fish species except for Ni in C. garua (THQ, 0.07) and C. carpio (THQ, 0.90). For adults, insignificant health hazard was associated with THQs less than 1 for all metals in the different fish species, but long-term exposure to these metals and subsequent bioaccumulation in the body may require additional investigation. © 2015, Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	accumulation; fish; Gomti River; sediment; target hazard quotient; trace elements; water	Batrachoides; Botia; Channa punctatus; Mastacembelus; Puntius	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887963275	Evaluation of the effect of various drying techniques on the composition of the psychoactive phenylpropylamino alkaloids of khat (catha edulis forsk) chewing leaves	Atlabachew M., Chandravanshi B.S., Redi-Abshiro M., Torto N., Chigome S., Pule B.O.	2013	Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia	27	3	10.4314/bcse.v27i3.3	Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Program of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Atlabachew, M., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Program of Chemistry, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Chandravanshi, B.S., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Redi-Abshiro, M., Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Chigome, S., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Pule, B.O., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	ABSTRACT. The study demonstrated that by freezing or drying under different conditions, cathinone could be detected in the khat (Catha edulis Forsk) samples that have been harvested for more than four months. Freeze drying or freezing in the refrigerator (-20 °C) yielded more than 73% of cathinone. Air drying, sun drying or oven drying at 60 °C resulted in a cathinone composition of 57%, 42% and 36%, respectively. The study confirmed that, freshly harvested tender leaves of khat contained exclusively of cathinone but upon sun drying, part of it decomposes to cathine and norephedrine leaving cathinone as a major component. Thus it is wrong to assume that sun drying the leaves can result complete conversion of cathinone to cathine and norephedrine. Furthermore, the results of the study confirmed that it was possible to preserve khat samples for longer periods after freeze drying or deep freezing without significant loss of cathinone. © 2013 Chemical Society of Ethiopia.	Alkaloids; Cathine; Cathinone; Khat; Norephedrine; Storage	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930576800	The Impact of Chinese Import Penetration on the South African Manufacturing Sector	Edwards L., Jenkins R.	2015	Journal of Development Studies	51	4	10.1080/00220388.2014.983912	Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Edwards, L., Southern African Labour and Development Research Unit, School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Jenkins, R., School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom	Abstract: This article uses a Chenery-type decomposition and econometric estimation to evaluate the impact of Chinese trade on production and employment in South African manufacturing from 1992 to 2010. The results suggest that increased import penetration from China caused South African manufacturing output to be 5 per cent lower in 2010 than it otherwise would have been. The estimated reduction of total employment in manufacturing as a result of trade with China is larger – in 2010 about 8 per cent – because the declines in output were concentrated on labour-intensive industries and because the increase in imports raised labour productivity within industries. © 2015 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.	None	employment; import; international trade; labor productivity; manufacturing; trade relations; China; South Africa	ES/1035125/1, ESRC, Economic and Social Research Council
Scopus	2-s2.0-84927176457	Empirical assessment of e-learning on performance in principles of economics	Aljamal A., Cader H., Chiemeke C., Speece M.	2015	International Review of Economics Education	18	None	10.1016/j.iree.2015.02.002	Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait; Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Central Business District, No. 33, Tafawa Belewa Way, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Depa	Aljamal, A., Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait; Cader, H., Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait; Chiemeke, C., Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of Nigeria, Central Business District, No. 33, Tafawa Belewa Way, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria; Speece, M., Department of Marketing, College of Business and Economics, American University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 3323, Safat, Kuwait	Abstract This research assessed the effectiveness of online assignments in principles of macroeconomics classes. Students were divided into two groups where the first was required to submit online assignments (treatment) while the other was not (control). Standardized examinations were used as Pretest and Posttest to quantify the online assignments' impact on students' performance. Results showed no significant difference in performance between treatment and control groups. Furthermore, when looking closely at students' performance within the treatment group, results indicate that neither the use of online assignments, nor the degree or intensity of their use tends to have significant impact on students' performance. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	e-Learning; Economic education; Higher education; Online assignments	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052006740	Performance, yolk lipid, egg organoleptic properties and haematological parameters of laying hens fed cholestyramine and garlic oil	Ademola S.G., Sikiru A.B., Akinwumi O., Olaniyi O.F., Egbewande O.O.	2011	Global Veterinaria	6	6	None	Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, IBB University, Lapai, Nigeria	Ademola, S.G., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Sikiru, A.B., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Akinwumi, O., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Olaniyi, O.F., Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechn, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Nigeria; Egbewande, O.O., Department of Animal Science, IBB University, Lapai, Nigeria	Abstract: This study investigated the effect of dietary garlic oil and cholestryamine at varying concentrations on performance, yolk lipids, cost-benefit ratio, organoleptic assessment of eggs and haematological parameters of laying hens. A 2x2 factorial arrangement of the two supplements under completely randomised design was used for the experiment. The inclusion levels of garlic oil were 100 and 200mg/kg, whereas cholestryamine were at 50 and 1 OOmg/kg. The results showed that laying performance was not compromised except for the reduced egg weight for hens fed supplemented diets. Addition of garlic oil and cholestryamine to layer diet did not significantly influence shell weight and shell thickness. Garlic oil significantly (P<0.02) reduced yolk cholesterol with hens fed 1 OOmg/kg garlic oil had lower yolk cholesterol than those fed 200mg/kg garlic oil. Significant interactive influence of both supplements reduced yolk triacylglycerol. Inclusion of the supplements in layer diet increased feed cost, but lowered profit in terms of naira per kilogramme and naira per tray. Improved egg organoleptic evaluation was observed by consumers fed eggs of hens containing the supplements. White blood cells of hens fed garlic oil were significantly increased. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.	Cholestryamine; Feed cost; Garlic oil; Oik cholesterol; Profit; White blood cells	Allium sativum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925347470	Performance evaluation of the electrolysis process for waste sludge stabilization in decentralization practices	Azizi S., Valipour A., Jamshidi S., Sithebe T.	2015	Desalination and Water Treatment	54	3	10.1080/19443994.2014.886293	Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa; Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, South Korea; Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran	Azizi, S., Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa; Valipour, A., Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, South Korea; Jamshidi, S., Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Sithebe, T., Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, South Africa	Abstract: This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential use of electrolysis process for waste sludge stabilization in decentralization practices by focusing on the operating parameters such as sludge composition, detention time, and electric voltage. The laboratory batch scale results show that the sludge extracted from a packed bed biofilm reactor can reach the minimum concentration of 659 mg/L volatile suspended solids (VSS) merely within 5 h detention time at an applied voltage of 2 V, whereas the most identical level is obtained from activated sludge by 7 h with 3.6 V. The soluble COD in the supernatant phase of the former process would be increased to 297 mg/L by means of 27% VSS reduction. The economical pre-estimation indicates that electrolysis is more sustainable if stand as a preconditioning stage of biological digestion by 70% capital and operating cost reduction. This configuration can also cause occupying 54% lesser footprint area of aerobic digestion with total average reduction of 56% VSS within 77 h. The biological assay on digested product was also determined with reference to the growth of Phragmites sp. plant. This study recommends the electrolysis-pretreated conditioning waste sludge followed by aerobic digestion incorporating with attached growth biological systems as a valuable process in decentralization. © 2014, © 2014 Balaban Desalination Publications. All rights reserved.	Aerobic digestion; Bioassay; Electrolysis process; Stabilization; Waste sludge	Phragmites	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052841471	The moderating effect of culture on small firm performance: Empirical evidence	Minai M.S., Olusegun A.I., Lucky E.O.-I.	2011	European Journal of Social Sciences	23	3	None	College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia; Lagos State Polytechnics, Lagos, Nigeria	Minai, M.S., College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia; Olusegun, A.I., Lagos State Polytechnics, Lagos, Nigeria; Lucky, E.O.-I., College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia	Abundant studies on the influential entrepreneurial factors that affect small firm performance exist. However, the inconsistent results on the relationship between entrepreneurial factors and small firm performance has led the authors to propose a contingency model in which the effects of individual determinants, external factors and firm characteristics on firm performance are moderated by culture. A cross-sectional study of questionnaire survey research design was conducted and data was generated from 182 entrepreneurs or owner-managers of small firms in both manufacturing and service industries. The questionnaires were distributed through drop-off and pick procedure of data collection. The findings indicate that neither culture nor its cultural dimension or components are significant in moderating the relationship between relationship between individual determinates, external factors and firm characteristics, and firm performance.	Culture; Entrepreneurship determinants; Entrepreneurship development	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-56249111360	Feeding Acacia etbaica and Dichrostachys cinerea fruits to smallholder goats in northern Ethiopia improves their performance during the dry season	Yayneshet T., Eik L.O., Moe S.R.	2008	Livestock Science	119	42372	10.1016/j.livsci.2008.02.007	Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway	Yayneshet, T., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway, Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Eik, L.O., Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway; Moe, S.R., Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Aas, Norway	Acacia etbaica Schweinf. and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight et Arn. are among the common woody browse plants that naturally grow in many arid and semi-arid rangelands in sub Saharan Africa. An experiment was conducted to compare the voluntary dry matter intake, body weight gain, nitrogen balance, carcass composition and sensory attributes of goats supplemented with different levels of A. etbaica and D. cinerea fruits. Average initial body weight of the goats was 20.4 kg (± 0.8SE) and received one of the following fruit supplementation regimes for 120 days (on body weight basis, n = 4 goats per group): (1) Control, no supplement; (2) 0.5% of A. etbaica; (3) 0.5% of D. cinerea; (4) 1.0% of A. etbaica; (5) 1.0% of D. cinerea; (6) 1.5% of A. etbaica; (7) 1.5% of D. cinerea. All groups were allowed to graze/browse during the day. Compared to A. etbaica, D. cinerea fruits contained higher amounts of crude protein (182 vs 135 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (11 vs 8.4 MJ/kg DM), and in vitro dry matter digestibility coefficient (0.7 vs 0.6). The concentrations of acid detergent fiber (ADF), sulphuric acid solubulized lignin, and tannin (soluble and condensed) were lower (P < 0.05) in D. cinerea than in A. etbaica fruits. A. etbaica fruits, however, contained higher amounts of Na, K, Fe, and Zn concentrations than D. cinerea fruits. Dry matter intake was markedly higher in supplemented groups than in the control group without supplement. Similarly, body weight gain in the control group was negative and lower (P < 0.05) than any of the supplemented groups. During the course of the experimental period (120 days) the group placed in the 1.5% D. cinerea fruit diet gained 2.6 kg whereas the control group lost 2.0 kg. Thus, the difference between these two groups was 4.6 kg, which suggests about 22.5% increment of the goats' initial body weight. N retention was negative for the control group and varied little among the remaining treatment groups. Dressing percent increased with increased level of either type of fruit supplement, the highest (51.8%) being achieved at the 1.5% D. cinerea level. There was no difference in bone tissue across treatment groups. D. cinerea fruit intake also resulted in juicy/watery flavor and tender carcass. D. cinerea fruits appeared to have no adverse effects when included at the highest level (1.5%) and could be collected and stored as dry season supplement to smallholder goats. This study shows that poor farmers can increase goat performance substantially through supplement feeding with wild fruits. Areas in Ethiopia originally set aside for provision of ecological services and biodiversity protection can also be used for wild fruit production and feeding of small stock. The effect of increasing D. cinerea fruits above the 1.5% body weight level should be a focus of future investigation. Further work on deactivation mechanism of tannins is required for A. etbaica fruits included at levels higher than 1.0%. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Body weight; Dry matter intake; Exclosure; Supplement; Tigray	Acacia; Acacia etbaica; Capra hircus; Dichrostachys cinerea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46349092468	Sprout selection and performance of goats fed Acacia karroo coppices in the False Thornveld of the Eastern Cape, South Africa	Nyamukanza C.C., Scogings P.F.	2008	South African Journal of Animal Sciences	38	2	None	Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Nyamukanza, C.C., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa; Scogings, P.F., Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa	Acacia karroo Hayne is the dominant invading species in semi-arid savannas of South Africa and is an ecological threat of our modern era. This study investigated the preference and intake rates by goats when fed A. karroo coppice sprouts of different basal diameter sizes, viz. 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm. A study was also conducted to determine the digestibility and performance of goats when fed A. karroo coppices and commercial feed pellets. Nitrogen content varied among the sprout sizes. The larger sprouts had the highest nitrogen content, but the acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose did not differ among sprout sizes. There were no significant differences in preference of the different sprout sizes. Intake rate of the sprout sizes was significantly different; small sprouts were consumed at the highest intake rate compared to medium size sprouts, but not compared to the larger sprouts. Nguni goats had higher bite rates compared to Boer goats. However, intake rates of the Boer goats and the Nguni goats were not significantly different. Goats fed A. karroo had a higher average daily gain compared to the goats fed the pellets. Average daily gain differed between the two goat breeds. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein for A. karroo and pellets also differed. It is concluded that both Boer and Nguni goats have the potential to utilize smaller A. karroo sprouts. These animals can therefore potentially be used to control bush encroachment. © South African Society for Animal Science.	Browse; Bush encroachment; Digestibility; Herbivory; Intake rate; Preference	Acacia; Acacia karroo; Animalia; Capra hircus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878023229	Impact of the flower-galling midge, Dasineura rubiformis Kolesik, on the growth of its host plant, Acacia mearnsii De Wild, in South Africa	Impson F.A.C., Post J.A., Hoffmann J.H.	2013	South African Journal of Botany	87	None	10.1016/j.sajb.2013.04.006	Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa	Impson, F.A.C., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Post, J.A., ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Hoffmann, J.H., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa	Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), although recognised as being extremely invasive and problematic in South Africa, is cultivated as an important commercial plant in parts of the country. Following the introduction of a flower-galling midge, Dasineura rubiformis (Cecidomyiidae), into the Western Cape Province for biological control of A. mearnsii, trials to confirm that galling would not affect growth rates of the host-plant were necessitated before the midge could be more-widely distributed. Insecticide exclusion of the midge from selected branches of the plant enabled comparison of growth rates of branches with high and low levels of galling. Over fifteen months the increment in branch diameter was greater on highly galled branches than on lightly galled branches with pods. This result indicates that D. rubiformis, while reducing seed set to very low levels, does not negatively affect growth of its host and that the midge will have no detrimental effect on the wattle forestry industry in South Africa. © 2013 South African Association of Botanists.	Black wattle; Gall loads; Insecticide-treatment; Pod loads; Vegetative growth	biological control; fly; growth rate; host plant; insecticide; invasive species; legume; seed set; wild population; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887380198	Performance of first-year accounting students: Does time perspective matter? [Prestasie van eerstjaarsrekeningkundestudente: Speel tydsperspektief 'n rol?]	Joubert H., Viljoen M., Schall R.	2013	Acta Academica	45	3	None	Centre for Accounting, South Africa; University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Dept of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Joubert, H., Centre for Accounting, South Africa; Viljoen, M., University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; Schall, R., Dept of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State, P O Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa	Academic failure of first-year accounting students is a national and international problem. Existing research is inconclusive regarding the causes for the failure and does not make provision for the possible influence of dominant time perspectives on performance in accounting. This article investigates whether time perspective has an effect on the performance of first-year accounting students. A quantitative non-experimental predictive multivariate design is used and confounding variables are taken into consideration. The results of the study indicate significant relationships between performance in first-year accounting and gender, age and a past-negative time perspective. The most significant result of this study is that a past-negative time perspective, together with an unfavourable psychosocial background, might have led to failure in first-year accounting. It is suggested that students with a negative time perspective be identified and encouraged to participate in support programmes at the university. © UV/UFS.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84955664781	The language issue and academic performance at a South African University	van Rooy B., Coetzee-Van Rooy S.	2015	Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies	33	1	10.2989/16073614.2015.1012691	Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	van Rooy, B., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa; Coetzee-Van Rooy, S., Research Focus Area: Understanding and Processing Language in Complex Settings (UPSET), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, South Africa	Academic performance at universities in South Africa is a cause of concern. It is widely acknowledged that there are a variety of factors that contribute to poor academic performance, but language is regarded as one of the most important issues in this discussion. In this article, the relationship between language and academic performance at a South African university for the first-year group in 2010 (n = 900) is investigated, taking their performance in their second (2011) and third (2012) year into account. The authors review: (a) the relationships between measures of language ability (matric scores, and scores on university placement tests like the NBT and TALL/TAG); and (b) the relationship between these language measures, performance in courses offered by universities to support students and general academic success indicators to investigate the language issue and academic performance at university. The main findings of the study are: (a) matric average results above 65% are useful to predict academic success at university; matric average results below 65% cannot be used with confidence to predict success at university; (b) language measures (e.g. matric language marks, and scores on academic literacy tests used by some universities) are not good predictors of academic success at university; (c) there are strong positive relationships between the academic literacy components in the NBT and TALL/TAG; and (d) scores achieved in academic literacy modules are good predictors of academic success. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of strategic decisions that academic managers should consider when they reflect on the language issue and its impact on academic performance at South African universities. © 2015, NISC (Pty) Ltd.	None	None	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-77952630169	Performance evaluation of a locally developed cassava chipping machine	Bolaji B.O., Adejuyigbe S.B., Ayodeji S.P.	2008	South African Journal of Industrial Engineering	19	1	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Nigeria; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	Bolaji, B.O., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Nigeria; Adejuyigbe, S.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria; Ayodeji, S.P., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Nigeria	A cassava chipping machine was designed and constructed, and its performance evaluated. The results showed that motor speed has significant effects on chipping capacity, chipping efficiency, and chips geometry. The higher the motor speed, the higher the chipping capacity and the lower the chipping efficiency of the machine. The machine has a maximum capacity of 245 kgh-1 at 500 rpm, and maximum chipping efficiency of 92.6% at a speed of 300 rpm. The overall best performance of the machine is obtained at a speed of 400 rpm with chipping efficiency of 86.5% and chipping capacity of 240 kgh-1.	None	Motor speed; Plants (botany); Efficiency	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67349190849	Urban impact on ecological integrity of nearby rivers in developing countries: The Borkena River in highland Ethiopia	Beyene A., Legesse W., Triest L., Kloos H.	2009	Environmental Monitoring and Assessment	153	42373	10.1007/s10661-008-0371-x	Plant Science and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Beyene, A., Plant Science and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium, Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Legesse, W., Environmental Health, Jimma University, P.O. Box 378, Jimma, Ethiopia; Triest, L., Plant Science and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium; Kloos, H., Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States	Accelerated pollution and eutrophication of rivers and streams because of human activity are a concern throughout the world and severe in Africa where Ethiopia is case in point. The objective of this study was to assess the urban impact on the ecological integrity of the Borkena River at the eastern escarpment of the central Ethiopian highlands. The water quality status and macroinvertebrate distribution and diversity of the river were assessed during the dry and wet seasons. Diversity indices revealed that a severe decline in the ecological integrity of the Borkena River downstream of Dessie and within Kombolcha towns in terms of macroinvertebrate abundance and composition. Clustering and ordination analysis clearly separated reference sites from urban impacted sites. At the urban-impacted sites, dissolved oxygen was also depleted to 0.5 mg/l and BOD5 values were reached to a level of above 1,000 mg/l, with extremely low biological diversity of pollution-sensitive taxa. These patterns are the result of a combination of rampant dumping of untreated wastes exacerbated by geologic, topographic, climatic and land use factors. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.	Borkena river; Ecological integrity; Ethiopia; Faunal diversity; Macroinvertebrate; Pollution	Borkena river; Ecological integrity; Ethiopia; Faunal diversity; Macroinvertebrate; Developing countries; Dissolution; Dissolved oxygen; Eutrophication; Land use; Natural resources; Pollution; Quality assurance; Rivers; Water quality; River pollution; dissolved oxygen; cluster analysis; developing world; dissolved oxygen; environmental impact; Index of Biotic Integrity; macroinvertebrate; river water; species diversity; water quality; article; biochemical oxygen demand; biodiversity; climate; cluster analysis; controlled study; dumping; environmental impact; Ethiopia; eutrophication; geology; human activities; land use; macroinvertebrate; population abundance; river ecosystem; season; taxon; topography; urban area; water pollution; water quality; Ecology; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Ethiopia; Geography; Rivers; Africa; Borkena River; Dese; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650907952	Comparative evaluation of the roche cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 version 2 test using the TaqMan 48 analyzer and the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay	Van Rensburg E.J., Tait K., Watt A., Schall R.	2011	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	49	1	10.1128/JCM.01285-10	Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Alba Campus, Rosebank, Livingston EH54 7EG, United Kingdom; Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Quintiles Biostatistics and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Van Rensburg, E.J., Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Alba Campus, Rosebank, Livingston EH54 7EG, United Kingdom; Tait, K., Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Watt, A., Assay Development Laboratory, Quintiles Global Central Laboratories, Livingston, United Kingdom; Schall, R., Quintiles Biostatistics and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Acceptable precision was achieved in a comparison study of the Abbott RealTime (RT) and Roche CAP/ CTM-48 V2 HIV-1 assays, but viral load quantification was under- and overestimated, respectively, compared to the 2nd HIV-1 WHO International Standard. The same quantification patterns were observed for patient cohorts from Africa and the United States. Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.	None	Africa; analyzer; article; cohort analysis; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; intermethod comparison; international standard unit; priority journal; quantitative analysis; United States; virus detection; virus load; world health organization; Africa; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; United States; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84894340009	Development and evaluation of woven fabric microfiltration membranes impregnated with silver nanoparticles for potable water treatment	Mecha C.A., Pillay V.L.	2014	Journal of Membrane Science	458	None	10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.001	Durban University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 1334, 4001, Steve Biko Rd, Durban, South Africa; Stellenbosch University, Department of Process Engineering, Banghoek Rd, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa	Mecha, C.A., Durban University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 1334, 4001, Steve Biko Rd, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, V.L., Stellenbosch University, Department of Process Engineering, Banghoek Rd, Stellenbosch 7601, South Africa	Access to clean and safe drinking water is a fundamental human need, which is commonly lacking in remote rural areas. A simple gravity-fed water treatment unit was developed based on woven fabric microfiltration (WFMF) membranes. However, since these membranes are loose micro-filters, the unit has to be used in conjunction with a disinfectant. This paper explores combining the WFMF membranes with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a modified chemical reduction method. The originally white membranes turned brown-yellow due to the surface plasmon resonance of silver; however, there was no significant difference in the morphology of the membranes after the impregnation with 0.0117. wt% AgNPs. The coated membranes were more hydrophilic and had higher water permeability (p<0.05). Filtration of turbid water (40-700. NTU) showed that both membranes produced clear permeate (<1 NTU). Treatment of water spiked with bacteria (2500-77,000. CFU/100. mL Escherichia coli) showed that the removal efficiency of uncoated membranes was 84-91% and that of coated membranes was 100%. Accordingly, the coated membranes depicted great potential for water treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the incorporation of AgNPs in WFMF membranes and characterized their properties. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.	Disinfection; Drinking water; E. coli; Membranes; Silver nanoparticles	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84907294002	Financial performance measures and business objectives attainment in fast food SMMEs in the Cape Metropolis: A preliminary liability and suitability analysis	Ngary C., Smit Y., Bruwer J.-P., Ukpere W.I.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	20	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p909	Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	Ngary, C., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Smit, Y., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Bruwer, J.-P., Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O.Box 625, Cape Town, South Africa; Ukpere, W.I., Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa	According to the Small Business Act No. 102 of 1996, Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) were introduced by the South African government to assist with the achievement of uplifting the national economy to reduce the rising trend unemployment and poverty in the country. SMMEs are believed to contribute up to 30% of the Gross Domestic Product of South Africa and are further believed to be responsible for absorbing up to 80% of the national labour force. Regrettably, prior research suggests that these initiatives have not succeeded in reducing unemployment and eradicating poverty, since more than 75% of SMMEs have been reported to fail within their first two years of existence. Economic factors have been blamed for the dismal outcomes. However, the achievement of business objectives is very relevant to how a business is managed, particularly from a financial outlook. In essence, the current authors are of the view that SMMEs were not attaining their objectives owing to the ineffective utilisation of financial performance measures, which consequently affects the smooth existence of these entities as a going concern. The main objective of this paper was to determine the extent to which SMMEs make use of financial performance measures to attain their business objectives. The research adopted a quantitative approach, which entails the collection of data from 30 SMMEs leaders (owners and/or managers) in the Cape Metropolis. All participants were required to adhere to a list of strict delineation criteria. The finding reveals that SMMEs leaders do make use of financial performance measures to manage their respective businesses towards the attainment of business objectives, but only to a limited extent. © MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research.	Business objectives; Fast food industry; Financial performance measures; SMMEs; South Africa	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84920437193	Techno-economic and environmental evaluation of demand side management techniques for rural electrification in Ibadan, Nigeria	Akinbulire T.O., Oluseyi P.O., Babatunde O.M.	2014	International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering	5	4	10.1007/s40095-014-0132-2	Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Akinbulire, T.O., Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Oluseyi, P.O., Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Babatunde, O.M., Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	According to the United Nation Development Programme, access to modern low-cost energy systems in developing countries is important in the realization of the globally agreed developmental goals, as well as the Millennium Development Goals, and sustainable development, which would assist in the reduction of poverty and to improve the conditions and quality of life for the greater part of the world’s population. Planners have suggested hybrid energy system for the electrification of rural areas worldwide. This study investigates the techno-economic and environmental effect of applying demand side management (DSM) activities to rural loads before design and sizing of hybrid energy systems for such community. Iporin a rural area in Ibadan, Nigeria which is endowed with an average daily solar radiation of 3.84 kWh/m2/day was taken as a case study. The total daily consumption which was initially estimated as 297 kWh/day after the application of DSM techniques dropped to 130 kWh/day representing a decrease of 56.80 %. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables software was used for simulation and optimization purpose. Parameters such as DSM index, net present cost, and emission level were used in determining the effect of the DSM technique. Overall, the DSM activities proved to be more economical and environmental friendly. © 2014, The Author(s).	Demand side management; Energy efficiency; HOMER; Hybrid energy system; Nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84900388272	Impact of accounting skills on entrepreneurship education for self-reliance and sustainable development: A study of selected small scale business in Owerri municipal Imo state	Nwaigburu K.O., Eneogwe V.N.	2013	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	4	16 SPEC.ISSUE	10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n16p81	Department Of Accountancy, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Eduction, Owerri-Imo State, Nigeria; Department Of Business Education, National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria	Nwaigburu, K.O., Department Of Accountancy, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Eduction, Owerri-Imo State, Nigeria; Eneogwe, V.N., Department Of Business Education, National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria	Accounting skill was found to be contributory to entrepreneurial performance and as such entrepreneurs are advised to embark on capacity building in accounting skill in the area of financial management and record keeping. Entrepreneurs are agents and drivers of development in most economies of the world including Nigeria. The entrepreneur establishes his presence through the formation of a small and medium scale enterprise (SME). Accounting on its part, is of great importance to the development of small and medium scale enterprises. Arguably, accounting is the core academic discipline that aids the entrepreneurial drive given the popular opinion that is the language of business. The objectives of this study is to examine the role of accounting on entrepreneurship education for self- reliance and sustainable development in Nigeria. The study considered the accounting profession and the major role it plays in entrepreneurship development. It is the submission of the authors that entrepreneurs with basic accounting knowledge and entrepreneurial skills stand better chances of becoming self- reliant and attaining business success. The paper recommends among other things that government should remove those obstacles that militate against entrepreneurial development in Nigeria.	Accounting skill; Entrepreneurship education; Self - Reliance and sustainability; Small-scale business	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84862227694	Impacts of maize intercropping with ryegrass and alfalfa on environment in fields with nitrogen fertilizer over-dose	Nie S.-W., Chen Y.-Q., Egrinya E.A., Sui P., Huang J.-X.	2012	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	10	2	None	Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; National Soil Fertility, Fertilizer Effects long-term Monitoring Net work-Zhengzhou Fluvo-aquic Stn, Key Field Scientific Observation Station of Zhengzhou Fluvo-	Nie, S.-W., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China, National Soil Fertility, Fertilizer Effects long-term Monitoring Net work-Zhengzhou Fluvo-aquic Stn, Key Field Scientific Observation Station of Zhengzhou Fluvo-aquic Soils Ecology Environment, Ministry of Agrl, Inst of Plant nutrient and Environmental Resources, Henan Academy of Agrl Sci, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Chen, Y.-Q., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; Egrinya, E.A., Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Nigeria; Sui, P., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China; Huang, J.-X., Research Center of Circular Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China	Accumulation of nitrate in soil increases the risk of nitrate leaching and hence ground water nitrate pollution. The impact of maize intercropping with ryegrass and alfalfa on environment in farming systems has been little studied in China. Using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, we analyzed the effects of different cropping systems (sole maize (CK), maize + ryegrass (CRT), and maize + alfalfa (CAT)) on the environment. The comprehensive index of environmental impacts varied in the order, sole maiz>maize + ryegrass>maize + alfalfa, with corresponding values of 0.1421, 0.1353 and 0.1299, respectively. The results showed that intercropping maize with alfalfa and ryegrass could reduce the adverse effects of over- application of nitrogen fertilizer on the environment. The study further demonstrated that the LCA method may be a convenient and effective approach for analyzing the environmental impact of fertilizer management in agricultural fields.	Environment impact; Intercropping; Life cycle assessment; Nitrogen fertilizer	nitrogen fertilizer; pesticide; acidification; alfalfa; article; controlled study; cropping system; ecotoxicity; environmental impact; eutrophication; fertilizer application; field study; greenhouse effect; human; intercropping; life cycle assessment; Lolium; maize; nonhuman; plant seed; soil pollution; water pollution	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84942526399	Performance of high resolution satellite rainfall products over data scarce parts of eastern ethiopia	Gebere S.B., Alamirew T., Merkel B.J., Melesse A.M.	2015	Remote Sensing	7	9	10.3390/rs70911639	Department for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, Freiberg, Germany; Water and Land Resource Centre, P.O. Box 3880, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States	Gebere, S.B., Department for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, Freiberg, Germany; Alamirew, T., Water and Land Resource Centre, P.O. Box 3880, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Merkel, B.J., Department for Geology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Str. 12, Freiberg, Germany; Melesse, A.M., Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States	Accurate estimation of rainfall in mountainous areas is necessary for various water resource-related applications. Though rain gauges accurately measure rainfall, they are rarely found in mountainous regions and satellite rainfall data can be used as an alternative source over these regions. This study evaluated the performance of three high-resolution satellite rainfall products, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B42), the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_MVK+), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely-Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) at daily, monthly, and seasonal time scales against rain gauge records over data-scarce parts of Eastern Ethiopia. TRMM 3B42 rain products show relatively better performance at the three time scales, while PERSIANN did much better than GSMaP. At the daily time scale, TRMM correctly detected 88% of the rainfall from the rain gauge. The correlation at the monthly time scale also revealed that the TRMM has captured the observed rainfall better than the other two. For Belg (short rain) and Kiremt (long rain) seasons, the TRMM did better than the others by far. However, during Bega (dry) season, PERSIANN showed a relatively good estimate. At all-time scales, noticing the bias, TRMM tends to overestimate, while PERSIANN and GSMaP tend to underestimate the rainfall. The overall result suggests that monthly and seasonal TRMM rainfall performed better than daily rainfall. It has also been found that both GSMaP and PERSIANN performed better in relatively flat areas than mountainous areas. Before the practical use of TRMM, the RMSE value needs to be improved by considering the topography of the study area or adjusting the bias. © 2015 by the authors.	GSMaP_MVK+; PERSIANN; Rain gauge; Satellite rainfall; TRMM 3B42	Gages; Neural networks; Precipitation (meteorology); Rain gages; Satellites; Soil moisture; Time measurement; Water resources; GSMaP_MVK; PERSIANN; Rain gauges; Satellite rainfalls; TRMM 3B42; Rain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899626659	Monitoring microbicide gel use with real-time notification of the container's opening events: Results of the CAPRISA wisebag study	Gengiah T.N., Upfold M., Naidoo A., Mansoor L.E., Feldblum P.J., Abdool Karim Q., Abdool Karim S.S.	2014	AIDS and Behavior	18	5	10.1007/s10461-014-0750-y	Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; FHI360, Durham, NC, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States	Gengiah, T.N., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Upfold, M., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Naidoo, A., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Mansoor, L.E., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa; Feldblum, P.J., FHI360, Durham, NC, United States; Abdool Karim, Q., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States; Abdool Karim, S.S., Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical Research Institute (2nd Floor), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Durban, South Africa, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, United States	Accurate estimation of the effectiveness of a microbicide for HIV prevention requires valid measurement of adherence to product use. A microbicide gel applicator container (Wisebag), fitted with cell phone technology to transmit opening events and text message reminders, was developed to monitor each opening event of the container as a proxy for gel use and adherence. Ten women were enrolled in a pilot study and followed for up to 4 months. Wisebag opening (WBO) dates and times were recorded and correlated with self-reported sex acts and gel applicator returns. During the 33 monthly follow-up visits, 47.8 % (77/161) of the recorded number of WBO events were concordant with the number of empty (used) applicators returned. The discrepancies were likely due to removal of more than one applicator during a single opening event. When the date and time of the WBO event data was assessed in relation to three different self-report adherence measures, agreement was fairly modest. The Wisebag was found to be acceptable as a storage container and the cell phone reminders generated were useful in supporting the dosing strategy. We recommend that the Wisebag be considered for larger scale and lengthier testing in microbicide trials. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.	Adherence; Clinical trials; Electronic monitoring; HIV prevention; Microbicides	antiinfective agent; gel; adult; coitus; devices; drug delivery system; feasibility study; female; follow up; gel; HIV Infections; human; intravaginal drug administration; medication compliance; mobile phone; pilot study; questionnaire; text messaging; Administration, Intravaginal; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents; Cell Phones; Coitus; Drug Delivery Systems; Feasibility Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gels; HIV Infections; Humans; Medication Adherence; Pilot Projects; Questionnaires; Text Messaging	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34548280900	Evaluation of different plate media for direct cultivation of Campylobacter species from live broilers	Potturi-Venkata L.-P., Backert S., Lastovica A.J., Vieira S.L., Norton R.A., Miller R.S., Pierce S., Oyarzabal O.A.	2007	Poultry Science	86	7	None	Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540 Porto Alegre, Brazil	Potturi-Venkata, L.-P., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Backert, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Lastovica, A.J., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; Vieira, S.L., Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91540 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Norton, R.A., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Miller, R.S., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Pierce, S., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States; Oyarzabal, O.A., Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, AL 36849, United States	Accurate identification and optimal culturing procedures for Campylobacter spp. from live broilers are needed for epidemiological studies. Because there is no standardized protocol, we designed and conducted studies to evaluate different selective media for the culturing and isolation of Campylobacter spp. from cecal and fecal samples obtained from battery-reared and commercial broilers. Five media selective for Campylobacter were evaluated: Campylobacter agar base, Campylobacter, Campy-Line, modified Campy-Cefex, and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. With contaminated broilers reared in battery cages, Campylobacter agar base, Campylobacter, modified Campy-Cefex, and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar revealed similar isolation rates (P > 0.05), whereas Campy-Line showed a lower efficacy (P < 0.05). With commercial live broilers, modified Campy-Cefex agar was more consistent for the isolation of Campylobacter from feces, whereas modified Campy-Cefex and modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar showed similar isolation rates from cecal samples. Campy-Line agar showed a lower identification rate (P < 0.05) for both fecal and cecal samples. A multiplex PCR assay used for identification showed that Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli DNA was present in the samples. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis restriction profiles differed among samples collected from different commercial farms but were similar for isolates from the same farm, suggesting clonal differences. No variation was seen in pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns among isolates cultured on different media. Our data suggest that the choice of plate medium may influence the efficiency of isolating Campylobacter spp. from broiler chickens by direct plating from fecal or cecal samples. ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc.	Broiler; Campylobacter; Plate media	Campylobacter; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Gallus gallus; animal; article; Campylobacter; chemistry; chicken; culture medium; drug effect; evaluation; feces; growth, development and aging; isolation and purification; methodology; microbiological examination; microbiology; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Campylobacter; Chickens; Culture Media; Feces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886261567	Non-linear feeding functional responses in the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) predict immediate negative impact of wetland degradation on this flagship species	Deville A.-S., Grémillet D., Gauthier-Clerc M., Guillemain M., Von Houwald F., Gardelli B., Béchet A.	2013	Ecology and Evolution	3	5	10.1002/ece3.554	Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France; Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Departement Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F-13200 Arles, France; Basel zoo, Bachlettenstrasse 75, 4054 Basel, Switzerland	Deville, A.-S., Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Grémillet, D., Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France, FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Gauthier-Clerc, M., Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France, Departement Chrono-Environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 USC INRA, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Guillemain, M., Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, CNERA Avifaune Migratrice, La Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, F-13200 Arles, France; Von Houwald, F., Basel zoo, Bachlettenstrasse 75, 4054 Basel, Switzerland; Gardelli, B., Basel zoo, Bachlettenstrasse 75, 4054 Basel, Switzerland; Béchet, A., Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France	Accurate knowledge of the functional response of predators to prey density is essential for understanding food web dynamics, to parameterize mechanistic models of animal responses to environmental change, and for designing appropriate conservation measures. Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus), a flagship species of Mediterranean wetlands, primarily feed on Artemias (Artemia spp.) in commercial salt pans, an industry which may collapse for economic reasons. Flamingos also feed on alternative prey such as Chironomid larvae (e.g., Chironomid spp.) and rice seeds (Oryza sativa). However, the profitability of these food items for flamingos remains unknown. We determined the functional responses of flamingos feeding on Artemias, Chironomids, or rice. Experiments were conducted on 11 captive flamingos. For each food item, we offered different ranges of food densities, up to 13 times natural abundance. Video footage allowed estimating intake rates. Contrary to theoretical predictions for filter feeders, intake rates did not increase linearly with increasing food density (type I). Intake rates rather increased asymptotically with increasing food density (type II) or followed a sigmoid shape (type III). Hence, flamingos were not able to ingest food in direct proportion to their abundance, possibly because of unique bill structure resulting in limited filtering capabilities. Overall, flamingos foraged more efficiently on Artemias. When feeding on Chironomids, birds had lower instantaneous rates of food discovery and required more time to extract food from the sediment and ingest it, than when filtering Artemias from the water column. However, feeding on rice was energetically more profitable for flamingos than feeding on Artemias or Chironomids, explaining their attraction for rice fields. Crucially, we found that food densities required for flamingos to reach asymptotic intake rates are rarely met under natural conditions. This allows us to predict an immediate negative effect of any decrease in prey density upon flamingo foraging performance. © 2013 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Artemia spp; Attack rate; Conservation; Filter feeder; Food intake rate; Handling time; Salt pans	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84896693226	Comparison of HI and optical redshifts of galaxies - The impact of redshift uncertainties on spectral line stacking	Maddox N., Hess K.M., Blyth S.-L., Jarvis M.J.	2013	Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	433	3	10.1093/mnras/stt934	Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Kehle Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom; Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Maddox, N., Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Hess, K.M., Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Blyth, S.-L., Astrophysics, Cosmology and Gravity Centre (ACGC), Astronomy Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7701 Rondebosch, South Africa; Jarvis, M.J., Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford, Kehle Rd, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom, Physics Department, University of the Western Cape, 7535 Cape Town, South Africa	Accurate optical redshifts will be critical for spectral co-adding techniques used to extract detections from below the noise level in ongoing and upcoming surveys for neutral hydrogen (HI), which will extend our current understanding of gas reservoirs in galaxies to lower column densities and higher redshifts. We have used existing, high-quality optical and radio data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey to investigate the relationship between redshifts derived from optical spectroscopy and HI spectral line observations. We find that the two redshift measurements agree well, with a negligible systematic-offset and a small distribution width. Employing simple simulations, we determine how the width of an ideal stacked HI profile depends on these redshift offsets, as well as larger redshift errors more appropriate for high-redshift galaxy surveys. The width of the stacked profile is dominated by the width distribution of the input individual profiles when the redshift errors are less than the median width of the input profiles, and only when the redshift errors become large, ∼ 150 km s-1, do they significantly affect the width of the stacked profile. This redshift accuracy can be achieved with moderate-resolution optical spectra. We provide guidelines for the number of spectra required for stacking to reach a specified mass sensitivity, given telescope and survey parameters, which will be useful for planning optical spectroscopy observing campaigns to supplement the radio data.© 2013 The Authors.	Galaxies: Distances and redshifts; Radio lines: galaxies; Surveys	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84949725897	Investigating the effect of correlation-based feature selection on the performance of neural network in reservoir characterization	Akande K.O., Owolabi T.O., Olatunji S.O.	2015	Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering	27	None	10.1016/j.jngse.2015.08.042	Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Physics and Electronics Department, Adekunle Ajasin Univer	Akande, K.O., Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Owolabi, T.O., Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Physics and Electronics Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Olatunji, S.O., Computer Science Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia	Accurate prediction of permeability is very important in characterization of hydrocarbon reservoir and successful oil and gas exploration. In this work, generalization performance and predictive capability of artificial neural network (ANN) in prediction of permeability from petrophysical well logs have been improved by a correlation-based feature extraction technique. This technique is unique in that it improves the performance of ANN by employing fewer datasets thereby saving valuable processing time and computing resources. The effect of this technique is investigated using datasets obtained from five distinct wells in a Middle Eastern oil and gas field. It is found that the proposed extraction technique systematically reduces the required features to about half of the original size by selecting the best combination of well logs leading to performance improvement in virtually all the wells considered. The systematic approach to feature selection eliminates trial and error method and significantly reduces the time needed for model development. The result obtained is very encouraging and suggest a way to improve hydrocarbons exploration at reduced cost of production. Furthermore, performance of ANN and other computational intelligence techniques can be improved through this technique. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Artificial neural network; Feature selection; Permeability prediction; Reservoir characterization	Artificial intelligence; Characterization; Extraction; Feature extraction; Forecasting; Gas industry; Hydrocarbon refining; Hydrocarbons; Ionization of gases; Natural gas fields; Neural networks; Oil fields; Petroleum prospecting; Petroleum reservoirs; Well logging; Computational intelligence techniques; Feature extraction techniques; Generalization performance; Oil and gas exploration; Permeability prediction; Predictive capabilities; Reservoir characterization; Trial-and-error method; Petroleum reservoir engineering	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947902528	Performance evaluation of three PID controller tuning algorithm on a process plant	Ibrahim O., Amuda S.A.Y., Mohammed O.O., Kareem G.A.	2015	International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering	5	5	None	Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Computer Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure, Abuja, Nigeria	Ibrahim, O., Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Amuda, S.A.Y., Department of Computer Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Mohammed, O.O., Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Kareem, G.A., National Agency for Science and Engineering Infrastructure, Abuja, Nigeria	Accurate tuning of controller in industrial process operation is prerequisite to system smooth operation which directly reduce process variability, improved efficiency, reduced energy costs, and increased production rates. Performance evaluation of a model based PID controller tuning algorithm on a chemical process plant is presented in this paper. The control action of three different PID controller tuning algorithms namely; Hagglund-Astrom, Cohen and Coon, and Ziegler-Nichols on the process plant was examined in a closed loop control configuration under normal operating condition and in the face of disturbance. LabVIEW software was used to model a chemical process plant from open loop control test data. The time domain response analysis of the controllers shows that each tuning algorithm exhibit different time response. Ziegler-Nichols algorithm shows the best performance with fastest rise time, settling time and was able to restore the system back to normal operating condition in a short time when subjected to disturbance compare to Cohen & Coon controller and Hagglund-Astrom algorithm settings. © 2015 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.	Control algorithm; PID controller; Plant model; Time response; Tuning parameter	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875504761	Evaluation of non-centrifuged dried plasma spots versus centrifuged and non-centrifuged plasma for determination of HIV-1 viral load	Mwebaza S., Batamwita R., Karamagi Y., Mugasa C., Namwanje C., Mujuzi G., Nanteza A.	2013	Journal of Virological Methods	189	1	10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.002	Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Plot 7, Buganda Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda	Mwebaza, S., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Batamwita, R., Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Plot 7, Buganda Road, Kampala, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda; Karamagi, Y., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Mugasa, C., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Namwanje, C., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Mujuzi, G., Mildmay Uganda, P.O. Box 24985, Kampala, Uganda; Nanteza, A., Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Accurate viral load measurement in plasma specimens is subject to the transport conditions applied since the stability of HIV-1 RNA can be at risk. Also, except during the primary infection, HIV is unlikely to be free in circulation because most patients produce specific antibodies in the weeks following primary infection. This study evaluated non centrifuged dried plasma spots versus centrifuged and non centrifuged plasma in the determination of HIV-1 viral load. A total of 40 patients infected with HIV were bled and three groups of samples were prepared from each patient. The first group was centrifuged at 1500×g for 20min, the second was not centrifuged but left to sediment by gravity for up to 3h, and the third was for dried plasma spots prepared from the same non centrifuged plasma. HIV RNA quantitation in plasma and dried plasma spots was evaluated by the Pearson correlation and a T-test. The three groups yielded average viral loads of 58,249; 83,355 and 116,963 copies/ml for centrifuged, non centrifuged and dried plasma spot samples respectively. The correlation for centrifuged versus non centrifuged was R2=0.78, that of centrifuged and dried plasma spots was R2=0.72 and finally R2=0.81 between non centrifuged and dried plasma spot samples. A significant difference in viral load results of centrifuged and DPS samples prepared from non centrifuged plasma was observed. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.	Centrifuged plasma; Dried plasma spot; HIV-1; Non centrifuged plasma; Viral load	virus RNA; adult; article; blood analysis; blood sampling; centrifuged and non centrifuged dried plasma spots; clinical article; comparative study; correlation coefficient; dried blood spot testing; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; non centrifuged dried plasma spots; outcome assessment; priority journal; Student t test; Uganda; virus load; virus particle; Blood Specimen Collection; Centrifugation; Dried Blood Spot Testing; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; RNA, Viral; Viral Load; Human immunodeficiency virus 1	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-36549005511	Development and performance evaluation of impact bambara groundnut sheller	Oluwole F.A., Abdulrahim A.T., Oumarou M.B.	2007	International Agrophysics	21	3	None	Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Oluwole, F.A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, A.T., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Oumarou, M.B., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	A centrifugal bambara groundnut sheller was designed, constructed and evaluated. The shelter consists of a feed hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. Nine different impellers were used for the investigation at three different pod moisture contents. Results of the performance tests were examined using a 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design with moisture content, impeller slot angulations and number of impeller slots as variables. Results showed that moisture content, impeller slot angulations, number of impeller slots and interaction between these variables statistically affected the performance indicators (shelling efficiency, percentage of breakage, percentage of partially shelled pods, percentage of unshelled pods and winnowing efficiency) at the significance level of 5%. The forward facing impeller with eight slots gave the best performance of 96% shelling efficiency, 3.4% breakage, 0.6% partially shelled pods. No unshelled pods were recorded, and winnowing efficiency of 97.3% was recorded at an average feed rate of 215.8 kg h-1. © 2007 Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences.	Bambara groundnut; Centrifugal impeller; Pods; Winnowing	groundnut; moisture content; performance assessment; shelter; Arachis hypogaea; Bambara	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959835304	Fabrication and evaluation of a prototype centrifuge	Okonkwo G.N., Ezeonu S.O.	2011	Journal of Applied Sciences Research	7	4	None	Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria; Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	Okonkwo, G.N., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria; Ezeonu, S.O., Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria	A centrifuge is a vital instrument needed for easy separation techniques in most laboratories. This instrument is very scarce and if found is very expensive. This paper focuses on the fabrication and evaluation of this instrument locally. The centrifuge is majorly divided into two compartments. The upper part, which is made of metal bowl and the base, made of metal sheet carved in cylindrical shape to house the electric motor. Metal sheet was purchased from Bida town, after which the whole bodywork was assembled together by means of electrical welding. Bolts and nuts were used to hold other parts together and an electric motor was installed to drive the system. The fabricated centrifuge was tested with a number of sample solutions in the chemistry laboratory and the required supernatants were obtained. The results show that this instrument compares very well with any standard centrifuge and is therefore recommended for use in related laboratory works.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864445857	Synergistic tonic and phasic activity of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) arousal system is required for optimal attentional performance	Howells F.M., Stein D.J., Russell V.A.	2012	Metabolic Brain Disease	27	3	10.1007/s11011-012-9287-9	Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Office 105, J-2 Block Groote Schuur Hospital, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	Howells, F.M., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Office 105, J-2 Block Groote Schuur Hospital, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Stein, D.J., Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Russell, V.A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa	A certain level of arousal is required for an individual to perform optimally, and the locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a central role in optimizing arousal. Tonic firing of LC-NE neurons needs to be held within a narrow range of 1-3 Hz to facilitate phasic firing of the LC-NE neurons; these two modes of activity act synergistically, to allow the individual to perform attentional tasks optimally. How this information can be applied to further our understanding of psychiatric disorders has not been fully elucidated. Here we propose two models of altered LC-NE activity that result in attentional deficits characteristic of psychiatric disorders: 1) 'hypoaroused' individuals with e.g. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have decreased tonic firing of the LC-NE system, resulting in decreased cortical arousal and poor attentional performance and 2) 'hyperaroused' individuals with e.g. anxiety disorders have increased tonic firing of the LC-NE system, resulting in increased cortical arousal and impaired attentional performance. We argue that hypoarousal (decreased tonic firing of LC-NE neurons) and hyperarousal (increased tonic firing of LC-NE neurons) are suboptimal states in which phasic activity of LC-NE neurons is impeded. To further understand the neurobiology of attentional dysfunction in psychiatric disorders a translational approach that integrates findings on the LC-NE arousal system from animal models and human imaging studies may be useful. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.	Anxiety; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; Hyperarousal; Hypoarousal	noradrenalin; anxiety disorder; arousal; article; attention; attention deficit disorder; human; locus ceruleus; mental performance; mental task; nerve potential; neuromodulation; nonhuman; Action Potentials; Animals; Anxiety Disorders; Arousal; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Locus Coeruleus; Models, Neurological; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60849086515	Chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis	Abara A.E., Obochi G.O., Malu S.P., Obi-Abang M.	2009	Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry	91	1	10.1080/02772240802015523	Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	Abara, A.E., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obochi, G.O., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Malu, S.P., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria; Obi-Abang, M., Department of Biochemistry, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria	A chemical evaluation of Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis was carried out in five randomly selected restaurants in Calabar. The results showed that both Gnetum africana and Telferia occidentalis soups have high caloric values and contain adequate levels of essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, and fat, which are needed for a variety of cellular functions in humans, and which would reduce the problem of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Caloric value; Gnetum africana; Minerals; Telferia occidentalis; Vitamins	Amines; Amino acids; Electric insulators; Minerals; Organic acids; Silica; Vitamins; Calabar; Caloric value; Cellular functions; Chemical evaluations; Gnetum africana; Telferia occidentalis; Nutrition; amino acid; gymnosperm; mineral; protein; vitamin; Gnetum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892590427	The impacts of neutralized acid mine drainage contaminated water on the expression of selected endocrine-linked genes in juvenile Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus exposed in vivo	Truter J.C., Wyk J.H.V., Oberholster P.J., Botha A.-M.	2014	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety	100	1	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.005	Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Truter, J.C., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Wyk, J.H.V., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Oberholster, P.J., CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, P.O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Botha, A.-M., Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa	Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a global environmental concern due to detrimental impacts on river ecosystems. Little is however known regarding the biological impacts of neutralized AMD on aquatic vertebrates despite excessive discharge into watercourses. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the endocrine modulatory potential of neutralized AMD, using molecular biomarkers in the teleost fish Oreochromis mossambicus in exposure studies. Surface water was collected from six locations downstream of a high density sludge (HDS) AMD treatment plant and a reference site unimpacted by AMD. The concentrations of 28 elements, including 22 metals, were quantified in the exposure water in order to identify potential links to altered gene expression. Relatively high concentrations of manganese (~ 10. mg/l), nickel (~ 0.1. mg/l) and cobalt (~ 0.03. mg/l) were detected downstream of the HDS plant. The expression of thyroid receptor-α (trα), trβ, androgen receptor-1 (ar1), ar2, glucocorticoid receptor-1 (gr1), gr2, mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and aromatase (cyp19a1b) was quantified in juvenile fish after 48. h exposure. Slight but significant changes were observed in the expression of gr1 and mr in fish exposed to water collected directly downstream of the HDS plant, consisting of approximately 95 percent neutralized AMD. The most pronounced alterations in gene expression (i.e. trα, trβ, gr1, gr2, ar1 and mr) was associated with water collected further downstream at a location with no other apparent contamination vectors apart from the neutralized AMD. The altered gene expression associated with the "downstream" locality coincided with higher concentrations of certain metals relative to the locality adjacent to the HDS plant which may indicate a causative link. The current study provides evidence of endocrine disruptive activity associated with neutralized AMD contamination in regard to alterations in the expression of key genes linked to the thyroid, interrenal and gonadal endocrine axes of a teleost fish species. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.	Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage	aromatase; biological marker; cobalt; endocrine disruptor; manganese; mineralocorticoid receptor; nickel; surface water; thyroid hormone receptor alpha; acid mine drainage; biomarker; cobalt; concentration (composition); endocrine disruptor; gene expression; juvenile; molecular analysis; perciform; river pollution; sludge; acid mine drainage; androgen receptor 1 gene; androgen receptor 2 gene; aromatase gene; article; concentration (parameters); controlled study; endocrine disease; environmental exposure; environmental impact; gene; gene expression; genetic association; glucocorticoid receptor 1 gene; glucocorticoid receptor 2 gene; in vivo study; juvenile animal; mineralocorticoid receptor gene; molecular biology; Mozambique; nonhuman; Oreochromis mossambicus; sludge; thyroid receptor alpha gene; waste water treatment plant; water contamination; Oreochromis mossambicus; Teleostei; Vertebrata; Endocrine disruption; Fish; Gene expression; Metal ions; Treated acid mine drainage; Acids; Animals; Endocrine System; Fish Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation; Mining; Rivers; Tilapia; Water Pollutants, Chemical	CSIR, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880585839	Evaluation of five susceptibility test methods for detection of tobramycin resistance in a cluster of epidemiologically related Acinetobacter baumannii isolates	Moodley V.M., Oliver S.P., Shankland I., Elisha B.G.	2013	Journal of Clinical Microbiology	51	8	10.1128/JCM.03250-12	Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa	Moodley, V.M., Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Oliver, S.P., Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Shankland, I., Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa; Elisha, B.G., Division of Medical Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa	Acinetobacter baumannii is a major nosocomial pathogen causing infections in critically ill patients. This organism has acquired the propensity to rapidly develop resistance to most antibiotics. At several hospitals within Cape Town, South Africa, tobramycin and colistin are frequently the only therapeutic options. Vitek2 automated susceptibility testing (AST) is used in the clinical laboratory to determine selected susceptibility profiles. The suspicion of a possible AST-related technical error when testing for susceptibility to tobramycin in A. baumannii precipitated this study. Thirty-nine A. baumannii strains isolated from clinical specimens (June to December 2006) were included in this prospective study. Tobramycin susceptibility testing results obtained by AST, disc diffusion, the epsilometer test (Etest), and agar dilution were compared to those for broth microdilution (BMD), the reference method. The tobramycin susceptibility results revealed errors in 25/39 (64%) isolates (10 very major and 15 minor errors) when AST was compared to BMD, 12/39 (31%) (2 very major and 10 minor errors) when Etest was compared to BMD, 16/39 (41%) (3 very major and 13 minor errors) when disc diffusion was compared to BMD, and 21/39 (54%) (10 very major and 11 minor errors) when agar dilution was compared to BMD. Using PCR, we detected aac(3)-IIa, which is associated with tobramycin resistance, in 21/25 of the discrepant isolates. Molecular typing (using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and repetitive sequence-based PCR [rep-PCR]) showed that these isolates were genetically related. Clinical laboratories that routinely use the Vitek2 system should consider an alternative testing method for determining susceptibility to tobramycin. Copyright © 2013, American Society for Microbiology.	None	tobramycin; aac(3) IIa gene; Acinetobacter baumannii; agar dilution; analytical error; antibiotic resistance; article; bacterial gene; bacterial strain; broth dilution; controlled study; disk diffusion; epsilometer test; gene cluster; human; intermethod comparison; laboratory automation; minimum inhibitory concentration; molecular epidemiology; molecular typing; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; polymerase chain reaction; priority journal; prospective study; pulsed field gel electrophoresis; Acinetobacter baumannii; Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnostic Errors; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; South Africa; Tobramycin	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349902495	Impact of hepatitis b virus infection on human immunodeficiency virus response to antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria	Idoko J., Meloni S., Muazu M., Nimzing L., Badung B., Hawkins C., Sankalé J.-L., Ekong E., Murphy R., Kanki P., Thio C.L.	2009	Clinical Infectious Diseases	49	8	10.1086/605675	Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Johns Hopkins Universit	Idoko, J., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Meloni, S., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Muazu, M., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Nimzing, L., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Badung, B., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria; Hawkins, C., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Sankalé, J.-L., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Ekong, E., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Murphy, R., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Kanki, P., Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Thio, C.L., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States, Johns Hopkins University, 855 N. Wolfs St., Rm. 533, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States	ackground. As highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) is introduced into areas of the world in which hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly endemic, it is important to determine the influence of HBV on persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV coinfection who are receiving ART. Methods. We studied 1564 HIV-infected patients in Jos, Nigeria, who initiated ART. Participants with HIVHBV coinfection had hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and HBV DNA status determined. CD4+ T cell count and HIV load at ART initiation were compared between individuals with HIV monoinfection and those with HIVHBV coinfection with use of univariate methods. Regression analyses were used to determine if HBeAg status or HBV DNA at ART initiation were associated with baseline HIV parameters or ART response. Results. The median CD4 + T cell count of the 262 participants with HIV-HBV coinfection (16.7%) was 107 cells/mL, compared with 130 cells/mL for participants with HIV monoinfection at ART initiation (P&lt;.001). Participants with HIV-HBV coinfection also had higher HIV loads than did patients with HIV monoinfection (4.96 vs 4.75 log10, copies/mL; p = .02). Higher HBV DNA and detectable HBeAg levels were independently associated with lower CD4+ T cell counts at ART initiation but not with higher HIV loads. In a multivariable model, HBeAg-positive patients were less likely than HBeAg-negative patients to suppress HIV replication to ≤400 copies/mL (odds ratio, 0.54; P= .03) at 24 weeks, but they had similar CD4+ T cell increases. At 48 weeks, there was no significant effect of HBeAg status on ART response. Conclusions. Among HIV-infected Nigerian individuals, HBV coinfection, especially among those with high levels of HBV replication, was associated with lower CD4+ T cell counts at ART initiation, independent of HIV RNA level. Patients with HBeAg-positive status had a slower virological response to ART, compared with HBeAgnegative patients. Further work is needed to understand the effects of HBV on CD4+ T cells. © 2009 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.	None	antiretrovirus agent; hepatitis B(e) antigen; virus DNA; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; controlled study; disease association; female; hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; liver toxicity; major clinical study; male; mixed infection; Nigeria; priority journal; treatment response; virus load; Adult; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; DNA, Viral; Female; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B e Antigens; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Nigeria; RNA, Viral; Treatment Outcome; Viral Load	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33749990905	The impact of aerial application of organophosphates on the cholinesterase levels of rural residents in the Vaalharts district, Northern Cape Province, South Africa	Dalvie M.A., London L.	2006	Environmental Research	102	3	10.1016/j.envres.2006.01.008	Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	Dalvie, M.A., Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; London, L., Occupational and Environmental Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa	A cluster of Guillaine-Barre syndrome cases in the Vaalharts region, South Africa prompted an investigation of the impact of aerial organophosphate spraying on cholinesterase levels of residents in the region. A prospective study of cholinesterase levels among residents and workers in the area and a control area was performed. Standardized red blood cell cholinesterase levels amongst participants were monitored before (round 1), during (round 2), and after (round 3) the 1996/1997 aerial spraying season. Participants were assigned environmental exposure categories based on the time since (within 10 or 30 days) and distance from (on farm, on neighboring farm, &lt;10 km from farm) aerial pesticide application. There were 342 participants in round 1, of whom 78% participated in round 2, 62% in round 3, and 56% in all three rounds. There was an increase in cholinesterase levels in round 2 (mean increase=5.96±6.25 IU/g hemoglobin) and then a decrease in round 3 (6.17±6.51), significantly associated with environmental exposure (participants living on farm or neighboring farm and &lt;10 km from spraying area) controlling for age, gender, alcohol dependence, and usual and recent domestic and occupational pesticide use (e.g., for round 2-round 1 cholinesterase differences, over(β, ^) (exposed group relative to unexposed)=5.72±1.21 IU/g hemoglobin, P = 0.000, R2 = 0.27, n = 171). The results show a shift in cholinesterase levels associated with residence in the spraying area, but in the direction opposite to that expected from the spraying of pesticides. Seasonal fluctuations in ambient temperature during the study may have influenced the results. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Aerial; Cholinesterase; Neurotoxic; Organophosphate; Pesticides	organophosphate; pesticide; enzyme activity; farm; organophosphate; rural society; adult; alcoholism; article; cholinesterase blood level; controlled study; environmental exposure; environmental temperature; erythrocyte; female; hemoglobin blood level; human; male; neurotoxicity; priority journal; rural area; season; sex difference; South Africa; Adult; Cholinesterases; Environmental Exposure; Erythrocytes; Female; Geography; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pesticides; Phosphoric Acid Esters; Prospective Studies; Rural Population; South Africa; Africa; Cape Province; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888778448	Evaluation of a collection of rice landraces from Burkina Faso for resistance or tolerance to rice yellow mottle virus	Kam H., Laing M.D., Séré Y., Thiémélé D., Ghesquière A., Ahmadi N., Ndjiondjop M.-N.	2013	Journal of Plant Pathology	95	3	10.4454/JPP.V95I3.014	University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; AfricaRice, 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Benin; Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France	Kam, H., University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Laing, M.D., University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences (SAEES), College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Séré, Y., AfricaRice, 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Benin; Thiémélé, D., Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Ghesquière, A., Institut de Recherche et Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Ahmadi, N., Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France; Ndjiondjop, M.-N., AfricaRice, 01 BP 2031, Cotonou, Benin	A collection of accessions of Burkina Faso rice germplasm was evaluated for resistance using four Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) isolates: Ng122, Ng144, B27 and BF1. B27, an isolate from Benin was used first, followed by Ng122 and Ng144 (isolates from Niger), and BF1 an aggressive isolate from Burkina Faso was used last to assess the accessions status against RYMV. Fourteen-day-old plantlets were inoculated and symptoms scored fortnightly from 14 to 56 days post inoculation (dpi). Plant height of all accessions was recorded at 49 dpi with isolates Ng122 and Ng144. The Oryza sativa accessions of the collection were highly susceptible except one (BM24), which combined partial resistance and tolerance. Twenty one O. glaberrima accessions out of 48 were found resistant to Ng122 and Ng144. When these 21 accessions were subsequently screened with the aggressive RYMV strain BF1, eight of them displayed a delay in the appearance of RYMV symptoms while two showed resistance. The new sources of resistance identified in this study, could be exploited in breeding to control the spread of RYMV in Africa.	Disease management; Evaluation for resistance; Germplasm; Plant viruses; Rice	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80053150203	Geological and geophysical evaluation of the Ajana area's groundwater potential, Southwestern Nigeria [Evaluación geológica y geofísica del potencial de aguas subterráneas de la zona Ajana, el sudoeste de Nigeria]	Ariyo S.O., Folorunso A.F., Ajibade O.M.	2011	Earth Sciences Research Journal	15	1	None	Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Department of Geosciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	Ariyo, S.O., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria; Folorunso, A.F., Department of Geosciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Ajibade, O.M., Department of Earth Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria	A combined geological and geophysical evaluation was made of the groundwater potential of the Ajana, Remo North area in south-western Nigeria; the geology and other structural features of the rocks there strongly influenced and correlated the aquifers' storability and transmissivity. Geological mapping revealed that the area was made up of granite, quartzite and varieties of gneiss, some of which have good secondary porosity and permeability. Ten vertical electric soundings (VES) stations were established using a Schlumberger electrode array. Five geoelectric layers consisting of topsoil, sand, clayey-sandy, fractured/weathered basement and fresh bedrock were delineated. The aquifer layers were the 38.3m thick 283?m resistivity sand/sandy clay and 55 - 518?m resistivity fractured/weathered basement. Other geoelectric parameters used in evaluating the area's hydrogeological potential included curve type, anisotropy coefficient and reflection coefficient-The QH curve type was predominant in the area. The anisotropy Coefficients suggested VES stations having high groundwater potential ranging from 1.4-1.56; while the reflection coefficients for the area ranged from 0.21-0.99. The overall results showed that VES stations 8, 9 and 10 could be possible groundwater sources having high expected yield.	Ajana; Anisotropy coefficient; Geoelectric layers; Groundwater potential; Mapping; Reflection coefficient	anisotropy; electrical resistivity; electrode; geological structure; geophysical method; groundwater abstraction; porosity; transmissivity; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33751068997	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability	Gabrielli A.-F., Touré S., Sellin B., Sellin E., Ky C., Ouedraogo H., Yaogho M., Wilson M.D., Thompson H., Sanou S., Fenwick A.	2006	Acta Tropica	99	42403	10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.08.008	Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso	Gabrielli, A.-F., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Touré, S., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Sellin, B., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Sellin, E., Réseau International Schistosomoses, Environnement, Aménagements et Lutte, Saint-Mathurin, 56270 Ploemeur, France; Ky, C., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Ouedraogo, H., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Yaogho, M., Programme National de Lutte contre la Schistosomiase et les Vers Intestinaux, Ministère de la Santé, 06 BP9103, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso; Wilson, M.D., Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG581, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Thompson, H., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom; Sanou, S., Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé, 03 BP7035, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Fenwick, A., Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom	A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting the entire school-age population of Burkina Faso with drugs against schistosomiasis (praziquantel) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (albendazole) was implemented in 2004-2005. In total, 3,322,564 children from 5 to 15 years of age were treated, equivalent to a 90.8% coverage of the total school-age population of the country. The total costs of the campaign were estimated to be US$ 1,067,284, of which 69.4% was spent on the drugs. Delivery costs per child treated were US$ 0.098, in the same range as school-based only interventions implemented in other countries; total costs per child treated (including drugs) were US$ 0.32. We conclude that a combined school- and community-based strategy is effective in attaining a high coverage among school-age children in countries where school enrolment is low and where primary schools cannot serve as the exclusive drug distribution points. The challenge for Burkina Faso will now be to ensure the sustainability of these disease control activities. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Burkina Faso; Control; Financial costs; Performance; Schistosomiasis; Soil-transmitted helminthiasis; Sustainability	albendazole; praziquantel; child health; community care; cost; disease transmission; disease treatment; drug; performance assessment; sustainability; adolescent; article; Burkina Faso; child; community care; controlled study; disease control; drug cost; drug distribution; female; health care cost; health care delivery; helminthiasis; human; intervention study; major clinical study; male; primary school; schistosomiasis; school health service; Adolescent; Albendazole; Animals; Anthelmintics; Burkina Faso; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Costs; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Praziquantel; Schistosoma haematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosomiasis haematobia; Schistosomiasis mansoni; Schools; Africa; Burkina Faso; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46049094460	Impact of a commercial destocking relief intervention in Moyale district, southern Ethiopia	Abebe D., Cullis A., Catley A., Aklilu Y., Mekonnen G., Ghebrechirstos Y.	2008	Disasters	32	2	10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01034.x	Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Food Security Unit at Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Abebe, D., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cullis, A., Food Security Unit at Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Catley, A., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Aklilu, Y., Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, PO Box 1078, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Mekonnen, G., Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ghebrechirstos, Y., Save the Children US, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A commercial destocking intervention was piloted in southern Ethiopia during the drought of early 2006. The intervention led to the purchase of an estimated 20,000 cattle valued at USD 1.01 million. On average, destocked households received USD 186 from the sale of cattle - approximately 5,405 households were involved. In terms of aid investment, the approximate cost-benefit ratio was 41:1. During the drought, income from destocking accounted for 54.2 per cent of household income (n = 114 households), and was used to buy food, care for livestock, meet various domestic expenses, support relatives, and either pay off debts or augment savings. Seventy-nine per cent of the income derived from destocking was used to buy local goods or services. Expenditure on livestock care amounted to 36.5 per cent of local spending, and included the private transportation of livestock to better grazing areas. The buoyant livestock export trade was considered to be an important driver of commercial destocking, demonstrating a positive link between livestock and meat exports, and pastoral vulnerability during drought. © 2008 The Author(s). Journal compilation © Overseas Development Institute, 2008.	Commercial destocking; Cost-benefit; Ethiopia; Impact assessment; Pastoralists; Policy	cost-benefit analysis; disaster management; disaster relief; drought; household expenditure; household income; pastoralism; public spending; risk assessment; Africa; East Africa; Ethiopia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Bos; animal; article; cattle; commercial phenomena; cost benefit analysis; disaster; domestic animal; economics; Ethiopia; family size; human; income; meat; statistics; time; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cattle; Commerce; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Economics; Ethiopia; Family Characteristics; Humans; Income; Meat; Natural Disasters; Relief Work; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924157324	The market impact on shares entering or leaving JSE indices	Miller C., Ward M.	2015	Investment Analysts Journal	44	1	10.1080/10293523.2015.994450	Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	Miller, C., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Ward, M., Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa	A company’s entry into (or exit from) a major share index provides a special opportunity to examine price discovery. In an efficient market, we expect the demand curve to remain horizontal and to be unaffected by external events that do not communicate new information to the public, even if demand is affected. However, there is evidence that changes to index composition do impact the value of affected shares. This may be due to the price pressure generated by passively managed investment funds that simultaneously reconstitute their portfolios in order to remain aligned to the index they are tracking. This study investigates downward sloping demand curves, price pressure and other hypotheses which are related to changes in index composition on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). We calculate abnormal returns using a control portfolio model for shares entering/exiting four major FTSE/JSE indices between 2002 and 2011. In the pre-event window, a long-term increasing trend was observed in the share prices of companies that are added to market cap weighted indices, beginning 70 trading days before the effective date. The opposite behaviour was true for index deletions, with some variation in the timing. In the post-event window the results show, to some extent, an asymmetric response to share returns; shares entering the index underperform thereafter, whereas those leaving the index outperform. Although these findings were not significant for all of the indices examined, they do support the Price Pressure Hypothesis of Harris and Gurel. © 2015 Investment Analysts Society of South Africa.	Demand curve; Index reconstitution; Market efficiency; Price discovery; Price pressure	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864055957	In vitro evaluation of the essential oil extract of six plant species and ivermectin on the microfilaria larva of Simulium yahense	Ebigwai J.K., Ilondu E.M., Markson A., Ekeleme E.	2012	Research Journal of Medicinal Plant	6	6	10.3923/rjmp.2012.461.465	Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ebigwai, J.K., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ilondu, E.M., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Markson, A., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ekeleme, E., Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A comparative laboratory bio as say of the essential oil extracts of M. koenigii (seed), Citrus paradisi (seed) and the leaves, stem barks and roots of Alstonia boonei, Alternanthera repens, Eclipta prostrata and Rothmannia longiflora and their combination were compared with ivermectin against the third infectious microfilaria larva of Simulium yahense. Bioassay test showed remarkable larvicidal properties for ivermectin and the plant species under study as they could induce significant mortalities at low and varying concentrations in the larva of S. yahense. The LC50 and LC90 values estimated for M. koenigii, Citrus paradisi, Alstonia boonei, Alternanthera repens, Eclipta prostrata, Rothmannia longiflora, their combination and ivermectin are 5.75 and 13.18, 8.38 and 15.49, 3.02 and 15.49, 2.472 and 9.33, 2.87 and 12.88, 2.93 and 13.49, 2.61 and 3.16 and 2.43 and 5.37 ppm, respectively. The study revealed that ivermectin and the combination of the plant extracts could induce 100% mortality of the larva at a dose dependent response. © 2012 Academic Journals Inc.	Combination; Essential oil extracts; Ivermectin; Onchocerciasis; Simulium yahense	Alstonia boonei essential oil; Alternanthera repens essential oil; Citrus paradisi essential oil; Eclipta prostata essential oil; essential oil; ivermectin; larvicidal agent; Murraya koenigii essential oil; Rothmannia longiflora essential oil; unclassified drug; Alstonia; alstonia boonei; Alternanthera repens; article; bark; concentration response; controlled study; drug concentration; Eclipta; Eclipta prostata; grapefruit; in vitro study; LC 50; LC 90; medicinal plant; microfilaria (nematode larva); Murraya koenigii; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; plant seed; plant stem; Rothmannia longiflora; Simulium; simulium yahense; Alstonia boonei; Alternanthera pungens; Citrus x paradisi; Eclipta prostrata; Rothmannia longiflora; Simulium yahense	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249651997	Impact of commercial salt production on wetland quality and waterbirds on coastal lagoons in Ghana	Gbogbo F.	2007	Ostrich	78	1	10.2989/OSTRICH.2007.78.1.12.56	Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana; Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Gbogbo, F., Zoology Department, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 67, Legon-Accra, Ghana, Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	A comparative study conducted on two saline coastal wetlands that have been developed into saltpans and two others (referred to as 'non-saltpans'), that are also saline but have no saltpans, describes the quality of lagoon water, benthic macroinvertebrates and waterbird communities characterising these wetlands. The wetlands were sampled monthly from September 2005-April 2006. Except for turbidity, which was significantly higher in the non-saltpans, (p < 0.05), all other physico-chemical parameters studied were not significantly different between the two wetland types (p > 0.05). The waterbird communities of the saltpans and non-saltpans, characterised by 48 and 50 species respectively, scored a Sorenson Index value of 0.88, indicating a high similarity. The population density of benthic macroinvertebrates in the saltpans and the non-saltpans was statistically similar (p > 0.05) but the population densities of waterbirds feeding exclusively on benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly higher in the non-saltpans (p < 0.05). Although the shallow ponds created for salt production might be providing more suitable feeding habitats for fish-eating birds, the development of these ponds has also reduced the exploitable area available to the birds feeding exclusively on invertebrates, requiring them to depend largely on the non-saltpans. Birds feeding exclusively on fish had significantly higher population densities in the saltpans (p < 0.05) than in non-saltpans. This was attributed to reduced efficiency of piscivory, due to the high turbidity associated with the non-saltpans. Waterbirds feeding on a wide range of food types showed no significant differences in their population densities (p > 0.05) in the two wetland types. Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd.	None	Aves; Invertebrata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860808884	Assessment of quality and performance of some selected furnishing fabrics	Fashola K.O., Giwa A., Iliya E.B., Orivri D.O.	2012	Middle East Journal of Scientific Research	11	4	None	Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Fashola, K.O., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Giwa, A., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Iliya, E.B., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Orivri, D.O., Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A comparative study has been made on the quality and performance of some selected foreign and locally made furnishing fabrics. Properties, such as, fabric weight, fabric sett, thickness, yarn crimp, linear density, wettability, flammability, shrinkage, handle, drape, wash fastness, light fastness, tensile, soil retention, crease recovery, air-permeability and abrasion resistance were investigated. The results obtained show that these fabrics possess acceptable properties for their end-use suitability. The locally made fabrics are better in terms of wash fastness, fabric shrinkage, air permeability and abrasion resistance while the foreign fabrics are better in terms of crease recovery, drapeability, tensile properties, wettability, crimp, thickness, flammability and soil retention rating, fabric sett, fabric weight, light fastness and fabric handle. Also, the locally made fabrics favourably match up to the imported ones. © 2012 IDOSI Publications.	Curtains; Fabrics; Furnishing; Properties; Quality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-61749084412	The impact of the positive Indian Ocean dipole on Zimbabwe droughts	Manatsa D., Chingombe W., Matarira C.H.	2008	International Journal of Climatology	28	15	10.1002/joc.1695	Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe; Geography Department, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Lesotho; University of the Western Cape, Department of Earth Sciences, Western Cape, South Africa	Manatsa, D., Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe; Chingombe, W., Bindura University of Science Education, Faculty of Science, Zimbabwe, University of the Western Cape, Department of Earth Sciences, Western Cape, South Africa; Matarira, C.H., Geography Department, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho, Lesotho	A comparative study of the impact of the anomalous positive Indian Ocean SST gradient, referred to as the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode (IODZM), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall variability for the period 1940-1999, is documented. Composite techniques together with simple and partial correlation analyses are employed to segregate the unique association related to IODZM/ENSO with respect to the Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall. The analysis reveals that the IODZM impact on the country's summer rainfall is overwhelming as compared to that of ENSO when the two are in competition. The IODZM influence remains high (significant above 99% confidence level), even after the influence of ENSO has been removed, while that of ENSO collapses to insignificance (even at 90% confidence level) when the IODZM contribution is eliminated. The relationship between ENSO and Zimbabwe seasonal rainfall seems to be sustained through El Niño occurring in the presence of positive IODZM events. However, when the co-occurring positive IODZM and El Niño events are removed from the analysis, it is apparently clear that ENSO has little to do with the country's rainfall variability. On the other hand, positive IODZM is mostly associated with the rainfall deficits, whether or not it co-occurs with El Niño. However, the co-occurrence of the two events does not necessarily suggest that El Niño influences droughts through the positive IODZM events. The El Niño event components during co-occurrence seem to be unrelated (at least linearly) to the droughts, while the positive IODZM events display a relatively strong relationship that is significant above the 95% confidence level. It thus becomes important to extend the study of this nature to cover the whole of southern Africa, so that the extent of the impact of the phenomena can be realized over the whole region. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society.	Drought prediction; Droughts; El Niño-Southern oscillation; Indian ocean dipole/Zonal Mode; Seasonal rainfall; Southern Africa	Atmospheric pressure; Drought; Nickel compounds; Ocean engineering; Oceanography; Co occurrences; Comparative studies; Confidence levels; Indian ocean dipole/Zonal Mode; Indian ocean dipoles; Influence of enso; Partial correlations; Rainfall variabilities; Seasonal rainfall; Southern Africa; Summer rainfalls; Zimbabwe; Rain; air-sea interaction; correlation; drought; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; rainfall; sea surface temperature; seasonal variation; Africa; Indian Ocean; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897371726	Comparative evaluation of haemagglutination potential of haemolymph from two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina)	Abiona J.A., Akinduti P.A., Oyekunle M.A., Osinowo O.A., Onagbesan A.O.M.	2014	Fish and Shellfish Immunology	38	1	10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.014	Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	Abiona, J.A., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Akinduti, P.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Oyekunle, M.A., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Osinowo, O.A., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Onagbesan, A.O.M., Department of Animal Physiology, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A comparative study was conducted to evaluate haemagglutination potential in the haemolymph of two species of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina). Three liveweight groups of snails (<100g, 101-150g and >150g) were used with 4 replicates per liveweight per species for haemagglutination assay (HA). The effect of aestivation on haemagglutination potential was also evaluated. Erythrocytes (2%) from cattle, sheep, goat and chicken were used for HA assay. Results showed that agglutinin-like substances that agglutinate erythrocytes of sheep, goat, cattle and chicken were present in the haemolymph of the two species of giant African land snails. Effect of species was found to be significant (P<0.001) on haemagglutination titre. Haemolymph of A. marginata, had higher haemagglutination titre than that of A. achatina across the three liveweight groups used in this study. Snail liveweight had no significant effect (P>0.05) on agglutinin content of the haemolymph in both species. Agglutination level depended on the source of erythrocyte used. Sheep erythrocyte recorded the highest haemagglutination titre, followed by goat, cattle, and chicken in that order. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that Giant African land snails (GALS) haemolymph contain agglutinins as previously reported for Helix species. This evidence may be the basis for its survivability in the wild and thus establish the use of GALS for African herbal medicinal applications. © 2014.	Giant African land snails; Haemagglutination; Haemagglutinin; Haemolymph; Titre	agglutinin; animal; chemistry; drug effects; erythrocyte; hemagglutination; hemolymph; physiology; snail; Agglutinins; Animals; Erythrocytes; Hemagglutination; Hemolymph; Snails	None
None	None	Impact of farmer education on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices in southern Tanzania: A case for Taenia solium control	Ngowi H.A., Mkupasi E.M., Lekule F.P., Willingham A.L., Thamsborg S.M.	2011	Livestock Research for Rural Development	23	1	None	Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	Ngowi, H.A., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Mkupasi, E.M., Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania; Lekule, F.P., Department of Animal Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania; Willingham, A.L., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Thamsborg, S.M., WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Neglected and other Parasitic Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark	A comparative study was conducted with pre- and post-intervention assessments on the same subjects to evaluate a health education intervention administered to smallholder pig farmers in Iringa Rural (n = 750) and Chunya (n = 700) districts, southern Tanzania. A total of 366 respondents (249 in Iringa Rural, 117 in Chunya) undertook a self assessment questionnaire regarding knowledge on Taenia solium, its impact and mode of transmission, and attitudes towards consumption of infected pork. McNemar and Bhapkar Chi-square P values were computed in SPSS and MH to assess significant differences. The study revealed that health education intervention significantly improved the knowledge and attitudes towards Taenia solium control (P < 0.001) and thus would reduce the consumption of infected pork. It recommends that health education, particularly to women be integrated as an essential component of prevention and control programmes for Taenia solium infections. The Government of Tanzania should revise its pork inspection regulations to include practical ways of controlling porcine cysticercosis.	Health education effect; Paired analysis; Porcine cysticercosis control	Suidae; Sus; Taenia solium	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78049465012	Evaluation of some empirical methods of estimating potential evapo-transpiration for determination of length of growing season in a tropical wet and dry climate	Bello N.J., Eruola A.O., Ufoegbune G.C., Awomeso J.A.	2010	African Journal of Agricultural Research	5	16	None	University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Bello, N.J., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Eruola, A.O., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Ufoegbune, G.C., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Awomeso, J.A., University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A comparison of 4 empirical methods of calculating potential evapo-transpiration (PE) using climatic data for the estimation of length of growing season from rainfall - potential evapo-transpiration model was carried out using 15 years of estimates recorded in Shaki, Southwestern Nigeria. The length of the growing season estimated from the 4 empirical methods of PE were related to the moisture requirements of some selected tropical crops. Data were analyzed by one - way ANOVA taking each yearly mean as the average of the 15 years (1991 - 2005) for the station. Results show that the methods varied greatly in their ability to define the magnitude and variability of the length of growing season. The original Penman and the modified Penman of McCulloch models showed no significant difference in their use for the determination of length of growing season. However, the Thornthwaite, the Priestly and Taylor showed differences in the estimates of length of growing season. Priestly and Taylor gave the least estimate of length of growing season. The relative reliability of each method in terms of accuracy of both measured and extrapolated meteorological data utilized was also discussed. © 2010 Academic Journals.	Length of growing season; Moisture requirement; Potential evapo-transpiration; Wet and dry climate	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746394168	Effect of compressible foam properties on pressure amplification during shock wave impact	Seitz M.W., Skews B.W.	2006	Shock Waves	15	42433	10.1007/s00193-006-0033-2	School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	Seitz, M.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa; Skews, B.W., School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, PO WITS, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa	A comprehensive study is made of the influence of the physical properties of compressible open-cell foam blocks exposed to shock-wave loading, and particularly on the pressure distribution on the shock tube walls. Seven different foams are used, with three different shock Mach numbers, and three different slab lengths. Foam properties examined include permeability, density, stiffness, tortuosity and cell characteristics. The investigations concentrate on both side-wall and back-wall pressures, and the peak pressures achieved, as well as collapse velocities of the front face and the strength and nature of the reflected shock wave. The consequences of deviations from one-dimensionality are identified; primarily those due to wall friction and side-wall leakage. The results presented are the most comprehensive and wide ranging series conducted in a single facility and are thus a significant resource for comparison with theoretical and numerical studies. The different foams show significant differences in behavior, both in terms of peak pressure and duration, depending primarily on their density and permeability.	Complex materials; Foam; Porous; Shock impact; Shock-wave reflection	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855773556	The design, implementation and evaluation of computerized clinic patient management and clinician order entry systems in a PMTCT clinic in Uganda	Kavuma M., Mars M.	2011	2011 IST-Africa Conference Proceedings, IST 2011	None	None	None	Management Sciences for Health, P.O Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa	Kavuma, M., Management Sciences for Health, P.O Box 71419, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa; Mars, M., Department of Tele Health Nelson R Mandela Medical School University of KwaZulu Natal, 719 Umbilo Road 4001, Congella 4013, South Africa	A computerized clinic patient management system (CCPMS) and a portable clinician electronic order entry system were designed for the HIV/AIDS PMTCT research and programme activities at Mulago hospital. Clinicians satisfaction with the CCPMS was evaluated using a quantitative questionnaire and 848 records were collected to evaluate the portable clinician order entry system. Most clinicians thought the CCPMS improved clinic and drug inventory management. 52% thought it slightly impacted on the quality of patient care and 90% preferred using the CCPMS. Hospital tablet PC order entry system data were found to be more complete and significantly more accurate with 0.8% errors daily compared to 4.1% errors daily in paper based registers (p#60;0.0001). A lower number of missed infant MTCT prophylaxis dosing was also observed in the tablet PC data (4% compared to 14%). Computerized information systems can enhance HIV/AIDS care and research efforts and clinicians are willing to adopt them. © 2011 IIMC LTD.	clinic; computerized; Design; evaluation; portable; systems; Uganda	clinic; computerized; evaluation; portable; Uganda; Computer systems; Design; Diseases; Errors; Hospitals; Inventory control; Personal computers; Quality control	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45249111772	The effects of spatial mobility on the performance of firms	Knoben J., Oerlemans L.A.G., Rutten R.P.J.H.	2008	Economic Geography	84	2	None	Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands; Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Knoben, J., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands; Oerlemans, L.A.G., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands, Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Rutten, R.P.J.H., Department of Organisation Studies, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, Tilburg, Netherlands	A considerable body of research has analyzed the impact of a firm's geographic position and levels of organizational and territorial embeddedness on its performance. Generally, these studies have assumed that firms are immobile. Research that has focused on the effects of the relocation of firms has treated firms mainly as atomistic actors that can move freely in geographic space and has tended to neglect the influence of changes in a firm's geographic position and level of organizational and territorial embeddedness. We integrated insights from both streams of literature to answer the research question, "What are the effects of relocation on a firm's performance, and what is the influence of a firm's geographic position and its level of organizational and territorial embeddedness on this relationship?" On the basis of our analysis of data from a survey of managers of Dutch automation services firms, we found that the degree of impact of a firm's relocation on its performance depends on the characteristics of the relocation. For example, a move to an urbanized region hampers performance, whereas a move to a research and development-intensive region fosters a higher level of performance. Furthermore, firms with high levels of organizational embeddedness suffer in the short term from relocation, but benefit in the long run. © 2008 Clark University.	Embeddedness; Innovativeness; Performance; Relocation	industrial performance; innovation; mobility; relocation; research and development; theoretical study; Benelux; Eurasia; Europe; Netherlands; Western Europe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863696212	Durability index performance of high strength concretes made based on different standard portland cements	Ekolu S.O., Murugan S.	2012	Advances in Materials Science and Engineering	2012	None	10.1155/2012/410909	School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Ready-Mix, Lafarge Industries SA (Pty) Ltd., 35 Westfield Road, Longmeadow Business Estate Ext. 11, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	Ekolu, S.O., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Ave, Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa; Murugan, S., Ready-Mix, Lafarge Industries SA (Pty) Ltd., 35 Westfield Road, Longmeadow Business Estate Ext. 11, Gallo Manor 2052, Johannesburg, South Africa	A consortium of three durability index test methods consisting of oxygen permeability, sorptivity and chloride conductivity were used to evaluate the potential influence of four (4) common SANS 10197 cements on strength and durability of concrete. Twenty four (24) concrete mixtures of water-cement ratios (w/c's) = 0.4, 0.5, 0.65 were cast using the cement types CEM I 42.5N, CEM II/A-M (V-L) 42.5N, CEM IV/B 32.5R and CEM II/A-V 52.5N. The concretes investigated fall in the range of normal strength, medium strength and high strength concretes. It was found that the marked differences in oxygen permeability and sorptivity results observed at normal and medium strengths tended to vanish at high concrete strengths. Also, the durability effects attributed to use of different cement types appear to diminish at high strengths. Cements of low strength and/or that contained no extenders (CEM 32.5R, CEM I 42.5N) showed greater sensitivity to sorptivity, relative to other cement types. Results also show that while concrete resistance to chlorides generally improves with increase in strength, adequately high chloride resistance may not be achieved based on high strength alone, and appropriate incorporation of extenders may be necessary. Copyright © 2012 Stephen O. Ekolu and Sheena Murugan.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84934277129	The effect of organic loading rates (OLRs) on the performances of food wastes and maize husks anaerobic co-digestion in continuous mode	Owamah H.I., Izinyon O.C.	2015	Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments	11	None	10.1016/j.seta.2015.06.002	Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B.1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria	Owamah, H.I., Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B.1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria; Izinyon, O.C., Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, Benin, Edo State, Nigeria	A continuous anaerobic digestion experiment was carried out to investigate the co-digestion of 75% food waste and 25% maize husk at different organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1-4.5 gVS/L/d. Results obtained showed that pH fluctuated between 7.3 and 7.5 and total alkalinity (TA) between 0.4 and 6.7 g CaCO3/L, indicating that the system was not inhibited by acidification. The range of the ratio of volatile fatty acid (VFA) to TA of 0.06-0.25 was also well below 0.4 and showed that the anaerobic co-digestion was stable and feasible. Though there was no significant difference (p< 0.05) between biogas yields at OLRs of 3.5 and 4.5 gVS/L/d, the methane content at OLR of 4.5 gVS/L/d was higher than that of 3.5 gVS/L/d and suggests that carbon dioxide producing microorganisms were more active in OLR of 3.5 gVS/L/d. The OLR of 4.5 gVS/L/d was therefore found to be the most satisfactory for large scale operation of anaerobic digesters for co-digestion of food waste and maize husk. From a separate batch test, the average biogas yield of 0.50 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.02 and 1.31 ± 0.07 L/gVS were obtained from digesters A, B and C, respectively, indicating that the addition of maize husk to digester C significantly improved the production of biogas from food waste when compared to the biogas yield of digester A that contained food waste alone. Digester B with 100% maize husk was by far the least performed digester. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.	Biogas yield; Continuous digestion; Digester performance; Food waste; Maize husk	Alkalinity; Biogas; Carbon; Carbon dioxide; Fatty acids; Methane; Pulp digesters; Volatile fatty acids; Anaerobic co-digestion; Anaerobic digester; Digester performance; Food waste; Maize husk; Methane content; Organic loading rates; Total alkalinities; Anaerobic digestion; anoxic conditions; biogas; fatty acid; microorganism; performance assessment; waste; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-47249092869	Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in Setswana-speaking South Africans	Keyes C.L.M., Wissing M., Potgieter J.P., Temane M., Kruger A., van Rooy S.	2008	Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy	15	3	10.1002/cpp.572	Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; North-West University, South Africa	Keyes, C.L.M., Emory University, Department of Sociology, 1555 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Wissing, M., North-West University, South Africa; Potgieter, J.P., North-West University, South Africa; Temane, M., North-West University, South Africa; Kruger, A., North-West University, South Africa; van Rooy, S., North-West University, South Africa	A continuous assessment and a categorical diagnosis of the presence of mental health, described as flourishing, and the absence of mental health, characterized as languishing, is applied to a random sample of 1050 Setswana-speaking adults in the Northwest province of South Africa. Factor analysis revealed that the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) replicated the three-factor structure of emotional, psychological and social well-being found in US samples. The internal reliability of the overall MHC-SF Scale was 0.74. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated 0.52 with a measure of positive affect, between 0.35 and 0.40 with measures of generalized self-efficacy and satisfaction with life, and between 0.30 and 0.35 with measures of coping strategies, sense of coherence, and community collective self-efficacy. The total score on the MHC-SF correlated -0.22. with the total score on the General Health Questionnaire. Criteria for the categorical diagnosis were applied, and findings revealed that 20% were flourishing, 67.8% were moderately mentally healthy, and 12.2% were languishing. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized two-continua model of mental health and mental illness found in the USA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	adult; affect; aged; article; controlled study; coping behavior; correlation analysis; cultural factor; emotionality; factorial analysis; female; General Health Questionnaire; human; language ability; life satisfaction; major clinical study; male; mental disease; mental health; Mental Health Continuum Short Form; priority journal; psychological well being; psychometry; reliability; self concept; social aspect; South Africa; United States; Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Health Status Indicators; Health Surveys; Humans; Internal-External Control; Language; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Middle Aged; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Rural Population; Self Efficacy; South Africa; Translating; Urban Population	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-48349091332	Influence of different morphologies on electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn2O4	Zhu H.-L., Chen Z.-Y., Ji S., Linkov Vladimir.	2008	Solid State Ionics	179	27-32	10.1016/j.ssi.2008.01.058	Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China; SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	Zhu, H.-L., Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China; Chen, Z.-Y., Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410076, China, SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Ji, S., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Linkov, Vladimir., SAIAMC, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa	A controlled crystallization method was adopted to synthesize spherical MnCO3, then it was mixed uniformly with Li2CO3 in agate mortar, followed by calcinations at 600 °C and 800 °C for 10 and 24 h respectively, and as a result the spherical or sphere-like spinel LiMn2O4 was formed. The electrochemical performances of LiMn2O4 prepared by normal solid-state reaction and controlled crystallization method respectively were compared. It showed that the stoichiometric spherical LiMn2O4 had obviously excellent electrochemical performance, whose initial reversible capacity was 129.40 mAh/g with the high capacity retention of 95.28% after 100 cycles, than those of the polyhedral LiMn2O4 synthesized by the solid-state reaction, whose initial reversible capacity was 129.12 mAh/g with the capacity retention of 77.38% after 100 cycles. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Cathode materials; LiMn2O4; Lithium ion batteries; Polyhedral; Spherical	Controlled crystallization; Electrochemical performances; Spherical(pivot)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84869142384	β-Lactam synthon-interceded diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized octahydroindole-based molecular scaffolds and their in vitro cytotoxic evaluation	Singh P., Raj R., Bhargava G., Hendricks D.T., Handa S., Slaughter L.M., Kumar V.	2012	European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry	58	None	10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.049	Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Department of Chemistry, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144601, India; Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States	Singh, P., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Raj, R., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India; Bhargava, G., Department of Chemistry, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144601, India; Hendricks, D.T., Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Handa, S., Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Slaughter, L.M., Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States; Kumar, V., Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India	A convenient and unprecedented synthesis of functionally enriched octahydroindole-based scaffolds has been developed via inter- and intra-molecular amidolysis of C-3 functionalized β-lactams. The cytotoxic evaluation on oesophageal cancer cell line WHCO1 has revealed 7d as the most potent of the test compounds exhibiting an IC50 value of 12.97 μM. The developed strategy further assumes significance as it entails the preparation of highly functionalized indoles without the aid of transition metal catalysis or pre-functionalization of substrates. © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.	β-Lactam synthon protocol; Cytotoxicity; Diastereoselectivity; Iodocyclization; Octahydroindoles	1 ( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodo 2 ( 4 methoxyphenyl)octahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 1 ( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodo 2 phenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 1,2 bis( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodooctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 2 ( 4 chlorophenyl) 7 iodo 1 phenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 1,2 diphenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 2 ( 4 methoxyphenyl) 1 phenyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 2 ( 4 methoxyphenyl) 1,4 tolyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; 7 iodo 2 phenyl 1,4 tolyloctahydroindole 3,4 dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester; antineoplastic agent; beta lactam derivative; indole derivative; metal; molecular scaffold; octahydroindole; octahydropyrrolo[4,3,2 de]isoquinoline 3,5 dione; synthon; unclassified drug; antineoplastic activity; article; cancer cell culture; catalysis; controlled study; cytotoxicity; diastereoisomer; drug potency; esophagus cancer; human; human cell; IC 50; in vitro study; one pot synthesis; phase transition; stereochemistry; Antineoplastic Agents; beta-Lactams; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Indoles; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939415468	Performance of a convective, infrared and combined infrared- convective heated conveyor-belt dryer	El-Mesery H.S., Mwithiga G.	2015	Journal of Food Science and Technology	52	5	10.1007/s13197-014-1347-1	School of Engineering, BEFG, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	El-Mesery, H.S., School of Engineering, BEFG, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; Mwithiga, G., School of Engineering, BEFG, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa	A conveyor-belt dryer was developed using a combined infrared and hot air heating system that can be used in the drying of fruits and vegetables. The drying system having two chambers was fitted with infrared radiation heaters and through-flow hot air was provided from a convective heating system. The system was designed to operate under either infrared radiation and cold air (IR-CA) settings of 2000 W/m2 with forced ambient air at 30 °C and air flow of 0.6 m/s or combined infrared and hot air convection (IR-HA) dryer setting with infrared intensity set at 2000 W/m2 and hot at 60 °C being blown through the dryer at a velocity of 0.6 m/s or hot air convection (HA) at an air temperature of 60 °C and air flow velocity 0.6 m/s but without infrared heating. Apple slices dried under the different dryer settings were evaluated for quality and energy requirements. It was found that drying of apple (Golden Delicious) slices took place in the falling rate drying period and no constant rate period of drying was observed under any of the test conditions. The IR-HA setting was 57.5 and 39.1 % faster than IR-CA and HA setting, respectively. Specific energy consumption was lower and thermal efficiency was higher for the IR-HA setting when compared to both IR-CA and HA settings. The rehydration ratio, shrinkage and colour properties of apples dried under IR-HA conditions were better than for either IR-CA or HA. © 2014, Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India).	Apple slices; Colour; Dryer settings; Drying rate; Hot air convection; Infrared radiation; Rehydration; Shrinkage; Specific energy consumption; Thermal efficiency	Air; Belt conveyors; Color; Conveyors; Dryers (equipment); Drying; Energy efficiency; Energy utilization; Flow velocity; Fruits; Heat radiation; Heating equipment; Infrared radiation; Plants (botany); Shrinkage; Thermal processing (foods); Apple slices; Drying rates; Hot air convection; Rehydration; Specific energy consumption; Thermal efficiency; Infrared drying; Malus x domestica	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79951715442	Development and performance evaluation of a cowpea harvester	Ojomo A.O., Ale M.O., Olajide O.G.	2010	Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences	5	10	None	Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	Ojomo, A.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Ale, M.O., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria; Olajide, O.G., Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria	A cowpea harvester was designed, constructed and evaluated for its performance. The machine was fabricated with high carbon steel with an output capacity of 120kg/h. The performance of the harvester was evaluated at two crop moisture content 15.17% and 17.47% and two main shaft speeds of 540 rpm and 1000 rpm. At moisture content of 15.17% and machine speed 540rpm, the machine exhibits the highest functional efficiency of 93.75%, quality performance efficiency of 81.21%, field loss of 3.4% and shattered loss of 6.66%. The machine is statically and dynamically stable hence able to withstand vibration. © 2006-2010 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).	Cowpea and harvester; Development; Evaluation; Performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40549098988	Evaluation of the performance of HIV1 & 2 one-step self-test kit for detection of HIV infection in whole human blood, serum or plasma samples	Ya'aba Y., Mohammed S.B., Oladepo D.K., Odama L.E., Ibrahim K., Izebe K.S., Abdulrahim M.E., Isu N.R., Onoja A.J., Matur M.B., Balogun O.O., Usoroh M., Inyang U.S.	2007	Journal of Phytomedicine and Therapeutics	12	None	None	Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; African Health Project, Abuja, Niger	Ya'aba, Y., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Mohammed, S.B., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Oladepo, D.K., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Odama, L.E., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Ibrahim, K., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Izebe, K.S., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Abdulrahim, M.E., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Isu, N.R., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Onoja, A.J., African Health Project, Abuja, Nigeria; Matur, M.B., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Balogun, O.O., HIV Vaccine Trial Unit, Asokoro District Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Usoroh, M., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria; Inyang, U.S., Department of Microbiology, Human Virology and Biotechnology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu-Abuja, Nigeria	Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is cause by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family of retroviruses responsible for destroying the human immune defence system. HIV antibody testing is critical for the diagnosis and counselling of HIV-infected persons, monitoring of trends in HIV prevalence, and evaluation of the effectiveness of HIV prevention programmes. Serological tests to detect antibodies to HIV became available in 1985, and since then more kits for this test are still being produced. A total of 500 positive and 500 negative samples were screened for HIV antibodies using Genie II HIV 1 & 2(BIO-RAD; 3, Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE- FRANCE) and SeroCard™ HIV 1 & 2 Rapid (Trinity Biotech PLC; IDA Business Park Bray Co. Wicklow Ireland.) and were further confirmed using New Lav Blot 1 western blot kit (BIO-RAD; 3, Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92430 MARNES LA COQUETTE- FRANCE). These samples were screened using the HIV1 & 2 one-step self-test kit (Bremancos Diagnostics Inc. BDI with lot Number 0141503) to evaluate its performance. Whole blood, serum or plasma was used for the evaluation. Sensitivity of 99.2% and specificity of 99.8% were observed from the three sets of tests conducted while positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.99 and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.99 each were calculated. The HIV 1 & 2 one-step-self test kit compared well with Genie II HIV1 & 2 kit and western blot kit for detecting HIV antibodies in patient's samples. Whole blood, plasma or serum can be used for the screening and easy for self test.	AIDS; Genie II HIV1 &2; HIV; HIV1 & 2 one-step-self test; New Lav blot 1; SeroCard™ HIV 1&2 rapid	Human immunodeficiency virus antibody; article; blood analysis; controlled study; counseling; diagnostic kit; diagnostic procedure; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; nonhuman; plasma; self evaluation; sensitivity and specificity; serology; serum; Western blotting	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887043992	Reproductive performance of dairy cows under artificial insemination in south and northwest part of Ethiopia	Ali T., Lemma A., Yilma T.	2013	Livestock Research for Rural Development	25	11	None	Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	Ali, T., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Lemma, A., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia; Yilma, T., Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, P.O.Box 34, Debrezeit, Ethiopia	A cross sectional study and retrospective data analysis were conducted to examine and characterize the reproductive practices and outcomes by location (district) and to identify cow factors that influence reproductive efficiency of dairy cows under artificial insemination (AI). Data were collected on reproductive events from 428 dairy farms in four districts from two regional states of Ethiopia. The overall mean age at first calving (AFC) was 34.8 (n=386) months, where it was significantly different across locations (districts). Mean days for calving to first service interval (CFSI) and calving to conception interval (CCI) were 222 (n=320) and 257(n=234), respectively. Even if breed and location differences had no effect on CFSI; CCI was significantly affected by location. Number of service per conception (NSC) for pregnant cows were 1.55 (n=234) and there was statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the NSC between districts and between breeds. First service conception rate (FSCR) was 40.9% with significant difference (P<0.05) between location (districts) and breeds. Days after last calving (DALC) were 260.8 (n=331) and had significant difference between breeds. All the traits studied did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between parities. In Ethiopia, location and breed differences are still the major determinants of reproductive performance of dairy cows.	Breed; Calving to conception interval; Number of service per conception; Parity; Region	None	None
None	None	Epidemiological aspects and economic impact of bovine theileriosis (East Coast fever) and its control: A preliminary assessment with special reference to Kibaha district, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Ruheta M.R., Mkonyi P.A., Malamsha P.C.	2007	Veterinary Journal	173	2	10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.08.013	Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Ruheta, M.R., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Mkonyi, P.A., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Malamsha, P.C., Animal Diseases Research Institute, P.O. Box 9254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study based on clinical examination, inspection of herd health records and a questionnaire was designed to determine the epidemiology, economics and potential impact of immunisation against theileriosis in Tanzania. The results showed annual theileriosis costs to be US$ 205.40 per head, whereas the introduction of immunisation reduced this by 40-68% depending on the post immunisation dipping strategy adopted. Morbidity risk due to theileriosis was 0.048 in immunised and 0.235 in non-immunised cattle, and the difference was significant (χ2 = 66.7; P = 0.000). The questionnaire results indicated that immunised cattle had a significantly (χ2 = 6; P = 0.015) higher risk of anaplasmosis compared with non-immunised cattle, whereas the risk of bovine babesiosis did not differ significantly (χ2 = 0.06; P = 0.807) between the two groups. Mortality risk due to anaplasmosis was 0.046 in immunised and 0.018 in non-immunised cattle and this difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.48; P = 0.043). The theileriosis mortality risk was 0.203 in the non-immunised cattle, while the risk was 0.009 in the immunised cattle and these differences were also significant (χ2 = 103; P = 0.000). It was concluded that farmers who have immunised their cattle may cautiously cut down acaricide application by 50% for extensively grazed herds and by 75% for zero grazed animals depending on the level of tick challenge at the herd level. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Anaplasmosis; Babesiosis; Cost benefit ratio; Infection and treatment method; Net present value; Tanzania; Theileriosis; Tick-borne disease	acaricide; agricultural worker; anaplasmosis; animal experiment; animal model; animal parasitosis; article; babesiosis; cattle disease; clinical examination; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; economic evaluation; epidemiological data; grazing; herd; immunization; medical record; morbidity; mortality; nonhuman; prevalence; questionnaire; statistical significance; Tanzania; Animals; Cattle; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Insecticides; Protozoan Vaccines; Tanzania; Theileriasis; Tick Control; Vaccination; Animalia; Bos; Bovinae; Ixodida	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938288655	Trypanosome infection in dromedary camels in Eastern Ethiopia: Prevalence, relative performance of diagnostic tools and host related risk factors	Fikru R., Andualem Y., Getachew T., Menten J., Hasker E., Merga B., Goddeeris B.M., Büscher P.	2015	Veterinary Parasitology	211	42433	10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.008	College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium	Fikru, R., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; Andualem, Y., School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia; Getachew, T., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Menten, J., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Hasker, E., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Public Health, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium; Merga, B., College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia; Goddeeris, B.M., KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, Leuven, Belgium; Büscher, P., Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium	A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chifra and Dewe districts of Afar region, Eastern Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence, agreement between diagnostic tests and host related risk factors of trypanosome infection in camel. An overall prevalence of 2%, 24.1%, 21.3%, 9.5% and 7.8% was recorded with respectively Giemsa stained thin blood smear, CATT/T. evansi, RoTat1.2 PCR, 18S PCR and ITS-1PCR in a cohort of 399 animals. Only one T. vivax infection was confirmed by TvPRAC PCR indicating T. evansi as the predominant species affecting camels in the study area. No single animal was positive when tested with T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR. There was slight agreement between the CATT/T. evansi and the molecular tests. Among the PCR methods, RoTat 1.2 PCR yielded a significantly higher positivity rate compared to 18S PCR and ITS-1 PCR. There was no significant difference in the positivity rate observed in each gender of camels (p>0.05). The positivity rate was significantly higher in camels with poor body condition and in older animals when tested using the CATT/T.evansi or RoTat 1.2 PCR (p>0.05). Camels that tested positive with all tests had significantly lower PCV's (p<0.05). This study provides further evidence that T. evansi is endemic in the Afar region of Ethiopia. The latent class analysis indicated an estimate overall prevalence of 19% (95% CI: 13-28). Moreover, the model indicated low sensitivity of CATT/T. evansi (43%) and the PCR tests (39-53%) but higher specificity of the PCR tests (86-99%) and low specificity of CATT/T. evansi (80%). This study suggests that improved sensitivity and reliability of the tests would help diagnosis of trypanosomosis. Further studies are required to determine the prevalence of clinical disease and losses due to trypanosomosis. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Dromedary camel; Ethiopia; Prevalence; Risk factor; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; Trypanosomosis	animal parasitosis; Article; blood smear; cohort analysis; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diagnostic accuracy; diagnostic test; diagnostic test accuracy study; diagnostic value; dromedary; Ethiopia; female; host parasite interaction; infection risk; male; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite prevalence; polymerase chain reaction; risk assessment; risk factor; sensitivity and specificity; serology; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax; trypanosomiasis; Animalia; Camelidae; Camelus dromedarius; Trypanosoma evansi; Trypanosoma vivax	None
None	None	Evaluation of the hygienic quality and associated public health hazards of raw milk marketed by smallholder dairy producers in the Dar es Salaam region, Tanzania	Kivaria F.M., Noordhuizen J.P.T.M., Kapaga A.M.	2006	Tropical Animal Health and Production	38	3	10.1007/s11250-006-4339-y	Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands	Kivaria, F.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M., Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Kapaga, A.M., Animal Diseases Research Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania	A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine three parameters of the quality of the raw milk marketed by milk selling points (MSPs) in Dar es Salaam region. Total bacterial count (TBC) was used as an indicator of the microbial quality of the milk; antimicrobial residues were determined; and the California mastitis test (CMT) was used to screen for milk somatic cells as an indication of the mastitis level in the cows that provided the milk. Moreover, a water sample at each MSP was taken for bacteriological culturing. Finally, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the milk sellers at the MSPs to identify risk factors for poor milk hygiene. A total of 128 milk samples and corresponding water samples were collected from randomly selected milk selling points in Dar es Salaam region. The mean TBC was (8.2± 1.9) × 106 cfu/ml, and major bacterial isolates from the milk samples were Escherichia coli (6.3%), Bacillus cereus (6.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.3%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (6.3%), Enterobacter aerogenes (5.6%) and Enterococcus faecalis (4.7%). In most cases, the organisms identified in milk corresponded to those isolated from the corresponding water samples. Of milk samples, 79.0% were positive to the CMT and 7.0% were positive for antimicrobial residues. TBC was normalized by log-transformation, and the possible predictors of TBC were identified by fitting two linear regression models. In a random effect model, water microbial quality, frequency of cleaning the milk containers, frequency of milk supply, milk storage time and the type of containers, and mixing of fresh and previous milk were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) associated with the mean log TBC. In a fixed effect model, in addition to these indicators, water shortage, water source and the refrigerator condition were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) associated with log TBC. It was concluded that the milk sold in Dar es Salaam region is of poor quality and is of public health significance. © Springer 2006.	Antimicrobial residues; CMT; Dar es Salaam; Microbiological quality; Public health hazards; TBC	drug residue; animal; animal disease; article; bacterial count; bacterium; cattle; cattle disease; cell count; chemistry; cross-sectional study; cytology; female; human; hygiene; isolation and purification; microbiology; milk; public health; questionnaire; risk factor; safety; standard; statistical model; Tanzania; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Cell Count; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Residues; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Linear Models; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Public Health; Questionnaires; Risk Factors; Tanzania; Water Microbiology; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861540352	Understanding student performance in a large class	Snowball J.D., Boughey C.	2012	Innovations in Education and Teaching International	49	2	10.1080/14703297.2012.677658	Department of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Centre for Higher Education Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Snowball, J.D., Department of Economics and Economic History, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Boughey, C., Centre for Higher Education Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	Across the world, university teachers are increasingly being required to engage with diversity in the classes they teach. Using the data from a large Economics 1 class at a South African university, this attempts to understand the effects of diversity on chances of success and how assessment can impact on this. By demonstrating how theory can be used to understand results, the paper aims to encourage university teachers to adopt proactive strategies in managing diversity, rather than simply explaining it using student characteristics. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	assessment; Economics teaching; student diversity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84889666483	Flotation of PGM-containing minerals: Plant-wide regression and prediction of circuit performance	Du Preez N.B., Crundwell F.K., Knights B.D.H.	2013	Minerals Engineering	54	None	10.1016/j.mineng.2013.06.008	CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa	Du Preez, N.B., CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa; Crundwell, F.K., CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa; Knights, B.D.H., CM Solutions, PO Box 1286, Parklands 2121, South Africa	A crucial step in the processing of PGM-bearing reefs in South Africa is the flotation of the sulfidic minerals from the host rock. Flotation plays a crucial role in reducing the mass of material to be processed further downstream by smelting, converting and hydrometallurgical refining. However, flotation has the lowest recovery of valuable metals along the processing chain. As a result, small improvements in efficiency in flotation have an enormous benefit to the company's performance. Modelling and simulation play an important role in circuit optimisation, due to the ability to test and examine multiple options in a small amount of time without affecting the operational circuit. Unfortunately flotation is extremely difficult to model and simulate due to the complexity of the mechanism and the large number of variables involved. Whole circuit modelling is even more difficult, for the reasons already mentioned as well as maintaining a consistent mass balance in the face of multiple recycle streams. The purpose of this work is to construct a whole-circuit model of a flotation circuit, and use the model to predict the effect of changes to the flotation circuit. A goal in the construction of the model was to use as few parameters as possible. The work presented in this paper is focused on the regression of the parameters of a first-order kinetic flotation model to actual pilot plant data. The performance of the model was then validated by predicting the behaviour of a modified flotation circuit. The regression showed excellent correlation with actual plant data on a bank by bank basis. Using the regressed parameters directly on a modified circuit configuration, the model was able to predict the circuit behaviour when compared to plant data. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Flotation kinetics; Mass balance smoothing; Plant-wide regression; Recycle streams	Circuit configurations; Flotation kinetics; Mass balance; Modelling and simulations; Plant wides; Recovery of valuable metals; Recycle stream; Regression and prediction; Circuit theory; Forecasting; Metal recovery; Pilot plants; Recycling; Regression analysis; Flotation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84946709432	Effect of addition of different carbon materials on hydrogel derived carbon material for high performance electrochemical capacitors	Barzegar F., Bello A., Guellati O., Momodu D.Y., Harat A., Dangbegnon J.K., Guerioune M., Manyala N.	2015	Electrochimica Acta	186	None	10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.189	Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria	Barzegar, F., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Bello, A., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Guellati, O., LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria; Momodu, D.Y., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Harat, A., LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria; Dangbegnon, J.K., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Guerioune, M., LEREC Laboratory, Department of Physics, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, BP.12, Annaba, Algeria; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, SARCHI Ch. in Carbon Technology and Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	Activated carbon (AC) materials derived from addition of graphene foam, carbon nanotube and expended graphite mixed with polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone were synthesized and tested for supercapacitor application. Although the AC obtained from expended graphite shows the smallest specific surface area (SAA), it exhibits the highest electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC) performance with high rate capability and specific capacitance. This material tested in the symmetric configuration works in a large potential window of 1.6 V. More interestingly, the device made out this material gets better in terms of electrochemical performance when subjected to ageing effect with voltage holding for 100 hours. Some tentative reasons for such discrepancy between the SAA and the EDLC are explained. © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	activated carbon; electrical double layer capacitor; specific surface area	Activated carbon; Capacitance; Capacitors; Carbon nanotubes; Electrochemical electrodes; Graphite; Specific surface area; Yarn; Electrical double layer capacitor; Electrical double-layer capacitances; Electrochemical performance; High performance electrochemical capacitors; High rate capability; Poly vinyl pyrrolidone; Specific capacitance; Supercapacitor application; Foams	None
None	None	Directors' Diversity and Board Performance: Evidence from East African Microfinance Institutions	Mori N.	2014	Journal of African Business	15	2	10.1080/15228916.2014.920654	Department of Finance, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway	Mori, N., Department of Finance, University of Dar es Salaam Business School, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Norwegian Centre for Microfinance Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway	Active board participation is one of the main challenges faced by microfinance institutions. This article sets out to explore the effect of board of directors' characteristics (age, gender, and education) on their ability to effectively perform their board roles (monitoring and resource provision). Microfinance policy makers are concerned with the role of boards in terms of the performance of the industry. This study used the agency theory and resource dependence theory to test the relationship between directors' characteristics and boards' performance. The empirical analysis is based on a survey conducted with 105 board directors representing 63 microfinance institutions from three East African countries (Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda). The results show a positive relationship between directors' age and their ability to monitor and provide the board with resources. The study also shows that the effect of directors' level of education on boards' performance is positive, while no evidence was found with regard to the effect of female directors on boards. The findings imply that board directors need to be appointed based on their personal characteristics and their ability to perform their roles. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.	board roles; characteristics; directors; East Africa; microfinance institutions	empirical analysis; financial policy; financial services; industrial performance; institutional framework; microfinance; policy making; Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84870512131	Evaluation of demodulation algorithms for robust self-sensing active magnetic bearings	Van Schoor G., Niemann A.C., Du Rand C.P.	2013	Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical	189	None	10.1016/j.sna.2012.10.033	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Van Schoor, G., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Niemann, A.C., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Du Rand, C.P., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa	Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) play a key role in various industrial applications. In the ongoing challenge to reduce the number of external sensing devices and manufacturing costs of AMBs, self-sensing techniques have positioned themselves in a dominant role to provide sensorless estimation of rotor displacement. A self-sensing arrangement employs an estimation algorithm that uses the modulated coil voltage and current signals to determine the air gap information. However, filters in the demodulation path of the estimator introduce additional phase-shift that results in lower achievable stability margins. Furthermore, a disadvantage of modulation self-sensing approaches is that the position estimates are nonlinearly dependent on the power amplifier voltage duty cycle. This paper firstly evaluates the static and dynamic performance of different demodulation techniques via an experimentally verified transient simulation model. The direct current measurement (DCM) approach, which comprises a minimum number of filters, is proposed for position estimation of self-sensing AMBs. The DCM algorithm incorporates a novel PA switching method that only uses the bearing coil currents as input. The estimator facilitates duty-cycle invariant position estimates with minimal additional phase-shift. According to simulated as well as experimental results, the sensitivity level of this estimator is the lowest compared to the other examined techniques. A practical implementation of the DCM approach shows that robust estimation can be realized for a 10 A magnetically coupled AMB that lends itself to industrial application. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.	Active magnetic bearing (AMB); Amplitude modulation; Demodulation; Position estimation, Direct current measurement; Self-sensing	Active Magnetic Bearing; Active magnetic bearings; Air-gaps; Coil current; Current signal; Demodulation algorithms; Demodulation techniques; Direct current measurement; Estimation algorithm; Manufacturing cost; Position estimates; Position estimation; Practical implementation; Robust estimation; Rotor displacement; Self-sensing; Sensing devices; Sensorless; Stability margins; Static and dynamic performance; Switching methods; Transient simulation models; Algorithms; Amplitude modulation; Computer simulation; Demodulation; Electric current measurement; Estimation; Industrial applications; Modulation; Optical variables measurement; Phase shift; Phase shifters; Power amplifiers; Sensors; Magnetic amplifiers	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875947281	Evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Crateva adansonii leaves and their interactions	Agboke A.A., Attama A.A., Momoh M.A.	2011	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	1	10	None	Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Incorporating Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical	Agboke, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Incorporating Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria; Attama, A.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria; Momoh, M.A., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria	Activities of crude extract of Cryptolepis Sanguinolen and Crateva Adansonii leaves and their interactions were evaluated.Crude methanol extracts of Crateva adansonii and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta leaves were obtained by cold maceration. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were carried out against six bacteria ie Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and two fungi which includes Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans using agar dilution method MICs of methanol extract of Crateva adansonii against the six bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa -12.5 mg/ml, Escherichia coli - 6.25 mg ml, Salmonella typhi - 12.5 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus - 2.5 mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumonia - 6.25 mg/ml, Bacillus subtilis - 12.5 mg/ml, fungi Aspergillus niger - 12.5 mg/ml, Candida albicans - 12.5 mg/ml. While the MICs of methanol extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta against the six bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 12.5 mg/ml, Escherichia coli - 6.25 mg ml, Salmonella typhii - 12.5 mg/ml, Staphylococcus aureus - 12.5 mg/ml, Klebsiella pneumoni - 12.5 mg/ml. Bacillus subtilis - 6.25 mg/ml and for fungi Aspergillus niger - 12.5 mg/ml, Candida albicans - 6.25 mg/ml. Combined activity of the two plant extracts against Escherichia coil, klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans was carried out at the ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 of extracts of Crateva adansonii and Cryptolepis sanguinolenta respectively. Combination 1:2 and 2:1 were found to be effective and able to inhibit Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The result of this work shows that the extracts of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and Cranteva Adansonii have both antifungal and antibacterial effects and their combination is effective in some bacterial and fungal infection most especially Candida albicans infection.	Antibacteria; Antifungal; Combination interactions; Crateva adansonii; Crude extracts; Cryptolepis sanginolenta	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79954508990	Safety evaluation of Hymenocardia acida leaf extracts in rats and mice	Sofidiya M.O., Adedapo A.A., Jimoh F.O., Masika P.J., Afolayan A.J., Odukoya O.A., Familoni O.B.	2010	Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences	3	2	None	Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria; ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos	Sofidiya, M.O., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Adedapo, A.A., ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Jimoh, F.O., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Masika, P.J., ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Afolayan, A.J., Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; Odukoya, O.A., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos, Nigeria; Familoni, O.B., Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Nigeria	Acute and sub-acute effects of the aqueous extracts of the leaves of Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae) were studied in mice and rats. In the acute toxicity test, H. acida extract (400-3200 mg/kg) did not cause mortality, behavioural changes, or alteration in physiological activities in mice after 48h of administration. Sub-acute test indicated no significant change in the packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (HB), red blood cell count (RBC) and the erythrocytes indices. A significant increase in white blood cell count (WBC) and decrease in the level of platelets at (200-800 mg/kg) was observed. Changes in the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin and the electrolytes not significant but there was decreased total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, creatinine, urea, p-glucose, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino transferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alanine amino transferase [ALT]. No histopathological changes were observed in all the organs, though there was a significant reduction in their weights.	Hematology; Histopathology; Hymenocardia acida; Serum biochemistry	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; bilirubin; creatinine; electrolyte; gamma glutamyltransferase; globulin; hemoglobin; Hymenocardia acida extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; alkaline phosphatase blood level; animal experiment; article; behavior change; controlled study; erythrocyte; erythrocyte count; gamma glutamyl transferase blood level; hematocrit; hemoglobin blood level; histopathology; leukocyte count; male; mortality; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; thrombocyte count; Hymenocardia acida; Mus; Rattus	None
None	None	Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: A KDIGO summary (Part 1)	Kellum J.A., Lameire N., Aspelin P., Barsoum R.S., Burdmann E.A., Goldstein S.L., Herzog C.A., Joannidis M., Kribben A., Levey A.S., Macleod A.M., Mehta R.L., Murray P.T., Naicker S., Opal S.M., Schaefer F., Schetz M., Uchino S.	2012	Critical Care	17	1	10.1186/cc11454	The Crisma Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 604 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent B9000, Belgium; Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Cairo University, Egypt; University of São Paulo, Brazil; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, United States; Hennepin County Medical Center, MN, United States; Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Tufts University, MA, United States; University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; University College Dublin, Ireland; University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Brown University, RI, United States; Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; University of Leuven, Belgium; Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan	Kellum, J.A., The Crisma Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 604 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States; Lameire, N., Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent B9000, Belgium; Aspelin, P., Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Barsoum, R.S., Cairo University, Egypt; Burdmann, E.A., University of São Paulo, Brazil; Goldstein, S.L., Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, United States; Herzog, C.A., Hennepin County Medical Center, MN, United States; Joannidis, M., Medical University Innsbruck, Austria; Kribben, A., University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Levey, A.S., Tufts University, MA, United States; Macleod, A.M., University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Mehta, R.L., University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Murray, P.T., University College Dublin, Ireland; Naicker, S., University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; Opal, S.M., Brown University, RI, United States; Schaefer, F., Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Schetz, M., University of Leuven, Belgium; Uchino, S., Jikei University, School of Medicine, Japan	Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious problem affecting millions and causing death and disability for many. In 2012, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes completed the first ever, international, multidisciplinary, clinical practice guideline for AKI. The guideline is based on evidence review and appraisal, and covers AKI definition, risk assessment, evaluation, prevention, and treatment. In this review we summarize key aspects of the guideline including definition and staging of AKI, as well as evaluation and nondialytic management. Contrast-induced AKI and management of renal replacement therapy will be addressed in a separate review. Treatment recommendations are based on systematic reviews of relevant trials. Appraisal of the quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Limitations of the evidence are discussed and a detailed rationale for each recommendation is provided. © 2013 BioMed Central Ltd.	None	albumin; amiloride plus hydrochlorothiazide; aminoglycoside; amphotericin; contrast medium; creatinine; dopamine; fenoldopam mesilate; furosemide; hetastarch; hypertensive factor; insulin; interleukin 18; mannitol; nesiritide; noradrenalin; rolofylline; theophylline; creatine; diuretic agent; glucose blood level; vasoconstrictor agent; vasodilator agent; acute kidney failure; article; blood cell count; burn; contrast induced nephropathy; creatinine blood level; disease severity; fluid resuscitation; follow up; glycemic control; heart surgery; human; hyperglycemia; insulin treatment; kidney function; oxygenation; practice guideline; priority journal; prognosis; renal protection; renal replacement therapy; risk assessment; sepsis; shock; urea nitrogen blood level; urine volume; Acute Kidney Injury; analysis; blood; decision support system; fluid therapy; glucose blood level; nutritional support; off pump coronary surgery; practice guideline; urine; Acute Kidney Injury; Blood Glucose; Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump; Creatine; Decision Support Techniques; Diuretics; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Nutritional Support; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Assessment; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Vasodilator Agents	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890152411	Damage evaluation in gap tubular truss 'K' bridge joints using SFEM	Jiki P.N., Agber J.U.	2014	Journal of Constructional Steel Research	93	None	10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.010	Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Electrical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Jiki, P.N., Civil Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Agber, J.U., Electrical Engineering, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A damage stiffness parameter a of the shell element is calculated analytically using the fracture mechanics concept. A smooth quad T4 element was modified using the calculated parameter α. The modified element was introduced at the junction between the chord/brace connection where welding defect had taken place, while the unmodified same element was used elsewhere on the joint. Thereafter, a finite element analysis was carried out using thin shell theory and the smooth element formulation to investigate the effect of brace spacing on the distribution of stress concentrations in the welded tubular 'K' joint. This was done in order to investigate the level of stress concentrations and damage in the welded connection in the tubular joint. The joint was first modelled with no gap between the braces and a finite element computer run was made. Thereafter, the joint was modelled with brace gaps from 10 mm to 70 mm and finite element computer runs were made. The results obtained were then compared with those published in the literature. It was found that the presence of variable gaps between braces of the joint together with pre-crack affects the strength of tubular 'K' joints appreciably. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Computer simulation; Effect of bracing; Smoothed finite element; Stress concentration; Stress distribution; Structural joints; Tubular truss bridges	Effect of bracing; Element formulation; Smoothed finite elements; Stiffness parameters; Structural joints; Thin shell theory; Tubular truss; Welded connections; Computer simulation; Fracture mechanics; Trusses; Welding; Stress concentration	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878690444	Participatory evaluation of adaptability and morpho-agronomic performance of released and on pipeline high land maize technologies	Ayalneh T., Tesfaye L., Abinasa M., Amare B.	2013	International Journal of Agricultural Research	8	1	10.3923/ijar.2013.49.54	Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia	Ayalneh, T., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, L., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Abinasa, M., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Amare, B., Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale Robe, Ethiopia	Adaptability and agronomic performance test across environments are important in plant breeding. The current study was conducted with the objective to generate information on adaptability and morpho-agronomic performance of maize genotypes through participatory breeding. The experiment were conducted using released and on pipeline maize genotypes with one local check in six different environments (Shanaka, Agarfa, Shallo, Hissu, Gassera and Sinana) in 2005 and 2006 main season. From the two years pooled mean grain yield performance, BH-660 (8.3 ton ha-1) and BH-670 (7.6 ton ha-1) gave, relatively the highest yield, ranked 1st and 2nd, respectively in both years while Kuleni gave the lowest yield and ranked least in both years. The analysis of variance of mean grain yield (ton ha-1) of seven varieties and one local check tested in six environments showed that 39.0, 40.2 and 20.8% of the total sum of squares were attributed to environment, genotype and genotype X environment interaction effects, respectively. From the AMMI analysis results, the lowest Principal Components Analysis-1 (PCA1) scores were observed in genotype G4 (0.03), followed by G1 (0.10) and G2 (0.12) but in case of Interaction Principal Components Analysis-2 (IPCA2) the lowest score showed by G6 (0.13), followed by G5 (0.17) and G8 (0.31). In general, the study showed the importance of participatory plant breeding, genotype adaptation test across environment and the effects of environments. © 2013 Academic Journals Inc.	Adaptability; Additive main effect and multiplication interaction; Environment; Genotypes; Interaction; Maize	Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84866323459	Orphanage caregivers' perceptions: The impact of organizational factors on the provision of services to orphans in the Ashanti Region of Ghana	Castillo J.T., Sarver C.M., Bettmann J.E., Mortensen J., Akuoko K.	2012	Journal of Children and Poverty	18	2	10.1080/10796126.2012.710484	College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Sociology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Castillo, J.T., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Sarver, C.M., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Bettmann, J.E., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Mortensen, J., College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Akuoko, K., Department of Sociology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana	Adding to the growing body of literature on outcomes for children living in orphanages and children's homes, this qualitative study explored the perceptions of institutional personnel - caregivers, staff members, supervisors, and administrators - about organizational factors affecting their ability to care for orphaned and vulnerable children living in institutions in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The participants in this study consisted of 59 caregivers, 7 supervisors, 10 administrators, 4 cooks, 4 teachers, 1 social worker, 1 security guard/driver, and 6 women classified as house helpers. Individual interviews were conducted using an English-written and stated semistructured interview guide the researchers had created. The data from the 92 interviews were transcribed and coded using inductive methodologies. The results revealed concerns from the personnel about their institutions' lack of adequate funding for essential items, including food and medicine for the children. The personnel were also concerned about the lack of appropriate workplace standards to ensure the sustainability of a viable workplace environment, including inadequate training, supervision, communication procedures, and staffing patterns, and collaborative partnerships and associations with other public or private community-based institutions. The findings from this study have considerable policy, practice, and research implications for social workers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Ghana; organizational structure; orphan caregiver; orphanage; orphans	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76649110257	Initial evaluation of a simple coupled surface and ground water hydrological model to assess sustainable ground water abstractions at the regional scale	Hughes D.A., Kapangaziwiri E., Baker K.	2010	Hydrology Research	41	1	10.2166/nh.2010.038	Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Hughes, D.A., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Kapangaziwiri, E., Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Baker, K., Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	Additional surface-ground water interaction routines were recently added to the Pitman monthly rainfall-runoff model, widely used in South Africa for quantifying water resources in ungauged catchments. Some evaluations of the model have demonstrated that it can realistically simulate interactions between surface and ground water at catchment scales of approximately 100 to 5,000 km2. The model allows ground water abstractions to be simulated, but no reported evaluations of this component are available. This study uses the model to estimate sustainable abstraction volumes in a semi-arid catchment and includes an assessment of model parameter uncertainties. In recognition of potential spatial scale issues related to the model structure an alternative model configuration, based on splitting the total catchment into recharge and abstraction sub-catchments, was also tested. While the results appear to be conceptually appropriate, there is insufficient available information to quantitatively confirm the model parameters and results. The same would apply regardless of the type of model being applied in such a data-deficient area. Additional geo-hydrological information is required to resolve the model uncertainties and improve the parameter estimation process. This pilot study has highlighted the type of information required, but further work is needed to identify how best to obtain that information. © IWA Publishing 2010.	Ground water; Hydrological models; Recharge; Resource estimation	Catchment scale; Hydrological models; Model configuration; Model parameters; Model uncertainties; Parameter estimation process; Pilot studies; Rainfall-runoff models; Regional scale; Resource estimation; Semiarid catchments; South Africa; Spatial scale; Subcatchments; Ungauged catchment; Abstracting; Catchments; Groundwater; Parameter estimation; Runoff; Uncertainty analysis; Groundwater resources; catchment; groundwater-surface water interaction; hydrological modeling; resource assessment; water resource; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350316807	Field performance of VST SHAKTI power tiller on sawah rice plots in Nigeria and Ghana	Ademiluyi S.Y., Oladele O.I.	2008	Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science	14	5	None	National Center for Agricultural Mecahnisation, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Economics, Education and Extension, Botswana College of Agriculture, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Belgium	Ademiluyi, S.Y., National Center for Agricultural Mecahnisation, Ilorin, Nigeria; Oladele, O.I., Department of Agricultural Economics, Education and Extension, Botswana College of Agriculture, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Belgium	ADEMILUYI, S. Y. and O. I. OLADELE, 2008. Field performance of VST SHAKTI power tiller on sawah rice plots in Nigeria and Ghana. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 517-522 The paper reports the Field performance of VST SHAKTI power tiller on sawah rice plots in Nigeria and Ghana. This is based on the fact that power tillers were re- introduced in Nigerian agriculture in 2001 by Water shed Initiatives Nigeria by importing few units for sawah rice production technology. The field performance evaluation of the model was carried out in different rice fields located at Shaba-Maliki and Ejeti village near Bida on a clayey loamy, sandy soil, under the guinea savannah ecology of Nigeria. The process was repeated in Biemo No1 and Adugyma in Ghana. These study sites are located about 40 kilometers northwest of Kumasi on the Kumasi - Sunyani main road in Ahafo Ano South District which is at the north-western part of the Ashanti Region. The result shows that 93% and 92% were recorded for field efficiency at Ejeti and Shaba-Maliki respectively. The difference in effective field capacity obtained at Shaba- Maliki (0.089 ha/hr) and Ejeti (0.047 ha/hr) was due to the variation in the average time of operation, the operational time at Ejeti (21.7 hr/ha) almost doubles that of Shaba-Maliki (13.15 hr/ha). In Ghana the field efficiency of VST SHAKTI 130D1 power tillers Biemso 1 and Adugyma were 80.52% and 82%. On the other hand, the effective field capacity are 0.15 ha/hr and 0.11 ha/hr for Biemo1 and Adugyma; while the average time of operation are 7.92 hr/ha and 8.9 hr/ha respectively for the locations in Ghana. The results of One way analysis of variance for field performance of power tillers in 4 locations show that average time of operations only Ejeti is significantly different from the 3 other locations, while Adugyma and AhabaMaliki, the effective field capacity differs significantly from Biemso and Ejeti. In terms of field efficiency, Biemso 1 is significantly different from Adugyma but not any difference between Ejeti and Shaba-Maliki. The means for slippage is highest in Ejeti and Shaba-Maliki though not significantly different between them but shows high significance difference between the locations in Ghana that is Biuemso 1 and Adugyma.	Field capacity; Field efficiency; Field performance; Sawah rice; Slippage; VST SHAKTI power tiller	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887885629	Nutrition as an important mediator of the impact of background variables on outcome in middle childhood	Kitsao-Wekulo P., Holding P., Taylor H.G., Abubakar A., Kvalsvig J., Connolly K.	2013	Frontiers in Human Neuroscience	None	OCT	10.3389/fnhum.2013.00713	Department of Publications and Ethics, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Nairobi, Kenya; Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Research and Training, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Mombasa, Kenya; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom	Kitsao-Wekulo, P.Department of Publications and Ethics, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Nairobi, Kenya, Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Holding, P.Department of Research and Training, International Centre for Behavioural Studies, Mombasa, Kenya, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Taylor, H.G., Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States; Abubakar, A.Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands, Department of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Kvalsvig, J., Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Connolly, K., Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom	Adequate nutrition is fundamental to the development of a child's full potential. However, the extent to which malnutrition affects developmental and cognitive outcomes in the midst of co-occurring risk factors remains largely understudied. We sought to establish if the effects of nutritional status varied according to diverse background characteristics as well as to compare the relative strength of the effects of poor nutritional status on language skills, motor abilities, and cognitive functioning at school age. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school-age boys and girls resident in Kilifi District in Kenya. We hypothesized that the effects of area of residence, school attendance, household wealth, age and gender on child outcomes are experienced directly and indirectly through child nutritional status. The use of structural equation modeling (SEM) allowed the disaggregation of the total effect of the explanatory variables into direct effects (effects that go directly from one variable to another) and indirect effects. Each of the models tested for the four child outcomes had a good fit. However, the effects on verbal memory apart from being weaker than for the other outcomes, were not mediated through nutritional status. School attendance was the most influential predictor of nutritional status and child outcomes. The estimated models demonstrated the continued importance of child nutritional status at school-age. © 2013 Kitsao-Wekulo, Holding, Taylor, Abubakar, Kvalsvig and Connolly.	Co-occurring risk factors; Cognitive outcomes; Direct and indirect effects; Nutritional status; School-age children; Structural equation modeling	age; article; child; childhood; cognition; cross-sectional study; demography; female; gender; human; human experiment; Kenya; language; male; motor performance; normal human; nutritional status; outcome assessment; school; school child; structural equation modeling; verbal memory	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79956346728	Contamination of sachet water in Nigeria: assessment and health impact	Omalu I.C.J., Eze G.C., Olayemi I.K., Gbesi S., Adeniran L.A., Ayanwale A.V., Mohammed A.Z., Chukwuemeka V.	2010	Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences	9	4	None	Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria	Omalu, I.C.J., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Eze, G.C., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Olayemi, I.K., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Gbesi, S., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Adeniran, L.A., Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Nigeria; Ayanwale, A.V., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Mohammed, A.Z., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria; Chukwuemeka, V., Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria	Adequate supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings. Water consumers are frequently unaware of the potential health risks associated with exposure to water borne contaminants which have often led to diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever, legionnaire's disease and parasitic diseases. The inadequacy of pipe borne water-supply in Nigeria is a growing problem; as a result people resort to buying water from vendors, and sachet or bottled water became a major source of drinking water. Although, portable and affordable, the problems of its purity and other health concerns have begun to manifest. Sachet water have been reported to contain bacteria such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., and oocysts of Cryptosporidia sp. Apart from environmental contaminants, improper storage and handling by vendors also poses a serious threat to the health of the ignorant consumers. This paper tends to review the quality of these 'pure water'; its physical examination, microbial assessments, its impacts on health, and the various strategies adopted by the concerned authorities to regulate this thriving industry.	Contaminants; Pipe borne water; Pure water; Vendors	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-52949099533	Instructional leadership for quality learning: An assessment of the impact of the primary school management development project in Botswana	Pansiri O.N.	2008	Educational Management Administration and Leadership	36	4	10.1177/1741143208095789	Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana	Pansiri, O.N., Department of Primary Education, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana	A descriptive study using questionnaires was conducted in 2004 to assess the effectiveness of instructional leadership displayed by primary school management teams following the implementation of the Primary School Management Project in Botswana. Leadership skills, Coordination of instructional activities, management of curriculum and quality of learners were key variables that guided the study. Respondents were 240 primary school teachers including school heads and 575 learners. Data were analyzed descriptively through the use of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program using frequencies and percentages. The results reveal school management teams' lack of interpersonal skills necessary for classroom supervision, inability to mobilize parents to participate in school instructional improvement activities, teachers' unauthorized use of corporal punishment and lack of creativeness and innovativeness for management of curriculum change. Regarding quality of learning, the study identifies learners' inability and lack of freedom for self-expression and inadequate acquisition of basic literacy skill at varying degrees between rural and urban schools. © 2008 BELMAS.	Instructional leadership; Instructional supervision; Pedagogical leadership; School improvement; Transformational leadership	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84867264073	Power evacuation assessment and contingency evaluation of the pre-reform 330KV Nigeria power system using MATLAB	Izuegbunam F.I., Okafor E.N.C., Akwukwaegbu I.O., Ichetaonye O.I.	2012	International Journal of Applied Engineering Research	7	9	None	Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	Izuegbunam, F.I., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Okafor, E.N.C., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Akwukwaegbu, I.O., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Ichetaonye, O.I., Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria	A detailed analysis of the various contingencies that can occur on the prereform 330KV Nigeria power network was simulated in this paper. The methodology involves performing an in-depth power flow analysis on the 330KV network and then subjecting it to the various contingencies. The simulation was done using Newton-Raphson technique in MATLAB program. The findings revealed that the network is characterised with some level of instability in terms of voltage and thermal limit violations. Recommendations were however made with a view to strengthen the network so as to attain reasonable degree of reliability in its operations. © Research India Publications.	Contingency evaluation; National grid; Power flow; Pre-reform; Voltage profile	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38049072176	Irrigation suitability evaluation of Asu River Basin soils, south eastern Nigeria	Fasina A.S.	2008	International Journal of Soil Science	3	1	None	Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Fasina, A.S., Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	A detailed soil survey of about 120.89 ha of land in Asu River Basin was carried out to evaluate the suitability of the soils for irrigation agriculture. The study revealed four (4) major soil types (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2, Ameta 1 and Ameta 2). The soils are deep (&gt;100 cm) and contain low tolerable levels of calcium carbonate (EC-0.01 mmho cm-1 -0.22 mmho cm-1). Soil textures consist of loam (Ihuibe 1), sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 2), clay loam (Ametal 1) and loamy Sand (Ameta 2) on the surface to sandy clay loam (Ihuibe 1), clay loam (Ihuibe 2), sandy clay loam (Ameta 1) and clay (Ametal 2) subsoil. Three of the soils are imperfectly drained (Ihuibe 1, Ihuibe 2 and Ameta 2) while Ameta 1 is moderately well drained. The soils were classified into irrigation suitability classes for surface/gravity irrigation (Ihuibe 1 and Ihuibe 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ameta 1 was classified as highly suitable (S1) and Ameta 2 as currently not suitable. For drip/localized irrigation, Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 2 were classified as moderately suitable (S2) while Ihuibe 1 and Ameta 1 were classified as highly suitable (S1). The study is recommending that for sustainable use of the area for irrigation agriculture, drip/localized type of irrigation should be used to irrigate the soils of the area. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.	Asu River Basin; Irrigation; Nigeria; Suitability evaluation	calcium carbonate; irrigation; soil survey; soil water; Africa; Asu Basin; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69549113116	Impact of anthropogenic activities on the Densu River in Ghana	Fianko J.R., Osae S., Achel D.	2009	Water and Environment Journal	23	3	10.1111/j.1747-6593.2008.00137.x	Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana	Fianko, J.R., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Osae, S., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Achel, D., Department of Chemistry, NNRI/GAEC, PO Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana	A detailed study has been carried out on the Densu River and its tributaries to identify the chemical characteristics of the water, examine the hydrological connections among the land cover types and evaluate the relative contributions of anthropogenic activities to the river's pollution. The results indicate that sites closer to the most urbanized, industrialized and agricultural areas are severely impaired. The river water was found to vary considerably in terms of chemical and physical properties. The water was slightly alkaline, brackish to fresh and of mixed Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types. Nutrient and organic matter were found to be the most frequent cause of pollution of the river. Pollution has reached such a proportion that it has destroyed the aquatic ecosystem in most exposed sections of the river. © 2008 The Author. Journal compilation © 2008 CIWEM.	Anthropogenic activity; Densu River; Ghana; Physico-chemical analysis; Pollution	Agricultural areas; Anthropogenic activity; Aquatic ecosystem; Chemical characteristic; Densu River; Ghana; Land-cover types; Organic matter; Physico-chemical analysis; Relative contribution; River water; Calcium; Chemicals; Organic compounds; Pollution; Rivers; Sodium; River pollution; bicarbonate; calcium; chloride; magnesium; nitrate; organic matter; phosphate; potassium; sodium; sulfur; agricultural land; aquatic ecosystem; human activity; hydrology; land cover; organic matter; physical property; physicochemical property; river water; water pollution; agriculture; alkalinity; article; electric conductivity; Ghana; industrial area; meteorological phenomena; pH; priority journal; river; urban area; water analysis; water content; water hardness; water pollution; water quality; water temperature; Africa; Densu River; Ghana; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84861083711	Modeling the impact of voluntary testing and treatment on tuberculosis transmission dynamics	Mushayabasa S., Bhunu C.P.	2012	International Journal of Biomathematics	5	4	10.1142/S1793524511001726	Department of Applied Mathematics, Modeling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Department of Mathematics, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mushayabasa, S., Department of Applied Mathematics, Modeling Biomedical Systems Research Group, National University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 939 Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; Bhunu, C.P., Department of Mathematics, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe	A deterministic model for evaluating the impact of voluntary testing and treatment on the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis is formulated and analyzed. The epidemiological threshold, known as the reproduction number is derived and qualitatively used to investigate the existence and stability of the associated equilibrium of the model system. The disease-free equilibrium is shown to be locally-asymptotically stable when the reproductive number is less than unity, and unstable if this threshold parameter exceeds unity. It is shown, using the Centre Manifold theory, that the model undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation where the stable disease-free equilibrium co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. The analysis of the reproduction number suggests that voluntary tuberculosis testing and treatment may lead to effective control of tuberculosis. Furthermore, numerical simulations support the fact that an increase voluntary tuberculosis testing and treatment have a positive impact in controlling the spread of tuberculosis in the community. © 2012 World Scientific Publishing Company.	case findings; reproductive number; stability; TB model; treatment	None	None
None	None	Modeling the impact of climate change on the dynamics of rift valley fever	Mpeshe S.C., Luboobi L.S., Nkansah-Gyekye Y.	2014	Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine	2014	None	10.1155/2014/627586	School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Department of Mathematics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda	Mpeshe, S.C., School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania; Luboobi, L.S., School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania, Department of Mathematics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Nkansah-Gyekye, Y., School of CoCSE, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania	A deterministic SEIR model of rift valley fever (RVF) with climate change parameters was considered to compute the basic reproduction number 0 and investigate the impact of temperature and precipitation on 0. To study the effect of model parameters to 0, sensitivity and elasticity analysis of 0 were performed. When temperature and precipitation effects are not considered, 0 is more sensitive to the expected number of infected Aedes spp. due to one infected livestock and more elastic to the expected number of infected livestock due to one infected Aedes spp. When climatic data are used, 0 is found to be more sensitive and elastic to the expected number of infected eggs laid by Aedes spp. via transovarial transmission, followed by the expected number of infected livestock due to one infected Aedes spp. and the expected number of infected Aedes spp. due to one infected livestock for both regions Arusha and Dodoma. These results call for attention to parameters regarding incubation period, the adequate contact rate of Aedes spp. and livestock, the infective periods of livestock and Aedes spp., and the vertical transmission in Aedes species. © 2014 Saul C. Mpeshe et al.	None	Aedes; article; basic reproduction number; climate change; Culex; egg laying; environmental temperature; hatching; incubation time; lifespan; livestock; longevity; mortality; precipitation; Rift Valley fever; sensitivity analysis; survival rate; temperature sensitivity; theoretical model; vertical transmission; algorithm; animal; computer program; disease carrier; genetics; probability; Rift Valley fever; Rift Valley fever virus; sensitivity and specificity; statistical model; transmission; Aedes; Algorithms; Animals; Basic Reproduction Number; Climate Change; Insect Vectors; Livestock; Models, Statistical; Probability; Rift Valley Fever; Rift Valley fever virus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Software	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650753581	Incentive-based control of ad hoc networks: A performance study	Göbel J., Krzesinski A., Mandjes M.	2009	Computer Networks	53	14	10.1016/j.comnet.2009.04.010	Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, Netherlands	Göbel, J., Department of Informatics, University of Hamburg, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany; Krzesinski, A., Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mandjes, M., Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, Netherlands	Ad hoc networks are self-configuring networks of mobile nodes, connected by wireless links. If a destination node is beyond the transmission range of an origin node, then the nodes must cooperate to provide a multi-hop route. Any node can act as a sender, receiver or transit node. It is clear that it is in a node's interest to be a sender or receiver, but it is less clear what the value is of forwarding traffic on behalf of other nodes. The nodes should therefore be given incentives to act as transit nodes, otherwise the network would fail to function. A way to do so is by introducing for each node a credit balance, where nodes use credits to pay for the costs of sending their own traffic, and earn credits by forwarding traffic from other nodes. However, nodes that are located near the edge of the network will attract little transit traffic and earn few credits. In contrast, nodes located near the centroid of the network will attract transit traffic and earn credits. We investigate various ways of providing nodes near the edge of the network with preferential treatment in order to improve their credit balance and their throughputs. We next focus on the situation where each node can move to improve its utility expressed in terms of either credit balance or throughput. Here radio interference plays an important role, as it defines an interesting trade-off: nodes may prefer to be close together in order to reduce the power needed to transmit data, but on the other hand proximity increases radio interference, and has therefore a negative effect on connectivity. Simulation experiments reveal that the positions of the nodes converge to non-trivial optimal positions on 2D and 3D surfaces. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Autonomous motion; Congestion pricing; Credit incentives; Credit redistribution; Incentives for collaboration; Mobile ad-hoc networks; Mobility models; Radio interference	Autonomous motion; Congestion pricing; Credit incentives; Credit redistribution; Incentives for collaboration; Mobility models; Electromagnetic compatibility; Electromagnetic pulse; Mobile ad hoc networks; Radar interference; Radio interference; Three dimensional; Throughput; Traffic congestion; Two dimensional; Wireless telecommunication systems; Ad hoc networks	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877264025	Rheumatoid arthritis impacts on the independent relationships between circulating adiponectin concentrations and cardiovascular metabolic risk	Dessein P.H., Norton G.R., Badenhorst M., Woodiwiss A.J., Solomon A.	2013	Mediators of Inflammation	2013	None	10.1155/2013/461849	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Department of Rheumatology, University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Dessein, P.H., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Badenhorst, M., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Melville 2109, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; Solomon, A., Department of Rheumatology, University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa	Adiponectin and leptin are likely involved in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and therefore potential new therapeutic targets. Adiponectin inhibition could be expected to enhance cardiovascular metabolic risk. However, it is unknown whether RA changes the influence of adipokines on cardiovascular metabolic risk. We determined whether RA impacts on the independent relationships of circulating leptin and adiponectin concentrations with cardiovascular risk factors and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in 277 black African subjects from a developing population; 119 had RA. RA impacted on the relationships of adiponectin concentrations with lipid concentrations and blood pressure, independent of confounders including adiposity (interaction P < 0.05). This translated into an association of adiponectin concentrations with more favorable lipid variables including HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0005), non-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.007), and triglyceride (P = 0.005) concentrations, total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0002) and triglycerides-HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0003) ratios, and higher systolic (P = 0.0006), diastolic (P = 0.0004), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.0007) in RA but not non-RA subjects. Leptin was not associated with metabolic risk after adjustment for adiposity. The cIMT did not differ by RA status, and adipokine concentrations were unrelated to atherosclerosis. This study suggests that leptin and adiponectin inhibition may not alter overall cardiovascular risk and disease in RA. © 2013 Patrick H. Dessein et al.	None	adiponectin; angiotensin receptor antagonist; antidiabetic agent; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; C reactive protein; calcium channel blocking agent; cholesterol; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; insulin; leptin; nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent; triacylglycerol; adipocytokine; adiponectin; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; leptin; adipocytokine; adult; alcohol consumption; antihypertensive therapy; arterial wall thickness; article; body mass; cardiometabolic risk; carotid atherosclerosis; cholesterol blood level; correlational study; diastolic blood pressure; exercise; female; glucose blood level; human; major clinical study; male; mean arterial pressure; obesity; priority journal; protein blood level; rheumatoid arthritis; risk assessment; smoking; systolic blood pressure; triacylglycerol blood level; waist circumference; waist hip ratio; aged; arterial pressure; atherosclerosis; blood; cardiovascular disease; carotid artery disease; middle aged; physiology; rheumatoid arthritis; risk factor; blood; cardiovascular disease; Adipokines; Adiponectin; Aged; Arterial Pressure; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cholesterol, HDL; Female; Humans; Leptin; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Adipokines; Adiponectin; Aged; Arterial Pressure; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cholesterol, HDL; Female; Humans; Leptin; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors	None
None	None	Evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis	Lembo T., Niezgoda M., Velasco-Villa A., Cleaveland S., Ernest E., Rupprecht C.E.	2006	Emerging Infectious Diseases	12	2	None	University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States	Lembo, T., University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Niezgoda, M., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Velasco-Villa, A., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Cleaveland, S., University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom; Ernest, E., Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Rupprecht, C.E., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States	A direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions to detect rabies virus antigen in frozen and glycerol-preserved field brain samples from northwestern Tanzania. Compared to the direct fluorescent antibody test, the traditional standard in rabies diagnosis, the dRIT was 100% sensitive and specific.	None	virus antigen; animal tissue; article; brain tissue; controlled study; diagnostic test; evaluation; field study; fluorescent antibody technique; frozen section; immunohistochemistry; intermethod comparison; laboratory test; nonhuman; rabies; Rabies virus; sensitivity and specificity; Tanzania; tissue preservation; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Antigens, Viral; Brain; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Glycerol; Immunohistochemistry; Population Surveillance; Rabies; Rabies virus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tanzania; Time Factors; Tissue Preservation	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876094440	Performance of compute intensive applications of distributed memory heterogeneous parallel computer system using analytic and recursive models	Oguike O.E., Agu M.N., Echezona S.C., Ebem D.U.	2011	International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology	12	4	None	Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	Oguike, O.E., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Agu, M.N., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Echezona, S.C., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ebem, D.U., Department of Computer Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria	A distributed memory heterogeneous parallel computer system can be described as a heterogeneous parallel computer system where each of the processors has its own memory. In a heterogeneous parallel computer system, the computational resources distributed to each of the processors, like memory capacity and processor speed differ from one another. Since the memory is distributed, it means that each of the processors will have its own queue. Furthermore, a compute intensive application of a heterogeneous parallel computer is an application of heterogeneous parallel computer system where the overall utilization factor is high and greater than 1, for each of the heterogeneous queues of the parallel computer system. This means that the arrival rate into each of the heterogeneous queues is greater than the departure rate of the processor for that queue. On the other hand, a non-compute intensive application of a heterogeneous parallel computer system is an application of a heterogeneous parallel computer system where the overall utilization factor of each of the queues is less than 1. This paper models the various performance metrics of a compute intensive application of a distributed memory heterogeneous parallel computer system using analytic and recursive models.	Compute intensive applications; Distributed memory parallel computer; Heterogeneous parallel computer; Performance metrics; Queuing network	Computational resources; Distributed Memory; Distributed-memory parallel computers; Parallel computer; Parallel computer systems; Performance metrics; Queuing network; Utilization factor; Computer applications; Distributed computer systems; Queueing theory; Parallel processing systems	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858226639	Unethical behaviour in Nigerian organizational settings: Its evolution, dimensions and impact on national development	Ugwu L.I.	2011	Asian Social Science	7	2	None	Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Ugwu, L.I., Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A disturbing but unavoidable fact of organizational life is that employees sometimes engage in ethically questionable activities that harm their companies, their co-workers, or the general public. Unethical behaviour in the workplace can take different dimensions ranging from lying, cheating, stealing, sabotage, corruption, to hiding or destruction of official documents. The paper traced the origin of employees' unethical behaviour to the undesirable activities of the colonialists and the corresponding employees' tacit resistance that manifested in the form of unethical behaviour. The employees' undesirable activities were designed to reduce the perceived input-outcome differentials that favoured the colonialists. The questionable ethical activities of the employees have the potential of slowing down the pace of economic development and tarnish the image of the organizations, with gross reduction in public confidence, which invariably deter investors. Consequently, the economic costs of such unethical behaviour in the workplace cannot easily be estimated, but it is likely that billions of Naira is lost annually. The paper contends that individual value system, organizational practices, and wider external environments are some influential factors of unethical behaviour, and therefore, recommends periodic workshops, seminars, and ethics training for employees so that they can internalize high ethical standards in their daily behaviour.	Individual variables and organizational settings; Unethical behaviour	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78651462061	Impact of HIV type 1 subtype on drug resistance mutations in Nigerian patients failing first-line therapy	Chaplin B., Eisen G., Idoko J., Onwujekwe D., Idigbe E., Adewole I., Gashau W., Meloni S., Sarr A.D., Sankalé J.L., Ekong E., Murphy R.L., Kanki P.	2011	AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses	27	1	10.1089/aid.2010.0050	Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria; National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Univer	Chaplin, B., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Eisen, G., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Idoko, J., Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria; Onwujekwe, D., National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Idigbe, E., National Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria; Adewole, I., University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Gashau, W., University Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Meloni, S., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Sarr, A.D., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Sankalé, J.L., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Ekong, E., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Murphy, R.L., Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Kanki, P., Harvard School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States	A diverse array of non-subtype B HIV-1 viruses circulates in Africa and dominates the global pandemic. It is important to understand how drug resistance mutations in non-B subtypes may develop differently from the patterns described in subtype B. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease sequences from 338 patients with treatment failure to first-line ART regimens were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of subtype on each mutation controlling for regimen, time on therapy, and total mutations. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes included CRF02-AG (45.0%), G (37.9%), CRF06-cpx (4.4%), A (3.6%), and other subtypes or recombinant sequences (9.2%). The most common NRTI mutations were M184V (89.1%) and thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). The most common NNRTI mutations were Y181C (49.7%), K103N (36.4%), G190A (26.3%), and A98G (19.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that CRF02-AG was less likely to have the M41L mutation compared to other subtypes [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.35; p = 0.022]. Subtype A patients showed a 42.5-fold increased risk (AOR = 42.5, p = 0.001) for the L210W mutation. Among NNRTI mutations, subtype G patients had an increased risk for A98G (AOR = 2.40, p = 0.036) and V106I (AOR = 6.15, p = 0.010), whereas subtype CRF02-AG patients had an increased risk for V90I (AOR = 3.16; p = 0.003) and a decreased risk for A98G (AOR = 0.48, p = 0.019). Five RT mutations were found to vary significantly between different non-B West African subtypes. Further study to understand the clinical impact of subtype-specific diversity on drug resistance will be critically important to the continued success of ART scale-up in resource-limited settings. © Copyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.	None	efavirenz; lamivudine; stavudine; tenofovir; thymidine derivative; zidovudine; article; controlled study; drug treatment failure; gene sequence; genotype; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection; major clinical study; Nigeria; nonhuman; phylogenetic tree; priority journal; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; structural gene; virus gene; virus mutation; Amino Acid Substitution; Anti-HIV Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Drug Resistance, Viral; Female; Genotype; HIV Infections; HIV Protease; HIV Reverse Transcriptase; HIV-1; Humans; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation, Missense; Nigeria; RNA, Viral; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Treatment Failure	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84878132005	Evaluation of "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program for vulnerable girls in Ethiopia	Erulkar A., Ferede A., Girma W., Ambelu W.	2013	Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies	8	2	10.1080/17450128.2012.736645	Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Erulkar, A., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ferede, A., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Girma, W., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ambelu, W., Population Council's Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25562, Code 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS compared to boys of the same age. Few programs on the continent have sought to address the social exclusion of most marginalized girls in the poorest communities, including child domestic workers and migrants, as well as their vulnerability to HIV. Moreover, few interventions have been rigorously evaluated. "Biruh Tesfa" (Bright Future) program is for poorest adolescent girls in urban Ethiopia and aims to build their social support and improve skills to prevent HIV infection. The project uses a combination of house-to-house recruitment, formation of girls' groups by female mentors, and education on HIV/AIDS, life skills, and basic literacy. A quasi-experimental research design involving pre- and post-intervention surveys in experimental and control areas was used to measure changes in social safety nets, HIV knowledge, and prevention capabilities. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. At endline, girls in the intervention sites were more than twice as likely to report social support (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0) compared to girls in the control site. They were also twice as likely (OR = 1.9) to score highly on HIV knowledge questions, to know where to obtain voluntary counseling and testing (OR = 2.0) and to want to be tested (OR = 1.9). "Biruh Tesfa" is one of a few rigorously evaluated support programs targeted at vulnerable girls in sub-Saharan Africa. The positive changes suggest that well-designed programs can reach and effectively support the most vulnerable girls in the poorest areas, such as child domestic workers and rural-urban migrants. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	adolescent girls; domestic workers; Ethiopia; evaluation	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77953492925	Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of 2 and 3D visualizations in students' understanding of structures of organic molecules	Oke O.K., Alam G.M.	2010	International Journal of Physical Sciences	5	5	None	Department of Science and Technical Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Oke, O.K., Department of Science and Technical Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Alam, G.M., Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Adopting quantitative approach using test as a key instrument, this study investigated the relative effectiveness of 2 and 3D visualizations on students' performance in the study of organic molecules, structures and nomenclature. The instrument was administered before and after treating two experimental groups with 2 and 3D supplemental learning software following a conventional teaching. The control group was made to interact with textbooks at the times the experimental groups were in the computer laboratory viewing the CD-ROMs. The study was conducted at a College in Lagos. The College had 205 chemistry students and of 205, 40% were randomly selected as the study sample. They were in turn randomly assigned to the three groups. Findings show that due to cultural and economical prejudice and long heritage of traditional teaching, assessment and learning system in place, many students are familiar with traditional system and they also feel comfortable with it. This is why the performance of the group making use of 2D visualization significantly better than the other group making use of 3D visualization. However, scores of students in both experimental groups were close which is higher than control group. Moreover, it is evident that the use of 2 and 3D visualizations enhanced performance in organic chemistry and thus one supplements other. Considering these, the simultaneous use of the two visualizations in the teaching and learning of organic molecules and structures based on closeness of the mean scores of the two experimental groups is suggested considering that 3D might prove more enhancing if students get used to it. © 2010 Academic Journals.	2; 3D visualizations; Effectiveness; Organic molecules; Structures and nomenclature	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-69149102687	The impact of cost sharing on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Ndivisi division, Bungoma district Kenya	Kiveu N.M., Mayio J.	2009	Educational Research and Reviews	4	5	None	Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya	Kiveu, N.M., Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya; Mayio, J., Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya	Adoption of cost sharing policy in education has witnessed the return to communities and parents a substantial proportion of financial responsibility for schooling. With increased poverty levels, many parents and communities have not been able to meet the cost requirements under cost sharing policy. Thus their investment in education and support to their children's education have dwindled, this study therefore intended to evaluate the impact of cost sharing on internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Ndivisi division of Bungoma district. In particular the study sought to find out the direct costs of secondary school education, the proportion of dropout, absenteeism and repetition attributed to costs of secondary education, the extent to which parents and communities contribute to physical facilities and equipment in schools. It is hoped that this study has contributed useful information applicable to the effective implementation of cost sharing policies in education in Kenya. It has encouraged further interest and inquiry into the application of cost-sharing policies in education. This is also a significant contribution to the development of an appropriate policy for financing education in Kenya, the scope of the study was all public secondary schools in Ndivisi division of Bungoma district. Seven secondary schools in the division were purposively sampled. The study was carried out using descriptive survey study design. The researcher used questionnaires, observation and interview schedules as research tools. Analysis of documented data was also done to gather relevant information. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Qualitative data were analyzed in narration form while quantitative data were analyzed by use of %, means and frequencies. Tables were used to present data for easy interpretation. The study found out that school fees, uniform, transport and stationary were among the direct costs incurred by parents. On average, the transition rate was 0.30, dropout rate was 0.095 and repetition rate was 0.03, parent's contribution to physical facilities and equipment was minimal. Parents and teachers view cost sharing as a burden and it has both negative and positive impact. Negative in the sense that it has increased dropout, repetition and absenteeism and it has led to inadequate facilities and equipment in schools, positively, it has led to democratization in the management of schools. The study recommended that the government should establish the unit cost of secondary education and provide fee guidelines that are acceptable by all and additional costs in the middle of the term or year should be avoided. School administrators should encourage and use locally available teaching-learning materials, start income generating activities and sensitize parents on their role in the provision of physical facilities and equipment in schools. © 2008 Academic Journals.	Cost sharing; Internal efficiency	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938153218	Combination Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV in Rwandan Adults: Clinical Outcomes and Impact on Reproductive Health up to 24 Months	Asiimwe-Kateera B., Veldhuijzen N., Balinda J.P., Rusine J., Eagle S., Vyankandondera J., Mugabekazi J., Ondoa P., Boer K., Asiimwe A., Lange J., Reiss P., Van De Wijgert J.	2015	AIDS Research and Treatment	2015	None	10.1155/2015/740212	INTERACT Program, Kigali, Rwanda; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Treatment and Research for AIDS Center, Kigali, Rwanda; National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Kigali University, Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Ministry of Health of Rwanda, Rwanda	Asiimwe-Kateera, B., INTERACT Program, Kigali, Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda; Veldhuijzen, N., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Balinda, J.P., Treatment and Research for AIDS Center, Kigali, Rwanda; Rusine, J., National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda; Eagle, S., Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Vyankandondera, J., Kigali University, Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda, Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda; Mugabekazi, J., Kigali University, Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; Ondoa, P., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Boer, K., INTERACT Program, Kigali, Rwanda, Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Asiimwe, A., Ministry of Health of Rwanda, Rwanda; Lange, J., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Reiss, P., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Van De Wijgert, J., Academic Medical Center, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Rinda Ubuzima, Kigali, Rwanda	Adult women (n=113) and men (n=100) initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and women not yet eligible for cART (n=199) in Kigali, Rwanda, were followed for 6-24 months between 2007 and 2010. In the cART groups, 21% of patients required a drug change due to side effects and 11% of patients had virological failure (defined as >1,000 HIV RNA copies/mL) after 12 months of cART. About a third of the pregnancies since HIV diagnosis were unintended. The proportion of women in the pre-cART group using modern contraception other than condoms (50%) was similar to women in the general population, but this proportion was only 25% in women initiating cART. Of the women who carried at least one pregnancy to term since having been diagnosed HIV-positive, a third reported to have participated in a prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT, option A) intervention. Many patients were coinfected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (79-92%), human papillomavirus (38-53%), and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) with no differences between groups. We applaud the Rwandan government for having strengthened family planning and PMTCT services and for having introduced HPV vaccination in recent years, but additional work is needed to strengthen STI and HPV-related cancer screening and management in the HIV-positive population. © 2015 Brenda Asiimwe-Kateera et al.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-62749128032	Effect of analyte properties on the kinetic performance of liquid chromatographic separations	de Villiers A., Lynen F., Sandra P.	2009	Journal of Chromatography A	1216	16	10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.101	University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	de Villiers, A., University of Stellenbosch, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Lynen, F., Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Sandra, P., Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium	Advances in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have led to increased interest in the comparison of the ultimate performance limits of methodologies aimed at increasing the resolving power per unit time. Kinetic plot-based methods have proven invaluable in facilitating such evaluations. However, in bridging the gap between fundamental comparisons and the eventual practical applicability of kinetic performance data, the effect of analyte properties have thus far largely been neglected. Using pharmaceutical compounds as representative real-life analytes, it is demonstrated that noteworthy differences in the optimal kinetic performance of a chromatographic system are observed compared to data for common test compounds. For a given stationary phase particle size, higher optimal- and maximum plate numbers, corresponding to increased analysis times, are measured for pharmaceutical compounds. Moreover, it is found that the optimal particle size/maximum pressure combination depends on the analyte under investigation, with the beneficial range of efficiencies for small particles shifted towards higher plate numbers for drug molecules. It is further demonstrated that the pH of the mobile phase plays a crucial role in determining the kinetic performance of pharmaceutical compounds. These data clearly indicate that data for test compounds do not reflect the performance attainable for pharmaceutical compounds and highlights the importance of using real-life samples to perform kinetic evaluations. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Analyte properties; Kinetic performance; Liquid chromatography; Pharmaceutical compounds	Analyte properties; Analytes; Chromatographic systems; Drug molecules; High-performance liquid chromatographies; Kinetic evaluations; Kinetic plots; Liquid chromatographic separations; Mobile phase; Per units; Performance datum; Performance limits; Pharmaceutical compounds; Resolving power; Small particles; Stationary phase; Body fluids; Chromatography; High performance liquid chromatography; High pressure liquid chromatography; Liquids; Optimization; Particle size analysis; Chromatographic analysis; phenol derivative; propyl paraben; analytic method; analytical equipment; article; drug determination; instrumentation; kinetics; liquid chromatography; measurement; particle size; pH; priority journal; Chromatography, Liquid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Solutions	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-39549087881	Impact of mycotoxins on human health in developing countries	Shephard G.S.	2008	Food Additives and Contaminants	25	2	10.1080/02652030701567442	PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Shephard, G.S., PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa	Adverse human health effects from the consumption of mycotoxins have occurred for many centuries. Although mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products still occurs in the developed world, the application of modern agricultural practices and the presence of a legislatively regulated food processing and marketing system have greatly reduced mycotoxin exposure in these populations. At the mycotoxin contamination levels generally found in food products traded in these market economies, adverse human health effects have largely been overcome. However, in the developing world, where climatic and crop storage conditions are frequently conducive to fungal growth and mycotoxin production, much of the population relies on subsistence farming or on unregulated local markets. The extent to which mycotoxins affect human health is difficult to investigate in countries whose health systems lack capacity and in which resources are limited. Aflatoxin B1, the toxin on which major resources have been expended, has long been linked to liver cancer, yet its other effects, such as immune suppression and growth faltering previously observed in veterinary studies, are only now being investigated and characterized in human populations. The extent to which factors such as immune suppression contribute to the overall burden of infectious disease is difficult to quantify, but is undoubtedly significant. Thus, food safety remains an important opportunity for addressing current health problems in developing countries.	Aflatoxicosis; Aflatoxin; Africa; Cancer; Developing countries; Fumonisin; Health; Mycotoxin; Risk assessment	aflatoxin B1; carcinogen; fumonisin; immunoglobulin A; mycotoxin; aflatoxicosis; article; cancer incidence; cancer risk; climate change; developing country; esophagus cancer; food contamination; food intake; food processing; food safety; food storage; gastrointestinal symptom; growth retardation; gynecomastia; human; infection risk; kidney disease; liver cancer; malnutrition; morbidity; mortality; mycotoxicosis; neural tube defect; population exposure; poverty; precocious puberty; priority journal; public health; quantitative analysis; risk assessment; risk factor; underweight; Adult; Animals; Cereals; Child; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Ergot Alkaloids; Food Contamination; Humans; Infant; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins; Public Health; Risk Factors	None
None	None	Quality assurance of aerial applications of larvicides for mosquito control: Effects of granule and catch tray size on field monitoring programs	Russell T.L., Gatton M.L., Ryan P.A., Kay B.H.	2009	Journal of Economic Entomology	102	2	10.1603/029.102.0207	Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Public Health Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania	Russell, T.L., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia, Public Health Entomology Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania; Gatton, M.L., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Ryan, P.A., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia; Kay, B.H., Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia	Aerial applications of granular insecticides are preferable because they can effectively penetrate vegetation, there is less drift, and no loss of product due to evaporation. We aimed to 1) assess the field efficacy of VectoBac G to control Aedes vigilax (Skuse) in saltmarsh pools, 2) develop a stochastic-modeling procedure to monitor application quality, and 3) assess the distribution of VectoBac G after an aerial application. Because ground-based studies with Ae. vigilax immatures found that VectoBac G provided effective control below the recommended label rate of 7 kg/ha, we trialed a nominated aerial rate of 5 kg/ha as a case study. Our distribution pattern modeling method indicated that the variability in the number of VectoBac G particles captured in catch-trays was greater than expected for 5 kg/ha and that the widely accepted contour mapping approach to visualize the deposition pattern provided spurious results and therefore was not statistically appropriate. Based on the results of distribution pattern modeling, we calculated the catch tray size required to analyze the distribution of aerially applied granular formulations. The minimum catch tray size for products with large granules was 4 m2 for Altosid pellets and 2 m2 for VectoBac G. In contrast, the minimum catch-tray size for Altosid XRG, Aquabac G, and Altosand, with smaller granule sizes, was 1 m2. Little gain in precision would be made by increasing the catch-tray size further, when the increased workload and infrastructure is considered. Our improved methods for monitoring the distribution pattern of aerially applied granular insecticides can be adapted for use by both public health and agricultural contractors. © 2009 Entomological Society of America.	Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis; Catch-trays; Distribution pattern; Helicopter; S-methoprene	animal; article; Bacillus thuringiensis; biological pest control; drug effect; larva; methodology; mosquito; Animals; Bacillus thuringiensis; Culicidae; Larva; Mosquito Control; Pest Control, Biological; Aedes vigilax; Bacillus thuringiensis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74049155522	Enhancement of magnetic signatures of impact structures	Cowan D.R., Cooper G.R.J.	2005	Special Paper of the Geological Society of America	384	None	10.1130/0-8137-2384-1.51	Cowan Geodata Services, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Cowan, D.R., Cowan Geodata Services, 12 Edna Road, Dalkeith, WA 6009, Australia; Cooper, G.R.J., School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa	Aeromagnetic surveys are a useful tool in the detection and analysis of terrestrial impact structures. Although gravity anomalies provide clearer and simpler signatures of impact craters, large regional-scale aeromagnetic surveys are more widely available. A combination of many factors, such as the nature of the target rocks, the impact-related magnetization, and effects of crater fill and post-impact cover results in a great variation of magnetic signatures in the terrestrial impact craters. In crystalline basement targets, the most common signature of a complex impact structure is a magnetic low with a central peak or ring uplift magnetic anomaly. Contributions to the magnetic signature include demagnetization, shock remagnetization, and thermal and chemical remanent magnetization effects. Impact craters in sedimentary targets usually are of small magnetic amplitude, depending on the lithology. The origin of the magnetic signatures in sedimentary targets is not well understood. Enhancement of magnetic signatures of terrestrial impact structures using filtering techniques is an important part of detection and analysis. Derivative and derivative-based (such as sunshading) techniques, along with separation filtering, are probably the most used methods. Here we present our new developments of algorithms for fractional order derivatives and circular shaded relief that have dramatically improved filter results. The fractional derivative order can be varied to optimize the separation of the impact magnetic signature. Given a chosen center location, the circular shaded relief algorithm treats all directions equally, thus preventing fade-out of features subparallel to the shading direction evident in conventional shaded relief. Unlike Hough transform based algorithms, the circular sunshading method is not sensitive to the radius of the circular feature being searched for, and no radius parameter is specified during the data processing We illustrate the new fractional derivative and circular shaded relief algorithms using selected Australian and Canadian impact crater data sets involving both crystalline basement and sedimentary targets. © 2005 Geological Society of America.	Aeromagnetic surveys; Circular shaded relief; Fractional order derivatives; Impact structures; Magnetization	aeromagnetic survey; algorithm; crater; crystalline rock; data set; gravity anomaly; magnetic anomaly; magnetization; relief; uplift; Australia; Canada	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84906252880	Facile synthesis and morphogenesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for high-performance supercapacitor applications	Mitchell E., Gupta R.K., Mensah-Darkwa K., Kumar D., Ramasamy K., Gupta B.K., Kahol P.	2014	New Journal of Chemistry	38	9	10.1039/c4nj00741g	Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg KS-66762, United States; Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A and T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro NC-27411, United States; Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque NM-87545, United States; National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India; Department of Physics, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg, KS 66762, United States	Mitchell, E., Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg KS-66762, United States; Gupta, R.K., Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg KS-66762, United States; Mensah-Darkwa, K., Department of Materials Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, PMB Kumasi, Ghana; Kumar, D., Department of Mechanical Engineering, North Carolina A and T State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro NC-27411, United States; Ramasamy, K., Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Albuquerque NM-87545, United States; Gupta, B.K., National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India; Kahol, P., Department of Physics, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway, Pittsburg, KS 66762, United States	A facile method has been developed for the synthesis of nearly mono-dispersed iron oxide nanocrystals. The structural analysis of the synthesized iron oxide nanocrystals reveals the magnetite phase of Fe 3O4. The average particle size of the iron oxide was estimated to be 8 ± 2 nm. The observed particle size is in good correlation with the particle size estimated by magnetic measurements. Furthermore, these nanocrystals showed bi-functional ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic behavior below and above the blocking temperature, respectively. The potential use of these nanocrystals as an electrode for supercapacitors was examined by investigating the electrochemical behavior of iron oxide using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. The CV characteristics of the iron oxide electrode showed a typical pseudocapacitive behavior in 3 M KOH solution. Moreover, the specific capacitance of 185 F g-1 at the current of 1 mA was observed with excellent cyclic stability, which is much higher than the reported value for iron oxide. The higher specific capacitance is due to the uniform nano-size of iron oxide. This work provides an ultimate facile method to synthesize nanostructured iron oxide for application in next generation energy storage materials. © the Partner Organisations 2014.	None	ferromagnetic material; iron oxide; nanocrystal; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; article; chemical structure; cyclic potentiometry; electric conductivity; electric potential; electrochemical analysis; electrostimulation; energy conservation; facile synthesis; galvanic current; galvanostatic charge discharge test; magnetic field; molecular electronics; particle size; priority journal; supercapacitor; synthesis; temperature	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875540845	Synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of novel α-aminophosphonates	Chinnam S., Potturi C., Maddila S., Muttana V.B.R., Ediga A., Chinnam V.	2013	Der Pharma Chemica	5	1	None	Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India; School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, West Ville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban -4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India; Department of Chemistry, KVR College, Nandigama, India	Chinnam, S., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Potturi, C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Sri Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India; Maddila, S., School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, West Ville Campus, Chilten Hills, Durban -4000, South Africa; Muttana, V.B.R., Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara Univeristy, Tirupati, India; Ediga, A., Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India; Chinnam, V., Department of Chemistry, KVR College, Nandigama, India	A facile method has been developed for the synthesis of novel α-aminophosphonates 5a-j by the one-pot three component reaction of equimolar quantities of 4-amino-N-2-thiazolyl-benzenesulfonamide (Sulfathiazole) (1), dimethyl phosphite (2) and various aldehydes (4a-j) in dry toluene at reflux conditions via Kabachinik-Fields reaction in high yields (70-80%) without use of any catalyst. Their chemical structures were established by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P-NMR, mass spectral studies and elemental analyses. All the title compounds exhibited promising antibacterial and antifungal activities.	Antibacterial activity; Antifungal activity; Dimethyl/diethyl phosphites; Kabachinik-fields reaction; Sulfathiazole	aldehyde; antifungal agent; bovastin; dimethyl (2 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (2 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 cyanophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 methoxyphenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (3 trifluoromethylphenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 chlorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 fluorophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl (4 nitrophenyl) [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; dimethyl [(3 trifluoromethyl)phenyl] [4 (n thiazol 2 ylsulfamoyl)phenylamino]methylphosphonate; phosphoramidic acid derivative; streptomycin; sulfathiazole; toluene; unclassified drug; antifungal activity; article; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus niger; Bacillus subtilis; bacterial strain; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; catalyst; chemical reaction; controlled study; drug structure; drug synthesis; Escherichia coli; Fusarium oxysporum; infrared spectroscopy; Kabachinik Fields reaction; nonhuman; phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Streptococcus bovis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244491530	Field evaluation of a fast anti-Leishmania antibody detection assay in Ethiopia	Hailu A., Schoone G.J., Diro E., Tesfaye A., Techane Y., Tefera T., Assefa Y., Genetu A., Kebede Y., Kebede T., Schallig H.D.F.H.	2006	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	100	1	10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.003	Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia	Hailu, A., Institute for Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schoone, G.J., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands; Diro, E., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Tesfaye, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Techane, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Tefera, T., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Assefa, Y., Kahsay Abera Hospital, Humera, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia; Genetu, A., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, Y., Gondar University, Gondar, Ethiopia; Kebede, T., Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Schallig, H.D.F.H., Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, KIT Biomedical Research, Department of Parasitology, Meibergdreef 39, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands	A fast agglutination screening test (FAST) for the detection of Leishmania antibodies in human serum samples was evaluated under harsh field conditions in northern Ethiopia. Test performance was compared with a standard serological test, namely the direct agglutination test (DAT), and with parasitology. In total, 103 suspected cases were recruited for the study. Based on parasitological examination, 49 patients were confirmed of having visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and the other 54 suspected cases were parasitologically negative. Field evaluation of FAST was possible in blood samples of 89 patients. FAST had 4 false negative results and 13 false positive results. DAT had 2 false negative results and 20 false positive results. A good degree of agreement (86.9%) was observed between FAST and DAT (κ value 0.73). In this field-based evalauation, the sensitivity and specificity of FAST were found to be 91.1% (95% CI 77.9-97.1) and 70.5% (95% CI 54.6-82.8), respectively, compared with 95.3% (95% CI 82.9-99.2) and 62.3% (95% CI 47.9-74.9) for DAT. FAST had a high predictive value of a negative test, demonstrating that FAST could be utilised to exclude rapidly non-VL patients from a large population of suspects with fever and splenomegaly in endemic areas. © 2005 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	DAT; Direct agglutination test; Ethiopia; FAST; Fast agglutination screening test; Visceral leishmaniasis	protozoon antibody; agglutination test; antibody detection; antibody screening; article; blood sampling; controlled study; diagnostic error; diagnostic value; endemic disease; Ethiopia; fever; field experiment; human; intermethod comparison; Leishmania; leishmaniasis; major clinical study; microbiological examination; nonhuman; parasitology; prediction; sensitivity and specificity; splenomegaly; visceral leishmaniasis; Agglutination Tests; Antibodies, Protozoan; Ethiopia; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Sensitivity and Specificity; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863788240	Growth performance of finisher broilers on Livingstone-potato (Plectranthus esculentus) tubers meal	Okereke C.O.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	5	10.3923/pjn.2012.411.413	National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	Okereke, C.O., National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria	A feeding trial lasting 42 days was conducted using seventy two (72) 4-weeks old Anak broiler chicks with an average initial live weight of 4.40 kg to determine the growth performance of finisher broilers fed diet containing Livingstone-potato tubers meal. The animals were assigned to four treatment based on their initial live weight. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (20% CP). The control diet was based on maize and soybean meal without Livingstone-potato tubers meal. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. The growth performance of broilers fed on various levels of meals in which Livingstone-potato (Rizga) meal substituted maize at 10%, 20% and 30% showed that there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in final body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among the treatments. The implication of these result is that those parameters measured were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the dietary levels of Livingstone-potato (Plectranthus esculentus) meal. The results suggest that 30% replacement of maize with Livingstone-potato (Plectranthus esculentus) meal produced no negative effect on the production performance of finisher broilers. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Anak broiler chicks; Growth performance; Plectranthus esculentus meal	animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; broiler; chick; controlled study; food composition; food intake; growth; maize; nonhuman; Plectranthus esculentus; potato; soybean; weight gain; Animalia; Glycine max; Plectranthus esculentus; Solanum tuberosum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875991092	Effect of cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers' dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance [Efecto del cassayeast producido a partir de varias combinaciones de yuca (Manihot esculenta)	Anlebo A.O.	2011	Revista Cientifica UDO Agricola	11	1	None	Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria	Anlebo, A.O., Department of Animal Science, Anambra State University Igbariam, PMB 6059 Awka, Nigeria	A feeding trial using 480 day-old Anak broiler chicks was conducted in which cassava meal (CM) fortified with brewers' dried yeast (BDY) completely replaced maize in four out of five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. The objective was to determine the influence of cassayeast produced from varying combinations of cassava (Manihot esculenta) and brewers's dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevicea) on broiler performance. Dried CM blended with BDY formed cassayeast in the ratios of 30/11.1; 35/12.94; 40/14.79 and 45/16.64 in dietary treatments B, C, D and E, respectively. Diet A (control) contained maize without the test ingredient. Results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in feed intake, body weight gain, efficiency of feed utilization (Feed: gain and gain: feed ratios) and weights of breast and liver. Gizzard weights were similar (P>0.05). The study demonstrated that the use of cassayeast could improve feed availability in the broiler industry. It also showed that with proper protein balancing, cassayeast can completely replace maize in broiler diets.	Brewers' dried yeast; Broiler performance; Cassava meal; Cassayeast	Aves; Manihot esculenta; Saccharomyces; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34147100219	Effect of different methods of processing neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds on performance of young rabbits	Bawa G.S., Orunmuyi M., Agbaji A.S., Ladan Z., Okekeifi U.O.	2007	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	6	3	None	National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Bawa, G.S., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Orunmuyi, M., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Agbaji, A.S., National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Ladan, Z., National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Basawa, Zaria, Nigeria; Okekeifi, U.O., Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	A feeding trial using sixty (60) weaner rabbits with an average initial live weight of 560 ± 0.80g was conducted to determine the effects of different methods of processing neem seeds on their performance and carcass characteristics. The rabbits were assigned to five dietary treatments based on their initial live weight and sex. There were twelve individually caged rabbits per treatment. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (18% CP). Diet 1 (control) was a Maize-Groundnut cake based diet without neem seed. Diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 had raw milled neem seed (RMNS), hydraulic press neem seed cake (HNSC), Solvent Extracted neem seed cake (SNSC) and Expeller neem seed cake (ENSC) included at 20% level, respectively. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Weekly feed intake and body weight changes were determined and feed efficiency calculated. At the end of the 63-day feeding trial, four rabbits per treatment were selected based on the group average weight and sacrificed for carcass evaluation. Blood samples were also obtained from the animals to evaluate Packcell volume (PCV), Haemoglobim (Hb) and Total protein (TP). The results showed that rabbits fed the processed neem seed cake diets had growth performance that were statistically comparable to those fed the control diet. Animals on processed neem seed cake diets had significantly (P<0.05) improved performance over and above those fed the raw neem seed diets. Animals on raw neem seed cake diet had consistently low value for PVC, Hb and TP. The use of solvent extracted neem seed cake in rabbit diet was favoured in this study. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Expeller extraction; Hydraulic extraction; Neem; Rabbit; Solvent extraction	hemoglobin; animal experiment; animal food; article; Azadirachta indica; blood analysis; blood sampling; body weight; controlled study; dietary intake; food analysis; food composition; food processing; hemoglobin determination; intermethod comparison; maize; nonhuman; nutritional health; nutritional value; peanut; plant seed; protein determination; solvent extraction; weight change; Animalia; Azadirachta indica; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-40749131569	Evaluation of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) forage as a substitute for concentrate in diets of sheep	Assefa G., Kijora C., Kehaliew A., Bediye S., Peters K.J.	2008	Livestock Science	114	42403	10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.017	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	Assefa, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Kijora, C., Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Kehaliew, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Bediye, S., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Research Centre, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Peters, K.J., Humboldt University of Berlin, Institute of Animal Sciences, Phillipstr. 13, Haus 9, 10115 Berlin, Germany	A feeding trial was carried out for 90 days to asses the supplementing effect of tagasaste forage as a substitute for a concentrate supplement (wheat bran-noug seed cake (Gizotia abyssinica) mixture in 3:1 proportion) using 24 Menz male sheep (initial weight of 18.3 ± 1.6 kg). The sheep were fed on natural pasture hay as basal diet. The treatments were iso-nitrogenous supplements of 100% concentrate offered at 200 g DM/sheep/day (T1), 67% concentrate + 33% tagasaste (T2), 33% concentrate + 67% tagasaste (T3) and 100% tagasaste (T4). Digestibility tests of treatment diets were done for 10 days following the feeding trial using the same experimental animals. At the end of the experiment, carcass parameters were also evaluated. In situ degradability of feeds was determined using three rumen fistulated crossbred steers. Tagasaste forage contains more CP (215 g/kg), ADF (221 g/kg), ADL (69 g/kg); and less NDF (351 g/kg) compared to the concentrate. The concentrate had a high immediately soluble fraction (a), and a low insoluble but potential degradable matter (b), while tagasaste had a low a and higher b values and the overall potential degradability was 755, 702, and 586 g/kg, for tagasaste, concentrate and natural pasture hay respectively. Tagasaste forage had also shown higher rates of degradation (c) compared to the concentrate which might increase the total effective degradability. In the feeding trial the supplements made 26.8, 27.0, 28.3 and 29% of the total dry matter (DM) intake for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Increasing the inclusion of tagasaste forage significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the daily total DM intake of the basal diet and total metabolizable energy (ME), and increased the CP intake. The average weight gain of sheep did not show significant difference (P > 0.05), but had a decreasing trend, with 44.4, 41.4, 38.9 and 38.1 g/sheep for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The in vivo digestibility of DM and nutrients generally followed the order of T1 > T2 > T3 > T4. The dressing percentage of the carcass was 40.4% and all other parameters measured did not show significant variation due to treatment diets (P > 0.05). However, weight of liver, kidney and spleen was higher for sheep fed with higher tagasaste forage diet. The result of this study revealed that tagasaste can substitute wheat bran-noug seed cake concentrate mixture as a protein supplement. Options to increase the low ME and minimize the effect of the anti nutritional factors will improve nutrient digestibility in tagasaste forage and will enhance the overall efficiency of feed utilization. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Carcass; Digestibility; In situ degradability; Intake; Sheep weight gain; Tagasaste	Animalia; Chamaecystis palmensis; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Equus asinus; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855467309	Comparative evaluation of tree lucerne (chamaecytisus palmensis) over conventional protein supplements in supporting growth of yearling horro lambs	Kitaw G., Dejene M., Kehaliw A., Assefa G.	2012	Livestock Research for Rural Development	24	1	None	Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Kitaw, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dejene, M., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kehaliw, A., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Holetta Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Assefa, G., Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	A feeding trial was conducted for 90 days on yearling Horro lambs with a mean body weight of 18.5±0.05kg (mean ±SD) to investigate the effect of supplementation of conventional oil seed cakes and the comparative advantage they have over a fodder legume (Chamaecytisus palmensis) commonly known as Tagasaste supplementation. Six experimental sheep per treatment were arranged in completely randomized design to receive dietary treatments formulated to the nearest iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric in order to achieve a daily growth rate of 100g. In addition to being fed to an ad libitum natural pasture hay the sheep were supplemented with a concentrate mix composed of 180g noug seed (Guizotia abyssinica) cake + 180g wheat bran (NC), 180g linseed cake + 180g wheat bran (LC), 160g cotton seed cake + 200g wheat bran (CS), 250g Tagasaste leaf on dry matter bases + 150g wheat bran (TL) while the control group (CTL) was allowed to graze 8 hours a day according to the farmer's practice with out supplementation. Supplementation with cotton seed meal followed by linseed cake has substantially improved feed dry matter and nutrient intake (P<0.05), and significantly (P<0.05) promoted daily body weight gain and feed conversion efficiencies. For almost all measured parameters in general no appreciable differences (P>0.05) in terms of sheep performance were observed among experimental sheep receiving noug cake meal and Tagasaste forage leaf signifying the need to capture the opportunity to replace conventional and most widely used purchased protein supplement with cost effective on-farm grown multi-purpose forage legume under Ethiopian condition. Even though, part of the work related to the carcass quality deserves special attention in the up-coming future research work the data set from the current study favors the use of the protein supplements in the order of CS, LC, TL, NC, respectively.	Forage legumes; Iso-caloric; Iso-nitrogenous; Natural pasture hay; Nutrient intake; Oil seed cakes; Tagasaste; Wheat bran	Animalia; Chamaecystis palmensis; Chamaecytisus palmensis; Gossypium hirsutum; Guizotia abyssinica; Medicago sativa; Ovis aries; Triticum aestivum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879262893	Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fed dietary milk fat	Orire A.M., Fawole S.O.	2012	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	11	11	None	Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Nigeria	Orire, A.M., Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Nigeria; Fawole, S.O., Department of Water Resources, Aquaculture and Fisheries Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, P.M.B. 65, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted on the utilization of milk fat as lipid energy source by Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (0.85±0.03 g). The fishes were fed with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20% milk fat based diets respectively for 8 weeks. The results obtained showed significant differences (p<0.05) for diets containing graded levels of milk fat in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate when compared with the control diet (0% milk fat). Among the milk fat based diets, containing that had 20% inclusion level of milk fat gave the highest specific growth rate and lowest feed conversion ratio. Carcass analysis showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the control diet and milk fat based diets. Therefore, the results indicated efficient utilization of milk fat as protein sparing which would promote sustainable aquaculture in view of the high cost fish oil. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2012.	Clarias gariepinus; Fish oil; Milk fat; Protein sparing	fish oil; milk fat; animal experiment; animal food; animal tissue; aquaculture; article; body composition; body weight; carcass; Clarias gariepinus; controlled study; cost benefit analysis; dietary intake; energy resource; food composition; growth rate; nonhuman; water quality; weight gain; Clarias gariepinus; Pisces	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924755839	Growth performance of juvenile Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed Ipomoea aquatica based diets	Odulate D.O., Idowu A.A., Fabusoro A.A., Odebiyi C.O.	2014	Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science	9	6	10.3923/jfas.2014.468.472	Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Odulate, D.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Idowu, A.A., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Fabusoro, A.A., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Odebiyi, C.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to assess the replacement value of Ipomoea aquatica based diet as dietary replacement of maize in the diets of juvenile Clarias gariepinus. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 0 (control diet), 15, 30, 45 and 60% Ipomoea aquatica. Each treatment was carried out in triplicate using ten C. gariepinus juvenile per replicate with mean initial weight of 9.0 g. The fish were fed at 5% body weight per day for a period of 8 weeks. The best growth response in terms of mean weight gain was obtained in fish fed 15% I. aquatica diet inclusion (35.57±3.44 g) while fish fed 60% I. aquatica diet had the lowest growth response (23.80±1.18 g), the highest FCR was obtained in fish fed 60% I. aquatica (1.79±0.04) while the lowest was obtained in fish fed 15% I. aquatica (1.58±0.06). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters of the treatments. The results revealed that any of the inclusion level can be used up to 60% inclusion level of I. aquatica. However, 15% inclusion level gave the best result in terms of growth. © 2014 Academic Journals Inc.	Dietary ingredients; Experimental diets; Inclusion levels; Ipomoea aquatica; Isonitrogenous	diet; feeding; finfish; growth rate; growth response; juvenile; Clarias gariepinus; Ipomoea aquatica; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880942811	Effect of graded levels of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed meal on the growth performance and production economic analysis of broiler chickens	Sarven Bale J., Pam Mancha Y., Sanusi M., Dass Doma U.	2013	International Journal of Poultry Science	12	5	None	Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria	Sarven Bale, J., Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Pam Mancha, Y., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Sanusi, M., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria; Dass Doma, U., Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of baobab seed meal on growth performance and cost benefit in broiler chicken production. A total of two hundred one-week old broiler chicks of the Anak breed were randomly distributed to five dietary treatments and replicated four times with 10 birds each for a period of 8 weeks. Baobab seed meal was included in the broiler chicken diets at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% levels designated as diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively for both the starter and finisher phases. At the starter phase, feed intake (65.18-71.73 g), daily weight gain (30.36-36.16 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.96-2.39) were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. However, at finisher phase, the daily feed intake (133.40-148.40 g) and weight gain (37.23-55.00 g) were significantly affected at (p<0.001) and (p<0.05) respectively. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly (p>0.05) different among all the treatments means. The overall performance showed significant difference at (p<0.001 and p<0.01) for daily feed intake and daily weight gain, respectively. The birds fed 20% diet had the highest daily weight gain (44.55 g) and lowest (33.80 g) was recorded for diet 5. The feed cost per gain (N/kg gain) was cheaper (N142.44) on diet 4 and most expensive (N163.69) on diet 1 during the starter phase, while at the finisher phase diet 5 was cheaper (N176.36) and diet 1 being the most expensive (N193.91). Similar trends were obtained at the overall phase. It was therefore concluded that baobab seed meal can be incorporated into broiler chicken diets up to 30% without any deleterious effect on performance with concomitant reduction in feed cost. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Baobab seed meal; Broilers; Cost-benefit; Feed conversion ratio; Feed intake; Weight gain	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34249888457	Performance of laying hens fed varying dietary levels of Bambara (Voandzeia subterrenea Thouars) offals	Onyimonyi A.E., Ugwu S.O.C.	2007	International Journal of Poultry Science	6	3	None	Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	Onyimonyi, A.E., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Ugwu, S.O.C., Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of laying hens fed varying dietary levels of Toasted Bambara Offals (TBO). The TBO was included in the diet at five levels of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent. A total of ninety laying hens on their eight week of lay were used for the trial that lasted for 133 days. The ninety birds were randomly assigned to the five dietary levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent) with 18 birds per levels. Each dietary level was further replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Results showed that egg weight (g), yolk weight (g) and albumen weight (g) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by treatments. Values of 61.38, 64.00, 64.67, 65.00 and 68.45 g was recorded as egg weights for birds on the 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively. Yolk weight was 16.53, 16.50, 16.43, 17.83 and 18.07 for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively and albumen weight of 37.78, 39.51, 39.44, 39.82, 43.09 was also observed in that order. The cost of feed (•) significantly (P<0.05) decreased as level of TBO in the diets increased. Cost of feed consumed/bird (•) significantly decreased as level of TBO in the diets increased. Total eggs produced/bird followed the same trend. Profit recorded from sale of eggs was significantly (P<0.05) highest at the 10 percent level. A value of • 1139.81 was recorded for the 10 percent diet, as compared to • 1120.13; • 1126.96, • 1089.75 and • 1083.87 recorded for the control, 5, 15 and 20 percent diets respectively. The results of the present study showed that TBO can be fed at 10 percent to laying hens to replace substantial levels of the more costly maize and soyabean meal. This level of feeding will ensure optimum performance and economic benefit to the farmer. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007.	Bambara offal; Laying hens; Performance	Aves; Bambara; Glycine max; Voandzeia; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749091825	Effect of graded levels of dried pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed on the performance, haematology, serum biochemistry and carcass evaluation of chicken broilers	Bolu S.A.O., Sola-Ojo F.E., Olorunsanya O.A., Idris K.	2009	International Journal of Poultry Science	8	9	10.3923/ijps.2009.905.909	Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	Bolu, S.A.O., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Sola-Ojo, F.E., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Olorunsanya, O.A., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Idris, K., Department of Animal Production, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of graded levels of Dried Pawpaw Seed (DPS) on growth performance, haematological parameters and carcass evaluation of chicken broilers. One hundred day-old broilers were randomly divided into four treatments groups of diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% DPS in a Completely Randomized Designed (CRD) for a period of six weeks. The results of this experiments showed that there were significant differences (p>0.05) in feed intake and weight gain across the dietary treatment with diet containing 5% DPS having the highest weight gain of 17.58g/bird/day, while birds fed diets with 15% DPS had the lowest weight gain (11.18 g/bird/day), nutrient utilization was higher in birds fed 5% DPS. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in the haematological parameters, serum biochemistry and carcass parameters across the dietary treatment. The results of this study indicate that DPS can be included in broiler diet at 5% level. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Broilers; Dried pawpaw seed; Nutrient utilization	Asimina triloba; Aves; Carica papaya	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646674295	Effects of dietary replacement of maize with malted or unmalted sorghum on the performance of weaner rabbits	Abubakar M., Doma U.D., Kalla D.J.U., Ngele M.B., Augustine C.L.D.	2006	Livestock Research for Rural Development	18	5	None	Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	Abubakar, M., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Doma, U.D., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Kalla, D.J.U., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Ngele, M.B., Animal Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, PMB 0248, Bauchi, Nigeria; Augustine, C.L.D., VeterinaryHospital, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted using twenty-one, 8 to 9 weeks old weaner rabbits allotted to three groups of seven animals each in a completely randomized design. The study which lasted for six weeks was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary replacement of maize as a source of energy with malted or un-malted sorghum on the performance of the animals. The rabbits fed malted sorghum based diet had a similar dry matter intake to those on the maize based diet, but significantly higher than those on the unmalted sorghum based diet. All the animals gained weight, at rates similar across the treatments, indicating that the intake of energy and proteins were well above maintenance requirements. The best feed efficiency was recorded for rabbits fed on the malted sorghum based diet. The financial analysis revealed that feed cost per kg body weight gain was lowest for animals on the malted and unmalted sorghum based diets. It is concluded that malted or unmalted sorghum could effectively replace maize as a source of energy in diets for weaner rabbits without any adverse effects on performance and with reduced cost of feed per kg body weight gain.	Maize; Performance; Rabbits; Sorghum	Animalia; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-67650222412	The effect of dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit pulp meal on the growth performance of rabbits	Hon F.M., Oluremi O.I.A., Anugwa F.O.I.	2009	Pakistan Journal of Nutrition	8	8	10.3923/pjn.2009.1150.1155	Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	Hon, F.M., Department of Animal Health and Production, Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture, P.M.B. 181, Gboko, Nigeria; Oluremi, O.I.A., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria; Anugwa, F.O.I., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria	A feeding trial was conducted with thirty six mixed breeds of rabbits to assess the feeding value of sun dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit pulp meal (SOPM). The sweet orange peel meal was analyzed for its proximate nutrients and its crude fibre constituents. The nutrients in SOPM were 7.71% CP, 9.6% CF, 2.12% EE, 5.18% ash, 75.31% NFE and 3756.14kcalME/kg. The crude fibre fractions were 15.04% cellulose, 20.46% hemi-cellulose, 38.28% NDF, 18.32% ADF and 3.28% ADL. The experimental rabbits were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments: T0, T5, T10, T15, T20 and T25 in which SOPM replaced maize at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, respectively at the rate of six rabbits per dietary group. The rabbits were fed these diets for 84 days during which performance and nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Experimental diets had significant effects (p&lt;0.05) on the body weight gain, water intake, water: feed ratio, protein efficiency ratio and final live weight. Coefficient of digestibility and nutrient digestibility, were not adversely affected by the inclusion of SOPM in the diets. This study has shown the possibility that sweet orange fruit pulp meal can be used as a replacement feedstuff for maize in the ration of grower rabbit up to a level of 20%. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009.	Performance and nutrient digestibility; Rabbit; Sweet orange fruit pulp meal	cellulose; hemicellulose; lignin; protein; animal experiment; animal food; article; body weight; controlled study; dietary intake; experimental rabbit; female; fluid intake; food analysis; food composition; fruit; growth rate; maize; male; nonhuman; nutrient content; nutritional assessment; nutritional value; plant fiber; sweet orange; weight gain; Citrus sinensis; Oryctolagus cuniculus; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-54949129736	Evaluation of toasted sunflower (Helianthus annus) seed meal in the diets of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings	Akintayo I.A., Obasa S.O., Alegbeleye W.O., Bangbose A.M.	2008	Livestock Research for Rural Development	20	10	None	Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agricultu	Akintayo, I.A., Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria; Obasa, S.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Alegbeleye, W.O., Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Bangbose, A.M., Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria	A feeding trial was designed and carried out to assess the growth, nutrient utilization heamatological profile and yield of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus fed graded levels of toasted sunflower seed meal based diets. One hundred and fifty (150) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (13.08±0.1g) were fed with five iso-nitrogenous diets containing 40% crude protein. The toasted sunflower seed meal (TSFSM) protein replaced fishmeal meal in the diets in the following proportions: Diet TSFI (0% TSFSM), Diet TSF2 (25%TSFSM), Diet TSF3 (50% TSFSM), Diet TSF4 (75% TSFSM), and Diet TSF5 (100% TSFSM). At the end of the trial, the mean weight gain of fish was highest in diet TSF1 (103.47g), and lowest in diet TSF5 (24.54g), with a significant difference (p<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in mean weight gain (MWG) of fish fed diet TSF1 (and fish fed diet TSF2. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was best in fish fed dietTSF1 (1.18) but not significantly different (P>0.05) from fish fed diet TSF2 (1.28). The highest apparent net protein utilization (APP-NPU) of 25.00% was recorded in fish fed diet TSF1. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) than others, while the lowest value of 15.00% was recorded in fish fed diet TSF5. Heamatological parameters such as pack cell volume (PCV), heamoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) decreased as toasted sunflower seed meal increased in diet. PCV was higher (35.00mg/dl) significantly in fish fed TSF1 than the value of (31.00mg/dl) in fish fed diet TSF4. It was therefore observed that toasted sunflower seed meal protein can favourably replace 25% of fishmeal protein in the diets of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings.	Fishmeal; Growth response; Heamatological profile; Iso-nitrogenous; Nutrient utilization; Protein	Clarias gariepinus; Helianthus; Helianthus annuus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84879555890	Potential impacts of afforestation on climate change and extreme events in Nigeria	Abiodun B.J., Salami A.T., Matthew O.J., Odedokun S.	2013	Climate Dynamics	41	2	10.1007/s00382-012-1523-9	Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Abiodun, B.J., Climate System Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Salami, A.T., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Matthew, O.J., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Odedokun, S., Climate Change Unit, Institute Ecology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Afforestation is usually thought as a good approach to mitigate impacts of warming over a region. This study presents an argument that afforestation may have bigger impacts than originally thought by previous studies. The study investigates the impacts of afforestation on future climate and extreme events in Nigeria, using a regional climate model (RegCM3), forced with global climate model simulations. The impacts of seven afforestation options on the near future (2031-2050, under A1B scenario) climate and the extreme events are investigated. RegCM3 replicates essential features in the present-day (1981-2000) climate and the associated extreme events, and adequately simulates the seasonal variations over the ecological zones in the country. However, the model simulates the seasonal climate better over the northern ecological zones than over the southern ecological zones. The simulated spatial distribution of the extreme events agrees well with the observation, though the magnitude of the simulated events is smaller than the observed. The study shows that afforestation in Nigeria could have both positive and negative future impacts on the climate change and extreme events in the country. While afforestation reduces the projected global warming and enhances rainfall over the afforested area (and over coastal zones), it enhances the warming and reduces the rainfall over the north-eastern part of the country. In addition, the afforestation induces more frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events (flooding) over the coastal region and more frequent occurrence of heat waves and droughts over the semi-arid region. The positive and negative impacts of the afforestation are not limited to Nigeria; they extend to the neighboring countries. While afforestation lowers the warming and enhances rainfall over Benin Republic, it increases the warming and lowers the rainfall over Niger, Chad and Cameroon. The result of the study has important implication for the ongoing climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts in Nigeria. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.	Afforestation; Climate change; Extreme events; Geo-engineering; Monsoon; Nigeria	afforestation; climate change; climate modeling; extreme event; global warming; monsoon; rainfall; regional climate; seasonal variation; spatial distribution; Nigeria	NRF, National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-77956493398	Organic based nutrient management strategies: Effect on soil nutrient availability and maize (Zea mays L.) performance in Njoro, Kenya	Lelei J.J., Onwonga R.N., Freyer B.	2009	African Journal of Agricultural Research	4	2	None	Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Division of Organic Farming, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	Lelei, J.J., Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soils, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya; Onwonga, R.N., Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya; Freyer, B., Division of Organic Farming, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	A field experiment based on the concept of organic nutrient management (ONM) was conducted in Njoro, Kenya to test the effect of improved legume fallows; crotalaria (CR), lablab (LB), garden pea (GP) and natural fallow (NF, as control) on available soil N and P, and maize performance. The experimental layout was a split plot in a randomized complete block design. The main plots were two cropping systems involving the improved legume fallows and NF preceding sole maize and maize bean (M/B) intercrop. The sub-plots were two residue management types; residue incorporation and residue removal with farm yard manure (FYM) incorporated in its place. Incorporation of LB, CR and GP residues resulted in higher concentrations of N and P in soil than NF residue and FYM incorporation in both cropping systems. Under sole maize, grain yield following LB was significantly higher (51, 28.2 and 52%) than after CR, GP and NF, respectively. In the M/B intercrop, maize grain yield following LB was significantly higher (38.5 and 28.5%) than after GP and NF with no significant differences in yields following CR and LB. Maize dry matter (DM) yields followed a similar trend. Overall, maize grain and DM yields were higher in sole maize cropping system than in M/B intercrop with an additional 0.5 - 0.6 kg ha-1 of bean grain yield obtained in the latter cropping system. The improved fallow legumes, with LB being superior, enhanced soil productivity and consequently higher yields of the succeeding crop. The ONM strategy tested is thus a feasible technology that could easily fit into the circumstances of the resource poor farmers within the region. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Biological nitrogen fixation; Farm yard manure; Improved legume fallow; Residue management	Crotalaria; Lablab; Pisum sativum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924097095	Evaluation of elite hot pepper varieties (Capsicum spp.) for growth, dry pod yield and quality under Jimma condition, South West Ethiopia	Delelegne S., Belew D., Mohammed A., Getachew Y.	2015	International Journal of Agricultural Research	9	7	10.3923/ijar.2014.364.374	Jimma Zone Agriculture Office, P.O. Box 194, Jimma, Ethiopia; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	Delelegne, S., Jimma Zone Agriculture Office, P.O. Box 194, Jimma, Ethiopia; Belew, D., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Mohammed, A., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia; Getachew, Y., College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, P.O. Box 307, Jimma, Ethiopia	A field experiment was conducted at two locations under Jimma condition with the aim of investigating the performance of different varieties of hot pepper for growth, dry pod yield and quality, thereby, to recommend best adapting and high yielding variety/varieties for the farmers in the study area. The study was conducted from October 2009-March 2010, at JUCAVM experimental field and Seka Chokorsa woreda under irrigated condition using nine hot pepper varieties (Mareko fana, Bako local, Melka zala, Weldele, Melka shote, Oda haro, Dube medium, Dube short) and one local (Gojeb local) as a control. The experiment consisted of two factors (location and variety) and was laid out in a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result of the study showed significant interactions between location and varieties on days to 50% flowering, days to first harvest, mean number of flowers per plant, canopy diameter, mean number of branches (primary, secondary and territory), shoot and root dry weight (g), number of fruit per plant, number of seed per fruit, mean seed weight per fruit, marketable, unmarketable and total yield (t ha-1), fruit dry weight (g), pericarp thickness, fruit length and fruit diameter. As a result, the earliest variety to attain days to 50% flowering was Gojeb local at Kechema site followed by Mareko fana at both locations. The variety to attain shortest days to first harvest was recorded from variety Gojeb local while the highest number of fruits per plant was from Weldele at Kechema site. On the other hand the highest primary, secondary and tertiary branches were recorded from variety Weldele at Kechema site. Similarly the thickest fruit size was obtained from Mareko fana at Kechema site, whereas, the widest fruit diameter was recorded from Mareko fana, Bako local, Dube medium and Dube short at Kechema site, respectively. The highest marketable yield (t ha-1) of hot peppers was recorded from Varieties Weldele, Mareko fana, Dube medium and Dube short at JUCAVM and Kechema, respectively while the highest total yield (t ha-1) was recorded from Weldele and Mareko fana at both locations. The high yielding capacities were attributed to their early flowering and maturity, days to first harvest, high marketable and total yield, dry weight content of the varieties as well as their reaction to disease. © 2015 Academic Journals Inc.	Capsicum; Dry pod yield; Hot pepper; Jimma SW ethicpia; Quality parameters	Capsicum; Capsicum frutescens	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84864997429	Genetic evaluation of some newly developed soybean (Glycine max) genotypes in Benue State of Nigeria	Shaahu A., Vange T., Bello L.L.	2012	Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences	82	7	None	University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	Shaahu, A., University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Vange, T., University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Bello, L.L., University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted during 2008-09 at Yandev in Benue state of Nigeria to evaluate 56 soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) genotypes for genotypic and phenotypic variances, coefficient of variance, heritability, genetic advance for yield and its contributing traits. Significant variations among the genotypes, year and year × genotypes were observed for days to maturity, plant height, shattering, pods/plant, lodging. High heritability (broad sense) along with moderate genetic advance in per cent of mean was observed for shattering, days to 50% flowering and seed yield indicating that these characters would be best for phenotypic selection. The study indicated that there is appreciable variability with the genotypes under consideration for genetic advance. The genotypes TGx 1987-64F, TGx 1987-37F, TGx 1987-10F with relatively higher yield for two years are promising varieties for Yandev location.	Genetic variability; Heritability; Soyabean; Yield	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860434233	Intercrop performance of maize, sorghum and soybean in row-replacement series systems	Quainoo A.K., Bissue J.K., Aidoo I.K.	2011	Tropical Agriculture	88	4	None	Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	Quainoo, A.K., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Bissue, J.K., Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana; Aidoo, I.K., Department of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana	A field experiment was conducted during the 2001 and 2002 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana. The objective of the study was to determine the appropriate crop mixture ratios for maize/soybean and sorghum/soybean cropping systems. The crop mixtures were assessed on the basis of new indices termed 'actual yield loss' (AYL) and 'intercropping advantage' (IA), and other existing indices such as land equivalent ratio (LER), relative crowding coefficient (RCC) and monetary advantage (MA). Except the three rows of maize (Zea mays cv. Okomasa) alternating with three rows of soybean (Glycine max cv. sallintuya -1), three rows of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Framida) alternating with three rows of soybean (Glycine max cv. sallintuya -1), and two rows of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Framida) alternating with three rows of soybean (Glycine max cv. sallintuya -1), intercropping reduced the yields of the component crops with respect to the pure stands. Three rows of maize (Zea mays cv. Okomasa) alternating with three rows of soybean (Sorghum bicolor cv. Framida proved to be most remunerative mixture (AYL = +0.275, IA = +0.828), followed by three rows of sorghum alternating with three rows of soybean (AYL = +0.065, IA = +0.700) and two rows of sorghum alternating with three rows of soybean (AYL = -0.344, IA = +0.171). Yield loss or gain could not be quantified by LERs and RCCs whereas AYLs and IAs indicated yield loss or gain by its sign. Therefore, AYL and IA are more appropriate when assessing yields in intercropping arrangements. © Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	AYL; IA; LER; MA; Maize; RCC; Sorghum and soybean	Glycine max; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960095020	Seasonal agronomic performance of rice (oryza sativa L.) hybrids in a tidal saline mangrove agro-ecological zone of Nigeria	Ogburia M.N., Okele K.	2010	European Journal of Scientific Research	44	4	None	Department of Crop/Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Ogburia, M.N., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Okele, K., Department of Crop/Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted for two years (December, 2001 to December, 2003) at Imbiakpabai, Bayelsa State-a tidal saline mangrove swamp agro-ecological zone of Nigeria, to compare the agronomic performance of 10 swamp rice hybrids between dry and wet season croppings. Percent germination, days to 50% emergence, plant height (cm), tiller number, number of leaves, grain yield (tha-1) among the rice genotypes all varied significantly (P &lt; 0.05). WITA 4 produced highest grain yield (2.19 tha-1) and lowest grain yield was obtained from Tox 303-13-3-1-1-2 (1.03 tha-1). Between the two cropping seasons, higher grain yield (1.66 tha-1) was obtained in the wet season as compared with 1.34 tha-1 of the dry season. Generally, wet season gave better agronomic performance than dry season. WITA 4 and BW 348-1 have been identified as good cultivars for planting in this agro-ecology, and wet season cropping is preferred to that of dry season. © 2010 EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.	Agronomic performance; Grain yield; Mangrove ecology; Nigeria; Rice hybrids; Seasonality	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865526554	Performance of four cauliflower varieties (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) under open field conditions in seychelles	Ijoyah M.O., Rakotomavo H.	2006	Tropical Agriculture	83	04-Jan	None	Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Mahe, Seychelles; Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria	Ijoyah, M.O., Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; Rakotomavo, H., Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 166, Mahe, Seychelles	A field experiment was conducted from March to September 2005 at the Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station, Anse Boileau, to evaluate the performance of four cauliflower varieties under open-field conditions in Seychelles. Results of the study showed that variety Rami not only produced curds with the largest circumference of 33.9 cm, but also produced the highest number of curds not affected with the black rot fungal disease. This variety, in addition, gave curd yield increases of 7.8, 15.7, and 25.0% compared to the yield obtained from Amazing, Clima, and Tropical Extra Early varieties, respectively. Rami performed best under open field conditions in Seychelles and can be considered as a potential replacement for the common variety (Tropical Extra Early). ©2006 Trop. Agric. (Trinidad).	Cauliflower varieties; Performance; Seychelles	Botrytis; Brassica oleracea; Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84856274347	Performance of sweet potato soybeans as affected by cropping sequence in the northern guinea savanna of Nigeria	Babatunde F.E., Dantata I.J., Olawuyi O.J.	2012	Journal of Agronomy	11	1	10.3923/ja.2012.22.26	Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Osun State University (Uniosun), PMB 4014, Ejigbo Campus, Nigeria; Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, PMB 044, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria; Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Ba	Babatunde, F.E., Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Osun State University (Uniosun), PMB 4014, Ejigbo Campus, Nigeria; Dantata, I.J., Department of Agricultural Education, College of Education, PMB 044, Azare, Bauchi, Nigeria; Olawuyi, O.J., Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, PMB 21244, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria	A field experiment was conducted to study the performance of sweet potato and soybeans under different cropping sequences during the raining seasons of 2007, 2008 and 2009 in Bauchi, Nigeria. The cropping sequences consisted of sweet potato transplanted 1 week after soybeans (+1), sweet potato transplanted 2 weeks after soybeans (+2), sweet potato + soybeans planted simultaneously (0), sweet potato transplanted 1 week before soybeans (-1), sweet potato transplanted 2 weeks before soybeans (-2), Sole sweet potato (Ssp) and Sole soybeans (Ssb). These were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Percent production of tubers and pods as well as tuber and grain yields of component crops were significantly increased (p = 0.05) by the cropping treatments in all the three seasons of this studyanother in each season, except in percent tuber production with sole sweet potato in both 2008 and 2009 as well as in tuber yield with sole sweet potato in 2009. Therefore, component crops can be sole-grown or adopt sweet potato transplanted a week or 2 before soybeans-sequence for better tuber and grain yields. © 2012 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Crop sequence; Northern guinea savanna; Performance; Soybeans; Sweet potato	Glycine max; Ipomoea batatas	None
None	None	Field performance of alternative landfill covers vegetated with cottonwood and eucalyptus trees	Abichou T., Musagasa J., Yuan L., Chanton J., Tawfiq K., Rockwood D., Licht L.	2012	International Journal of Phytoremediation	14	None	10.1080/15226514.2011.607869	Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States; Civil Engineering Department, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, United States; Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Ecolotree, Inc., North Liberty, Iowa, United States	Abichou, T., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University Tallahassee, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States; Musagasa, J., Civil Engineering Department, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Yuan, L., Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, United States; Chanton, J., Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Tawfiq, K., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States; Rockwood, D., School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Licht, L., Ecolotree, Inc., North Liberty, Iowa, United States	A field study was conducted to assess the ability of landfill covers to control percolation into the waste. Performance of one conventional cover was compared to that of two evapotranspiration (ET) tree covers, using large (7 × 14 m) lined lysimeters at the Leon County Solid Waste management facility in Tallahassee, Florida. Additional unlined test sections were also constructed and monitored in order to compare soil water storage, soil temperature, and tree growth inside lysimeters and in unlined test sections. The unlined test sections were in direct contact with landfill gas.Surface runoff on the ET covers was a small proportion of the water balance (1% of precipitation) as compared to 13% in the conventional cover. Percolation in the ET covers averaged 17% and 24% of precipitation as compared to 33% in the conventional cover. On average, soil water storage was higher in the lined lysimeters (429 mm) compared to unlined test sections (408 mm). The average soil temperature in the lysimeters was lower than in the unlined test sections. The average tree height inside the lysimeters was not significantly lower (8.04 m for eucalyptus and 7.11 m for cottonwood) than outside (8.82 m for eucalyptus and 8.01 m for cottonwood). ET tree covers vegetated with cottonwood or eucalyptus are feasible for North Florida climate as an alternative to GCL covers. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	alternative covers; cottonwood; eucalyptus; evapotranspiration; landfill covers; lysimeter	rain; water; article; chemistry; construction work and architectural phenomena; environmental monitoring; Eucalyptus; growth, development and aging; pollution; Populus; season; soil; standard; temperature; tree; United States; waste disposal facility; water flow; water pollution; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollution; Eucalyptus; Facility Design and Construction; Florida; Populus; Rain; Seasons; Soil; Temperature; Trees; Waste Disposal Facilities; Water; Water Movements; Water Pollution; Eucalyptus; Populus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955574326	Effect of furrow length and flow rate on the performance of short-furrows used to irrigate potatoes in Gojam, Ethiopia	Eshetu S., Tilahun K., Zerihun D.	2009	International Agricultural Engineering Journal	18	42433	None	Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Haramaya University, P.O.Box 45, Ethiopia; University of Arizona, Yuma Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ 85721, United States; School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia	Eshetu, S., Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Tilahun, K., Haramaya University, P.O.Box 45, Ethiopia, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; Zerihun, D., University of Arizona, Yuma Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ 85721, United States	A field study was conducted to evaluate existing irrigation management practices in small-scale farm holdings in northwest Ethiopia. In this study, the effect of furrow length, as well as flow rate on irrigation performance, crop yield, and water use was studied. The field experiment was arranged in a split plot design; furrow length as main plot and flow rate as sub-plot. Each treatment has three levels; 10, 25, and 40 m furrow lengths and 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 L/s flow rates. Irrigation performance indicators are: application efficiency, Ea, storage efficiency, Es, distribution uniformity, DU, runoff fraction, Rf, deep percolation fraction, Df, yield, Y, water use efficiency, WUE. The effect of furrow length was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) on all performance indices except E, and flow rate has shown significant effect on all performance indices (p&lt;0.05). The ranges of measured values of Ea, Es, DU, Rf and Df were 18-34%; 46-80%; 93-98%; 81-95%; 11-57%; and 25-47% respectively. Both furrow length and flow rate had a significant effect on yield and WUE at p&lt;0.05. The ranges of crop yield and WUE found in the study were 17-32 t/ha and 2.1-4.1 Kg/m3 respectively. Crop yield and WUE have shown a decreasing trend as furrow length increases and increases as flow rate increases.	None	Crop yield; Deep percolation; Distribution uniformity; Ethiopia; Field experiment; Field studies; Irrigation management; Irrigation performance; Performance indices; Split plot designs; Storage efficiency; Water use; Water use efficiency; Benchmarking; Biochemical oxygen demand; Irrigation; Solvents; Water supply; Crops; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79957796908	Performance of a sorghum/rice mixture at varying proportions of rice in a semi-arid environment of Nigeria	Odion E.C., Yahaya R.A., Aliyu And L., Babaji B.A.	2008	Research on Crops	9	1	None	Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	Odion, E.C., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Yahaya, R.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Aliyu And, L., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria; Babaji, B.A., Department of Agronomy, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria	A field trial was conducted at Samaru, Nigeria in the 1997 and 1998 cropping seasons to study the effect of rice (Oryza sativum L.) proportions and thinning levels on the performance of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and rice in mixed stands. Sorghum performed better in the drier year than in the wetter one, gave LER values that were lower than expected values except at the 1 : 3 and 1 : 1 stand proportions in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The sorghum crop was most stable at the 1 : 1 stand proportion and less aggressive than the rice crop in the mixed stands. The rice crop performed better in the wetter year than the drier (i. e. 1998 compared to 1997), gave LER values that were lower than expected except at the 1 : 1 and 1 : 4 stand proportions in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The rice crop gave stability values that were lower than expected at all the stand proportions and was more aggressive than the sorghum crop at all the stand proportions. The mixtures gave LER values that were either equal to or greater than 1.00 only at the 1:1 and 1:2 stand proportions; indicating that the mixture was only more efficient than the pure stands at the 1:1 stand proportion. It was also most stable at the 1:1 stand proportion; suggesting that the planting higher proportions of rice for the cash return from rice is detrimental to the mixture and to the food security of farmers in the area.	Mixture; Rice; Semi-arid environment; Sorghum	Oryza; Sativum; Sorghum bicolor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34547893417	Performance of growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)/rice intercrop in the South West Nigeria	Okonji C.J., Okeleye K.A., Oyekanmi A.A.	2007	International Journal of Agricultural Research	2	4	None	Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	Okonji, C.J., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Okeleye, K.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Oyekanmi, A.A., Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria	A field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (latitude 7°15 N' and longitude 3°25 E') located in the forest-savanna transition zone of South West Nigeria in 2002 and 2003 to assess the agronomic growth and yield of intercropping cassava and rice. The treatments consisted of two cassava cultivars and three rice varieties in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The two cassava cultivars were TMS 30572 and TME 1 and the three rice varieties were interspecific hybrid WAB 189-B-B-B-6-HB, ITA 150 and ITA 321. In 2002, cropping system had no significant effects on growth parameters of rice varieties. However, in 2003, cropping system significantly decreased the number of tillers, but increased the panicle length of rice. Cropping system significantly decreased the number of grains per panicle in 2003 and grain yield of rice in both years. The grain yield of rice was significantly conelated with number of tillers (r = 0.83), LAI (r = 0.81) and number of panicles per hill (r = 0.91) in both years. In 2002, tuber yields of the two cassava cultivars in mixtures were similar to the yields of their corresponding sole crop plants. However, in 2003, sole cassava cvs TMS 30572 and TME 1 produced significantly 26 and 23% higher tuber yield than their conesponding intercrops. In 2002 and 2003, TMS 30572 produced 35 and 25 t ha-1 while TME 1 produced 27 and 171 ha-1 tuber yield, respectively, in mixtures. © 2007 Academic Journals.	Agronomic attributes; Cassava; Intercropping; Morphotypes; Rice; Yield attributes	Manihot esculenta; Oryza sativa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877978898	Effect of graded levels of toasted pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp] seed meal diets on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica)	Yisa A.G., Yakubu B., Edache J.A., Danjuma M.N., Deme H.I.	2013	International Journal of Poultry Science	12	2	None	National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria	Yisa, A.G., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Yakubu, B., Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria; Edache, J.A., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Danjuma, M.N., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Deme, H.I., National Veterinary Research Institute, P.M.B. 01, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	A five week study was conducted to determine the effect of graded levels of toasted pigeon pea on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail chicks. In a completely randomized design, three hundred unsexed, seven day old Japanese quails used for the study were divided into four groups of seventy five birds each. Each group was divided into three replicates of twenty five birds. Four isonitrogenous (24%CP) diets incorporating graded levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of toasted pigeon pea were evaluated. Average daily feed intake (18.62, 19.68, 19.58 and 20.29 g), Feed conversion ratio (4.87, 5.13, 5.36 and 5.38) and feed cost (Naira) per bird (38.34, 40.86, 41.46 and 43.57) increased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of dietary toasted pigeon pea inclusion. However, average daily weight gain (3.82, 3.83, 3.65 and 3.77 g) and dressing percentages (59.53, 61.91, 58.89 and 61.92) and percentage of breast to live weight were statistically similar (p>0.05) for all the treatments respectively. The back, wings, thighs and drumsticks were affected (p<0.05) by levels of toasted pigeon pea inclusion. By this study, pigeon pea may be included in diets of Japanese quails by not more than 10% for optimum growth and cost effective feeding. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Carcass characteristics; Growth performance; Japanese quails; Toasted pigeon pea	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876959735	Effects of soil parent material and climate on the performance of vitis vinifrra L. cvs. Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon - Part II. Climate, leaf analysis, juice analysis and wine quality	Shange L.P., Conradie W.J.	2012	South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture	33	2	None	ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa	Shange, L.P., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa; Conradie, W.J., ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa	A five-year investigation (2004/05 to 2008/09) was carried out in two Sauvignon blanc and two Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards in the Helderberg area, Western Cape, South Africa. Soils, derived mainly from granite and shale, were identified in each vineyard. Climatic parameters were measured, while leaves and juice were analysed. Experimental wines were prepared and evaluated annually. The nutritional status of the leaf blades and petioles was not affected by soil parent materials in a consistent pattern. Juice N of grapevines on the shale-derived soil was usually higher than that of vines on the granite-derived soil. The effect of soil parent material on Sauvignon blanc wine style appeared to have been more distinct at the locality where wine quality was highest. At this locality, wine from the grapevines on shale-derived soil (higher water-holding capacity) was best in 2004/05 (dry season), while the reverse was true in the 2007/08 season (wet). The style and/or quality of Cabernet Sauvignon wines were affected to a greater extent by differences in soil parent materials, relative to Sauvignon blanc. Differences were especially noticeable during the cooler and wetter seasons. Better drainage in the case of the granite-derived soils, due to the higher coarse sand fraction, may have played a positive role during these seasons.	Granite; Juice nitrogen; Shale; Wine style	Vitis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58149116837	Evaluation of atoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus as potential biocontrol agents for aflatoxin in maize	Atehnkeng J., Ojiambo P.S., Ikotun T., Sikora R.A., Cotty P.J., Bandyopadhyay R.	2008	Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment	25	10	10.1080/02652030802112635	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United St	Atehnkeng, J., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ojiambo, P.S., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Ikotun, T., Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Sikora, R.A., Department of Soil Ecosystem Phytopathology and Nematology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Cotty, P.J., Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Bandyopadhyay, R., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria	Aflatoxin contamination resulting from maize infection by Aspergillus flavus is both an economic and a public health concern. Therefore, strategies for controlling aflatoxin contamination in maize are being investigated. The abilities of eleven naturally occurring atoxigenic isolates in Nigeria to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize were evaluated in grain competition experiments and in field studies during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of inoculation of either grains in vials or ears at mid-silking stage in field plots, with the toxigenic isolate (La3228) or atoxigenic isolate alone and co-inoculation of each atoxigenic isolate and La3328. Aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in the co-inoculation treatments compared with the treatment in which the aflatoxin-producing isolate La3228 was inoculated alone. Relative levels of aflatoxin B1 + B2 reduction ranged from 70.1% to 99.9%. Among the atoxigenics, two isolates from Lafia, La3279 and La3303, were most effective at reducing aflatoxin B1 + B2 concentrations in both laboratory and field trials. These two isolates have potential value as agents for the biocontrol of aflatoxin contamination in maize. Because these isolates are endemic to West Africa, they are both more likely than introduced isolates to be well adapted to West African environments and to meet regulatory concerns over their use throughout that region.	Aflatoxin; Competitive exclusion; Corn; Mycotoxin; West Africa	aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; Africa; article; Aspergillus flavus; biological control agent; controlled study; enzyme analysis; enzyme stability; food analysis; food contamination; fungal contamination; fungus isolation; inoculation; maize; Nigeria; priority journal; bacterial spore; biological pest control; chemistry; crop; drug antagonism; ecology; food control; maize; methodology; microbiology; Aspergillus flavus; Zea mays; Aflatoxin B1; Aflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; Crops, Agricultural; Ecology; Food Microbiology; Nigeria; Pest Control, Biological; Spores; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938414925	Longitudinal evaluation of aflatoxin exposure in two cohorts in south-western Uganda	Kang M.-S., Nkurunziza P., Muwanika R., Qian G., Tang L., Song X., Xue K., Nkwata A., Ssempebwa J., Lutalo T., Asiki G., Serwadda D., Seeley J., Kaleebu P., Nalugoda F., Newton R., William J.H., Wang J.-S.	2015	Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment	32	8	10.1080/19440049.2015.1048749	College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; University of York, York, United Kingdom	Kang, M.-S., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Nkurunziza, P., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Muwanika, R., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Qian, G., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Tang, L., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Song, X., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Xue, K., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Nkwata, A., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Ssempebwa, J., School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Lutalo, T., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Asiki, G., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Serwadda, D., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Seeley, J., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Kaleebu, P., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; Nalugoda, F., Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe, Uganda; Newton, R., Medical Research Council (MRC)/Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda, University of York, York, United Kingdom; William, J.H., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Wang, J.-S., College of Public Health and Peanut CRSP, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States	Aflatoxins (AF) are a group of mycotoxins. AF exposure causes acute and chronic adverse health effects such as aflatoxicosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in human populations, especially in the developing world. In this study, AF exposure was evaluated using archived serum samples from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative participants from two cohort studies in south-western Uganda. AFB<inf>1</inf>–lysine (AFB-Lys) adduct levels were determined via HPLC fluorescence in a total of 713 serum samples from the General Population Cohort (GPC), covering eight time periods between 1989 and 2010. Overall, 90% (642/713) of the samples were positive for AFB-Lys and the median level was 1.58 pg mg−1 albumin (range = 0.40–168 pg mg−1 albumin). AFB-Lys adduct levels were also measured in a total of 374 serum samples from the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS), across four time periods between 1999 and 2003. The averaged detection rate was 92.5% (346/374) and the median level was 1.18 pg mg−1 albumin (range = 0.40–122.5 pg mg−1 albumin). In the GPC study there were no statistically significant differences between demographic parameters, such as age, sex and level of education, and levels of serum AFB-Lys adduct. In the RCCS study, longitudinal analysis using generalised estimating equations revealed significant differences between the adduct levels and residential areas (p = 0.05) and occupations (p = 0.02). This study indicates that AF exposure in people in two populations in south-western Uganda is persistent and has not significantly changed over time. Data from one study, but not the other, indicated that agriculture workers and rural area residents had more AF exposure than those non-agricultural workers and non-rural area residents. These results suggest the need for further study of AF-induced human adverse health effects, especially the predominant diseases in the region. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.	aflatoxin B<inf>1</inf>–lysine adduct; aflatoxins; cohort studies; human exposure; Uganda	Aflatoxins; Agriculture; Amino acids; Body fluids; Developing countries; Population dynamics; Rural areas; Viruses; Adverse health effects; Aflatoxin B; Cohort studies; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Human exposures; Human immunodeficiency virus; Statistically significant difference; Uganda; Diseases; aflatoxin B1; albumin; lysine; adult; Article; blood sampling; cohort analysis; controlled study; demography; educational status; environmental exposure; female; fluorescence analysis; high performance liquid chromatography; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; longitudinal study; major clinical study; male; occupation; population; priority journal; residential area; rural area; Uganda; Human immunodeficiency virus	DFID, National Institutes of Health; FIC, National Institutes of Health; MRC, National Institutes of Health; NIH, National Institutes of Health; USAID, National Institutes of Health
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922576120	Effects of gas distribution profile on flotation cell performance: An experimental investigation	Bhondayi C., Moys M.H.	2015	International Journal of Mineral Processing	135	None	10.1016/j.minpro.2015.01.004	School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS, South Africa	Bhondayi, C., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS, South Africa; Moys, M.H., School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS, South Africa	A flotation cell that enables the study of the effects of different air distribution profiles on flotation performance has been designed. Three distinct gas fluxes viz. high gas flux at the back of the flotation cell (impeller and gas distribution mechanism at the back), high gas flux at the centre (impeller and gas distribution mechanism at the centre) and high gas flux close to the concentrate weir (impeller and gas distribution mechanism close to concentrate weir). Pseudo-steady state experiments using an artificial ore comprising of 80% silica as gangue and 20% limestone as floatable component were done. Results indicated that high gas rate at the back of the flotation cell resulted in higher limestone recovery when compared to the other gas distribution profiles investigated while high gas flux close to the concentrate weir resulted in high limestone grade. The differences in recovery ranged between 5 and 10% while the grade differences ranged between 0.5 and 5% with high gas flux at the centre produced lower values for all froth depths and gas rates. The effect of gas distribution profile on limestone grade was found to dwindle as froth height was increased; changes in limestone grade ranged between 0.47 and 2% for a froth depth of 10.1 cm while those for a froth height of 6.3 cm ranged between 1.40 and 5%. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.	Flotation cell; Gas distribution profile; Impeller; Superficial gas velocity	Cells; Cytology; Flotation; Hydraulic structures; Impellers; Limestone; Molecular biology; Weirs; Air distribution; Experimental investigations; Flotation cell; Flotation performance; Gas distribution; High gas fluxes; Pseudo steady state; Superficial gas velocities; Gases	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84909592407	Influence of operating conditions on unsteady wind performance of vertical axis wind turbines operating within a fluctuating free-stream: A numerical study	Wekesa D.W., Wang C., Wei Y., Danao L.A.M.	2014	Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics	135	None	10.1016/j.jweia.2014.10.016	Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China; Department of Physics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi City, Kenya; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quenzon City, Philippines	Wekesa, D.W., Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China, Department of Physics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi City, Kenya; Wang, C., Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China; Wei, Y., Institute of Dynamics and Control of Spacecrafts, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin City, China; Danao, L.A.M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quenzon City, Philippines	A fluctuating free-stream in unsteady wind environment presents a more significant challenge in wind turbine performance. In this paper, a numerical method is presented to investigate the influence of operating conditions on Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) of NACA00XX symmetric airfoils with 12% and 22% thickness in unsteady wind condition. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical method was used to analyze the aerodynamic performance and physics of flow of the VAWT. The VAWT dynamic motion of blades was introduced by sinusoidally oscillating both VAWT blades. Using a validated CFD model, steady wind simulations at Umean=7.00m/s and 11.00m/s were conducted and the results predicted the Power Coefficient (CP) performance for the VAWT scale. The results derived in the numerical analysis show that, within fluctuating free-stream wind conditions, thicker airfoils are desirable. Overall maximum unsteady CP of VAWT with thicker blades reveals positive deviations if the tip speed ratio λ is slightly higher than λ of the steady maximum CP, while thinner blades maximum CP marginally drops from the steady maximum CP for the same λ range. Higher frequencies of fluctuation marginally improve the unsteady wind performance of both VAWT blade profiles. High fluctuation amplitudes reveal overall performance degradation on both VAWT blade profiles more than small fluctuation amplitudes. The findings lend substantially to our understanding of both the kinematic and aerodynamic behavior on VAWT scale blades operating in unsteady wind condition, and the flow physics that causes the behavior. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.	CFD; NACA00XX; Power coefficient; Unsteady wind; VAWT	Free-stream; NACA00XX; Operating condition; Power coefficients; VAWT; Vertical axis wind turbines; Wind performance; Computational fluid dynamics	None
None	None	Current performance of food safety management systems of dairy processing companies in Tanzania	Kussaga J.B., Luning P.A., Tiisekwa B.P.M., Jacxsens L.	2015	International Journal of Dairy Technology	68	2	10.1111/1471-0307.12183	Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium; Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen, Netherlands	Kussaga, J.B., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium; Luning, P.A., Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen, Netherlands; Tiisekwa, B.P.M., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3006, Morogoro, Tanzania; Jacxsens, L., Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Laboratory of Food Preservation and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Coupure Links, 653, Ghent, Belgium	A food safety management system (FSMS)-diagnostic instrument was applied in 22 dairy processing companies to analyse the set-up and operation of core control and assurance activities in view of the risk characteristics of the systems' context. Three clusters of companies were identified differing in levels of set-up and operation of this FSMS and system outputs, but all operated in a similar moderate-risk context. Microbiological assessment of products, environmental and hand samples indicated a poor to moderate food safety level. A two stage intervention approach has been proposed to enable commitment and sustainable improvement for the longer term. © 2014 Society of Dairy Technology.	Food safety; Food safety management system; Intervention measures; Microbiological performance; Tanzania dairy industry	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84930445395	Principals’ perceptions of the motivation potential of performance agreements in underperforming schools	Heystek J.	2015	South African Journal of Education	35	2	10.15700/saje.v35n2a986	School of Education Studies, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	Heystek, J., School of Education Studies, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa	A formidable challenge most school leaders in South Africa face is to improve the academic results in state schools. In terms of their contracts, principals are accountable for the academic results as reflected in examination and test results for their schools. The National Department of Education (currently the Department of Basic Education) has made attempts to implement a performance agreement with principals and deputy principals, which would hold them directly and specifically accountable for the examination results. The article explores the proposed performance agreement and its potential influence on principals’ motivation to improve their own, and therefore also the teachers’ and learners’ academic performance. The focus group interviews conducted with principals and deputy principals indicate that principals do not want to be held accountable, because there are too many factors outside their control. They perceive a performance agreement of this kind as potentially demotivating because they do not feel they would be able to achieve the goals it sets. © 2015, Foundation for Education Science and Technology. All rights reserved.	Accountability; Motivation; Performance agreements; Performance management; Power; School leadership; Underperforming school	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84877987870	Growth performance and carcass yield of broiler finishers fed diets having partially or wholly withdrawn fish meal	Yisa A.G., Edache J.A., Udokainyang A.D., Iloama C.N.	2013	International Journal of Poultry Science	12	2	None	Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	Yisa, A.G., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Edache, J.A., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Udokainyang, A.D., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Iloama, C.N., Department of Animal Production, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria	A four-week study was conducted to investigate the effect of partially or completely withdrawing fish meal from broiler finisher diets on growth performance and carcass yield. In a completely randomized design, ninety six (96) four-week-old Marshall Breed of broilers were allotted to four dietary treatments having 0, 50, 75 and 100% of their fishmeal content withdrawn. Each dietary treatment had 24 birds with 3 replicates of 8 birds. Results show that initial weights, final weights, average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram gain were not negatively affected (P>0.05) by levels of fish meal withdrawal. Dressing percentages were also not significantly different (P>0.05) between treatment means. However, the percent carcass cut-up parts of breast, wings, thighs and drumsticks to live weight of birds fed diets with fish meal totally withdrawn were significantly less (P<0.05) than those of birds fed diets containing fish meal. From this study, it can be concluded that withdrawing fish meal from broiler finisher diets may not have any adverse effect on their growth performance provided protein is obtained from non-animal sources. However, total withdrawal of fish meal negatively affects optimum development of the cut-up parts and as such 0.5-1% fish meal may be included in broiler finisher diets for full development of carcass components. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013.	Carcass yield; Fish meal; Growth performance	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84901803214	Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potentials of aframomum melegueta methanolic seed extract	Onoja S.O., Omeh Y.N., Ezeja M.I., Chukwu M.N.	2014	Journal of Tropical Medicine	2014	None	10.1155/2014/159343	Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences	Onoja, S.O., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Omeh, Y.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Ezeja, M.I., Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria; Chukwu, M.N., Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture, PMB 7267, Umudike, Nigeria	Aframomum melegueta Schum (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herb widely cultivated for its valuable seeds in the tropical region of Africa. The present study evaluated the antioxidant effects of methanolic seed extract of A. melegueta. The antioxidant effects were evaluated using in vitro, 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazine photometric assay and in vivo serum catalase, superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay method. The extract (25-400 g/mL concentration) produced concentration dependent increase in antioxidant activity in 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazine photometric assay. The extract (400 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum catalase and superoxide dismutase activity when compared with the control group. The extract (400 mg/kg) showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the serum level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance when compared with the control group. These findings suggest that the seed of A. melegueta has potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological activities and can be used as antioxidant supplement. © 2014 Samuel Okwudili Onoja et al.	None	Aframomum melegueta extract; antioxidant; catalase; malonaldehyde; plant extract; superoxide dismutase; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; unclassified drug; Aframomum melegueta; animal experiment; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; article; body weight; concentration response; controlled study; drug screening; enzyme activity; enzyme blood level; in vitro study; in vivo study; lipid peroxidation; male; nonhuman; plant seed; rat; weight gain	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33745454177	The impact of cultural practices on the spread of HIV/AIDS: An anthropological study of selected countries in sub-Sarahan Africa	Nkwi P.N.	2005	Discovery and Innovation	17	SPEC. ISS.	None	African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Nkwi, P.N., African Population Advisory Council, Nairobi, Kenya	Africa is a continent plagued by population problems. These problems have no common solution because they occur in such culturally diverse populations. What works under some cultural conditions simply may not work under others. Deeply entrenched cultural practices have serious implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS, as well as other communicable diseases. In Africa, HIV is spread largely through high-risk, heterosexual behaviours. People know the consequences of these behaviours, but changing them requires knowing their causes, both cultural and material. Community-based research by African Population Advisory Council (APAC) finds that cultural practices such as widow inheritance (the levirate), early marriage, polygamy, bodily scarifications, funeral sexual rites, concubinage, sexual initiation of girls, forced remarriage of widows, and various forms of genital cutting have enhanced, and continue to enhance, the spread of HIV/AIDS. Dealing with these practices must be part of an integrated policy on confronting the HIV/AIDS pandemic.	None	Human immunodeficiency virus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50849139863	Elephant impact on dragonflies	Samways M.J., Grant P.B.C.	2008	Journal of Insect Conservation	12	5	10.1007/s10841-007-9089-2	Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Samways, M.J., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Grant, P.B.C., Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Agricultural Biodiversity, University of Stellenbosch, Post Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	African elephants and other indigenous megaherbivores have a major impact on local vegetation structure, including aquatic communities, as their big feet and large mass pound the fringes of water bodies. This disturbance is likely to have a profound influence on the structure and composition of insect assemblages in these habitats. We investigated which dragonfly (Odonata) species were tolerant of trampling by elephants and other game. Assemblage composition differed according to extremely high, very high or high disturbance levels. Dragonfly abundance was greatest where impact was high, and decreasing when disturbance became very high or extremely high. Several odonate species are well-adapted to fairly high levels of disturbance, although too much is impoverishing. Medium and low impact sites were geographically separated, and this, combined with much lower disturbance levels, had a considerable influence on promoting regional dragonfly diversity. Several regional specialist species only occurred in the geographically separated, low-impact sites. The full complement of dragonflies is present only when there is a combination of various disturbance levels combined with spatial variation. Elephant impact is similar to that of humans, with too much of either or both, leading to a species-poor, habitat-generalist dragonfly assemblage. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007.	Dragonfly biodiversity; Elephant trampling; Parallels with human impact	abundance; anthropogenic effect; biodiversity; community composition; community structure; dragonfly; spatial variation; species diversity; vegetation structure; Africa; Anisoptera (dragonflies); Elephantidae; Hexapoda; Loxodonta; Odonata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34648817250	Maleic anhydride derivatives of a protein isolate: Preparation and functional evaluation	Lawal O.S., Dawodu M.O.	2007	European Food Research and Technology	226	02-Jan	10.1007/s00217-006-0525-4	Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany; Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen	Lawal, O.S., Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, Hamburg 20146, Germany, Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B 2002, Agolwoye, Nigeria; Dawodu, M.O., Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria	African locust bean protein isolate (NPI) was acylated with maleic anhydride at various concentrations. Addition of maleic anhydride at the levels of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/g of protein produced 36.4% (MP1), 43.7% (MP2) and 73.6% (MP3) of maleylated protein isolate, respectively. Water absorption capacity increased after maleylation but oil absorption capacity reduced progressively with increase in level of modification. Results also revealed that gelation capacities reduced after protein modifications. Emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES) increased following protein modification. In addition, corresponding increases in emulsifying properties were observed with increase in degree of modification of the proteins. Maleylation improved the foaming capacity of the native protein. Foaming capacity increased with increases in protein concentration for both native and maleylated protein derivatives while progressive decline in foam stability occurred with increases in level of protein modification. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.	Functional properties; Maleic anhydride; Modification; Protein isolate	Derivatives; Emulsions; Gelation; Maleic anhydride; Water absorption; Emulsifying activity (EA); Emulsion stability (ES); Foam stability; Functional properties; Protein isolate; Proteins; Parkia filicoidea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447569541	In vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein-mediated metabolism of some phytochemicals in extracts and formulations of African potato	Nair V.D.P., Foster B.C., Thor Arnason J., Mills E.J., Kanfer I.	2007	Phytomedicine	14	42559	10.1016/j.phymed.2006.12.004	Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada	Nair, V.D.P., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa; Foster, B.C., Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Thor Arnason, J., Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada; Mills, E.J., The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ont., Canada; Kanfer, I., Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa	African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea, AP) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used as an immune booster and also for the treatment of various ailments such as urinary diseases, prostrate hypertrophy and cancer. Amongst the chemical components contained in AP, the norlignan glycoside, hypoxoside (HYP) is purported to be the most important phytochemical in terms of AP's medicinal value. Additional constituents in AP include the sterols, β-sitosterol (BSS), stigmasterol (STG), and the stanol, stigmastanol (STN). The potential of extracts of AP, AP formulations as well as HYP, its aglycone rooperol (ROP) and the sterols to inhibit in vitro metabolism of drug marker substrates by human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP3A4, 3A5 and CYP19 were investigated. Samples were also assessed for their effect on drug transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The effects on CYP-mediated metabolism were studied by fluorometric microtitre plate assay. The potential interaction with P-gp was investigated by measuring the efflux of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) in the CaCo-2 (colon carcinoma) cell line. Various extracts of AP, AP formulations, only STG and the norlignans, in particular the aglycone ROP, exhibited inhibitory effects on CYP3A4-, 3A5- and 19-mediated metabolism. The extracts and the formulations that contained a significant amount of HYP showed high induction of P-gp compared to the positive control, ritonavir. Whilst extrapolation of the current in vitro findings to clinical effects may well be considered speculative, these in vitro data should be heeded as a signal of possible in vivo interactions. Appropriate measures are therefore necessary to explore the possibility of such in vitro-in vivo correlations. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.	β-sitosterol; Drug interactions; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Hypoxoside; Rooperol; Stigmasterol	African potato extract; alpha tocopherol; aromatase; ascorbic acid; cyanocobalamin; cytochrome P450; cytochrome P450 3A4; cytochrome P450 3A5; fluorescent dye; ginseng extract; glycoprotein P; hypoxoside; norlignan glycoside; plant extract; plant medicinal product; pyridoxine; retinol; rhodamine 123; riboflavin; ritonavir; rooperol; selenium; sitostanol; sitosterol; stanol ester; sterol derivative; stigmasterol; thiamine; unclassified drug; unindexed drug; vitamin D; article; cell strain CACO 2; controlled study; drug formulation; drug metabolism; herb; human; human cell; in vitro study; in vivo study; nonhuman; potato; priority journal; protein induction; traditional medicine; Caco-2 Cells; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hypoxis; Molecular Structure; P-Glycoprotein; Plant Extracts; Ritonavir; Hypoxis hemerocallidea; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79959605625	Evaluating herbivore management outcomes and associated vegetation impacts	Grant R.C.C., Peel M.J.S., Bezuidenhout H.	2011	Koedoe	53	2	10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1008	Scientific Services Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Private bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa; Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa; Conservation Services, South African National Parks, South Africa	Grant, R.C.C., Scientific Services Kruger National Park, South African National Parks, Private bag X402, Skukuza 1350, South Africa; Peel, M.J.S., Animal Production Institute, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa; Bezuidenhout, H., Conservation Services, South African National Parks, South Africa	African savannas are characterised by temporal and spatial fluxes that are linked to fluxes in herbivore populations and vegetation structure and composition. We need to be concerned about these fluxes only when management actions cause the system to shift towards a less desired state. Large herbivores are a key attribute of African savannas and are important for tourism and biodiversity. Large protected areas such as the Kruger National Park (KNP) manage for high biodiversity as the desired state, whilst private protected areas, such as those adjacent to the KNP, generally manage for high income. Biodiversity, sustainability and economic indicators are thus required to flag thresholds of potential concern (TPCs) that may result in a particular set of objectives not being achieved. In large conservation areas such as the KNP, vegetation changes that result from herbivore impact, or lack thereof, affect biodiversity and TPCs are used to indicate unacceptable change leading to a possible loss of biodiversity; in private protected areas the loss of large herbivores is seen as an important indicator of economic loss. Therefore, the first-level indicators aim to evaluate the forage available to sustain grazers without deleteriously affecting the vegetation composition, structure and basal cover. Various approaches to monitoring for these indicators were considered and the importance of the selection of sites that are representative of the intensity of herbivore use is emphasised. The most crucial step in the adaptive management process is the feedback of information to inform management decisions and enable learning. Feedback loops tend to be more efficient where the organisation's vision is focused on, for example, economic gain, than in larger protected areas, such as the KNP, where the vision to conserve biodiversity is broader and more complex. Conservation implications: In rangeland, optimising herbivore numbers to achieve the management objectives without causing unacceptable or irreversible change in the vegetation is challenging. This manuscript explores different avenues to evaluate herbivore impact and the outcomes of management approaches that may affect vegetation. © 2011.	None	adaptive management; biodiversity; bioindicator; community composition; conservation management; herbivore; protected area; vegetation structure; Kruger National Park; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84883446561	The comparative performance of chartered accountancy students in South Africa: The impact of historical legacies	Sartorius K., Sartorius B.	2013	Development Southern Africa	30	3	10.1080/0376835X.2013.817307	School of Accountancy, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Sartorius, K., School of Accountancy, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Sartorius, B., School of Accountancy, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	African students continue to underperform in South Africa's schools and universities. This paper investigates the comparative performance of African chartered accountancy students from school to post-university level. The paper employed a mixed-method approach to analyse a series of cross-sectional datasets. The results showed that African students have underperformed at school, university and at post-university level, although the performance gap appears to be narrowing in the first professional chartered accountancy examination. The differential performance of these students was explained by poorer marks in mathematics and English that can be traced back to historical legacies in the education sector. South African universities, moreover, perpetuate this disadvantage because they have retained Eurocentric teaching approaches. In order to remove these barriers, tuition at school and university must be complemented by cross-cultural teaching practices and bridging programmes. © 2013 Copyright Development Bank of Southern Africa.	accountancy students; examination performance	academic performance; comparative study; student; teaching; university sector; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928818404	Pyrethroid Treatment of Cattle for Tsetse Control: Reducing Its Impact on Dung Fauna	Vale G.A., Hargrove J.W., Chamisa A., Grant I.F., Torr S.J.	2015	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	9	3	10.1371/journal.pntd.0003560	Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom; South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Division of Tsetse Control, Harare, Zimbabwe; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom	Vale, G.A., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Hargrove, J.W., South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Chamisa, A., Division of Tsetse Control, Harare, Zimbabwe; Grant, I.F., Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, United Kingdom; Torr, S.J., Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom	African trypansomiases of humans and animals can be controlled by attacking the vectors, various species of tsetse fly. Treatment of cattle with pyrethroids to kill tsetse as they feed is the most cost-effective method. However, such treatments can contaminate cattle dung, thereby killing the fauna which disperse the dung and so play an important role in soil fertility. Hence there is a need to identify cost-effective methods of treating cattle with minimal impact on dung fauna. We used dung beetles to field bioassay the levels of dung contamination following the use of spray and pour-on formulations of deltamethrin, applied to various parts of the body of cattle in Zimbabwe. Results suggested that dung was contaminated by contact with insecticide on the body surface as the cattle defecated, and by ingestion of insecticide as the cattle licked themselves. Death of dung beetles was reduced to negligible levels by using only the spray and applying it to the legs and belly or legs alone, i.e., places where most tsetse feed. The restricted applications suitable for minimising the impact on dung fauna have the collateral benefits of improving the economy and convenience of cattle treatments for tsetse control. The demonstration of collateral benefits is one of the surest ways of promoting environmentally friendly procedures. © 2015 Vale et al.	None	deltamethrin; deltamethrin; insecticide; nitrile; pyrethroid; Article; bioassay; bullock; cattle farming; economic aspect; Glossinidae; insect control; leg; microbial contamination; mortality; nonhuman; stomach; animal; beetle; bovine; drug effects; feces; insect control; parasitology; procedures; Zimbabwe; Animals; Beetles; Cattle; Feces; Insect Control; Insecticides; Nitriles; Pyrethrins; Zimbabwe	R7539, DFID, Department for International Development; R7987, DFID, Department for International Development
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955953372	Economic analysis of the impact of policy reforms on the South African automobile industry	Damoense M.Y., Agbola F.W.	2009	International Journal of Economic Perspectives	3	4	None	School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, South Africa Campus, 144 Peter Road, Ruimsig, Roodepoort, 1725, South Africa; Newcastle Business School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University of Newcastle - Australia, 1 University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia	Damoense, M.Y., School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Monash University, South Africa Campus, 144 Peter Road, Ruimsig, Roodepoort, 1725, South Africa; Agbola, F.W., Newcastle Business School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University of Newcastle - Australia, 1 University Drive, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia	After years of intense protection, the South African automobile industry has undergone major policy reforms. This paper investigates the impact of policy reforms on the welfare of consumers, producers and society as a whole. The results of the simulation analysis indicate that, following the removal of domestic content requirements and reduction in tariffs, there has been significant reduction in consumer welfare loss and societal deadweight loss in the automobile industry, while tariff revenue to the South African government has significantly decreased. The results demonstrate that further reduction in tariffs on completely built-up units and completely knocked-down units is likely to result in further reduction in efficiency loss, thus leading to an improvement in the performance of South Africa's automobile industry. © International Economic Society.	Automobile industry; Policy reforms; South Africa; Welfare gains and losses	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84918769713	Isolation and evaluation of antiglycation potential of polyalthic acid (furano-terpene) from Daniella oliveri	Atolani O., Olatunji G.A.	2014	Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis	4	6	10.1016/j.jpha.2014.05.002	Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 3005, Redemption Camp, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	Atolani, O., Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 3005, Redemption Camp, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria, Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria; Olatunji, G.A., Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria	A furano-diterpene (polyalthic acid) was isolated as a major stable compound for the first time from the oleoresin of the Daniella oliveri of the family Caesalpiniacea through column chromatography fractionation. Polyalthic acid was characterized using data obtained from EIMS, HREIMS, ESI-MS, MALDI-MS as well as 1D and 2D NMR and it was evaluated for its potential to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) using a standard in vitro antiglycation procedure. Polyalthic acid indicated a negative antiglycation potential compared to standard inhibitor that has 85% inhibition, which is an indication that polyalthic acid may not contribute to the antiglycation activity of the plant as acclaimed in folkloric medicine. The negative antiglycation observed could indicate that the polyalthic acid could trigger glycation, thereby subjecting users to various degrees of complications. The bioactivity evaluation on molinspiration evaluator indicated that polyalthic acid could be a potential drug candidate. The biological and chemical insights gained on polyalthic acid provide a good basis for future research. © 2014 Xi'an Jiaotong University.	Antiglycation; Daniella oliveria; Furano-diterpene; Matrix assistedlaser desorption/ionization (MALDI); Polyalthic acid	advanced glycation end product; furan derivative; hydrogen; polyalthic acid; rutoside; terpene derivative; unclassified drug; antiglycation activity; Article; biological activity; Caesalpinia; controlled study; Daniella oliveri; deciduous plant; drug activity; drug isolation; drug screening; electrospray mass spectrometry; heteronuclear multiple bond correlation; heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence; hydrogen bond; IC50; plant exudate; tree	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84887355721	Do gender differentials play any role in university physics students' performance?	Mundalamo F.J., Netswera F.G.	2013	International Journal of Learner Diversity and Identities	19	3	None	Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; University of Limpopo, South Africa	Mundalamo, F.J., Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa; Netswera, F.G., University of Limpopo, South Africa	Against international literature that indicates that gender differences exist in the performance in introductory physics level students, this paper has examined the prospects of gender based differences in students' performance in introductory physics at the university level in South Africa. The study was conducted at four South African universities using a sample of 194 students. A third (68) of the participants in this research were female students. Student performance was measured through two instruments, namely 1) The Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation (FMCE) tests adapted from Thornton and Sokoloff (1998) and 2) the student's introductory physics mechanics marks. Both FMCE and mechanics courses lay the foundation for other physics courses. Student performances on the two instruments were analysed. The students' outcomes on these tests suggest that in the South African context, gender differentials do not necessarily predict performance in physics. In conclusion, this paper discusses other factors which in the context of South Africa need attention as possible barriers to general outcomes in physics. © Common Ground, Fhatuwani J. Mundalamo, Fulufhelo Godfrey Netswera.	Gender; Performance; Physics; University	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84860800961	Corporate social responsibility performance in the Niger Delta: beyond two constitutive orthodoxies [Performances en matière de responsabilité sociale des entreprises dans le delta du Niger: audelà de deux orthodoxies constitutives]	Aaron K.K.	2011	Development in Practice	21	6	10.1080/09614524.2011.582856	Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Aaron, K.K., Department of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria	Against the background of attempts to explain the poor Corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of transnational oil corporations in the Niger Delta in the context of flawed approaches, processes and inadequate CSR packages, this paper contests not only the explanations for the failure of CSR, but the core idea that CSR is capable of engendering sustainable community development at all. Given the enormity of the development challenge in the region, corporations cannot, even with the best of intentions, make meaningful impact on host communities, mainly because of the structural constraints arising from the profit-seeking ethos which drives corporate behaviour. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.	Conflict and reconstruction; Governance and public policy	corporate strategy; governance approach; industrial performance; oil industry; sustainable development; Niger Delta; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84935090382	Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of a galactose-specific lectin in the skin mucus of african catfish (clarias gariepinus, burchell, 1822) against some aquatic microorganisms	Olayemi O.O., Adenike K., Ayinde A.D.	2015	Research Journal of Microbiology	10	4	10.3923/jm.2015.132.144	Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria	Olayemi, O.O., Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Adenike, K., Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria; Ayinde, A.D., Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria	A galactose-specific lectin purified from the skin mucus of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was tested for antimicrobial activities against microbial pathogens isolated from the catfish pond water with a view to examining the involvement of the protein in the host defense mechanism. Standard methods of microbial isolation and identification were employed and disc-diffusion method was used for the anti-microbial assay. Anti-microbial evaluation of standard antibiotics ampicillin and nystatin were used as comparative study. The microbial load of the fish pond water was high, with highest total bacterial count of 7.1×10<inf>8</inf> CFU mL-1 and fungal count of 6.7×103 CFU mL-1. Twelve bacterial species and 14 fungi species were isolated and identified from the pond water. The lectin specifically agglutinated different Gram-negative bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Alcaligenes faecalis, Klebsiella edwardsii and Vibrio metschnikovii but had no effect on Gram-positive bacteria. It inhibited strongly the growth of A. hydrophila, A. faecalis, Bacillus cereus, B. polymyxa, K. pneumoniae, K. edwardsii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and V. metschnikovii. In the same manner, the lectin inhibited the mycelia growth of yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus and a phytopathogenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. The ability of skin mucus lectin to agglutinate and inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi will make available effective defense mechanism for the African catfish against invading microbes. © 2015 Academic Journals Inc.	African catfish; Agglutination; Antimicrobial; Lectin; Pathogens; Skin mucus	Aeromonas hydrophila; Alcaligenes faecalis; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria (microorganisms); Clarias gariepinus; Fungi; Fusarium oxysporum; Klebsiella; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Kluyveromyces marxianus; Negibacteria; Polymyxa; Posibacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Vibrio metschnikovii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903847292	The impact of livestock grazing on plant diversity: An analysis across dryland ecosystems and scales in southern Africa	Hanke W., Böhner J., Dreber N., Jürgens N., Schmiedel U., Wesuls D., Dengler J.	2014	Ecological Applications	24	5	10.1890/13-0377.1	Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Unit for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; Synthesis Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany	Hanke, W., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Böhner, J., Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; Dreber, N., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Jürgens, N., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Schmiedel, U., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Wesuls, D., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany; Dengler, J., Biodiversity, Evolution, and Ecology of Plants, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststrasse 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany, Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany, Synthesis Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany	A general understanding of grazing effects on plant diversity in drylands is still missing, despite an extensive theoretical background. Cross-biome syntheses are hindered by the fact that the outcomes of disturbance studies are strongly affected by the choice of diversity measures, and the spatial and temporal scales of measurements. The aim of this study is to overcome these weaknesses by applying a wide range of diversity measures to a data set derived from identical sampling in three distinct ecosystems. We analyzed three fence-line contrasts (heavier vs. lighter grazing intensity), representing different degrees of aridity (from arid to semiarid) and precipitation regimes (summer rain vs. winter rain) in southern Africa. We tested the impact of grazing intensity on multiple aspects of plant diversity (species and functional group level, richness and evenness components, alpha and beta diversity, and composition) at two spatial scales, and for both 5-yr means and interannual variability. Heavier grazing reduced total plant cover and substantially altered the species and functional composition at all sites. However, a significant decrease in species alpha diversity was detected at only one of the three sites. By contrast, alpha diversity of plant functional groups responded consistently across ecosystems and scales, with a significant decrease at heavier grazing intensity. The cover-based measures of functional group diversity responded more sensitively and more consistently than functional group richness. Beta diversity of species and functional types increased under heavier grazing, showing that at larger scales, the heterogeneity of the community composition and the functional structure were increased. Heavier grazing mostly increased interannual variability of alpha diversity, while effects on beta diversity and cover were inconsistent. Our results suggest that species diversity alone may not adequately reflect the shifts in vegetation structure that occur in response to increased grazing intensity in the dryland biomes of southern Africa. Compositional and structural changes of the vegetation are better reflected by trait-based diversity measures. In particular, measures of plant functional diversity that include evenness represent a promising tool to detect and quantify disturbance effects on ecosystems. © 2014 by the Ecological Society of America.	Alpha diversity; Beta diversity; Biodiversity; Disturbance; Evenness; Fence-line contrast; Functional diversity; Nama Karoo; Rangeland degradation; Richness; Stability; Succulent Karoo	biome; community composition; data set; disturbance; dryland farming; functional group; grazing management; livestock; plant community; spatiotemporal analysis; species diversity; Karoo; Nama Karoo; South Africa; Southern Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051470936	Geochemical evaluation of Niger Delta sedimentary organic rocks: A new insight	Akinlua A., Torto N.	2011	International Journal of Earth Sciences	100	6	10.1007/s00531-010-0544-z	Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Fossil Fuels and Environmental Research Group, Department of C	Akinlua, A., Department of Earth Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa, Fossil Fuels and Environmental Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Torto, N., Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa	A geochemical evaluation of Niger Delta organic matter was carried out using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) sample preparation procedure. Comparison of geochemical significance of gas chromatographic data of rock extracts of SFE with those of Soxhlet extraction method from previous studies was made in order to establish the usefulness of SFE in geochemical exploration. The assessment of geochemical character of the rock samples from the comparison and interpretation of other geochemical parameters were used to give more insights into understanding the source rocks characteristics of onshore and shelf portions of the Niger Delta Basin. The results of the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of the rock extracts across the lithostratigraphic units show that Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17, Pr/nC18, CPI and odd/even preference ranged from 0.07 to 12.39, 0.04 to 6.66, 0.05 to 13.80, 0.12 to 8.4 and 0.06 to 8.12, respectively. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and geochemical ratios and parameters calculated from the GC data showed that most of the samples are mature and have strong terrestrial provenance while a few samples have strong marine provenance. The few marine source rocks are located in the deeper depth horizon. Pr/Ph and standard geochemical plots indicate that most of samples were derived from organic matter deposited in less reducing conditions, i. e. more of oxidizing conditions while a few samples have predominantly influence of reducing conditions. The results of trace metal analysis of older samples from Agbada Formation also indicate marine and mixed organic matter input deposited in less reducing conditions. The results obtained in this study are comparable with those obtained from previous studies when Soxhlet extraction method was used and also indicated the presence of more than one petroleum systems in the Niger Delta. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.	Extraction; Niger Delta; Organic matter; Supercritical fluid	extraction method; gas chromatography; lithostratigraphy; organic matter; oxidation; pyrolysis; sediment chemistry; source rock; trace metal; Niger Delta; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70350067656	Geophysical evaluation and chemical analysis of kaolin clay deposit of Lakiri village, Southwestern Nigeria	Badmus B.S., Olatinsu O.B.	2009	International Journal of Physical Sciences	4	10	None	Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Badmus, B.S., Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria; Olatinsu, O.B., Department of Physics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	A geophysical survey using the vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique was carried out to evaluate kaolin clay mineral deposit of Lakiri village, Obafemi-Owode local government area of Ogun State, Southwestern, Nigeria. Thirty three (33) Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings (VES) were acquired at three different sites. The data obtained was interpreted using WingGLink software to determine the apparent resistivity and thickness of each geoelectric layer. A minimum of three geoelectric layers and a maximum of five geoelectric layers were delineated. The subsurface lithology includes: topsoil, clayey sand/sandy clay, kaolin clay and sandstone. The kaolin clay distribution was identified in about 80% of the VES stations with resistivity values ranging between 1099 - 22037 ω m and thicknesses between 0.4 - 17 m. Chemical analysis carried out on samples collected from these sites shows that the kaolin clay is acidic and contains high concentration of alkaline metals. The physical analyses revealed the kaolin clay to have an average porosity of 0.46 and bulk density of 1.4 g cm-3. The study also revealed that the percentage of clay in the samples collected was found to be higher than that of silt and sand. © 2009 Academic Journals.	Bulk density; Electrical sounding and geoelectric layers; Kaolin clay; Resistivity	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84892998601	The MAREDAT global database of high performance liquid chromatography marine pigment measurements	Peloquin J., Swan C., Gruber N., Vogt M., Claustre H., Ras J., Uitz J., Barlow R., Behrenfeld M., Bidigare R., Dierssen H., Ditullio G., Fernandez E., Gallienne C., Gibb S., Goericke R., Harding L., Head E., Holligan P., Hooker S., Karl D., Landry M., Let	2013	Earth System Science Data	5	1	10.5194/essd-5-109-2013	Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa; Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States; Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston, SC, United States; Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; University of Maryland Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States; Ecosystem Research Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Institute for Marine Remote Sensing/IMaRS, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA, United States; NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy; Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany; Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia	Peloquin, J., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Swan, C., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Gruber, N., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Vogt, M., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Claustre, H., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Ras, J., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Uitz, J., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Barlow, R., Bayworld Centre for Research and Education, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa, Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Behrenfeld, M., Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Bidigare, R., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Dierssen, H., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States; Ditullio, G., Grice Marine Lab, College of Charleston, SC, United States; Fernandez, E., Departamento Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Gallienne, C., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Gibb, S., Environmental Research Institute, University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom; Goericke, R., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Harding, L., University of Maryland Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD, United States; Head, E., Ecosystem Research Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada; Holligan, P., Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Hooker, S., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Karl, D., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Landry, M., Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States; Letelier, R., College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States; Llewellyn, C.A., Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom; Lomas, M., Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George's GE 01, Bermuda; Lucas, M., Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa; Mannino, A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States; Marty, J.-C., Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR7093, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7093, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Mitchell, B.G., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Muller-Karger, F., Institute for Marine Remote Sensing/IMaRS, College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States; Nelson, N., Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; O'Brien, C., Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Prezelin, B., Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Repeta, D., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States; Smith Jr., W.O., Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Pt., VA, United States; Smythe-Wright, D., Ocean and Earth Science University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Stumpf, R., NOAA National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Subramaniam, A., Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States; Suzuki, K., Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Trees, C., NATO Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy; Vernet, M., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Wasmund, N., Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 18119 Warnemünde, Germany; Wright, S., Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, 203 Channel Hwy, Kingston, TAS 7050, Australia	A global pigment database consisting of 35 634 pigment suites measured by high performance liquid chromatography was assembled in support of the MARine Ecosytem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative. These data originate from 136 field surveys within the global ocean, were solicited from investigators and databases, compiled, and then quality controlled. Nearly one quarter of the data originates from the Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), with an additional 17% and 19% stemming from the US JGOFS and LTER programs, respectively. The MAREDAT pigment database provides high quality measurements of the major taxonomic pigments including chlorophylls a and b, 19'-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, alloxanthin, divinyl chlorophyll a, fucoxanthin, lutein, peridinin, prasinoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin, which may be used in varying combinations to estimate phytoplankton community composition. Quality control measures consisted of flagging samples that had a total chlorophyll a concentration of zero, had fewer than four reported accessory pigments, or exceeded two standard deviations of the log-linear regression of total chlorophyll a with total accessory pigment concentrations. We anticipate the MAREDAT pigment database to be of use in the marine ecology, remote sensing and ecological modeling communities, where it will support model validation and advance our global perspective on marine biodiversity. The original dataset together with quality control flags as well as the gridded MAREDAT pigment data may be downloaded from PANGAEA: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.793246. © 2013 Author(s).	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84940305720	Evaluation of a gp63-PCR based assay as a molecular diagnosis tool in canine Leishmaniasis in Tunisia	Guerbouj S., Djilani F., Bettaieb J., Lambson B., Diouani M.F., Ben Salah A., Ben Ismail R., Guizani I.	2014	PLoS ONE	9	8	10.1371/journal.pone.0105419	Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Molteno Institute for Parasitology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Centre for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; World Health Organization - Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO - EMRO), Cairo, Egypt	Guerbouj, S., Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Djilani, F., Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Bettaieb, J., Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Lambson, B., Molteno Institute for Parasitology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Centre for HIV and STI, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Diouani, M.F., Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Ben Salah, A., Laboratory of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Ben Ismail, R., Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, World Health Organization - Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (WHO - EMRO), Cairo, Egypt; Guizani, I., Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Ecology of Parasitic Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia	A gp63PCR method was evaluated for the detection and characterization of Leishmania (Leishmania) (L.) parasites in canine lymph node aspirates. This tool was tested and compared to other PCRs based on the amplification of 18S ribosomal genes, a L. infantum specific repetitive sequence and kinetoplastic DNA minicircles, and to classical parasitological (smear examination and/or culture) or serological (IFAT) techniques on a sample of 40 dogs, originating from different L. infantum endemic regions in Tunisia. Sensitivity and specificity of all the PCR assays were evaluated on parasitologically confirmed dogs within this sample (N = 18) and control dogs (N = 45) originating from non-endemic countries in northern Europe and Australia. The gp63 PCR had 83.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity, a performance comparable to the kinetoplast PCR assay and better than the other assays. These assays had comparable results when the gels were southern transferred and hybridized with a radioactive probe. As different infection rates were found according to the technique, concordance of the results was estimated by (κ) test. Best concordance values were between the gp63PCR and parasitological methods (74.6%, 95% confidence intervals CI: 58.8-95.4%) or serology IFAT technique (47.4%, 95% CI: 23.5-71.3%). However, taken together Gp63 and Rib assays covered most of the samples found positive making of them a good alternative for determination of infection rates. Potential of the gp63PCR-RFLP assay for analysis of parasite genetic diversity within samples was also evaluated using 5 restriction enzymes. RFLP analysis confirmed assignment of the parasites infecting the dogs to L. infantum species and illustrated occurrence of multiple variants in the different endemic foci. Gp63 PCR assay thus constitutes a useful tool in molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infections in dogs in Tunisia. © 2014 Guerbouj et al.	None	article; Australia; canine leishmaniasis; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; dog; Europe; genetic polymorphism; gp63 PCR assay; hybridization; INF PCR assay; infection rate; intermethod comparison; kinetoplast PCR assay; Leishmania; leishmania aethiopica; Leishmania archibaldi; Leishmania donovani; Leishmania infantum; Leishmania major; Leishmania tropica; leishmaniasis; molecular diagnosis; molecular probe; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parasitology; polymerase chain reaction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; RIB PCR assay; sensitivity and specificity; serology; Tunisia; animal; dog; Dog Diseases; evaluation study; genetics; Leishmania infantum; leishmaniasis; metabolism; molecular pathology; polymerase chain reaction; procedures; veterinary; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Leishmania infantum; Leishmaniasis; Pathology, Molecular; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Tunisia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84863946617	Development of granular-medium-based impact energy management system	Mwangi F.M., Kanny K.	2012	International Journal of Crashworthiness	17	4	10.1080/13588265.2012.661658	Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	Mwangi, F.M., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Kanny, K., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa	A granular-medium-based impact energy management system has been developed. The system was subjected to low-tomedium velocity regime impacts. Effects of lubrication of granules and defaulting of boundary conditions using Bravais cubic lattice structures have been investigated. Unlike traditional design platforms where heavy reliance is placed on the intrinsic properties of materials, experimental results indicate that the new system effectively relies on the underlying synergistic mechanisms to absorb and dissipate impact energy. Dynamic simulation results validate the system's practical relevance to the automotive industry and similar contexts. © 2012 Taylor & Francis.	Absorption; Bumpers; Dissipation; Granular medium; Impact energy	Cubic lattice; Design platform; Granular medium; Impact energy; Impact energy management; Intrinsic property; Synergistic mechanism; Absorption; Automobile bumpers; Automotive industry; Computer simulation; Energy dissipation; Energy management; Management	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80051564160	Land, landlords and sustainable livelihoods: The impact of agrarian reform on a coconut hacienda in the Philippines	Vista B.M., Nel E., Binns T.	2012	Land Use Policy	29	1	10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.06.002	Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg, South Africa	Vista, B.M., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Nel, E., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand, Research Fellow, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Binns, T., Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand	Agrarian reform has been a key theme on the development agenda of many countries in the Global South for decades. Whilst such interventions are often pursued for political goals and in the interests of empowerment, there is often a mismatch between these goals and the actual outcomes achieved. Within this context, this study investigates the impacts of agrarian reform in Del Rosario, a former coconut hacienda in the Philippines. This is done in an attempt to explore whether agrarian reform has facilitated the creation of sustainable livelihoods among its beneficiaries, in particular, and in their agrarian reform community, in general. The impacts of reform are examined in relation to four themes - economic, social, demographic and environmental. Overall, the study concludes that agrarian reform has not brought about sustainable livelihoods in the former coconut hacienda. People's livelihoods, especially those derived from copra farming, remain at a subsistence level. At most, at an economic level agrarian reform has brought about improved access to land among its beneficiaries. Nevertheless, it has empowered the farmers by giving them greater freedom and has increased their sense of well-being, as well as enabling them to improve their families' life prospects and strengthen social capital. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.	Agrarian reform; Hacienda; Impacts; Land reform; Livelihoods; Philippines	accessibility; agrarian reform; empowerment; land reform; land tenure; landownership; social capital; sustainable development; Philippines	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84939630358	Enhancing growth performance of Chromolaena odorata in two soil samples by using cow manure as amendment	Anyasi R., Atagana H.	2014	Pakistan Journal of Botany	46	5	None	Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Science and Technology Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	Anyasi, R., Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Atagana, H., Institute for Science and Technology Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa	A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of cow manure on the growth of Chromolaena odorata propagated for the purpose of phytoremediation of organic contaminant in soil. Cow manure was mixed separately with two soil types: clay soil and sandy-loam soils in a ratio of 9:1 (soil:manure) and put into 2 L PVC pots, the homogenized soil types were measured into 2 L PVC planting pots. Selected sprouting stem cuttings of Chromolaena odorata were transplanted into the pots containing the soil-manure mixture. Nutrient status of the soil was monitored weekly through the period of experimentation and the growth of the plants and biomass accumulation were measured. Control experiment was set up with manure. Survival of plants after transplanting was highest for cuttings transplanting after 3 weeks (95%) and 5 weeks (50%) of sprouting in the nursery. Profuse growth of plants in the both amended soil types were observed when compared with the control. Biomass accumulation was significantly higher in amended soils compared to the control. This study has shown that organic manure amendment to both soil types can enhance the growth and biomass accumulation of Chromolaena odorata. This is a good indication that the amendment could be beneficial in soil phytoremediation studies involving C. odorata. © 2014, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.	Chromolaena odorata; Growth enhancement; Growth performances; Soil	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78650230819	Potential impacts of a green revolution in Africa-the case of Ghana	Breisinger C., Diao X., Thurlow J., Hassan R.M.A.	2011	Journal of International Development	23	1	10.1002/jid.1641	International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Breisinger, C., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Diao, X., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Thurlow, J., International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, United States; Hassan, R.M.A., University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana	Agricultural growth in Africa has accelerated, yet most of this growth has been driven by land expansion. Land expansion potential is reaching its limits, urging governments to shift towards a green revolution type of productivity-led growth. Given the huge public investments required, this paper aims to assess the potential impacts of a green revolution. Results from a CGE model for Ghana show that green revolution type growth is strongly pro-poor and provides substantial transfers to the rest of the economy, thus providing a powerful argument to raise public expenditure on agriculture to make a green revolution happen in Africa. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Africa; Agriculture; CGE; Ghana; Green revolution; Growth; Microsimulation; Poverty	agricultural economics; green revolution; investment; numerical model; poverty; public spending; Ghana	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84908626464	Benefits of legume-maize rotations: Assessing the impact of diversity on the productivity of smallholders in Western Kenya	Ojiem J.O., Franke A.C., Vanlauwe B., de Ridder N., Giller K.E.	2014	Field Crops Research	168	None	10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.004	Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Research Centre, P.O. Box 1490, Kisumu, Kenya; Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands; Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, Universit	Ojiem, J.O., Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Research Centre, P.O. Box 1490, Kisumu, Kenya, Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands; Franke, A.C., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands, Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Vanlauwe, B., International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; de Ridder, N., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands; Giller, K.E., Plant Production Systems, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, Wageningen, Netherlands	Agricultural intensification of farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa is a prerequisite to alleviate rural poverty and improve livelihoods. Legumes have shown great potential to enhance system productivity. On-farm experiments were conducted in different agro-ecological zones (AEZ) in Western Kenya to assess the agronomic and economic benefits of promising legumes. In each zone, trials were established in fields of high, medium and low fertility to assess the effect of soil fertility heterogeneity on legume productivity and subsequent maize yield. Common bean, soybean, groundnut, lima bean, lablab, velvet bean, crotalaria, and jackbean were grown in the short rains season, followed by maize in the long rains season. Alongside, continuous maize treatments fertilised at different rates were established. AEZs and soil fertility gradients within these zones greatly affected crop productivity, returns to land and labour of rotations, as well as the relative performance of rotations. Poorer soil fertility and AEZs with lower rainfall gave smaller legume and maize yields and consequently, smaller returns to land and labour. The cultivation of legumes increased maize yields in the subsequent long rains season compared with continuous maize receiving fertiliser at a similar rate, while the increase of maize after green manure legumes was stronger than that after grain legumes. Maize yield responded strongly to increasing amounts of N applied as legume residues with diminishing returns to legume-N application rates above 100kgNha-1. In the low potential zones, factors other than improved N availability likely also stimulated maize yield. Rotations with grain legumes generally provided better returns than those with green manures. Intercropping bean with maize in the long rains season provided an additional bean yield that did not come at the expense of maize yield and improved returns to land and labour, but more so in the high potential zones. The results demonstrate the strong impact of biophysical diversity on the productivity of the legumes and suggest the need for careful targeting of legume technologies to the different biophysical conditions. © 2014.	Agro-ecological zones; Economic analysis; Legumes; Rotations; Soil fertility gradients; Technology niches	agricultural economics; agricultural intensification; agroecology; crop production; crop rotation; crop yield; cultivation; legume; maize; productivity; smallholder; soil fertility; Kenya; Zea mays	None
WoS	WOS:000293559000014	Evaluating Agricultural Research and Extension in Tanzania: the Production Function Approach	Anandajayasekeram, P,Babu, S,Isinika, A. C.,Keswani, CL,Liebenberg, F,Rukuni, M	2007	IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON AFRICAN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY	None	None	None	Sokoine University of Agriculture	None	Agricultural research in Tanzania began in 1923 on sorghum and cotton. Since then, the number of research stations and institutions involved in agricultural research has increased. However, there are very few evaluations of the performance of agricultural research. This study uses the production function approach to assess the efficiency of investments in agricultural research and extension from 1971 to 1992. Results of the regression analysis showed that the total factor productivity for crop production in Tanzania is responsive to expenditures on research while it is not responsive to expenditure on agricultural extension. The model also shows that total factor productivity for crop production was not significantly responsive to the literacy rate of farmers, rainfall and lagged export earnings. The study concludes that since the marginal rate of return of investment in agricultural research is greater than the social rate of return, continued funding of agricultural research by both government and private sector is encouraged. The marginal rate of return was found to be low. This calls for efforts to improve extension and enhance the linkages between agricultural research and extension.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78751661876	Potential impact of edible tropical legumes on crop productivity in the small-holder sector in Sub-Saharan Africa	Gwata E.T.	2010	Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment	8	3-4 PART 2	None	University of Venda, Department of Plant Production, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Gwata, E.T., University of Venda, Department of Plant Production, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa	Agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa are dominated by the small-holder types of production. The small-holder sector (SHS) is characterized largely by resource-poor farmers with small farms averaging about 0.4 ha per household. The farmers are constrained by lack of capital to purchase production inputs or lack of the pre-requisite technical and managerial skills to produce and market commodities successfully. Crop production systems in the SHS are predominantly subsistence, consisting of largely cereals and a limited proportion of tropical legumes in spite of the importance of legumes in these cropping systems. The objective of this paper was to explore the potential impact of edible tropical grain legumes on household food security and poverty alleviation in the SHS production systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The legumes provide food for human consumption, improve soil fertility and can be traded to generate income. The potential yield advantage of tropical legumes over that of cereals is high particularly under low soil fertility conditions. From a nutritional standpoint, the legumes contain a broad range of amino acids and vitamins. Because of the high protein levels (>20%) in the grain, the legumes are valuable sources of affordable protein particularly in rural small-holder communities that largely depend on cereal based diets and face high risks of malnutrition. The legumes can also be used in the production of stock feeds. Therefore, the tropical legumes offer flexible options for improving food production as well as income generation for the small-holder farmers in Africa thereby contributing to household food security and poverty alleviation.	Production systems; Small-holder sector; Soil fertility; Tropical legumes	amino acid; protein; vitamin; Africa south of the Sahara; agricultural management; agricultural worker; article; cereal; controlled study; crop production; cropping system; dietary intake; food composition; food industry; food intake; food security; grain; harvest; household; legume; nonhuman; nutritional value; poverty; protein malnutrition; skill; small holder sector; soil fertility; stock assessment; Africa; crop; drought tolerance; income; intercropping; rural area; seed production	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84926609970	Performance of small-scale water management interventions on crop yield, water use and productivity in three agro-ecologies of Malawi	Kadyampakeni D.M., Kazombo-Phiri S., Mati B., Fandika I.R.	2015	Irrigation and Drainage	64	2	10.1002/ird.1886	Kasinthula Research Station, Chikhwawa, Malawi; Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya	Kadyampakeni, D.M., Kasinthula Research Station, Chikhwawa, Malawi; Kazombo-Phiri, S., Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi; Mati, B., Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; Fandika, I.R., Kasinthula Research Station, Chikhwawa, Malawi	Agricultural water management interventions play a critical role in mitigating hunger during droughts and dry seasons in southern Africa. A study was conducted in Malawi to compare the performance of improved agricultural water management interventions with traditional water management practices to assess the performance of the interventions on crop yield and water use. The study used questionnaires and focused group discussions to collect data from farmers and key informants. The results showed significant gains using regulated surface irrigation compared with unregulated surface irrigation. The results showed that yield increases of 33 and 37% for onion and tomato respectively were obtained from wetland seepage irrigation compared with upland cultivation. Treadle pump irrigation increased crop production by 5-54% compared with water can irrigation. Treadle pumps also increased gross and net incomes by ≥12%, suggesting that farmers using the treadle pump were able to realize higher incomes across all crop enterprises compared with farmers using water cans. However, there is a dire need to improve the efficiency of the surface irrigation systems for rice production because the water applied was about two to three times the gross irrigation requirement which could result in environmental degradation through increased salinity and waterlogging. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	Irrigation; Smallholder agriculture; Streamflow diversion; Water-use efficiency	Allium cepa; Lycopersicon esculentum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-78649778495	Impact of schistosome infection on plasmodium falciparum malariometric indices and immune correlates in school age children in burma valley, zimbabwe	Sangweme D.T., Midzi N., Zinyowera-Mutapuri S., Mduluza T., Diener-West M., Kumar N.	2010	PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases	4	11	10.1371/journal.pntd.0000882	Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Schistosomiasis Section, National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States	Sangweme, D.T., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Midzi, N., Schistosomiasis Section, National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe; Zinyowera-Mutapuri, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mduluza, T., Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Diener-West, M., Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States; Kumar, N., Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States	A group of children aged 6-17 years was recruited and followed up for 12 months to study the impact of schistosome infection on malaria parasite prevalence, density, distribution and anemia. Levels of cytokines, malaria specific antibodies in plasma and parasite growth inhibition capacities were assessed. Baseline results suggested an increased prevalence of malaria parasites in children co-infected with schistosomiasis (31%) compared to children infected with malaria only (25%) (p = 0.064). Moreover, children co-infected with schistosomes and malaria had higher sexual stage geometric mean malaria parasite density (189 gametocytes/ml) than children infected with malaria only (73/ml gametocytes) (p = 0.043). In addition, a larger percentage of co-infected children (57%) had gametocytes as observed by microscopy compared to the malaria only infected children (36%) (p = 0.06). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the prevalence of anemia, which was approximately 64% in both groups (p = 0.9). Plasma from malaria-infected children exhibited higher malaria antibody activity compared to the controls (p = 0.001) but was not different between malaria and schistosome plus malaria infected groups (p = 0.44) and malaria parasite growth inhibition activity at baseline was higher in the malaria-only infected group of children than in the co-infected group though not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.5). Higher prevalence and higher mean gametocyte density in the peripheral blood may have implications in malaria transmission dynamics during coinfection with helminths. © 2010 Sangweme et al.	None	albendazole; apical membrane antigen 1; chloroquine; fansidar; hemoglobin; immunoglobulin G; immunoglobulin G2; immunoglobulin G3; merozoite surface protein 1; praziquantel; helminth antibody; protozoon antibody; adolescent; anemia; article; asexual reproduction; blood sampling; child; controlled study; disease transmission; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; female; gametocyte; growth inhibition; helminthiasis; human; in vitro study; major clinical study; malaria; male; mixed infection; Plasmodium falciparum; preschool child; prevalence; Schistosoma hematobium; Schistosoma mansoni; schistosomiasis; single drug dose; Zimbabwe; animal; cohort analysis; immunology; malaria falciparum; parasitology; physiology; Schistosoma; schistosomiasis; Zimbabwe; Adolescent; Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Antibodies, Protozoan; Child; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Plasmodium falciparum; Schistosoma; Schistosomiasis; Zimbabwe	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84943611171	Benchmarking: Business strategy to improve environmental performance	Doorasamy M.	2015	Investment Management and Financial Innovations	12	2	None	Department of Financial Accounting, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa	Doorasamy, M., Department of Financial Accounting, Mangosuthu University of Technology, South Africa	A growing number of organizations have failed to realize that environmental strategies should be incorporated as part of the organizations corporate business strategies, to ensure their sustainable competitive advantage. Future sustainability and competitiveness require the adoption of Cleaner Production (CP) techniques and technologies which will address waste issues at its source and ensure more efficient use of resources. However, management is not keen on this strategy as they perceive CP as a costly strategy that requires innovation with no financial benefits to the company. The aim of this paper is to benchmark the company's environmental costs by comparing the company's current non-product output against technological standards and standards of best available technology. The results are based on a case study which is focused on the coal - fired boiler technology used in the steam generation process. It had been found that benchmarking enabled managers to evaluate and analyze how much they can save by ensuring that their current technology is functioning according to technological standards and also reduces the amount of waste generated due to technological inefficiency. © Mishelle Doorasamy, 2015.	Benchmarks; Best available technology; Cleaner production techniques; Competiveness; Environmental strategies; Non-product output; Sustainability; Technological standards	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84938348842	Environmental impact of mining and pedogeochemistry of Agunjin area, southwestern Nigeria	Odewumi Shola C., Aminu Ahmed A., Abuh M., Bulus Joseph A.	2015	International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering	8	2	None	Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria; Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos,	Odewumi Shola, C., Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Aminu Ahmed, A., Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin, Nigeria; Abuh, M., Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria; Bulus Joseph, A., Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Nigeria	Agunjin area occurs in the southwestern sector of the Nigerian Basement Complex along Ajase Ipo- Igbaja road. The present study is to assess the environmental impact of mining and the extent of contaminations in the soil. Soil samples were collected at a distance of about 100-400metres in N-S and E-W direction to the mining phase in Agunjin area. Twelve Soil samples were analyzed for major oxides and trace elements using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The major element compositions of Na2O ranges from 0.26 to 0.50wt%, K2O ranges from 0.21 to 0.47wt%, Al2O3 varies from 0.85 to 1.50wt%, MgO varies from 1.51 to 2.83wt%, CaO ranges from 15.39 to 55.97wt%, Fe2O3 and MnO ranges from 0.087 to 0.28wt% and 0.093 to 0.14wt% respectively. Results from the studies revealed that the concentration of Cu ranges from 5.49 to 27.56ppm and Zn ranges from 0.33 to 6.59ppm. The high concentrations of the CaO, Zn and Cu in the soil could be linked to the elemental concentrations in the marble and other metasedimentary rocks in the area which were mechanically dispersed by the mining activities and surface erosion. These elements will eventually find their way into the drainage system leading to some contaminations and possibly bioaccumulations. Total environmental impact score of mining in the area is (-) 3850 indicating major injurious impact on environment and the excess of Mn in soil is hazardous to the people living in the area. © 2015 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.	Bioaccumulation; Ecosystem; Toxic elements; Zinc and copper	Absorption spectroscopy; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Bioaccumulation; Biochemistry; Ecosystems; Manganese; Manganese oxide; Soil surveys; Soils; Trace elements; Zinc; Basement complex; Drainage systems; Elemental concentrations; Metasedimentary rocks; Mining activities; Southwestern nigeria; Surface erosion; Toxic elements; Environmental impact; bioaccumulation; copper; environmental impact; geochemistry; mining; pedology; soil pollution; toxic substance; zinc; Nigeria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-30044433053	Evaluation of electrodialysis for the treatment of an industrial solid waste leachate	Schoeman J.J., Steyn A., Makgae M.	2005	Desalination	186	42372	10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.061	University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	Schoeman, J.J., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Steyn, A., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa; Makgae, M., University of Pretoria, Department of Chemical Engineering, Water Utilisation Division, Pretoria, South Africa	A hazardous leachate from an industrial landfill site is stored in lined dams. The TDS (approximately 100 g/l) and the organic concentration (approximately 70 g/l COD) of the leachate are high. The high TDS concentration of the leachate would make treatment with reverse osmosis (RO) very difficult. The leachate also contains high concentrations of iron, manganese, barium, strontium and phenolics. This leachate has the potential to pollute the water environment, if the dams overflow. Therefore, electrodialysis (ED) was evaluated as an alternative technology to desalinate/concentrate the leachate for effluent volume reduction and pollution control. Physical/chemical pretreatment of the leachate with fly ash and chemicals have shown that the fouling potential of the leachate for membrane systems could be significantly reduced. The AFN anionic membrane from Tokuyama Soda was found to be the most resistant anionic membrane towards membrane fouling during tests in a membrane fouling test cell. This membrane was then used in a laboratory-scale ED stack to evaluate the process for treatment of the leachate. It was found that the leachate could be effectively desalinated/concentrated with ED. The desalinated effluent was significantly less toxic and more biodegradable than the ED feed or brine which comprised approximately 38% of the treated leachate. It also appears that it should be possible to control membrane fouling with regular membrane cleanings. Electrodialysis pilot tests were finally conducted in the batch and feed-and-bleed modes to develop process design criteria for a full-scale application. It was found that an excellent quality water could be produced with batch ED treatment followed by RO desalination. The treated water is almost of potable quality (645 mg/l TDS) except for high COD (935 mg/l). Feed-and-bleed ED pilot tests have shown that the TDS of the leachate could be reduced from 116,255 mg/l to 2,435 mg/l (5 stage ED). Brine volume comprised approximately 41% of the treated leachate. The capital cost of an 80 kl/d (feed) ED plant is estimated at 2.38 million US$. Operational costs are estimated at 28.96 US$/kl. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Electrodialysis; Leachate characterisation; Leachate treatment; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Treatment costs; Volume reduction	Industrial waste treatment; Leachate treatment; Membranes; Pollution control; Reverse osmosis; Solid wastes; Leachate characterisation; Membrane characteristics; Membrane fouling; Treatment costs; Volume reduction; Electrodialysis; electrodialysis; filtration; leachate; membrane	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76749099272	Evaluation of sole and amended organic fertilizers on soil fertility and growth of kola seedlings (Cola acuminate)	Moyin-Jesu E.I.	2009	Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science	32	1	None	Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	Moyin-Jesu, E.I., Agronomy Department, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria	A healthy kola seedling in the nursery is very important for sustainable establishment and high yield of kolanuts in the fields. An investigation was carried out in Akure, in the rainforest zone of Nigeria, to determine the effectiveness of amended forms of wood ash and cocoa husk, turkey, goat and duck manures (sole) as sources of fertilizers, on the growth of kola (Cola acuminate) seedlings in the nursery. For this purpose, nine organic fertilizer treatments [duck manure, goat manure, turkey manure (sole), wood ash/duck manure mix, cocoa husk/duck manure mix, goat manure/wood ash mix, goat manure/cocoa husk mix, turkey manure/cocoa husk mix and turkey manure and wood ash mix] were applied at 8t/ha (40g per 10kg soil filled pots), replicated three times with NPK fertilizer and a control (no fertilizer), and arranged in a completely randomized design. The soil, plant and the organic residues were chemically analysed. The findings revealed that the use of organic residues significantly increased plant height, leaf area, stem girth, root length as well as leaf number of kolanut seedlings, soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg concentrations, soil pH and O.M contents (p&lt;0.05), relative to the control treatments. The amended wood ash + duck increased the shoot weight, plant height, root length, leaf area, leaf number and stem girth of kolanut by 6%, 27%, 20%, 35%, 27% and 37% respectively, as compared to using the NPK fertilizer. In addition, it was also found to increase the same parameters by 84%, 80%, 72%, 78%, 56% and 82% respectively, as compared to the control treatment. As for the soil chemical composition, duck manure + wood ash were shown to increase the soil N, P, K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M by 42%, 26%, 38%, 46%, 59%, 6% and 52% respectively, compared to the duck manure (sole). At the same time, it also increased soil K, Ca, Mg, pH and O.M by 51%, 97%, 93%, 29% and 90% respectively, as compared to using the NPK fertilizer. In particular, the treatment using duck manure + cocoa husk increased the leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg of kolanut seedlings by 12%, 74%, 56%, 69% and 75%, respectively as compared to merely using duck manure (sole). It also increased the same leaf parameters by 42%, 54%, 92% and 84% respectively, as compared to the control treatment. In this study, the NPK fertilizer was found to decrease soil O.M but it increased soil N and P more than the organic residues. The amended duck manure + wood ash and duck manure + cocoa husk, applied at 8tha-1 (40g/10kg), were found to be the most effective in improving the performance of kolanut seedlings. ©Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.	Cola acuminate; Kolanut seedlings; Organic fertilizers	Capra hircus; Theobroma cacao	None
WoS	WOS:000320574400001	Can palliative care integrated within HIV outpatient settings improve pain and symptom control in a low-income country? A prospective, longitudinal, controlled intervention evaluation	Alexander, Carla,Collins, Karilyn,Combo, Eric,Harding, Richard,Loy, George,Memiah, Peter,Patrick, Genevieve,Sigalla, Geoffrey,Simms, Victoria	2013	AIDS CARE-PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-MEDICAL ASPECTS OF AIDS/HIV	25	7	10.1080/09540121.2012.736608	Kings College London, University of London, University of Maryland Baltimore, University System of Maryland, AIDS Relief, Evangel Lutheran Church Tanzania, Hosp Teule, Sekou Toure Hosp	"Alexander, Carla: University of Maryland Baltimore","Alexander, Carla: University System of Maryland","Harding, Richard: Kings College London","Harding, Richard: University of London","Memiah, Peter: University of Maryland Baltimore","Memiah, Peter: University System of Maryland","Simms, Victoria: Kings College London","Simms, Victoria: University of London",	A high burden of pain, symptoms and other multidimensional problems persist alongside HIV treatment. WHO policy indicates palliative care as essential throughout the disease course. This study aimed to determine whether palliative care delivered from within an existing HIV outpatient setting improves control of pain and symptoms compared to standard care. A prospective, longitudinal controlled design compared patient outcomes at an outpatient facility that introduced palliative care training to clinicians and stocked essential palliative care drugs, to outcomes of a cohort of patients at a similar HIV care facility with no palliative care, in Tanzania. Inclusion criteria were clinically significant pain or symptoms. Patients were followed from baseline fortnightly until week 10 using validated self-report outcome measures. For the primary pain outcome, the required sample size of 120 patients was recruited. Odds of reporting pain reduced significantly more at intervention site (OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.50-0.72) than at control (OR=0.85, 95% CI 0.80-0.90), p=0.001. For secondary outcomes, longitudinal analysis revealed significant difference in slope between intervention and control, respectively: Medical Outcomes Study-HIV (MOS-HIV) physical score 1.46 vs. 0.54, p=0.002; MOS-HIV mental health 1.13 vs. 0.26, p=0.006; and POS total score 0.84 vs. 0.18, p=0.001. Neither baseline CD4 nor antiretroviral therapy (ART) use was associated with outcome scores. These data are the first to report outcomes evaluating integrated HIV outpatient palliative care in the presence of ART. The data offer substantive evidence to underpin the existing WHO clinical guidance that states an essential role for palliative care alongside HIV treatment, regardless of prognosis.	evaluation,HIV,PAIN,palliative,SYMPTOMS,"ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY",BURDEN,CONTROLLED-TRIALS,"HEALTH SURVEY",INFECTION,"OUTCOME SCALE",PREVALENCE,QUALITY-OF-LIFE,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",UGANDA	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84947722705	Enhanced low-humidity performance in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell by the insertion of microcrystalline cellulose between the gas diffusion layer and the anode catalyst layer	Hou S., Su H., Zou H., Dang D., Song H., Li X., Liao S.	2015	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy	40	45	10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.084	Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa	Hou, S., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Su, H., HySA Systems Competence Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa; Zou, H., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Dang, D., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Song, H., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Li, X., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Liao, S., Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China	A high-performance self-humidifying membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was prepared by inserting hygroscopic microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) between the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the catalyst layer (CL). At low humidity, the MEA exhibited good self-humidification, including high output and good stability. With our optimal MEA, in which the MCC loading was ca. 0.5 mg cm-2, the current density at 0.6 V reached 1100 mA cm-2 and the maximum power density was 751 mW cm-2, at a relative humidity (RH) of 30% for both anode and cathode gases and a cell temperature of 70 °C; the performance was comparable to that of a MEA prepared without added MCC and operated at 100% RH. Further, after 24 h of operation at low humidity and 0.6 V, the MEA's current density decreased by only 9.1%, compared with the 60% decline experienced by the MEA without MCC after 3 h under the same conditions, demonstrating the former's good self-humidification stability. When we attempted to insert the MCC layer elsewhere, including between the membrane and the anode CL, we found that inserting it between the GDL and the anode CL yielded the best performance. The high self-humidification performance of this MEA is attributable to the strong wettability and water-retention capacity of MCC. The MCC layer between the GDL and the anode CL ensured the latter would remain sufficiently wet and accelerated hydrogen activation and proton transfer, resulting in the MEA having high self-humidification under conditions of low humidity and high cell temperature. © 2015 Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC.	Low humidity; Membrane electrode assembly; Microcrystalline cellulose; Proton exchange membrane fuel cell; Self-humidifying	Anodes; Catalysts; Cellulose; Crystalline materials; Density of gases; Diffusion in gases; Electrodes; Fuel cells; Membranes; Gas diffusion layers; Low humidity; Maximum power density; Membrane electrode assemblies; Micro-crystalline cellulose; Self-humidifying; Self-humidifying membranes; Water retention capacity; Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC); Catalysts; Diffusion; Fuel Cells; Humidity; MicrOCRystalline Cellulose	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-29844456882	Determination of trace levels of dinitrophenolic compounds in environmental water samples using hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction and high performance liquid chromatography	Berhanu T., Liu J.-F., Romero R., Megersa N., Jönsson J.Å.	2006	Journal of Chromatography A	1103	1	10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.082	Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Berhanu, T., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Liu, J.-F., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Romero, R., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; Megersa, N., Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Jönsson, J.Å., Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden	A hollow fiber supported liquid membrane extraction method for the liquid chromatographic determination of dinitrophenolic compounds at ppt levels has been developed. Different variables affecting the extraction process, such as extraction time, shaking speed, acceptor pH, acceptor buffer concentration, salt content and humic acids have been studied. Enrichment factors up to 7000 times were obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments and studies of the linearity of the responses in different matrices. Good linearity was obtained in the environmental matrices evaluated. Detection limits range from 6.0 to 8.0 ng/L, and the relative standard deviations do not exceed 7% in terms of repeatability. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fiber; HPLC; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membrane	Extraction; High performance liquid chromatography; Liquid membranes; pH effects; Trace analysis; Dinitrophenols; Environmental waters; Hollow fibers; Phenolic herbicides; Supported liquid membranes; Nitrogen compounds; 2,4 dinitrophenol; article; calibration; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; hollow fiber; liquid membrane; priority journal; validation process; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dinitrophenols; Herbicides; Humic Substances; Reproducibility of Results; Water Pollutants, Chemical	None
None	None	Performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland in the removal of Tannins	Njau K.N., Renalda M.	2010	Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering	37	3	10.1139/L09-161	Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	Njau, K.N., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Renalda, M., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania	A horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) was employed to remove tannins from the effluent of a tannins extracting company. Two HSSFCW cells with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 d and packed with limestone were used. One cell without macrophytes was used as a control, while the second cell was planted with Phragmites mauritianus. Results indicated that HSSFCW was capable of treating tannin wastewater that has been seeded with primary facultative pond sludge. Tannins and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 95.9% and 90.6% with outlet concentration of 27 mg/L and 86 mg/L, respectively, were obtained in the planted cell; while the tannins and COD removal efficiency of 91.1% and 89.5% with outlet concentration of 57 mg/L and 96 mg/L, respectively, were obtained in the control cell.	Biodegradation; Constructed wetlands; Performance; Tannins; Tannins wastewater; Wattle	Chemical oxygen demand removals; COD removal efficiency; Constructed wetlands; Control-cell; Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands; Hydraulic retention time; Macrophytes; Outlet concentration; Performance; Phragmites; Primary facultative ponds; Agriculture; Biodegradation; Biological water treatment; Degradation; Effluents; Microbiology; Oxygen; Removal; Roads and streets; Wastewater; Wastewater treatment; Wetlands; Chemical oxygen demand; biodegradation; chemical oxygen demand; concentration (composition); constructed wetland; limestone; performance assessment; pollutant removal; subsurface flow; tannin; waste treatment; Phragmites mauritianus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84897383740	Hybrid diesel generator/renewable energy system performance modeling	Kusakana K., Vermaak H.J.	2014	Renewable Energy	67	None	10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.025	Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Kusakana, K., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Vermaak, H.J., Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	A Hybrid Energy System may been defined as a system in which different energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, diesel generator, etc.) as well as energy storage systems are interconnected to meet the load energy demand at any time. Given that the electrical contribution of energy each sources (taking individually) is dependent on the variation of the resources (sun, wind, water), and since the load energy requirement fluctuates, the main attribute of such hybrid system is to be able to generate energy at any time by optimally using each energy source, and storing excess energy for the later use in deficit generating conditions. The induced optimization problem is to compute the optimal size and operation control of the system with the aim of minimizing its initial, operation and maintenance as well as replacement costs while responding to the load energy requirements.In this paper our goal will be to propose an approach for optimal operation control of a hybrid multisource system with the aim of meeting the load energy requirement with reliability and minimized life cycle costs. The paper will be limited at the problem formulation and the development of the mathematical model for the performance of all the hybrid system's components.The proposed hybrid system model is based on a description of current flows from the different power sources, taking into account the losses and the impact of the operating decisions along the way up to the loads. The decision variables include the renewable energy sources sizes and number of modules as well as the operation control settings and strategies which lead to the determination the diesel generator and battery system output power. These developed model's decision variables can then be optimized using any suitable advanced algorithm in such a way to minimize the life-cycle costs subject while satisfying demand. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.	Diesel generator; Hybrid system; Optimal operation control; Renewable energy	Costs; Decision making; Life cycle; Mathematical models; Optimization; Renewable energy resources; Diesel generators; Different energy sources; Electrical contribution; Energy storage systems; Operation and maintenance; Optimal operation; Renewable energies; Renewable energy source; Hybrid systems; algorithm; diesel; life cycle analysis; optimization; performance assessment; power generation; renewable resource	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84923327691	Microwave irradiation controls the manganese oxidation states of nanostructured (Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2) layered cathode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries	Jafta C.J., Raju K., Mathe M.K., Manyala N., Ozoemena K.I.	2015	Journal of the Electrochemical Society	162	4	10.1149/2.0931504jes	Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany	Jafta, C.J., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Berlin, Germany; Raju, K., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Mathe, M.K., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa; Manyala, N., Department of Physics, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Ozoemena, K.I., Energy Materials, Materials Science and Manufacturing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa	A hybrid synthesis procedure, combining microwave irradiation and conventional annealing process, is described for the preparation of lithium-rich manganese-rich cathode materials, Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2 (LMNC) and its aluminum-doped counterpart, Li[Li0.2Mn0.52Ni0.13Co0.13Al0.02]O2 (LMNCA). Essentially, this study interrogates the structure and electrochemistry of these layered cathode materials when subjected to microwave irradiation (these microwave-based produced are abbreviated herein as LMNC-mic and LMNCA-mic). The nanoparticulate nature of these layered cathode materials were confirmed by SEM. The crystallinity and layeredness were determined from the XRD analysis. The XPS measurements proved a definite change in the oxidation states of the manganese due to microwave irradiation. The galvanostatic charge-discharge characterization showed that the aluminum-doped cathode material obtained with the assistance of microwave irradiation has superior electrochemical properties. In summary, the electrochemical performance of these cathode materials produced with and without the assistance of microwave irradiation decreased as follows: LMNCAmic &gt; LMNCA &gt; LMNCmic &gt; LMNC. © 2015 The Electrochemical Society.	None	Aluminum; Cathodes; Characterization; Electric batteries; Electric discharges; Electrochemistry; Electrodes; Hybrid materials; Irradiation; Lithium; Lithium alloys; Lithium compounds; Lithium-ion batteries; Manganese; Microwave irradiation; Microwave materials processing; Microwaves; Nickel; Radiation; Secondary batteries; Cath-ode materials; Conventional annealing; Electrochemical performance; Galvanostatic charge discharges; High-performance lithium-ion batteries; Layered cathode materials; Manganese oxidations; Synthesis procedure; Lithium batteries	National Research Foundation
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925500432	Evaluation of hydrochemical characteristics and flow directions of groundwater quality in Udi Local Government Area Enugu State, Nigeria	Chukwura U.O., Udom G.J., Cuthbert S.J., Hursthouse A.S.	2015	Environmental Earth Sciences	73	8	10.1007/s12665-014-3741-4	Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom	Chukwura, U.O., Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Udom, G.J., Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria; Cuthbert, S.J., School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom; Hursthouse, A.S., School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom	A hydrogeological study was conducted at the Udi Local Government Area in south-eastern region of Nigeria to examine the hydrochemical constituent of groundwater and determine the quality for drinking and agricultural purposes. Results show that groundwater in the area is slightly acidic to slightly basic, soft and potable, when compared with the World Health Organisation standards for drinking water, and is suitable for agricultural purposes. The groundwater flow direction was determined to establish the implications of pollution from any water contamination. Twenty-one groundwater samples from existing boreholes were collected and analysed for various physicochemical parameters using standard field and laboratory techniques. Distribution of major ions was plotted on a Trilinear Piper diagram. Ajali Sandstone, known as major aquiferous layer in the area, outcrops predominately in sandy bed with medium to coarse-grained sediments. The aquifers are unconfined, semi-confined and with hydraulic conductivity values ranging from 9.0 × 10−2 to 8.5 × 10−2 m/day indicating medium transmissivity of groundwater in some areas and a flow net south to northward groundwater flow towards the coast. This explains why the aquifer does not appear to be very permeable and only provides a medium yield of good quality water in some regions of the study area. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.	Groundwater flow; Groundwater quality; Guinea savannah; Hydrochemistry; Nigeria; Tropical rain forest	Agriculture; Aquifers; Groundwater flow; Groundwater geochemistry; Groundwater resources; Hydrochemistry; Hydrogeology; Potable water; Water quality; Coarse-grained sediments; Ground-water qualities; Groundwater flow directions; Guinea savannah; Hydrochemical characteristics; Nigeria; Physicochemical parameters; Tropical rain forest; Groundwater pollution	None
None	None	Evaluation of distribution of presbyopic correction through primary healthcare centres in Zanzibar, East Africa	Laviers H., Burhan I., Omar F., Jecha H., Gilbert C.	2011	British Journal of Ophthalmology	95	6	10.1136/bjo.2010.186890	International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania	Laviers, H., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Burhan, I., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Omar, F., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Jecha, H., Eye Department, Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Stonetown, Zanzibar, Tanzania; Gilbert, C., International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: A pilot scheme was developed to integrate the distribution of ready-made near spectacles into primary eye-care delivery in six primary healthcare facilities in Zanzibar, East Africa. With the aim of scaling it up to national level, the scheme was evaluated in terms of relevance, effectiveness, equality, sustainability and replicability. Methods: Six medical officers were trained in ocular anatomy, history taking, blindness definitions, ocular abnormalities, preventable blindness, distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, eye examination, record keeping and referral criteria. Each clinic was supplied with 200 near spectacles. The evaluation team revisited the units 6 months later to assess the scheme. Results: The evaluation team recommendations included: a structured approach to planning from the outset, facility selection criteria, raising awareness through community meetings, funding through a revolving fund and the introduction of referral monitoring systems. 372 of the 574 patients attending the facilities had eye complaints; 285 eye infections, 29 distance vision problems and 173 near vision problems. 173 near vision spectacles were dispensed, and 74 people were referred. All medical officers and participants recommended continuing with the scheme. Conclusions: The project is highly relevant and timely, given that presbyopia is now a priority with the WHO. The scheme could easily be adopted at the national level in Zanzibar and other areas in East Africa.	None	adult; aged; anamnesis; article; awareness; blindness; child; eye disease; eye examination; eye infection; female; financial management; health care access; health care quality; health program; human; infant; major clinical study; male; medical documentation; patient referral; presbyopia; primary health care; priority journal; school child; spectacles; staff training; Tanzania; visual acuity; visual disorder; Age Distribution; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Delivery of Health Care; Eyeglasses; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Satisfaction; Pilot Projects; Presbyopia; Tanzania; Visual Acuity	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84903130516	Evaluation of the hepato and nephron-protective effect of a polyherbal mixture using wistar albino rats	Iroanya O.O., Adebesin O.A., Okpuzor J.	2014	Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research	8	6	10.7860/JCDR/2014/5875.4501	Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Iroanya, O.O., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Adebesin, O.A., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; Okpuzor, J., Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Akoka - Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria	Aim: A polyherbal formulation prepared from a mixture of leaves of Gongronema latifolia, Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina (GOV) was evaluated for hepato-nephro protective properties against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: Normal Wistar albino rats were orally treated with different doses of GOV extract (2, 4 and 8 g/kg b. wt), distilled water and some standard hepatoprotective drugs such as Liv 52 and silymarin for 14 days. However, a day prior to the 14th day, 3 g/kg body weight dose of Acetaminophen (APAP) was administered p.o. 1h before GOV and the standard drugs to induce hepatic and renal damage. The normal control was setup which received only distilled water. The serum levels of liver marker enzymes, biochemical analytes, antioxidant enzymes and hematological parameters were monitored. Results: The results showed that pretreatment of experimental animals with a different doses of the polyherbal formulation dose dependently caused a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the levels of most of the measured hematological parameters but significantly (p≤0.05) reduced the levels of MCV and monocytes when compared to the APAP induced toxin control group. Rats pretreated with GOV exhibited significant (p&lt; 0.05) increase in serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Urea and a subsequent decrease in Albumin, Creatine and Total protein when compared to the normal rats. This trend in enzyme and biochemical analytes levels were significantly (p&lt; 0.05) reversed when compared to toxin control group. GOV significantly (p&lt; 0.05) and dose dependently increased the serum, kidney and hepatic CAT, GPx, GSH, GST, SOD and total protein activity in APAP induced damage in rats compared to the toxin control groups. Conclusion: The data from this study suggest that the polyherbal formulation possess hepato and nephron-protective potential against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rats, thus providing scientific rationale for its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver diseases.	Acetaminophen; Antioxidant; Gongronema latifolia; Hepatotoxicity; Liver marker enzymes; Nephron-protective; Ocimum gratissimum; Vernonia amygdalina	alanine aminotransferase; albumin; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; cholesterol; creatine; edetic acid; gamma glutamyltransferase; glutathione; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione transferase; hemoglobin; herbaceous agent; lactate dehydrogenase; liv 52; malonaldehyde; paracetamol; polyherbal extract; silymarin; superoxide dismutase; thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; triacylglycerol; unclassified drug; urea; acute toxicity; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; antioxidant activity; Apocynaceae; article; controlled study; Gongronema latifolia; Gymnanthemum amygdalinum; hematocrit; hematological parameters; intoxication; kidney injury; leukocyte count; liver protection; liver toxicity; mean corpuscular hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume; medicinal plant; nonhuman; Ocimum gratissimum; rat; renal protection; thrombocyte count	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-45349090253	The evaluation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals achieved in patients with established cardiovascular disease and/or hyperlipidaemia receiving lipid-lowering therapy: The South African Not at Goal study (SA-NAG)	Ramjeeth A., Butkow N., Raal F., Maholwana-Mokgatlhe M.	2008	Cardiovascular Journal of Africa	19	2	None	Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Halfway House, Midrand, South Africa	Ramjeeth, A., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Butkow, N., Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Raal, F., Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maholwana-Mokgatlhe, M., Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), Halfway House, Midrand, South Africa	Aim: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Dyslipidaemia is a major risk factor that leads to the clinical sequelae of CVD. As a result, it has become essential for South Africa to update its guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemia, and the South African scientific community has recently adopted the European guidelines on CVD prevention in clinical practice. The South African Not at Goal study (SA-NAG) was a survey done to determine the percentage of patients on lipid-lowering therapy who were not achieving guideline-specified low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. Methods: I n this cross-sectional study, dyslipidaemic and/or CVD patients on lipid-lowering therapy for more than four months were enrolled. V olunteers had their demographic data and previous medical history documented. Blood samples from these patients were analysed (using standardised methods) to obtain fasting blood lipid and glucose levels. Results: I n total, 1 201 patients (age 58 ± 11.4 years) were recruited by physicians and general practitioners from across South Africa. U nder the new guidelines, 41% of patients were defined as low risk (LR) and 59% were high risk (HR). Sixty-three per cent of LR patients and 77% of HR patients (71% overall) did not achieve their LDL-C target goals of 2.5 and 3.0 mmol/l, respectively. The LR and HR patients who did not achieve their LDL-C goals were on average 19% (0.7 mmol/l ± 0.5) and 31% (1.1 mmol/l ± 1.1) above their LDL-C target levels, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that a considerable number of patients fall into the category 'not at goal' LDL-C. Patients who failed to achieve goal were also far above their LDL-C target levels. The adoption of the new guidelines will necessitate enhanced disease management to reduce the disease burden.	None	antilipemic agent; atorvastatin; fluindostatin; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; simvastatin; adult; aged; article; blood sampling; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular risk; controlled study; dyslipidemia; female; general practitioner; glucose blood level; human; hyperlipidemia; lipid blood level; major clinical study; male; obesity; practice guideline; South Africa; Age Distribution; Aged; Antilipemic Agents; Biological Markers; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Guideline Adherence; Health Care Surveys; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Male; Metabolic Syndrome X; Middle Aged; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Risk Assessment; South Africa; Treatment Outcome	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955909190	Evaluation of the effect of lime fruit juice on the anticoagulant effect of warfarin	Adepoju G.K.A., Adeyemi T.	2010	Journal of Young Pharmacists	2	3	10.4103/0975-1483.66808	Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Adepoju, G.K.A., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria; Adeyemi, T., Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria	Aim: Citrus aurantifolia (Family Rutaceae) is commonly known as a familiar food and medicine, and s therapeutic effectiveness in a variety of diseases has been suggested in traditional medicine. Various complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) have been shown to interact with orthodox medicines. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate such a phenomenon particularly the interaction of lime fruit juice with warfarin. Materials and Method: Wistar strain albino rats of both sexes weighing between 190 and 230g were administered with oral doses of the respective drugs used depending on the groups of animals. Effects on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin were determined by standard laboratory methods. Result: Lime fruit juice caused a reduction in the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Conclusion: This finding has shown that CAM can interact with orthodox medicines hence, warfarin prescribers need to be aware of the usage of CAM and monitor the international normalized ratio (INR) of their patients more frequently.	Anticoagulant; complementary and alternative medicines; interaction; lime fruit; therapeutic effectiveness; traditional medicine; warfarin	warfarin; alternative medicine; animal cell; animal experiment; anticoagulation; article; controlled study; drug efficacy; female; food drug interaction; fruit; fruit juice; hemostasis; international normalized ratio; lime (fruit); male; nonhuman; priority journal; rat; single drug dose	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84858059504	Predicting how adaptation to climate change could affect ecological conservation: Secondary impacts of shifting agricultural suitability	Bradley B.A., Estes L.D., Hole D.G., Holness S., Oppenheimer M., Turner W.R., Beukes H., Schulze R.E., Tadross M.A., Wilcove D.S.	2012	Diversity and Distributions	18	5	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00875.x	Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Park Planning and Development Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Humewood 6013, South Africa; Center for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6013, South Africa; Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch 2599, South Africa; School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Climate Systems Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Bradley, B.A., Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Estes, L.D., Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Hole, D.G., Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Holness, S., Park Planning and Development Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Humewood 6013, South Africa, Center for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth 6013, South Africa; Oppenheimer, M., Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Turner, W.R., Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; Beukes, H., Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Agricultural Research Council, Stellenbosch 2599, South Africa; Schulze, R.E., School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; Tadross, M.A., Climate Systems Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Wilcove, D.S., Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States	Aim: Ecosystems face numerous well-documented threats from climate change. The well-being of people also is threatened by climate change, most prominently by reduced food security. Human adaptation to food scarcity, including shifting agricultural zones, will create new threats for natural ecosystems. We investigated how shifts in crop suitability because of climate change may overlap currently protected areas (PAs) and priority sites for PA expansion in South Africa. Predicting the locations of suitable climate conditions for crop growth will assist conservationists and decision-makers in planning for climate change. Location: South Africa. Methods: We modelled climatic suitability in 2055 for maize and wheat cultivation, two extensively planted, staple crops, and overlaid projected changes with PAs and PA expansion priorities. Results: Changes in winter climate could make an additional 2millionha of land suitable for wheat cultivation, while changes in summer climate could expand maize suitability by up to 3.5millionha. Conversely, 3millionha of lands currently suitable for wheat production are predicted to become climatically unsuitable, along with 13millionha for maize. At least 328 of 834 (39%) PAs are projected to be affected by altered wheat or maize suitability in their buffer zones. Main conclusions: Reduced crop suitability and food scarcity in subsistence areas may lead to the exploitation of PAs for food and fuel. However, if reduced crop suitability leads to agricultural abandonment, this may afford opportunities for ecological restoration. Expanded crop suitability in PA buffer zones could lead to additional isolation of PAs if portions of newly suitable land are converted to agriculture. These results suggest that altered crop suitability will be widespread throughout South Africa, including within and around lands identified as conservation priorities. Assessing how climate change will affect crop suitability near PAs is a first step towards proactively identifying potential conflicts between human adaptation and conservation planning. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Adaptation; Climate change; Crop suitability; Indirect impacts; Maize; South Africa; Species distribution modelling; Wheat	abandoned land; adaptive management; buffer zone; climate change; conservation planning; crop production; decision making; environmental restoration; food security; land use change; maize; nature-society relations; prioritization; protected area; shifting cultivation; subsistence agriculture; wheat; South Africa; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-70349925243	The impact of shrub encroachment on savanna bird diversity from local to regional scale	Sirami C., Seymour C., Midgley G., Barnard P.	2009	Diversity and Distributions	15	6	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00612.x	Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick, Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Sirami, C., Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Seymour, C., Applied Biodiversity Research Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa; Midgley, G., Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Barnard, P., Climate Change and BioAdaptation Division, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/;Bag X7, Claremont 7735, Cape Town, South Africa, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick, Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa	Aim Evidence is accumulating of a general increase in woody cover of many savanna regions of the world. Little is known about the consequences of this widespread and fundamental ecosystem structural shift on biodiversity. Location South Africa. Methods We assessed the potential response of bird species to shrub encroachment in a South African savanna by censusing bird species in five habitats along a gradient of increasing shrub cover, from grassland/;open woodland to shrubland dominated by various shrub species. We also explored historical bird species population trends across southern Africa during the second half of the 20th century to determine if any quantifiable shifts had occurred that support an ongoing impact of shrub encroachment at the regional scale. Results At the local scale, species richness peaked at intermediate levels of shrub cover. Bird species composition showed high turnover along the gradient, suggesting that widespread shrub encroachment is likely to lead to the loss of certain species with a concomitant decline in bird species richness at the landscape scale. Finally, savanna bird species responded to changes in vegetation structure rather than vegetation species composition: bird assemblages were very similar in shrublands dominated by Acacia mellifera and those dominated by Tarchonanthus camphoratus. Main conclusions Shrub encroachment might have a bigger impact on bird diversity in grassland than in open woodland, regardless of the shrub species. Species recorded in our study area were associated with historical population changes at the scale of southern Africa suggesting that shrub encroachment could be one of the main drivers of bird population dynamics in southern African savannas. If current trends continue, the persistence of several southern African bird species associated with open savanna might be jeopardized regionally. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biome shift; Bush encroachment; Global change; Land cover change; Landscape heterogeneity	biodiversity; bird; demographic trend; ecosystem structure; environmental disturbance; global change; habitat loss; population dynamics; savanna; shrub; shrubland; species richness; vegetation cover; vegetation dynamics; Africa; South Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Acacia; Acacia mellifera; Aves; Tarchonanthus camphoratus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875024637	Computed tomography evaluation of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in an african population	Ogbole G.I., Akinmoladun V.I.	2012	Oral Surgery	5	3	10.1111/j.1752-248X.2012.01161.x	Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Ogbole, G.I., Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinmoladun, V.I., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim: Fibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous tumour of bones commonly involving the craniofacial region.Computedtomography(CT) imaging study of the disease is useful for evaluation and treatment planning. However, few studieshaveevaluated patient series inanAfrican setting. Material and methods: A total of 14 patients with complete medical records and CT images were included in this study. All patients were non-syndromic fibrous dysplasia involving only the craniofacial region. None had skin pigmentation or other evidence of endocrine problems. Data analysis was essentially on clinical and CT appearances of the lesions. Results: Facial swelling was the chief complaint in 79% of patients. Two patients were incidentally discovered after cranial CT scanning for head injury and stroke. The average number of bones involved was 5.4 per patient. Involvement of more than one craniofacial bone occurred in 78% of patients. The maxilla was involved in eight patients (57.14%), the ethmoidal, orbital and frontal bones were the most commonly jointly involved bones (64.3%). CT images appeared sclerotic or homogenous in 36%, ground glass or heterogeneous in 71% and cystic in 7%. Conclusion: CT features of craniofacial dysplasia in patients of African descent are similar to that seen in other racial groups. Our findings further suggest that craniofacial fibrous dysplasia can hardly be described as monostotic. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.	Computed tomography; Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia African population; Imaging	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84880783371	Impact of inter-facility transport on maternal mortality in the free state province	Schoon M.G.	2013	South African Medical Journal	103	8	10.7196/SAMJ.6828	Free State Department of Health, South Africa; Free State University, South Africa	Schoon, M.G., Free State Department of Health, South Africa, Free State University, South Africa	Aim. In December 2011, having identified inter-facility transport as a problem in the maternity service, the Free State Department of Health procured and issued 48 vehicles including 18 dedicated to maternity care. Subsequently, a sustained reduction in mortality was observed. We probed the role of inter-facility transport in effecting this reduction in mortality. Methods. A before-after analysis was performed of data from 2 separate databases, including the district health information system and the emergency medical and rescue services call-centre database. Data were compared for a 12-month prior- and 10-month post-intervention period using descriptive and correlation statistics. Results. The maternal mortality decreased from 279/100 000 live births during 2011 to 152/100 000 live births during 2012. The mean dispatch interval decreased from 32.01 to 22.47 minutes. The number of vehicles dispatched within 1 hour increased from 84.2% to 90.7% (p<0.0001). Monthly mean dispatch interval curves closely mirrored the maternal mortality curve. Conclusion. Effective and prompt inter-facility transport of patients with pregnancy complications to an appropriate facility resulted in a reduction of maternal mortality. Health authorities should prioritise funding for inter-facility vehicles for maternity services to ensure prompt access of pregnant women to centres with skills available to manage obstetric emergencies.	None	article; correlation analysis; delivery; descriptive research; emergency health service; female; human; live birth; maternal care; maternal mortality; patient transport; perinatal mortality; public health service; rescue personnel; retrospective study; Female; Humans; Maternal Mortality; Patient Transfer; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; South Africa; Time Factors; Transportation of Patients	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549115840	Global indicators of biological invasion: Species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses	McGeoch M.A., Butchart S.H.M., Spear D., Marais E., Kleynhans E.J., Symes A., Chanson J., Hoffmann M.	2010	Diversity and Distributions	16	1	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00633.x	Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB30NA, United Kingdom; Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, C/o Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, 2011 Crystal Drive, Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States; IUCN Species Programme, IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland	McGeoch, M.A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; Butchart, S.H.M., BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB30NA, United Kingdom; Spear, D., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Marais, E., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Kleynhans, E.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Symes, A., Centre for Invasion Biology, Cape Research Centre, South African National Parks, P.O. Box 216, Steenberg 7947, South Africa; Chanson, J., IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, Australia; Hoffmann, M., IUCN/SSC, CI/CABS Biodiversity Assessment Unit, C/o Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, 2011 Crystal Drive, Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, United States, IUCN Species Programme, IUCN, 1196 Gland, Switzerland	Aim Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a significant threat to biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 Biodiversity Target, and the associated indicator for IAS, has stimulated globally coordinated efforts to quantify patterns in the extent of biological invasion, its impact on biodiversity and policy responses. Here, we report on the outcome of indicators of alien invasion at a global scale. Location Global. Methods We developed four indicators in a pressure-state-response framework, i.e. number of documented IAS (pressure), trends in the impact of IAS on biodiversity (state) and trends in international agreements and national policy adoption relevant to reducing IAS threats to biodiversity (response). These measures were considered best suited to providing globally representative, standardized and sustainable indicators by 2010. Results We show that the number of documented IAS is a significant underestimate, because its value is negatively affected by country development status and positively by research effort and information availability. The Red List Index demonstrates that IAS pressure is driving declines in species diversity, with the overall impact apparently increasing. The policy response trend has nonetheless been positive for the last several decades, although only half of countries that are signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) have IAS-relevant national legislation. Although IAS pressure has apparently driven the policy response, this has clearly not been sufficient and/or adequately implemented to reduce biodiversity impact. Main conclusions For this indicator of threat to biodiversity, the 2010 Biodiversity Target has thus not been achieved. The results nonetheless provide clear direction for bridging the current divide between information available on IAS and that needed for policy and management for the prevention and control of IAS. It further highlights the need for measures to ensure that policy is effectively implemented, such that it translates into reduced IAS pressure and impact on biodiversity beyond 2010. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 Biodiversity Target; Environmental legislation; Invasive alien species; Red List Index; Species richness	biodiversity; biological invasion; invasive species; policy analysis; policy implementation; Red List; species diversity; species richness	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33644893072	Evaluation of speech in patients with partial surgically acquired defects: Pre and post prosthetic obturation	Arigbede A.O., Dosumu O.O., Shaba O.P., Esan T.A.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	1	None	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obe	Arigbede, A.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Dosumu, O.O., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Shaba, O.P., Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Esan, T.A., Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Obefeml Awolowo University, Ile-Ile, Nigeria	Aim: Maxillectomy often results in a high level of morbidity with significant psychological and functional implications for the patient. Such disabilities include inability to masticate, deglutition, and speech disturbance. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the speech disturbance and the influence of the class of surgical defects in this group of patients. The aims of the present study were to assess the effectiveness of the maxillary obturator as a speech rehabilitation aid and to examine the influence of the classes of surgical defects on speech intelligibility (SI). Materials and Methods: Twelve patients aged between 18 and 60 years with surgically acquired partial maxillary defects were included in this study. The patients were given immediate surgical obturators six to ten days after surgery, which were then converted to interim obturators by relining with tissue conditioner. Interim prostheses were used for two to three months until healing and resorption were found satisfactory after which the definitive obturators were fabricated. The SI test described by Plank et al.1 and Wheeler et al.8 was employed in this study. There were significant improvements in the mean SI score from 59.8% without prosthetic obturation, to 89.2% following interim obturation, and 94.7% following definitive obturation (p&lt;0.005). Nine patients (75%) had class I surgical defects, two patients (16.67%) had class II defects, while only one patient (8.33%) had a class VI surgical defect. None of the patients had class III, IV, or class V surgical defects. There was an improvement in the SI score from class I to class VI without obturation, after insertion of interim obturator, and after insertion of the definitive obturator. Conclusion: Results support the widely held view that the maxillary obturator is a useful speech rehabilitation aid. It also shows immediate, interim, and definitive obturators are all important in the speech rehabilitation of patients with surgically acquired maxillary defects. Moreover SI is affected by the class of defect.	Maxillectomy; Obturator; SI; Speech intelligibility	adult; article; bone remodeling; clinical article; controlled study; female; human; male; maxilla resection; osteolysis; patient assessment; postoperative complication; prosthesis; reparative dentistry; scoring system; speech; speech disorder; speech intelligibility; speech rehabilitation; statistical analysis; statistical significance; adolescent; aged; child; evaluation; maxilla; maxilla tumor; middle aged; Nigeria; oral surgery; outcome assessment; tooth prosthesis; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Dental Prosthesis Design; Female; Humans; Male; Maxilla; Maxillary Neoplasms; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Oral Surgical Procedures; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Palatal Obturators; Speech Intelligibility; Tissue Conditioning (Dental)	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79551539471	Hypoglycemic evaluation of a new triterpene and other compounds isolated from Euclea undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Ebenaceae) root bark	Deutschländer M.S., Lall N., Van De Venter M., Hussein A.A.	2011	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	133	3	10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.038	Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa	Deutschländer, M.S., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Lall, N., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Van De Venter, M., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; Hussein, A.A., Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Aim of the study: Investigate the hypoglycaemic activity of the four isolated compounds from a crude acetone extract of the root bark of Euclea undulata var. myrtina, which is used by traditional healers in the Venda area, Limpopo Province in the treatment of diabetes. Material and methods: The hypoglycaemic activity of the four compounds isolated from Euclea undulata was determined by in vitro screening of glucose utilization by C2C12 myocytes at a concentration of 25 μg/ml or 50 μg/ml. The inhibition of α-glucosidase was also tested at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 200.00 μg/ml. Results: Assay-guided isolation of the crude acetone extract of the root bark of Euclea undulata var. myrtina afforded a new triterpene, α-amyrin-3O-β-(5-hydroxy) ferulic acid (1), in addition to three known compounds; betulin (2), lupeol (3) and epicatechin (4). The in vitro results on C2C12 myocytes suggest that compound 4 may have some effect to lowers blood glucose levels, whereas compound 1 has the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase at a concentration of 200.0 μg/ml with an IC50 value of 4.79 that correlates with that of the positive control acarbose IC50 value 4.75. Conclusion: The results suggest that 4 may have some ability to lower blood glucose levels, whereas 1 has the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase. Ethnopharmacological relevance: These findings corroborate the ethnomedicinal use of Euclea undulata by traditional healers for the treatment of diabetes as two substances was isolated from the acetone plant extract that exhibit hypoglycaemic activity. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	α-Glucosidase; C2C12 myocytes; Ebenaceae; Euclea undulata; Hypoglycaemic activity; New triterpene	acarbose; alpha amyrin 3 o beta (5 hydroxy)ferulic acid; alpha glucosidase; antidiabetic agent; betulin; epicatechin; Euclea undulata extract; glucose; lupeol; plant extract; triterpene; unclassified drug; article; bark; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; controlled study; drug activity; drug screening; Ebenaceae; enzyme inhibition; Euclea undulata; glucose utilization; hypoglycemic activity; IC 50; muscle cell; plant root; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ebenaceae; Hypoglycemic Agents; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Triterpenes; Ebenaceae; Euclea undulata	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-53449083087	Ethnoveterinary use of southern African plants and scientific evaluation of their medicinal properties	McGaw L.J., Eloff J.N.	2008	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	119	3	10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.013	Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	McGaw, L.J., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Eloff, J.N., Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa	Aim of the study: Livestock keepers in many developing countries with restricted access to orthodox veterinary healthcare services commonly use traditional remedies to treat their animals when disease is encountered. This review collates the documented use of plants in South Africa for healing various ailments in domestic animals, and records bioactivity testing that has been carried out on these plants. Materials and methods: A literature survey was conducted on the use of plants in South African ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM), as well as on biological activity investigations relating to their ethnoveterinary use where available. Results: The ethnoveterinary application of plants, and results of screening studies of EVM plant extracts in various bioassays is presented. For diseases such as coughs, wounds, skin diseases, mild diarrhoea and reproductive disorders, EVM may be a cheap and easily accessible alternative to expensive pharmaceuticals. Studies on biological activity of EVM plants can provide indications of promising leads for extracts that can be developed into standardized medications to be used on a commercial basis. Isolation studies on active plants may yield pure active compounds that could be chemically modified to optimize medicinal value and reduce possible toxic effects. Conclusion: In South Africa, a large proportion of the population relies on traditional remedies to treat themselves and their animals for common diseases. Only a small percentage of EVM plants have been analysed for biological activity or toxic effects, and hence research in this field offers fertile possibilities for future investigation. © 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Ethnoveterinary medicine; Livestock disease; South Africa; Traditional remedies	plant extract; animal disease; article; bioassay; biological activity; chemical modification; Cissus quadrangularis; Combretum; Combretum caffrum; coughing; diarrhea; drug screening; ethnopharmacology; Gunnera perpensa; Jatropha; Jatropha zeyheri; medicinal plant; nonhuman; Peltophorum africanum; plant; reproduction; Salix capensis; skin disease; South Africa; standardization; veterinary medicine; willow; wound; Ziziphus mucronata; Animals; Indicators and Reagents; Medicine, African Traditional; Phytotherapy; Plants, Medicinal; South Africa; Veterinary Medicine; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-73749085582	Evaluation of the diuretic and analgesic activities of the rhizomes of Rumex abyssinicus Jacq in mice	Mekonnen T., Urga K., Engidawork E.	2010	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	127	2	10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.020	Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Mekonnen, T., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Urga, K., Department of Drug Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Engidawork, E., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia	Aim of the study: Rumex abyssinicus Jacq (Polygonaceae) has been used traditionally for treatment of hypertension, inflammatory and painful conditions in Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate the diuretic and analgesic activities of extracts of Rumex abyssinicus at different doses in mice. Materials and methods: The effect on urine volume and urinary electrolyte (Na+, K+ and Cl-) was assessed for a period of 5 h following oral administration of aqueous (500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg) or 80% methanolic (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 750 mg/kg) extract or furosemide (10 mg/kg). Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate tests were employed to study the analgesic effect of 80% methanolic extracts (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 1000 mg/kg, P.O.) and compared with that of aspirin (100 mg/kg, P.O.) or morphine (10 mg/kg, sc). Results: The extracts displayed dose-dependent diuretic and analgesic effects. The highest doses of both extracts markedly and significantly increased (P &lt; 0.001) urine volume and urinary electrolytes, qualitatively similar to that of furosemide. 1000 mg/kg of the extract reduced the number of writhing by 67.6% (P &lt; 0.001) and conferred more than 70% protection against thermally induced pain stimuli after 45 min of treatment comparable to that of aspirin and morphine, respectively. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts exhibited significant diuretic and analgesic activities, providing evidence, at least in part, for its folkloric use. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	Acetic acid-writhing test; Analgesic activity; Diuretic effect; Hot-plate test; Rumex abyssinicus	acetylsalicylic acid; analgesic agent; diuretic agent; furosemide; morphine; plant extract; Rumex abyssinicus extract; unclassified drug; acute toxicity; analgesic activity; animal experiment; animal model; article; chloride urine level; controlled study; diuretic activity; dose response; drug dose comparison; female; hot plate test; male; mouse; nonhuman; pain; potassium urine level; rhizome; Rumex; Rumex abyssinicus; sodium urine level; urinary excretion; urine volume; writhing test; Analgesics; Animals; Diuretics; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Mice; Pain; Pain Measurement; Plant Extracts; Rhizome; Rumex; Mus; Polygonaceae; Rumex abyssinicus	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-76149135991	Evaluation of the anti-stress and anticonvulsant activities of leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia in mice	Umukoro S., Aladeokin A.C.	2010	Journal of Ethnopharmacology	127	3	10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.023	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aladeokin, A.C., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aim of the study: The extract of the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (AC) is extensively used in ethnomedicine for ulcers, rheumatic pains, febrile convulsions and for enhancing physical performance. In this study, the anti-stress and anticonvulsant activities of the aqueous leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia were investigated in mice. Materials and methods: The anti-stress activity was assessed based on the ability of the extract to alter the duration of immobility, in the forced swim endurance test, whilst a picrotoxin-treated animal, was employed as the model for convulsive seizures. Results: The extract (100-400. mg/kg) given orally was found to significantly (p<0.05) reduce the duration of immobility, which suggest an anti-stress/anti-fatigue property. However, AC when tested at doses between 100 and 400. mg/kg did not prevent convulsions induced by picrotoxin in mice. The acute toxicity study carried out in mice revealed that the extract was well tolerated by the animals, as no death was observed at oral doses of 500-4000. mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of this preliminary study provide evidence, which may support the use of Alchornea cordifolia against stress or fatigue in ethnomedicine. © 2009.	Alchornea cordifolia; Anti-stress; Convulsions; Forced swimming test	alchornea cordifolia extract; alpha methyldopamine; amphetamine; anticonvulsive agent; picrotoxin; plant extract; unclassified drug; water; alchornea cordifolia; animal experiment; animal model; anticonvulsant activity; article; controlled study; convulsion; dose response; drug dose comparison; drug mechanism; drug screening; endurance; fatigue; forced swimming test; hyperventilation; immobilization; medicinal plant; motor dysfunction; mouse; nonhuman; plant leaf; sedation; toxicity testing; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Euphorbiaceae; Fatigue; Female; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Picrotoxin; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Seizures; Stress, Psychological; Swimming; Alchornea cordifolia; Animalia; Mus	None
WoS	WOS:000282120600024	Educational impact of a hospital-based neonatal resuscitation program in Ghana	Barker, Pierre,Bookman, Laurel,Engmann, Cyril,Enweronu-Laryea, Christabel,Owen, Medge,Price, Wayne,Randolph, Greg,Srofenyoh, Emmanuel	2010	RESUSCITATION	81	9	10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.034	Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Wake Forest University, Korle Bu Teaching Hosp, Ridge Reg Hosp	"Barker, Pierre: University of North Carolina","Barker, Pierre: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Bookman, Laurel: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","Engmann, Cyril: University of North Carolina","Engmann, Cyril: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Owen, Medge: Wake Forest University","Price, Wayne: University of North Carolina","Price, Wayne: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill","Randolph, Greg: University of North Carolina","Randolph, Greg: University of North Carolina Chapel Hill",	Aim of the study: To assess midwives' baseline cognitive knowledge of evidence-based neonatal resuscitation practices, and short- and long-term educational effects of teaching a neonatal resuscitation program in a hospital setting in West Africa. Methods: All midwives (n = 14) on the labor ward at Ridge Hospital in Ghana were trained using materials modified from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). This training program included didactic and practical teaching and was assessed by direct observation within delivery rooms and written pre- and post-test evaluations. Written and practical modules 9-12 months after the initial training session were also conducted to assess retention of NRP knowledge and skills. Results: Fourteen midwives received NRP training on the labor ward. Both written and practical evaluation of neonatal resuscitation skills increased after training. The percentage of items answered correctly on the written examination increased from 56% pre-training to 71% post-training (p &lt;0.01). The percentage of items performed correctly on the practical evaluation of skills increased from 58% pre-training to 81% (p &lt;0.01). These results were sustained 9-12 months after the initial training session. Conclusion: After receiving NRP training, neonatal resuscitation knowledge and skills increased among midwives in a hospital in West Africa and were sustained over a 9-month period. This finding demonstrates the sustained effectiveness of a modified neonatal resuscitation training program in a resource constrained setting. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.	GHANA,"Hospital-based educational program","international outreach","neonatal resuscitation program",COURSES,MORTALITY,"PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS","PERINATAL ASPHYXIA"	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84876056428	Formulation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of zidovudine contained in solidified reverse micellar delivery system of immune compromised rats	Uronnachi Emmanuel M., Ogbonna John D.N., Kenechukwu Franklin C., Attama Anthony A., Okore Vincent C.	2013	Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science	3	2	10.7324/JAPS.2013.30206	Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria	Uronnachi Emmanuel, M., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Ogbonna John, D.N., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Kenechukwu Franklin, C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Attama Anthony, A., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria; Okore Vincent, C., Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria	Aim of the study was to study the in vitro and in vivo evaluation and correlation of zidovudine (AZT) loaded solidified reverse micellar microparticles (SRMMs). The SRMMs composed of goat fat and Phospholipon® 90H in various ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 2:3) were prepared by melt dispersion method. AZT (1 %w/w, 2 %w/w, 3 %w/w and 5 %w/w)were incorporated into the SRMMs and preliminary analysis of the preparations on their stability were done visually. The 1:1 formulation was evaluated for the particle size, percentage yield and in vitro studies which was done using SGF and SIF. The in vivo study was done using Wistar albino rats and the in vitroin vivo correlation (IVIVC) wasdetermined by plotting a graph of the fraction of drug absorbed in vivoversus the fraction of drug released in vitro. The yield of the goat fat extraction was 58 %. The particle size and yield of the solid lipid microparticle (SLM) containing 1 %w/w of AZT were 5.10 ± 0.10±m and 86.3 ± 4.70% respectively. The fraction of drugs absorbed in vivo were 0.102 μg, 0.114 μg, 0.115 μg, 0.134 μg and 0.123 μg for 1 h, 3 h,5 h, 8 h and 12 h respectively. A 1:1 ratio of goat fat and Phospholipon® 90H with a high value of correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.909) suggested good level-A correlation between the in vitro-in vivo data ofthe SLM obtained in the study.	Immune-compromised; Invitro-in vivo correlation; Lipid matrix; Phospholipon® 90H; Solidified reverse micellar microparticle (SRMM)	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79952527503	Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Piliostigma thonningiin (crude extract) and fractions 1-3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 against Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Daniyan S.Y., Galadima M., Ijah U.J.J., Odama L.E., Yusuf A.Y., Jigam A.A., Abbas Y.	2010	Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences	1	4	None	Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Ayigba, Nigeria; Department	Daniyan, S.Y., Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Galadima, M., Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Ijah, U.J.J., Department of Microbiology, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Odama, L.E., Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Ayigba, Nigeria; Yusuf, A.Y., Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development(NIPRD) Idu, Abuja, Nigeria; Jigam, A.A., Department of Biochemistry, Federal Univerity of Technology, P.M.B. 65, Minna, Nigeria; Abbas, Y., Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development(NIPRD) Idu, Abuja, Nigeria	Aim of this study is to investigate the antibacterial activity of traditional Nigeria medicines with special interest in anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity. Hexane, ethylacetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of this plant was prepared. Agar dilution, agar-well diffusion tests and MIC's were used to investigate antibacterial activity. Out of 4 extract that were evaluated for antibacterial activity using agar dilution technique only hexane extract gave the highest inhibition against all the MRSA isolates. Crude extract and fractions showed the highest levels of antibacterial activity overall with MIC's against MRSA in the range of 1.0 and 2.0mg/ml. The presence of antibacterial activity in extracts and fractions of leaves of P. thonningii plants traditionally used to treat skin infections, are reported for the first time. Extracts from P. thonningii, also used to treat wounds, had the widest spectrum of antibacterial activity.	Antibacterial; MRSA; Nigeria; Traditional medicines	Piliostigma thonningiin extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; vancomycin; agar dilution; antibacterial activity; article; bacterium isolate; diffusion; drug isolation; medicinal plant; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; minimum inhibitory concentration; Nigeria; nonhuman; Piliostigma thonningiin; plant leaf; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Piliostigma; Piliostigma thonningii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34347402221	Evaluation of the effects of the aqueous extract of Vitex doniana root-bark on the peripheral and central nervous system of laboratory animals	Abdulrahman F.I., Onyeyili P.A., Sandabe U.K., Ogugbuaja V.O.	2007	Journal of Applied Sciences	7	10	None	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Abdulrahman, F.I., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Onyeyili, P.A., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Sandabe, U.K., Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Ogugbuaja, V.O., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria	Aim of this study to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Vitrex doniana on the peripheral and central nervous systems and possibility to use it as folk medicine. The aqueous extract of Vitex doniana was soxhlet extracted with distilled water and concentrated in vacuo to give a yield of 8.5% w/w. The LD50 following intraperitoneal administration was estimated to be 980 mg kg-1. The aqueous extract of Vitex doniana from the study produced substantial depressant effects on both the peripheral and central nervous system. The aqueous extract induced sleep on its own at dose of 400 mg kg-1 and potentiated sodium thiopental sleeping time in a dose dependant manner. It also showed significant (p&lt;0.05) muscle relaxant activities and produced analgesia and weal anesthetic effect. The extract was able to confer 80% protection to rats treated with convulsive dose of PTZ, while it conferred 100% protection to rats treated with convulsion dose of strychnine. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.	Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Local anaesthetic; Muscle relaxant; Sleeping time; Vitex doniana	Analgesic; Anticonvulsant; Local anaesthetic; Muscle relaxants; Sleeping time; Vitex doniana; Anesthetics; Muscle; Rats; Sleep research; Neurophysiology	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28244454770	Human impacts, energy availability and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands	Chown S.L., Hull B., Gaston K.J.	2005	Global Ecology and Biogeography	14	6	10.1111/j.1466-822x.2005.00173.x	Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Chown, S.L., Spatial, Physiological and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, DST Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Hull, B., Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia; Gaston, K.J., Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom	Aim Ongoing biological invasions will enhance the impacts of humans on biodiversity. Nonetheless, the effects of exotic species on diversity are idiosyncratic. Increases in diversity might be a consequence of similar responses by species to available energy, or because of positive relationships between human density, energy and propagule pressure. Here we use data from the Southern Ocean island plants and insects to investigate these issues. Location The Southern Ocean Islands ranging from Tristan da Cunha to Heard Island and South Georgia. Methods Generalized linear models are used to explore the relationships between indigenous and exotic species richness for plants and insects on two different islands. Similar models are used to examine interactions between indigenous and exotic species richness, energy availability and propagule pressure at the regional scale. Results Positive relationships were found between indigenous and exotic species richness at local scales, although for plants, the relationship was partially triangular. Across the Southern Ocean Islands, there was strong positive covariation between indigenous and exotic plant species richness and insect species richness, even taking spatial autocorrelation into account. Both exotic and indigenous plant and insect species richness covaried with energy availability, as did human visitor frequency. When two islands with almost identical numbers of human visits were contrasted, it was clear that energy availability, or perhaps differences in climate-matching, were responsible for differences in the extent of invasion. Conclusion In plants and insects, there are positive relationships between indigenous and exotic diversity at local and regional scales across the Southern Ocean islands. These relationships are apparently a consequence of similar responses by both groups and by human occupants to available energy. When visitor frequency is held constant, energy availability is the major correlate of exotic species richness, though the exact mechanistic cause of this relationship requires clarification. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biological invasions; Disturbance; Diversity; Human history; Insects; Introduced species; Propagule pressure; Vascular plants	biodiversity; biological invasion; human activity; island; species richness; Southern Ocean; Hexapoda; Insecta; Tracheophyta	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84925250271	The Collaborative Wilms Tumour Africa Project; Baseline evaluation of Wilms tumour treatment and outcome in eight institutes in sub-Saharan Africa	Paintsil V., David H., Kambugu J., Renner L., Kouya F., Eden T., Hesseling P., Molyneux E., Israels T.	2015	European Journal of Cancer	51	1	10.1016/j.ejca.2014.10.030	Dept of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dept of Paeds Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Dept of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Acad Unit of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Dept of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyrea, Malawi; Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, Netherlands	Paintsil, V., Dept of Child Health, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana; David, H., Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Kambugu, J., Dept of Paeds Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda; Renner, L., Dept of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Kouya, F., Dept of Paediatric Oncology, Mbingo Baptist Hospital, Cameroon; Eden, T., Acad Unit of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom; Hesseling, P., Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Molyneux, E., Dept of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Blantyrea, Malawi; Israels, T., Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117Amsterdam, Netherlands	Aim Reported survival of Wilms tumour in sub-Saharan Africa is below 50%. A published International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) Pediatric Oncology in Developing Countries (PODC) consensus adapted treatment guideline is implemented as a multi-centre prospective clinical trial at eight centres in sub-Saharan Africa. A baseline evaluation has been done to help decide on priorities to improve outcome and to assess improvements over time. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients admitted with Wilms tumour in the three years (2011-2013) preceding the collaborative trial. Patient outcome at the end of treatment was documented for all patients diagnosed in 2011 and 2012. Outcome was classified as (1) alive, no evidence of disease; (2) alive with disease; (3) died during treatment and (4) incomplete treatment. Details on treatment facilities, staff and estimated cost of treatment are documented. Results Every year 114-130 patients are diagnosed. The mean survival at end of treatment is 39% (69/176) ranging from 11% to 61%. Incomplete treatment is the most common cause of treatment failure with 31% (54/176), ranging from 14% to 48% between centres. Twenty-six percent (46/176) of patients died during treatment, ranging from 13% to 37%. Estimated cost of treatment for parents ranged from 100 US$ to 1100 US$ and was considered an important cause of failure to complete treatment. Conclusion Overall two year survival is estimated at 25%. Prevention of incomplete treatment is possible and will positively affect outcome. Sharing similar local challenges in this regional collaborative project helps to identify and implement feasible, sustainable and successful strategies. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.	Adapted treatment guideline; Africa; Developing country; Low income country; Nephroblastoma; Regional network; Treatment abandonment; Treatment cost; Treatment related mortality; Wilms tumour	Africa south of the Sahara; Article; cancer patient; cancer survival; demography; follow up; health care cost; health insurance; human; major clinical study; medical record review; nephroblastoma; outcome assessment; priority journal; retrospective study; treatment failure; treatment outcome; clinical trial; economics; female; mortality; multicenter study; prospective study; risk factor; survival; treatment outcome; Wilms Tumor; Africa South of the Sahara; Female; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; Wilms Tumor	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84855231902	The state of occupational radiation protection and monitoring in public and private X-ray facilities in Edo state, Nigeria	Eze K.C., Nzotta C.C., Marchie T.T., Okegbunam B., Eze T.E.	2011	Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice	14	3	10.4103/1119-3077.86774	Department of Radiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria; St Philomena Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Eze, K.C., Department of Radiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria; Nzotta, C.C., University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Marchie, T.T., University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria; Okegbunam, B., Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria; Eze, T.E., St Philomena Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Aims and Objectives: To find out the state of radiation protection and monitoring practices of the public and private X-ray centres in Edo State. Materials and Methods: Survey visits were made to all the functional X-ray facilities in Edo state and the available facilities identified, staff interviewed and collected data analyzed. Result: There are 18 functional X-ray facilities comprising 10 (55.56%) publicly owned and eight (44.44%) privately owned. Only two (20%) of the public and five (62.5%) of the private X-ray units have personnel and environmental monitoring. All the X-ray centers in both public and private hospitals have effective lead aprons. All the public (100%) and only four (50%) of the private centers have gonadal shield although none is using them on a routine basis. Qualified radiographers are available only in five (50%) of the public and six (75%) of the private centers. Only three (30%) of the public X-ray centers have the services of radiologists. Among the private X-ray units, five (62.5%) have radiologist while three (37.5%) have no radiologist. Only one (10%) of the public centers and one (12.5%) private X-ray centre have a purpose-built adequately designed X-ray unit with barium plasters and lead lining of walls and doors. There is also only limited lead lining of doors and walls in three (37.5%) private units while no lead lining or barium plasters are used in five (62.5%) of the private units. No X-ray unit in Edo State uses digital radiography or computerized information system. This means that lost hard copy must be repeated, leading to more radiation to patients and staff. Conclusions: There are inadequate radiation protection and monitoring practices in most of the functional X-ray facilities in Edo state with only five (62.5%) of the private and two (20%) of the public X-ray units monitored. There is poor adherence to the advice of the medical physicists due to the cost implications of the implementation.	Edo state; Monitoring; Nigeria; Practices; Protection; Radiation; Survey	adolescent; adult; article; evaluation; female; human; male; methodology; Nigeria; occupational exposure; occupational health; private hospital; protective clothing; public hospital; questionnaire; radiation monitoring; radiation protection; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Hospitals, Private; Hospitals, Public; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Protective Clothing; Questionnaires; Radiation Monitoring; Radiation Protection; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646371453	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 30%	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	European Journal of Heart Failure	8	3	10.1016/j.ejheart.2005.11.008	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hopital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, the Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤ 30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤ 40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤ 30% (N = 2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (P = 0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (P = 0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (P = 0.01) and HF mortality/HF hospitalization was reduced 25% (P = 0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (P = 0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (P = 0.006), and 58% for SCD (P = 0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤ 30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © 2005 European Society of Cardiology.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	acetylsalicylic acid; angiotensin receptor antagonist; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; digitalis; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; eplerenone; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; placebo; vitamin K group; acute heart infarction; adult; aged; article; controlled study; drug fatality; female; follow up; heart death; heart failure; heart left ventricle ejection fraction; hospitalization; human; hyperkalemia; hypokalemia; major clinical study; male; morbidity; mortality; priority journal; randomization; risk reduction; standard; treatment outcome; Adult; Aged; Female; Heart Failure, Congestive; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Spironolactone; Stroke Volume; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33750109560	Evaluation of eplerenone in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction ≤30% [Beurteilung der wirkung von eplerenon in der subgruppe der EPHESUS-patienten mit einer linksventrikulären auswurffraktion ≤30% zu studienbe	Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F., Anderson J.L., Van Veldhuisen D.J., Parkhomenko A., Corbalan R., Klug E.Q., Mukherjee R., Solomon H.	2006	Perfusion	19	42559	None	University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States; University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States	Pitt, B., University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, University of Michigan Medical Center, Alfred Taubman Health Care Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Gheorghiade, M., Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Zannad, F., Clinical Investigation Center INSERM-CHU, Nancy Hôpital Jeanne d'Arc, Dommartin-les Toul, France; Anderson, J.L., LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Van Veldhuisen, D.J., University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Parkhomenko, A., Institute of Cardiology, Intensive Care Department, Kyiv, Ukraine; Corbalan, R., Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Hospital, Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Klug, E.Q., Sunninghill Hospital, Sunninghill, South Africa; Mukherjee, R., Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States; Solomon, H., Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, United States	Aims: Because of the prognostic importance of LV dysfunction following an AMI and the increasing use of electrical and/or mechanical interventions in patients with LV systolic dysfunction, this retrospective analysis of EPHESUS patients with LVEF ≤30% at baseline was conducted to determine the value of eplerenone in this setting. Methods and results: In EPHESUS, 6632 patients with LVEF ≤40% and clinical heart failure (HF) post-AMI who were receiving standard therapy were randomized to eplerenone 25 mg/day titrated to 50 mg/day or placebo for a mean follow-up of 16 months. Treatment with eplerenone in the subgroup of patients with LVEF ≤30% (n=2106) resulted in relative risk reductions of 21% versus placebo in both all-cause mortality (p=0.012) and cardiovascular (CV) mortality/CV hospitalization (p=0.001), and 23% for CV mortality (p=0.008). The relative risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) was reduced 33% (p=0.01) and HF mortality/HP hospitalization was reduced 25% (p=0.005) with eplerenone compared with placebo. Within 30 days of randomization, eplerenone resulted in relative risk reductions of 43% for all-cause mortality (p=0.002), 29% for CV mortality/CV hospitalization (p=0.006), and 58% for SCD (p=0.008). Conclusions: Treatment with eplerenone plus standard therapy in patients with post-AMI HF and LVEF ≤30% provided significant incremental benefits in reducing both early and late mortality and morbidity. © Verlag Perfusion GmbH.	Aldosterone; EPHESUS; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Left ventricular systolic dysfunction	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-38349191053	Comparative evaluation of the microbial community in biological processes treating industrial and domestic wastewaters	Degenaar A.P., Ismail A., Bux F.	2008	Journal of Applied Microbiology	104	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03563.x	Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Degenaar, A.P., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Ismail, A., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa; Bux, F., Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, Centre for Water and Wastewater Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa	Aims: Comparison of the microbial composition and process performance between laboratory scale processes treating domestic and vegetable oil wastewaters. Methods and Results: Two laboratory scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger processes were operated under similar operating conditions. One process was fed domestic wastewater and the other an industrial wastewater, vegetable oil effluent. Nitrogen removal capacities of the processes were similar. The industrial process exhibited a lower COD removal capacity and oxygen utilization rate, although a greater mixed liquor volatile suspended solids concentration was observed in the industrial process. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a revealed that 81% and 72% of total cells stained with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the domestic and industrial processes respectively bound to EUBmix. This indicated a slightly lower Eubacterial population within the industrial process. The alpha-proteobacteria was the dominant community in the industrial process (31% of EUBmix), while the beta-proteobacteria dominated the domestic process (33% of EUBmix). Conclusions: The findings served to establish a difference in the microbial population between the processes. Therefore, the class alpha-proteobacteria could play a primary role in the degradation of vegetable oil effluent. Significance and Impact of the Study: This research will aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating vegetable oil effluent. © 2007 The Authors.	Alpha-proteobacteria; Beta-proteobacteria; FISH; Vegetable oil effluent treatment	4',6 diamidino 2 phenylindole; nitrogen; vegetable oil; biodegradation; chemical oxygen demand; comparative study; domestic waste; hybridization; industrial waste; microbial community; vegetable oil; waste treatment; wastewater; Alphaproteobacteria; article; Betaproteobacteria; bioprocess; chemical oxygen demand; comparative study; domestic waste; effluent; fluorescence in situ hybridization; immunocytochemistry; industrial waste; liquid; microbial community; microbial population dynamics; nonhuman; oxygen consumption; waste water management; Alphaproteobacteria; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Betaproteobacteria; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Industrial Waste; Plant Oils; Proteobacteria; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Alphaproteobacteria; Bacteria (microorganisms); Betaproteobacteria	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84857393680	Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria	Mgbakor C., Ojiegbe G.C., Okonko I.O., Odu N.N., Alli J.A., Nwanze J.C., Onoh C.C.	2011	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	7	4	None	Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcou	Mgbakor, C., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Ojiegbe, G.C., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria; Okonko, I.O., Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria; Odu, N.N., Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, P.M.B 5323 Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria; Alli, J.A., Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Nwanze, J.C., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria; Onoh, C.C., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria	Aims: Continuous increase in the sale and indiscriminate consumption of packaged drinking waters in Nigeria is of public health significance. In order to safe guard public health, it is essential that the available packaged water is of the highest quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological quality of packaged water on sale in Owerri metropolis, Imo State of Nigeria. Methodology and Results: From 30 registered sachet water factories, 8 samples each was purchased randomly fifteen of the brands of sachet water all over Owerri metropolis in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. These were analyzed for presence of bacterial indicators of water quality. Four weeks later, a second batch of the samples was collected from other brands. A mean plate counts was taken and the organisms from each water sample identified using standard procedures. The results showed that 11 (73.3%) sachet water brands had growths of pathogenic organisms in the first batch while 10 (66.6%) had growth in the second batch. The isolates were identified to be Klebsilla spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium spp. The study showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae [7(29.2%)] was the most predominant. This was closely followed by Serratia spp. [6(25.0%)] and Proteus mirabilis [6(25.0%)]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3(12.5%)] and Chromobacterium spp. [2(8.3%)] was least predominant. Mean total heterotrophic bacteria plate counts (HPC) per millilitre ranged from 0.0 to 6.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 7.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C (first batch) and 0.0 to 5.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 10.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C for the second batch. Thus they fell below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard of 100 HPC per millilitre of water. Bacteriological examination of different brands of sachet water samples collected from different locations showed that only Vince water and Akudo table water was found to be safe for drinking while the other brands of sachet water from mobile vendors in Owerri metropolis was not potable. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: Hence, the bacteriological quality of some of the brands of sachet water on sale in Owerri was of poor quality index. The study suggests that sachet water could be a route of transmission of enteric pathogens among the populace. In order to safe guard public health, highest quality brands of sachet water is therefore advocated.	Bacteriological quality; Drinking water; Evaluation; Owerri metropolis; Sachet water; Southeastern nigeria	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928910474	Methyl jasmonate enhances memory performance through inhibition of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in mice	Eduviere A.T., Umukoro S., Aderibigbe A.O., Ajayi A.M., Adewole F.A.	2015	Life Sciences	132	None	10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.007	Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria	Eduviere, A.T., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria; Umukoro, S., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Aderibigbe, A.O., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Ajayi, A.M., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Adewole, F.A., Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria	Aims Current research effort focuses on the development of safer natural compounds with multipronged mechanisms of action that could be used to ameliorate memory deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease, as cure for the disease still remains elusive. In this study, we evaluated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ), a naturally occurring bioactive compound on memory, acetylcholinesterase activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress in mice. Main methods Male Swiss mice were treated with intraperitoneal injection of MJ (10-40 mg/kg) alone or in combination with scopolamine (3 mg/kg) once daily for 7 days. Thirty minutes after the last treatment, memory functions were assessed using Y-maze and object recognition tests. Thereafter, acetylcholinesterase activity and levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed in mice brains using standard biochemical procedures. Key findings MJ significantly enhanced memory performance and reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice. MJ demonstrated significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity suggesting increased cholinergic neurotransmission. It further decreased malondialdehyde concentrations in mouse brain indicating antioxidant activity. Moreover, MJ significantly increased glutathione levels and activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) in mice brains. The increased oxidative stress; evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidant defense systems in scopolamine-treated mice was attenuated by MJ. Significance The results of this study suggest that MJ may be useful in conditions associated with memory dysfunctions or age-related cognitive decline. The positive effect of MJ on memory may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress and enhancement of cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.	Anti-cholinesterase activity; Antioxidant; Memory; Methyl jasmonate; Object recognition test	acetylcholinesterase; donepezil; glutathione; jasmonic acid methyl ester; malonaldehyde; superoxide dismutase; acetic acid derivative; biological marker; catalase; cholinesterase inhibitor; cyclopentane derivative; jasmonic acid methyl ester; malonaldehyde; oxylipin; scopolamine bromide; superoxide dismutase; animal experiment; animal model; antioxidant activity; Article; cholinergic transmission; controlled study; enzyme activity; male; memory; mouse; nonhuman; oxidative stress; scopolamine-induced cognitive defect; Alzheimer disease; analysis of variance; animal; brain; drug effects; maze test; memory; metabolism; oxidative stress; recognition; Mus; Acetates; Alzheimer Disease; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biological Markers; Brain; Catalase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cyclopentanes; Male; Malondialdehyde; Maze Learning; Memory; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Oxylipins; Recognition (Psychology); Scopolamine Hydrobromide; Superoxide Dismutase	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-34447633889	Evaluation of different growth media for the recovery of the species of Alicyclobacillus	Witthuhn R.C., Duvenage W., Gouws P.A.	2007	Letters in Applied Microbiology	45	2	10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02182.x	Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa	Witthuhn, R.C., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa, Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa; Duvenage, W., Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Gouws, P.A., Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa	Aims: Five different isolation media, namely potato dextrose agar (PDA), orange serum agar (OSA), K agar, yeast-starch-glucose agar and Bacillus acidocaldarius medium were evaluated for the recovery of Alicyclobacillus spp. from inoculated diluted and undiluted fruit-juice concentrates. Methods and Results: Plates of PDA (pH 3.7), spread with vegetative cells (3.9 × 106 CFU ml-1) of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris from single-strength pear juice, recovered 2.9 × 106CFU ml -1 after 5 days at 50°C (74% recovery). The recovery of endospores from single-strength pear juice, after a heat treatment at 80°C for 10 min, was higher on spread plates of OSA (pH 5.5) at 50°C for 5 days (97% recovery). Conclusions: PDA (pH 3.7) and OSA (pH 5.5) at 50°C for 3-5 days recovered the highest numbers of vegative cells and endospores of Alicyclobacillus spp. from sterilized fruit juices and concentrates. Significance and Impact of the Study: The most appropriate synthetic media for the recovery of Alicyclobacillus species from inoculated fruit juices and concentrates are shown. © 2007 The Authors.	Alicyclobacillus; Endospores; Fruit juice; Isolation media; Spoilage; Vegetative cells	Bacteria; Cells; Fruit juices; Glucose; Heat treatment; pH effects; agar; bacterium; dilution; glucose; inoculation; sporulation; yeast; Alicyclobacillus; article; bacterial endospore; bacterial growth; bacterial strain; culture medium; heat treatment; nonhuman; vegetative growth; Agar; Bacteriological Techniques; Beverages; Culture Media; Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Species Specificity; Temperature; Vitis; Alicyclobacillus; Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius; Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris; Pyrus; Solanum tuberosum	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873960047	In vitro evaluation of the antibiogramic activities of the seeds of myristica fragrans on food borne pathogens	Omoruyi I.M., Emefo O.T.	2012	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	8	4	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Toxicology option), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University	Omoruyi, I.M., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health (Toxicology option), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 00014, Finland; Emefo, O.T., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria	Aims: Foodborne diseases have been shown to have direct impact on the health and welfare of a large number of the world population. The in vitro antibiogramic properties of natural spices (Myristica fragrans) on common food borne pathogen became necessary both in improving food safety and development of new drugs. Methodology and Results: Test isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were collected from the culture collection unit of the department of Microbiology, Benson Idahosa University, Nigeria. Seeds of M. fragrans were extracted by soxhlet extractor using ethanol and water, while the oil was obtained by steam distillation. The extracts and oil were tested against the bacterial isolates using agar well diffusion method at varying concentration (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL). The oil of M. fragrans was found to have the highest antibiogramic activity on the selected isolates, followed by its ethanolic extract with zones of inhibition ranging from 0-24 mm and 0-16 mm respectively. The aqueous extract of M. fragrans was found to be effective against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis only at 100 mg/mL. The MIC was also higher in oil extract of M. fragrans compared to its ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: The oil and aqueous extract of M. fragrans showed antibiogramic properties against the bacterial isolates used at different concentrations. Thus, its oil can be used as an alternative to synthetic food preservative found to harbor toxic effects and could also serve as sources for development of new antibiotics.	Ethanolic extract; Gram negative bacteria; Gram positive bacteria; Minimum inhibitory concentration	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-28444439950	In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of antiviral medicinal plants using a vector-based assay technique	Esimone C.O., Grunwald T., Wildner O., Nchinda G., Tippler B., Proksch P., Überla K.	2005	Journal of Applied Microbiology	99	6	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02732.x	Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University,	Esimone, C.O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany, Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria; Grunwald, T., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Wildner, O., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Nchinda, G., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Tippler, B., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Proksch, P., Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Überla, K., Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany	Aims: Medicinal plants are increasingly being projected as suitable alternative sources of antiviral agents. The development of a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic screening technique could contribute to rapid identification of potential bioactive plants and also to the standardization and/or pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profiling of the bioactive components. Methods and Results: Recombinant viral vectors (lentiviral, retroviral and adenoviral) transferring the firefly luciferase gene were constructed and the inhibition of viral vector infectivity by various concentrations of plant extracts was evaluated in HeLa or Hep2 cells by measuring the changes in luciferase activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in parallel on HeLa or Hep2 cells stably expressing luciferase. Amongst the 15 extracts screened, only the methanol (ME) and the ethyl acetate (ET) fractions of the lichen, Ramalina farinacea specifically reduced lentiviral and adenoviral infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Chromatographic fractionation of ET into four fractions (ET1-ET4) revealed only ET4 to be selectively antiviral with an IC50 in the 20 μg ml-1 range. Preliminary mechanistic studies based on the addition of the extracts at different time points in the viral infection cycle (kinetic studies) revealed that the inhibitory activity was highest if extract and vectors were preincubated prior to infection, suggesting that early steps in the lentiviral or adenoviral replication cycle could be the major target of ET4. Inhibition of wild-type HIV-1 was also observed at a 10-fold lower concentration of the extract. Conclusions: The vector-based assay is a suitable in vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation technique for antiviral medicinal plants. The technique has successfully demonstrated the presence of antiviral principles in R. farinacea. Significance and Impact of Study: Potential anti-HIV medicinal plants could rapidly be evaluated with the reported vector-based technique. The lichen, R. farinacea could represent a lead source of antiviral substances and is thus worthy of further studies. © 2005 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antiviral; Lichen; Medicinal plants; Pharmacodynamic; Ramalina farinacea; Vector-based assay	acetic acid ethyl ester; adenovirus vector; antivirus agent; lentivirus vector; luciferase; methanol; plant extract; ramalina farinacea extract; retrovirus vector; unclassified drug; virus vector; antimicrobial activity; medicinal plant; virus; alternative medicine; article; chromatography; concentration response; controlled study; drug cytotoxicity; drug screening; drug selectivity; enzyme activity; fractionation; gene expression; gene transfer; HeLa cell; HEp 2 cell; human; human cell; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; IC 50; in vitro study; medicinal plant; nonhuman; ramalina farinacea; standardization; technique; viral gene delivery system; virus infectivity; virus recombinant; virus replication; wild type; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviruses, Human; Antiviral Agents; Biological Assay; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemiluminescent Measurements; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Vectors; Hela Cells; HIV; HIV Infections; Humans; Luciferases; Medicine, African Traditional; Nigeria; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Retroviridae; Adenoviridae; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Lentivirus; Ramalina farinacea	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84895056660	The impact of chronic untreated hyperglycaemia on the long-term stability of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and antioxidant status in human sera	Macharia M., Kengne A.P., Blackhurst D.M., Erasmus R.T., Matsha T.E.	2014	Journal of Clinical Pathology	67	1	10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201646	Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Niversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lipid Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa	Macharia, M., Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Kengne, A.P., NCRP for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, South African Medical Research Council, Niversity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Blackhurst, D.M., Lipid Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Erasmus, R.T., Division of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Matsha, T.E., Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7530, South Africa	Aims: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is increasingly measured on samples that have been stored for extended durations. The impact of storage and baseline conditions on the stability of the enzyme is however not well documented. We investigated the in fluence of hyperglycaemia on the stability of PON1 activity and antioxidant status in human sera stored for 12 months. Methods: Blood was collected from 60 individuals aged 35-80 years with chronic hyperglycaemia (HbA1c≥6.5%) or normoglycaemia (HbA1c<6.5%) in Cape Town. At baseline and after 12 months at -80°C, levels of PON1 activity ( paraoxoase and arylesterase), antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and oxidised low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)) were measured and compared. Results: In normoglycaemic samples, 12-month storage led to minor alterations of <10% for the six target variables. In hyperglycaemic samples, alterations ranged from 13% for AREase activity to about 23% for ox-LDLs indicating a twofold to fourfold difference between the two groups in the variables assessed. Changes in levels of FRAP, TEAC and ox-LDL were both statistically and clinically significant. Furthermore, there was evidence of significant statistical interaction by baseline glycaemic status on the alteration of FRAP, TEAC, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and ox-LDL, but not for PON1 activity. Conclusions: The results indicate that baseline glycaemic status may contribute to a decline in the stability of antioxidant activity and extent of lipid peroxidation but not PON activity.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890377175	Effects of hydration strategies on competitive squash performance [Effetti delle strategie di idratazione sulle prestazioni da squash competitivo]	Fritz S., Toriola A.L., Neveling N.	2013	Medicina dello Sport	66	3	None	Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Fritz, S., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Toriola, A.L., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa; Neveling, N., Department of Sport, Rehabilitation and Dental Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim: Squash racket is a high intensity sport, which places considerable demand on the body's energy system. There is currently little information in the literature concerning the effects of squash racket on hydration status and performance. The objectives of this study were to determine if squash players do dehydrate during competitive squash-play and evaluate the effect of fluid loss on their performance. Methods: Thirteen elite male squash players (aged 23.8±3.26 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Following a VO2max test and fat percentage measurements, subjects completed two further sessions on a squash court on separate days in which measurements of body weight, bioelectrical impedance analysis, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were undertaken and a squash specific movement test (ghosting test) was performed before and after match-play. The same protocol was used during sessions A (no fluid consumption) and B (fluid consumption). During session B, the subjects consumed a total of 400 mL tap water (200 mL after game 1 and 200 mL after game 2). Results: The findings of the study suggest that the squash players' body weight decreased during both session A (74.78 kg to 73.78 kg) and session B (74.66 kg to 73.93 kg). Both sessions A and B recorded significant changes when the pre- and post-match body weights were compared. The largest fluid loss during the study was 1.33% during session A (no fluid consumption). Osmolality increased during both session A (291.53 to 296.46 mOsm.kg1) and session B (295.69 to 298.15 mOsm.kg') but a significant difference was only recorded during session A (without fluid consuming). Significant changes in intracellular and extracellular water content were recorded (P&lt;0.05). There was an improvement during sessions A and B when comparing pre- and post-match results for the squash-specific movement test. Conclusion: Whilst significant alterations in a number of hydration markers were observed, the results of the study support the notion that squash racket players should drink water during competitive games lasting 30 minutes or longer, if the player started the match fully hydrated. Further research is necessary to confirm the present findings.	Body fluids; Dehydration; Osmolar concentration; Racquet sports	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84886911648	Model-based evaluation of the pharmacokinetic differences between adults and children for lopinavir and ritonavir in combination with rifampicin	Zhang C., Denti P., Decloedt E.H., Ren Y., Karlsson M.O., Mcilleron H.	2013	British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology	76	5	10.1111/bcp.12101	Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden	Zhang, C., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Denti, P., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Decloedt, E.H., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Ren, Y., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Karlsson, M.O., Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Mcilleron, H., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Aims: Rifampicin profoundly reduces lopinavir concentrations. Doubled doses of lopinavir/ritonavir compensate for the effect of rifampicin in adults, but fail to provide adequate lopinavir concentrations in young children on rifampicin-based antituberculosis therapy. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model describing the pharmacokinetic differences of lopinavir and ritonavir, with and without rifampicin, between children and adults. Methods: An integrated population pharmacokinetic model developed in nonmem 7 was used to describe the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir in 21 HIV infected adults, 39 HIV infected children and 35 HIV infected children with tuberculosis, who were established on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy with and without rifampicin-containing antituberculosis therapy. Results: The bioavailability of lopinavir was reduced by 25% in adults whereas children on antituberculosis treatment experienced a 59% reduction, an effect that was moderated by the dose of ritonavir. Conversely, rifampicin increased oral clearance of both lopinavir and ritonavir to a lesser extent in children than in adults. Rifampicin therapy in administered doses increased CL of lopinavir by 58% in adults and 48% in children, and CL of ritonavir by 34% and 22% for adults and children, respectively. In children, the absorption half-life of lopinavir and the mean transit time of ritonavir were lengthened, compared with those in adults. Conclusions: The model characterized important differences between adults and children in the effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir. As adult studies cannot reliably predict their magnitude in children, drug-drug interactions should be evaluated in paediatric patient populations. © 2013 The British Pharmacological Society.	Adults; Children; Lopinavir/ritonavir; nonmem; Population pharmacokinetics; Rifampicin	isoniazid; lopinavir; lopinavir plus ritonavir; rifampicin; ritonavir; adult; article; child; clinical evaluation; controlled study; drug absorption; drug bioavailability; drug blood level; drug clearance; drug dose reduction; drug effect; drug half life; drug interaction; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infant; major clinical study; male; multiple cycle treatment; outcome assessment; population model; preschool child; priority journal; school child; tuberculosis; adults; children; lopinavir/ritonavir; nonmem; population pharmacokinetics; rifampicin; Adult; Age Factors; Anti-HIV Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Biological Availability; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Drug Interactions; Female; Half-Life; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Lopinavir; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Nonlinear Dynamics; Rifampin; Ritonavir; Tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84865562034	Evaluation of antimicrobial properties and nutritional potentials of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf in South-Western Nigeria	Oluduro A.O.	2012	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	8	2	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Oluduro, A.O., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria	Aims: The antimicrobial activities of the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on certain enteropathogenic and orthopaedics' wounds bacteria and fungi were investigated. Its phytochemical constituents and nutritional potentials were as well assessed. Methodology and results: The antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts were evaluated using paper disc diffusion method. All the leaf extracts showed little inhibitory effect on the enteropathogens, whereas aqueous and methanolic extracts showed appreciable inhibitory effects on the orthopaedic's wounds bacteria at 30mg/ml. Ethanolic extract did not show any zone of growth inhibition on the wound bacteria. All the fungal organisms except Aspergillus flavus were resistant to both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaf, meanwhile Ethanolic extract showed appreciable inhibitory effect on Tricophyton mentagrophyte, Pullarium sp, Aspergilus flavus and Penicillium sp. Minimum inhibitory concentration was 20mg/ml on all the enteropathogens and ranged from 3.75 to 30<g/ml on the orthopaedics' wounds organisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed less than 1 % of alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids and phenol in the leaf and contained appreciable quantity of calcium, magnesium, iron and 45.4 % carbohydrate, 16.2 % protein and 9.68 % fibre. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The study showed that Moringa oleifera leaves possess inhibitory properties thus can serve as an alternative therapy for wounds and certain fungal infections and also a good source of nutrient supplements.	Antimicrobial activity; Bacteria; Fungi; Moringa leaf	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84929340681	Impact assessment of proximity of local black soap industry on the bacteriological and physicochemical properties of Ebu stream in Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Odeyemi A.T., Oluyege J.O., Fagbohun E.D., Adebayo A. A	2015	Malaysian Journal of Microbiology	11	1	None	Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Odeyemi, A.T., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Oluyege, J.O., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Fagbohun, E.D., Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria; Adebayo, A. A, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria	Aims: The level of contamination of Afawo Stream located near Afawo Soap industry in Ikere-Ekiti were investigated by determining the total bacteria and coliform count with antibiotics susceptibility of the isolated bacteria and physico-chemical qualities of the water samples. Methodology and results: The total bacteria and coliform count were determined using pour plate method, the antibiotic susceptibility were carried out using disc diffusion method, while physico-chemical and mineral studies were also carried out using standard methods. The mean total bacteria count of the water samples ranged 40.4 × 104 - 26.5 × 105 CFU/mL and 36.4 × 104 - 23.3 × 105 CFU/mL respectively. Percentage distribution of isolated bacteria include; Escherichia coli (17%), Streptococcus spp. (16%), Bacillus spp. (11%), Nitrobacter spp. (10%), Aeromonas spp. (9%), Arthrobacter spp. (9%), Pseudomonas spp. (5%), Klebsiella spp. (5%), Enterococcus spp. (5%), Micrococcus spp. (4%), Staphylococcus spp. (3%), Vibro spp. (3%), Enterobacter spp. (2%), Salmonella spp. (1%). Enteric microbes have high level of resistance to amoxicillin and augmentin, while nalixidic acid was most effective against the Gram negative isolates. Also the Gram positive isolates showed a high level of resistance to augmentin, cotrimoxazole and cloxacillin while streptomycin and gentamicin was most effective against the Gram positive isolates. Eighty four percent (84%) of the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, some of which possess plasmids with very high molecular weight ranging between 10 and 21 kbp. The physico-chemical properties of the water samples revealed the presence of the some mineral element in the water samples; magnesium (15.60 mg/L), potassium (16.20 mg/L), calcium (8.75 mg/L), sodium (11.55 mg/L), zinc (0.34 mg/L), iron (0.76 mg/L), chloride (21.40 mg/L), sulphate (5.60 mg/L), nitrate (0.35 mg/L). Meanwhile, the mean values of soil minerals were; potassium (76.5 - 83.5) mg/kg, calcium (49.8 - 62.7) mg/kg, sodium (63.4 - 71.6) mg/kg, magnesium (65.8 - 72.4) mg/kg, phosphorus (266.5 - 275.3) mg/kg, zinc (8.28 - 12.22) mg/kg, copper (3.60 - 4.68) mg/kg.	Ebu stream; Effluent discharge; Enteric microbes; Local black soap	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84928317045	Impact of early synchronous lip and palatal repair on speech	Luyten A., Bettens K., D'haeseleer E., De Ley S., Hodges A., Galiwango G., Vermeersch H., Van Lierde K.	2014	Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica	65	6	10.1159/000362501	Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; Dept. of Head and Neck Surgery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Kisubi, Uganda	Luyten, A., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; Bettens, K., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; D'haeseleer, E., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; De Ley, S., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium; Hodges, A., Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Kisubi, Uganda; Galiwango, G., Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services, Kisubi, Uganda; Vermeersch, H., Dept. of Head and Neck Surgery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Van Lierde, K., Departments of Speech,Language and Hearing Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, 2P1 BE-9000 Gent, Belgium	Aims: The purpose of this study was to describe articulation and resonance characteristics of Ugandan English-speaking children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) after synchronous lip and palatal closure (Sommerlad technique) prior to the age of 6 months in comparison with an age- And gender-matched control group.Methods: Eleven Ugandan patients with CLP (mean age 4; 9 years), repaired during a synchronous lip and (soft and hard) palatal closure at a mean age of 3.4 months, were included as well as a control group (n = 22) consisting of 2 Ugandan age- And gender-matched noncleft children for each patient (mean age 4; 10 years). Objective and perceptual speech assessment techniques were applied.Results: Consonant inventories were significantly smaller in the CLP group. Moreover, phonetic disorders and phonological processes occurred in 91 and 100% of the CLP group, respectively. Perceptual consensus evaluation revealed absence of hyponasality and cul-de-sac resonance in all patients. Hypernasality and nasal emission/turbulence occurred in 18 and 27% of the patients, respectively. No significant group differences were observed regarding the mean nasalance values of oral speech samples.Conclusion: Various deviations from normal speech development seem to occur in patients with CLP following synchronous lip and palatal closure before 6 months of age. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.	Articulation; Cleft; Resonance; Sommerlad technique; Speech; Synchronous lip and palatal closure; Timing of palatoplasty	Articulation Disorders; child; cleft lip; cleft palate; complication; female; human; infant; male; phonetics; Postoperative Complications; preschool child; speech intelligibility; voice; Articulation Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Phonetics; Postoperative Complications; Speech Intelligibility; Voice Quality	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77950485827	The impact of early standard therapy on dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure: The URGENT-dyspnoea study	Mebazaa A., Pang P.S., Tavares M., Collins S.P., Storrow A.B., Laribi S., Andre S., Mark Courtney D., Hasa J., Spinar J., Masip J., Frank Peacock W., Sliwa K., Gayat E., Filippatos G., Cleland J.G.F., Gheorghiade M.	2010	European Heart Journal	31	7	10.1093/eurheartj/ehp458	Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France; Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Geral de Santo Antó Nio, Porto, Portugal; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, INSERM U942, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France; Chef de Clinique des Universités-Assistant des Hô Pitaux, Université Paris Decartes, Hô Pital Cochin, Paris, France; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; University Hospital Brno, Internal Cardiology Department, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Dos de Maig, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, CH Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Unit, Athens University Hospital, Attikon, Greece; Department of Cardiology, University of Hull, Kingstonupon-Hull, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States	Mebazaa, A., Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France; Pang, P.S., Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; Tavares, M., Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Hospital Geral de Santo Antó Nio, Porto, Portugal; Collins, S.P., Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Storrow, A.B., Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Laribi, S., Department of Emergency Medicine, INSERM U942, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France; Andre, S., Chef de Clinique des Universités-Assistant des Hô Pitaux, Université Paris Decartes, Hô Pital Cochin, Paris, France; Mark Courtney, D., Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 E Erie St, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States; Hasa, J., Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Spinar, J., University Hospital Brno, Internal Cardiology Department, Brno, Czech Republic; Masip, J., Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Dos de Maig, University of Barcelona, Spain; Frank Peacock, W., Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Sliwa, K., Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, CH Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Gayat, E., Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Paris Diderot, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France; Filippatos, G., Department of Cardiology, Heart Failure Unit, Athens University Hospital, Attikon, Greece; Cleland, J.G.F., Department of Cardiology, University of Hull, Kingstonupon-Hull, United Kingdom; Gheorghiade, M., Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States	AimsThe vast majority of acute heart failure (AHF) trials to date have targeted dyspnoea. However, they enrolled patients relatively late and did not standardize their methods of dyspnoea measurement. URGENT Dyspnoea was designed to determine changes in dyspnoea in response to initial, standard therapy in patients presenting with AHF using a standardized approach.Methods and resultsURGENT Dyspnoea was an international, multi-centre, observational cohort study of AHF patients managed conventionally and enrolled within 1 h of first hospital medical evaluation. Patient-assessed dyspnoea was recorded in the sitting position at baseline and at 6 hours by Likert and visual analog scales. Less symptomatic patients were placed supine to determine whether this provoked worsening dyspnoea (orthopnoea). Of the 524 patients with AHF, the mean age was 68 years, 43 were women, and 83 received intravenous diuretics. On a 5-point Likert scale, dyspnoea improvement was reported by 76 of patients after 6 h of standard therapy. Supine positioning (orthopnoea test) led to worse dyspnoea in 47 of patients compared to sitting upright.ConclusionWhen sitting upright, dyspnoea in the sitting position improves rapidly and substantially in patients with AHF after administration of conventional therapy, mainly intra-venous diuretics. However, many patients remain orthopnoeic. Improving the methodology of clinical trials in AHF by standardizing the conditions under which dyspnoea is assessed could enhance their ability to identify effective treatments. Relief of orthopnoea is clinically valuable and may represent a useful goal for clinical trials.	Acute heart failure; Dyspnoea; Orthopnoea	acetylsalicylic acid; adrenalin; aldosterone antagonist; angiotensin receptor antagonist; beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; calcium channel blocking agent; clopidogrel; digoxin; dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase inhibitor; diuretic agent; dobutamine; dopamine; enoximone; glyceryl trinitrate; hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; inotropic agent; levosimendan; loop diuretic agent; milrinone; nesiritide; nitrate; nitroprusside sodium; noradrenalin; vasodilator agent; warfarin; diuretic agent; acute disease; adult; aged; article; body position; cardiovascular disease; cohort analysis; disease exacerbation; diuretic therapy; dyspnea; female; heart failure; human; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; major clinical study; male; observational study; oxygen therapy; patient compliance; priority journal; prospective study; provocation test; supine position; treatment response; visual analog scale; body posture; clinical trial; dyspnea; emergency health service; heart failure; hospitalization; middle aged; multicenter study; patient positioning; very elderly; Acute Disease; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Diuretics; Dyspnea; Emergency Service, Hospital; Female; Heart Failure; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Positioning; Posture; Prospective Studies	None
WoS	WOS:000267828800002	Development and test-retest reliability of a research instrument designed to evaluate school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in South Africa and Tanzania	Aaro, Leif Edvard,Flisher, Alan J.,Helleve, Arnfinn,Kaaya, Sylvia,Klepp, Knut-Inge,Mathews, Catherine,Mukoma, Wanjiru	2009	SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH	37	None	10.1177/1403494809103995	University of Bergen, University of Cape Town, University of Oslo, Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth	"Helleve, Arnfinn: University of Oslo","Klepp, Knut-Inge: University of Oslo","Mathews, Catherine: University of Cape Town",	Aims: This article reports on the development and psychometric properties of an instrument to evaluate school-based HIV/AIDS interventions aimed at adolescents in three African sites. Methods: The instrument was developed in a series of steps that involved a review of existing instruments; use of empirical data and secondary literature supporting an association between the variables of interest and sexual intercourse or condom use; operationalizing the constructs of the theoretical model employed; and using the objectives of the intervention. Test-retest reliability studies were conducted at each site. Results: The questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency and adequate test-retest reliability. Cronbach's alpha was higher than 0.50 for all the 10 psychosocial scales, while Cohen's kappa showed poor to substantial test-retest reliability on the sexual behaviour items (kappa = 0.14 to 0.69). Conclusions: We conclude that the instrument had sufficient test-retest reliability and internal consistency.	ADOLESCENTS,evaluation,HIV/AIDS,RELIABILITY,SCHOOL,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA","AIDS EDUCATION",CHILDREN,EDUCATION-PROGRAM,HEALTH,"NORTHERN TANZANIA","PREVENTION PROGRAMS",SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR,STUDENTS,"SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA",VALIDITY	None	None
WoS	WOS:000267828800005	Process evaluation of a school-based HIV/AIDS intervention in South Africa	Ahmed, Nazeema,Flisher, Alan J.,Jansen, Shahieda,Klepp, Knut-Inge,Mathews, Catherine,Mukoma, Wanjiru,Schaalma, Herman	2009	SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH	37	None	10.1177/1403494808090631	Maastricht University, University of Cape Town, University of Oslo	None	Aims: This paper presents a process evaluation that assessed the fidelity and quality of implementation, as well as the acceptability and subjective evaluations of a HIV/AIDS intervention among students and teachers. Methods: The process evaluation was conducted as part of a cluster randomized controlled trial of a theory- and evidence-based school HIV/AIDS intervention in Cape Town. The intervention was designed for grade 8 high school students and delivered by teachers over a six-month period. Twenty-six schools participated in the trial, 13 in the intervention group and 13 in the control group. Results: The success of implementation was varied within and across the schools, with some teachers implementing the intervention with more fidelity than others. This was influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and institutional factors. The factors that aided implementation included compliance with the current outcomes-based education approach; provision of teacher training; provision of teacher manuals with detailed information and instructions about the lessons and activities; continued monitoring and support for teachers; and student enthusiasm for the lessons. Proper implementation was hindered by large class sizes; too many activities in the intervention; teacher resistance to and inexperience in using participatory methods; teacher turnover; the low status of life orientation compared to other subjects; and a general disregard for life orientation among students. Conclusions: These findings are important for improving the intervention and contextualizing the results of the outcome evaluation; and to better plan for further large scale dissemination of school-based HIV/AIDS intervention programmes.	ADOLESCENTS,HIV/AIDS,"process evaluation",SCHOOL,"SOUTH AFRICA","AIDS EDUCATION","DELIVERED SEX-EDUCATION",HEALTH,"HIV PREVENTION",IMPLEMENTATION,PROGRAM,TEACHERS,YOUTH	None	None
WoS	WOS:000250834900004	Adherence to HAART therapy measured by electronic monitoring in newly diagnosed HIV patients in Botswana	Anand, Bene,Cohen, Adam,Iwebor, Henry Uchechukwaka,Kristanto, Paulus,Rakesh, Pande,Stiekema, Jacobus,Vriesendorp, Reinout,Vrijens, Bernard	2007	EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY	63	12	10.1007/s00228-007-0369-2	Leiden University, VU University Amsterdam, Ardex Ltd, CHDR, Nyangabgwe Hosp, Pharmion Syst Ltd	None	Aims This pilot study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of electronic adherence monitoring of antiretroviral medications in HIV patients who recently started Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Francistown, Botswana and to compare this with self-reporting. Methods Dosing histories were compiled electronically using Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) monitors to evaluate adherence to prescribed therapies. Thirty patients enrolled in the antiretroviral treatment program were monitored over 6 weeks. These patients were all antiretroviral (ARV) naive. After each visit (mean three times) to the pharmacy, the data compiled by the monitors were downloaded. Electronic monitoring of adherence was compared to patient self-reports of adherence. Results The mean individual medication adherence level measured with the electronic device was 85% (range 21-100%). The mean adherence level measured by means of self-reporting was 98% (range 70-100%). Medication prescribed on a once-a-day dose base was associated with a higher adherence level (97.9% for efavirenz) compared with a twice-a-day regimen (88.4% for Lamivudine/Zidovudine). Conclusions It is feasible to assess treatment adherence of patients living in a low resource setting on HAART by using electronic monitors. Adherence, even in the early stages of treatment, appears to be insufficient in some patients and may be below the level required for continuous inhibition of viral replication. This approach may lead to improved targeting of counselling about their medication intake of such patients in order to prevent occurrence of resistant viral strains due to inadequate inhibition of viral replication. In this pilot study a significant difference between the data recorded through the electronic monitors and those provided by self-reporting was observed.	ADHERENCE,HAART,"MEMS caps","ANTIRETROVIRAL ADHERENCE",CLINICAL-PRACTICE,COMBINATIONS,DIDANOSINE,DRUG-RESISTANCE,"INFECTED PATIENTS",NEVIRAPINE,"PROTEASE INHIBITORS",SELF-REPORT,ZIDOVUDINE	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84916205419	Cash flow management: Assessing its impact on the operational performance of small and medium size enterprises at the Mafikeng local municipality in South Africa prior to the global financial crisis	Belobo A.B., Pelser F.	2014	Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences	5	27	10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p226	North-West University, South Africa	Belobo, A.B., North-West University, South Africa; Pelser, F., North-West University, South Africa	Aims: This study propped up as a result of the repeated complaints from both electronic mails and customers’ about the underperformance of Mafikeng Small and Medium-Size enterprises after the global financial crisis. The authors were on the view that, poor operational performance experienced by Mafikeng SMEs was as a result of the negative effects on the cash flow of these businesses due to volatilities in the business environment in general prior to the global crisis. Thus, the paper was mainly aimed at determining the shortcomings experienced by these SMEs with regards to cash flow management. It was also aimed at suggesting possible measures to improve cash flow management of these SMEs in this tough time. Methods: A case study was conducted on 3 beverage suppliers, 27 bottle stores, 3 largest fast consumer goods super markets and 7 automobiles enterprises in the Mafikeng local municipality. The study made use of a mixed method approach. A purposive sampling was used in selecting SMEs that participated. Views and experiences of participants of the paper were captured through in-depth interviews. Data from the empirical investigation were interpreted using open coding and a simple percentage formula. Results: Findings from the empirical research reflected that majority of Mafikeng SMEs suffer poor operational performance prior to the global financial crisis primarily as a result of poor cash flow management. However, the empirical outcome also indicted other secondary factors contributing to this poor operational performance. Conclusion: Finally, the authors proposed possible measures that could be used to improve cash flow management and to solve other factors affecting operational performance in Mafikeng bottle stores in other to achieve better business performance. © 2014, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved.	None	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80052535398	Occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among hospital nurses in Kampala, Uganda	Nabirye R.C., Brown K.C., Pryor E.R., Maples E.H.	2011	Journal of Nursing Management	19	6	10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01240.x	Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Community Health, Outcomes and Systems, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States	Nabirye, R.C., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Brown, K.C., Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Pryor, E.R., Community Health, Outcomes and Systems, School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Maples, E.H., Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States	Aims To assess levels of occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among hospital nurses in Kampala, Uganda; and how they are influenced by work and personal characteristics. Background Occupational stress is reported to affect job satisfaction and job performance among nurses, thus compromising nursing care and placing patients' lives at risk. Although these factors have been studied extensively in the US and Europe, there was a need to explore them from the Ugandan perspective. Methods A correlational study was conducted with 333 nurses from four hospitals in Kampala, Uganda. A questionnaire measuring occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance was used. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and anova. Results There were significant differences in levels of occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance between public and private not-for-profit hospitals, nursing experience and number of children. Conclusions Organizational differences between public and private not-for-profit hospitals influence the study variables. Implications for Nursing Management On-the-job training for nurse managers in human resource management to increase understanding and advocacy for organizational support policies was recommended. Research to identify organizational, family or social factors which contribute to reduction of perceived occupational stress and increase job satisfaction and job performance was recommended. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	East Africa; Hospital nurses; Job performance; Job satisfaction; Occupational stress; Uganda	adult; article; clinical competence; cross-sectional study; female; health personnel attitude; human; job satisfaction; male; mental stress; middle aged; nursing staff; psychological aspect; questionnaire; statistics; Uganda; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Clinical Competence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Job Satisfaction; Male; Middle Aged; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Questionnaires; Stress, Psychological; Uganda; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79960564561	Evaluation of the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus Amycolatopsis and description of Amycolatopsis circi sp. nov., Amycolatopsis equina sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis hippodromi sp. nov	Everest G.J., Meyers P.R.	2011	Journal of Applied Microbiology	111	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05058.x	Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Everest, G.J., Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Meyers, P.R., Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa	Aims: To describe three new Amycolatopsis strains and assess the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus. Methods and Results: Three strains, designated S1·3T, S3·6T and SE(8)3T, belonging to the genus Amycolatopsis were isolated and found to cluster together by 16S rRNA and gyrB gene-based phylogenetic analysis. Genetic distance values, based on the gyrB gene, were calculated between the strains and their closest relatives and were all above the threshold value of 0·02 that has been proposed to distinguish Amycolatopsis type strains. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments against related type strains confirmed that strain S3·6T represents a unique genomic species. Strain S3·6T was also found to be distinct from strains S1·3T and SE(8)3T, the latter two of which were also shown to be distinct from each other. Antibiotic biosynthetic genes were identified from multiple Amycolatopsis strains, and their presence was found to be phylogenetically associated. Conclusions: The data presented in this study indicate that strains S1·3T, SE(8)3T and S3·6T belong to three novel species, for which the names Amycolatopsis circi sp. nov. (=DSM 45561T=NRRL B-24841T), Amycolatopsis equina sp. nov. (=DSM 45563T=NRRL B-24842T) and Amycolatopsis hippodromi sp. nov. (=DSM 45562T=NRRL B-24843T) are proposed. Significance and Impact of the Study: Three new species of Amycolatopsis are described, and the knowledge of the antibiotic biosynthetic potential of the genus has been extended. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2011 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Antibiotic biosynthetic potential; Family Pseudonocardiaceae; Fynbos; gyrB genetic distance; Nocardioform actinomycetes; Rapid genus identification	ansamycin derivative; antibiotic agent; avoparcin; DNA topoisomerase (ATP hydrolysing) B; genomic DNA; RNA 16S; antibiotics; genomics; hybridization; new genus; new species; phylogenetics; Amycolatopsis alba; Amycolatopsis albidoflavus; Amycolatopsis australiensis; Amycolatopsis azurea; Amycolatopsis balhimycina; Amycolatopsis benzoatilytica; Amycolatopsis circi; Amycolatopsis coloradensis; Amycolatopsis decaplanina; Amycolatopsis echigonensis; Amycolatopsis equina; Amycolatopsis eurytherma; Amycolatopsis halophila; Amycolatopsis halotolerans; Amycolatopsis helveola; Amycolatopsis hippodromi; Amycolatopsis japonica; Amycolatopsis jejuensis; Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis; Amycolatopsis keratiniphila; Amycolatopsis lexingtonensi; Amycolatopsis lurida; Amycolatopsis marina; Amycolatopsis methanolica; Amycolatopsis minnesotensis; Amycolatopsis nigrescens; Amycolatopsis niigatensis; Amycolatopsis palatopharyngis; Amycolatopsis pigmentata; Amycolatopsis plumensis; Amycolatopsis pretoriensis; Amycolatopsis regifaucium; Amycolatopsis rifamycinica; Amycolatopsis rubida; Amycolatopsis saalfeldensis; Amycolatopsis sacchari; Amycolatopsis samaneae; Amycolatopsis taiwanensis; Amycolatopsis thailandensis; Amycolatopsis thermoflava; Amycolatopsis tolypomycina; Amycolatopsis tucumanensis; Amycolatopsis ultiminotia; Amycolatopsis vancoresmycina; Amycolatopsis xylanica; antibiotic biosynthesis; article; bacterial strain; bacterium identification; bacterium isolation; DNA hybridization; Escherichia coli; genetic analysis; Mycobacterium aurum; nocardia mediterranea; nocardia orientalis; nonhuman; nucleotide sequence; parsimony analysis; phylogenetic tree; phylogeny; Pseudonocardiaceae; Saccharopolyspora; Staphylococcus aureus; unindexed sequence; Actinomycetales; Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA, Bacterial; Molecular Sequence Data; Phenotype; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Actinobacteria (class); Amycolatopsis; Pseudonocardiaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-60049101030	Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment	Mtapuri-Zinyowera S., Midzi N., Muchaneta-Kubara C.E., Simbini T., Mduluza T.	2009	Journal of Applied Microbiology	106	3	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04054.x	Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; National Institute of Health Research, Causeway, Zimbabwe; Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Interventions, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Midzi, N., National Institute of Health Research, Causeway, Zimbabwe; Muchaneta-Kubara, C.E., Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Simbini, T., Centre for Evaluation of Public Health Interventions, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; Mduluza, T., Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe	Aims: To determine the impact of natural sunlight in disinfecting water contaminated with cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using plastic containers. Methods and Results: Known quantities of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar cysts in sterile water were exposed to the sun. Containers were made of polyethylene terephthalate, eight painted black on one side, one not painted and another cut open at the top and the last was a high density polypropylene container. Viability testing was performed using vital and fluorescent dyes. The same assays were conducted under cloudy conditions. Thermal control tests were also performed using heat without ultra violet light from the sun. Results show that 99·9% of parasites was inactivated when water temperatures reached 56°C after sunlight exposure. Conclusion: Both solar radiation and heat produced by the sun have a synergistic effect in killing cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar when temperatures rise above 50°C, with complete death at 56°C, using painted 2-l PET containers. Significance and Impact of the Study: Solar disinfection system using PET containers painted black on one side can be used to disinfect water against Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar using natural sunlight. © 2009 The Authors.	Drinking water at point-of-use; Protozoan parasites; Solar radiation; Treatment	drinking water; fluorescent dye; plastic; polyethylene terephthalate; polypropylene; water; bacterium; cyst; disinfection; drinking water; solar radiation; temperature effect; testing method; water temperature; water treatment; adolescent; article; child; container; controlled study; cyst (resting stage); density; disinfection; Entamoeba dispar; Entamoeba histolytica; Giardia duodenalis; heat; human; major clinical study; nonhuman; parasite identification; parasite viability; preschool child; quantitative analysis; school child; solar radiation; sun; sun exposure; sunlight; thermal stimulation; ultraviolet radiation; vital stain; water contamination; water temperature; water treatment; Animals; Disinfection; Entamoeba histolytica; Fluorescent Dyes; Giardia lamblia; Spores, Bacterial; Sunlight; Water Microbiology; Water Purification; Water Supply; Entamoeba; Giardia intestinalis; Protozoa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74049106141	Impact of Aspergillus section Flavi community structure on the development of lethal levels of aflatoxins in Kenyan maize (Zea mays)	Probst C., Schulthess F., Cotty P.J.	2010	Journal of Applied Microbiology	108	2	10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04458.x	Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Plant Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; USDA-ARS, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States	Probst, C., Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; Schulthess, F., International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Plant Health Division, Nairobi, Kenya; Cotty, P.J., Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States, USDA-ARS, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States	Aims: To evaluate the potential role of fungal community structure in predisposing Kenyan maize to severe aflatoxin contamination by contrasting aflatoxin-producing fungi resident in the region with repeated outbreaks of lethal aflatoxicosis to those in regions without a history of aflatoxicosis. Methods and Results: Fungi belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi were isolated from maize samples from three Kenyan provinces between 2004 and 2006. Frequencies of identified strains and aflatoxin-producing abilities were assessed, and the data were analysed by statistical means. Most aflatoxin-producing fungi belonged to Aspergillus flavus. The two major morphotypes of A. flavus varied greatly between provinces, with the S strain dominant in both soil and maize within aflatoxicosis outbreak regions and the L strain dominant in nonoutbreak regions. Conclusions: Aspergillus community structure is an important factor in the development of aflatoxins in maize in Kenya and, as such, is a major contributor to the development of aflatoxicosis in the Eastern Province. Significance and Impact of the Study: Since 1982, deaths caused by aflatoxin-contaminated maize have repeatedly occurred in the Eastern Province of Kenya. The current study characterized an unusual fungal community structure associated with the lethal contamination events. The results will be helpful in developing aflatoxin management practices to prevent future outbreaks in Kenya. © 2009 The Society for Applied Microbiology.	Aflatoxicosis; Aspergillus flavus; Corn; Fungal community structure; Kenya	aflatoxin; community structure; fungus; identification method; maize; morphotype; mortality; statistical analysis; toxin; aflatoxicosis; article; Aspergillus flavus; community structure; food contamination; fungal community; fungal strain; fungus identification; fungus isolation; maize; morphotype; nonhuman; Aflatoxins; Aspergillus flavus; Disease Outbreaks; Food Contamination; Kenya; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Zea mays; Eastern Province [Kenya]; Kenya; Aspergillus; Aspergillus flavus; Fungi; Zea mays	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-50449100048	Monitoring the bacterial community during fermentation of sunki, an unsalted, fermented vegetable traditional to the Kiso area of Japan	Endo A., Mizuno H., Okada S.	2008	Letters in Applied Microbiology	47	3	10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02404.x	Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa	Endo, A., Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa, NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Mizuno, H., NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; Okada, S., NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan	Aims: To investigate the microbial community in sunki, an indigenous, unsalted, fermented vegetable, made from the leaves of red beet. Methods and Results: Fermenting samples were collected at 1- to 2-day intervals from four houses and investigated by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. PCR-Denaturing-Gradient-Gel-Electrophoresis profiles indicated that the bacterial community was stable and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lact. fermentum and Lact. plantarum were dominant during the fermentation. This result agreed well with that obtained by the culturing technique. Moulds, yeasts or bacteria other than lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were not detected. Conclusions: The bacterial community was stable throughout the fermentation, and Lact. delbrueckii, Lact. fermentum and Lact. plantarum were dominant. The acidic pH and lactic acid produced by LAB probably preserve the sunki from spoilage. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first report on the use of both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques to study the bacterial community in sunki. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques is necessary for the analysis of complex microbial communities. © 2008 The Authors.	Bacterial community; Lactic acid bacteria; PCR-DGGE; Unsalted fermented vegetable	Agricultural products; Bacteria; Cell culture; Fermentation; bacterium; electrokinesis; fermentation; microbial community; monitoring; polymerase chain reaction; vegetable; article; bacterium identification; denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; fermentation; food spoilage; Japan; lactic acid bacterium; Lactobacillus delbrueckii; Lactobacillus fermentum; Lactobacillus plantarum; microbial community; mould; nonhuman; pH; polymerase chain reaction; vegetable; yeast; Colony Count, Microbial; Fermentation; Food Microbiology; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Japan; Lactobacillus; Vegetables; Asia; Chubu; Eurasia; Far East; Honshu; Japan; Japanese Alps; Kiso Mountains; Nagano; Bacteria (microorganisms); Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris; Lactobacillus delbrueckii	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-58849165400	Preoperative evaluation and triage of women with suspicious adnexal masses using risk of malignancy index	Enakpene C.A., Omigbodun A.O., Goecke T.W., Odukogbe A.-T., Beckmann M.W.	2009	Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research	35	1	10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00869.x	University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Enakpene, C.A., University of Ibadan Post-Office, PO Box 21379, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Omigbodun, A.O., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Goecke, T.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany; Odukogbe, A.-T., Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Beckmann, M.W., Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany	Aims: To test the accuracy of risk of malignancy index (RMI) in preoperative prediction of malignancy and treatment of adnexal masses. Methods: A total of 302 women with ultrasound diagnosed adnexal masses, and serum measurement of cancer-associated antigen CA-125 levels, were studied. They all had surgical exploration between October 2001 and September 2005 at the Friedrich-Alexander University Women's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany. The RMI was based on menopausal status, ultrasound morphology of adnexal masses and absolute level of serum CA-125. A cut-off of 250 was chosen as the threshold for determining the type of surgical operations (laparotomy versus laparoscopy) and the skill of the surgeons (gynecological oncologist versus general gynecologist). The data obtained were analyzed for baseline characteristics using χ2 test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). P &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant. The various testing methods were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results: The best individual performance was found in RMI at a cut-off of 250 with a sensitivity of 88.2%, specificity of 74.3%, positive predictive value of 71.3% and negative predictive value of 90%. When RMI was used to triage patient treatment, 81.5% of patients who had laparoscopy had histological diagnosis of benign ovarian tumor and 7.5% had malignant tumor. In contrast, 74.4% of patients who had laparotomy had histological diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor and 16% had benign tumor. Conclusion: Risk of malignant index is a reliable, cheap, readily available and cost-effective method of preoperative discrimination of benign from malignant adnexal masses. It is also helpful in triaging patients to different treatment groups. © 2008 The Authors.	Preoperative evaluation; Risk of malignancy index; Suspicious adnexal masses; Triage	CA 125 antigen; adnexa disease; adnexal mass; adolescent; adult; aged; article; benign tumor; controlled study; emergency health service; female; Germany; histopathology; human; human tissue; laparoscopy; laparotomy; major clinical study; malignant neoplastic disease; menopause; ovary tumor; physician; preoperative evaluation; risk assessment; risk of malignancy index; sensitivity and specificity; ultrasound; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Algorithms; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Ovarian Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Triage; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33746559808	Clinical evaluation of post-extraction site wound healing	Adeyemo W.L., Ladeinde A.L., Ogunlewe M.O.	2006	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	7	3	None	Medical College of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany; Department of Oral, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos Universit	Adeyemo, W.L., Medical College of Dental Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Germany, Department of Oral, Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Ladeinde, A.L., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Ogunlewe, M.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery	Aim: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical pattern of post-extraction wound healing with a view to identify the types, incidence, and pattern of healing complications following non-surgical tooth extraction. Study Design: A total of 311 patients, who were referred for non-surgical (intra-alveolar) extractions, were included in the study. The relevant pre-operative information recorded for each patient included age and gender of the patient, indications for extraction, and tooth/teeth removed. Extractions were performed under local anesthesia with dental forceps, elevators, or both. Patients were evaluated on the third and seventh postoperative days for alveolus healing assessment. Data recorded were: biodata, day of presentation for alveolus healing assessment, day of onset of any symptoms, body temperature (°C) in cases of alveolus infection, and presence or absence of pain. Results: Two hundred eighty-two patients (282) with 318 extraction sites were evaluated for alveolus healing. Healing was uneventful in 283 alveoli (89%), while 35 alveoli (11%) developed healing complications. These complications were: localized osteitis 26 (8.2%); acutely infected alveolus 5 (1.6%); and an acutely inflamed alveolus 4 (1.2%). Females developed more complications than males (p=0.003). Most complications were found in molars (60%) and premolars (37.1%). Localized osteitis caused severe pain in all cases, while infected and inflamed alveolus caused mild or no pain. Thirty patients (12%) among those without healing complications experienced mild pain. Conclusions: Most of the post-extraction alveoli healed uneventfully. Apart from alveolar osteitis (AO), post-extraction alveolus healing was also complicated by acutely infected alveoli and acutely inflamed alveoli. This study also demonstrated a painful alveolus is not necessarily a disturbance of post-extraction site wound healing; a thorough clinical examination must, therefore, be made to exclude any of the complications.	Alveoli; Evaluation; Healing; Post-extraction alveolus	adult; article; body temperature; controlled study; female; human; incidence; infection; major clinical study; male; molar tooth; osteitis; pain assessment; postoperative period; premolar tooth; symptomatology; tooth extraction; wound healing; adolescent; bone infection; chi square distribution; middle aged; physiology; postoperative complication; postoperative pain; prospective study; tooth pain; tooth socket; Adolescent; Adult; Bone Diseases, Infectious; Chi-Square Distribution; Dry Socket; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Socket; Wound Healing	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84924146495	Determination of the myocardial performance index in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction and its link to adverse outcomes	Bhorat I.E., Bagratee J.S., Pillay M., Reddy T.	2015	Prenatal Diagnosis	35	3	10.1002/pd.4537	Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Bhorat, I.E., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Bagratee, J.S., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Pillay, M., Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa; Reddy, T., Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa	Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the fetal modified myocardial performance index (Mod-MPI) and E-wave/A-wave peak velocities (E/A ratio) in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and its link to adverse outcomes defined as perinatal death, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal resuscitation, neonatal cord pH <7.15, intraventricular hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Method: Forty three pregnant women with IUGR defined as the abdominal circumference <10th percentile for gestational age and umbilical resistance index >2 standard deviations in the third trimester of pregnancy were matched for gestational age and maternal age with 43 women with appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses. The IUGR group was subdivided on the basis of multivessel Doppler anomalies into different grades of growth restriction. Mod-MPI and E/A ratio were determined and linked to perinatal outcome. Results: The median Mod-MPI was significantly higher in growth-restricted fetuses compared with controls (0.59 vs 0.37, p<0.001) and increased with severity of IUGR, the classification of which was based on degree of abnormality of the umbilical resistance index, presence of arterial redistribution and degree of abnormality of the ductus venosus (DV) Doppler indices. A cut-off Mod-MPI value of 0.54 conferred a sensitivity of 87% [confidence interval (CI): 66-97%], specificity of 75% (CI: 55-91%) and a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.47 for an adverse outcome. A cut-off Mod-MPI value of 0.67 conferred a sensitivity of 100% (CI: 54-100%), specificity of 81% (CI: 65-92%) and LR of 5.28 for perinatal death. No abnormal outcomes occurred in controls. In logistic regression analysis, the MPI remained a significant predictor of adverse outcome after adjusting for gestational age of delivery, fetal weight, E/A ratio, maternal age, DV Doppler indices, amniotic fluid index and umbilical artery resistance index [adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.60 (1.15-5.83), p-value 0.02]. MPI fared significantly better than the E/A ratio as a predictor of adverse outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 and 0.76, p<0.001). Conclusion: Fetal myocardial performance deteriorates with severity of growth restriction. There is an association between severity of the MPI elevation and rates of adverse perinatal outcome. The Mod-MPI and E/A ratio have the potential to be integrated into routine surveillance techniques of the growth-restricted fetus. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.	None	A wave; abdominal circumference; adverse outcome; Article; brain hemorrhage; cardiovascular parameters; clinical article; controlled study; disease severity; Doppler echocardiography; ductus venosus; female; fetus; heart function; heart performance; human; hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; intrauterine growth retardation; lung dysplasia; myocardial performance index; perinatal death; pH; pregnant woman; priority journal; real time ultrasound scanner; resuscitation; adult; amnion fluid; case control study; complication; diastole; echography; fetus echography; fetus heart; gestational age; heart left ventricle function; heart ventricle function; intrauterine growth retardation; pregnancy; prematurity; prognosis; second trimester pregnancy; severity of illness index; systole; third trimester pregnancy; umbilical artery; vascularization; Adult; Amniotic Fluid; Case-Control Studies; Diastole; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetal Heart; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Pregnancy Trimester, Third; Premature Birth; Prognosis; Severity of Illness Index; Systole; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Umbilical Arteries; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left; Ventricular Function; Ventricular Function, Left	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-43349158926	Relative impact of patient characteristics and radiographic variables on the difficulty of removing impacted mandibular third molars	Akadiri O.A., Obiechina A.E., Arotiba J.T., Fasola A.O.	2008	Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice	9	4	None	Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Akadiri, O.A., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Obiechina, A.E., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Arotiba, J.T., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Fasola, A.O., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria	Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the relative contributions of patient characteristics and radiographic variables to the difficulty of extraction of impacted mandibular third molars in a Nigerian population. Methods and Materials: Seventy-nine consecutive patients undergoing mandibular third molar extractions were recruited for this prospective cohort study. Specific patient characteristics and radiographic variables were recorded. All extractions were performed under local anesthesia by the same oral surgeon, and the surgical difficulty was assessed based on the duration of surgery. Results: Body weight (BW) (P=0.009) and body surface area (BSA) (P=0.004) were the significant patient characteristics while tooth impaction depth (P=0.002), number of roots (P=0.035), and tooth angulation (P=0.003) were the significant radiographic variables associated with surgical difficulty using a univariate analysis. A multiple linear regression model was constructed with these variables using surgical difficulty as the dependent variable. Radiographic factors were found to be the more important determinants of surgical difficulty with the depth of impaction (P=0.038) being the singular most important factor. Conclusion: Although the difficulty of surgical removal of impacted lower third molars is dependent on BW, BSA, impaction depth, tooth angulation, and the number of roots, radiographic variables were of greater importance with impaction depth being the most important single factor.	Extraction; Impacted mandibular third molars; Patient variables; Radiographic variables; Surgical difficulty	adult; article; body mass; body surface; body weight; cohort analysis; female; forecasting; human; male; mandible; methodology; molar tooth; Nigeria; physiology; plastic surgery; prospective study; radiography; time; tooth disease; tooth extraction; tooth root; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Surface Area; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Mandible; Molar, Third; Nigeria; Prospective Studies; Surgical Flaps; Time Factors; Tooth Extraction; Tooth Root; Tooth, Impacted	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77949823361	Basic physiological measures determine fitness and are associated with running performance in elite young male and female Ethiopian runners	Legaz-Arrese A., Kinfu H., Munguía-Izquierdo D., Carranza-Garcia L.E., Calderón F.J.	2009	Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness	49	4	None	Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Physiology Laboratory of the Addis Ababa, University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Section of Physical Education and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; Section of Physical Education and Sports Polytechnic, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain	Legaz-Arrese, A., Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Kinfu, H., Physiology Laboratory of the Addis Ababa, University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Munguía-Izquierdo, D., Section of Physical Education and Sports, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain; Carranza-Garcia, L.E., Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Calderón, F.J., Section of Physical Education and Sports Polytechnic, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain	Aim. The aim of this study was to determine if possible, with the resources available in Ethiopia, to make significant associations between racing performance and laboratory physiological test results in elite young African runners. Methods. Twenty-four young Ethiopian runners (12 males and 12 females) attended the physiology laboratory of the Addis Ababa University, where skin fold thickness, basic resting pulmonary function and heart rate (HR) during an incremental treadmill exercise test were recorded a week before or a week after two official 800 and 1500 meter races. Performance was rated according to the scoring procedures of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF): male runners (1041, CV=4.1%), female (1051, CV=2.8%). Results. The sum of four skin folds was significantly correlated with male (r=-0.80, P<0.01) and female IAAF score (r= -0.78, P<0.01). IAAF score was also related to forced vital capacity (male: r=0.70, P<0.05; female: r=0.85, P<0.01) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (maie: r=0.63, P<0.05; female: r=0.80, P<0.01). For both sexes, HR at a fixed submaximal exercise workload was significantly associated with IAAF score. In both male and female runners, the more significant association was observed for a treadmill slope of 7.5% (r=-0.93, P<0.01; r= -0.95, P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion. These results show that basic physiological measures are useful in measuring fitness and in predicting middle-distance running performance in a homogeneous group of elite young male and female Ethiopian runners.	Heart rate; Respiratory function tests; Running; Skinfold thickness	adaptation; adult; age; article; Ethiopia; exercise test; exercise tolerance; female; fitness; heart rate; human; lung function test; male; physiology; rest; running; skinfold thickness; statistics; Adaptation, Physiological; Age Factors; Ethiopia; Exercise Test; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Physical Fitness; Respiratory Function Tests; Rest; Running; Skinfold Thickness; Statistics as Topic; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79961144752	Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: Implications for management and restoration	Le Maitre D.C., Gaertner M., Marchante E., Ens E.-J., Holmes P.M., Pauchard A., O'Farrell P.J., Rogers A.M., Blanchard R., Blignaut J., Richardson D.M.	2011	Diversity and Distributions	17	5	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00816.x	Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia; Environmental Resource Management, Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7404, South Africa; Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa	Le Maitre, D.C., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Gaertner, M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Marchante, E., Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal; Ens, E.-J., Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia; Holmes, P.M., Environmental Resource Management, Berkley Road, City of Cape Town, Maitland 7404, South Africa; Pauchard, A., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Chile, Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile; O'Farrell, P.J., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa; Rogers, A.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Blanchard, R., Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P. O. Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa, Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Blignaut, J., Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Richardson, D.M., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa	Aim The biophysical impacts of invasive Australian acacias and their effects on ecosystem services are explored and used to develop a framework for improved restoration practices. Location South Africa, Portugal and Chile. Methods A conceptual model of ecosystem responses to the increasing severity (density and duration) of invasions was developed from the literature and our knowledge of how these impacts affect options for restoration. Case studies are used to identify similarities and differences between three regions severely affected by invasions of Australian acacias: Acacia dealbata in Chile, Acacia longifolia in Portugal and Acacia saligna in South Africa. Results Australian acacias have a wide range of impacts on ecosystems that increase with time and disturbance, transform ecosystems and alter and reduce ecosystem service delivery. A shared trait is the accumulation of massive seed banks, which enables them to become dominant after disturbances. Ecosystem trajectories and recovery potential suggest that there are important thresholds in ecosystem state and resilience. When these are crossed, options for restoration are radically altered; in many cases, autogenic (self-driven and self-sustaining) recovery to a pre-invasion condition is inhibited, necessitating active intervention to restore composition and function. Main conclusions The conceptual model demonstrates the degree, nature and reversibility of ecosystem degradation and identifies key actions needed to restore ecosystems to desired states. Control and restoration operations, particularly active restoration, require substantial short- to medium-term investments, which can reduce losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and the costs to society in the long term. Increasing restoration effectiveness will require further research into linkages between impacts and restoration. This research should involve scientists, practitioners and managers engaged in invasive plant control and restoration programmes, together with society as both the investors in, and beneficiaries of, more effective restoration. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Acacia; Biodiversity loss; Biological invasions; Degradation ecology; Ecosystem functions; Ecosystem services; Impact mechanisms; Invasive species; Seed banks; Soil nutrients	biological invasion; ecological impact; ecosystem function; ecosystem resilience; ecosystem response; ecosystem service; environmental degradation; environmental disturbance; invasive species; legume; population regulation; restoration ecology; seed bank; soil nutrient; Chile; Portugal; South Africa; Acacia; Acacia dealbata; Acacia longifolia; Acacia saligna	None
WoS	WOS:000273449700027	Developmental monitoring using caregiver reports in a resource-limited setting: the case of Kilifi, Kenya	Abubakar, A.,Bomu, G.,Holding, P.,Van Baar, A.,van de Vijver, F.	2010	ACTA PAEDIATRICA	99	2	10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01561.x	Case Western Reserve University, North West University - South Africa, Tilburg University, University of Utrecht, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Res Programme	"Van Baar, A.: University of Utrecht",	Aim: The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the reliability, validity and acceptability of developmental monitoring using caregiver reports among mothers in a rural African setting. Methods: A structured interview for parents of children aged 24 months and less was developed through both participant consultation and a review of literature. The reliability and validity of the schedule was evaluated through a 10-month monitoring programme of 95 children, aged 2-10 months. The acceptability of the process was evaluated by studying retention rates and by organizing focus group discussions with participating mothers. Results: The structured interview 'Developmental Milestones Checklist' consisted of 66 items covering three broad domains of child functioning: motor, language and personal-social development. The interview yielded scores of developmental achievements that showed high internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability. The results were sensitive to maturational changes and nutritional deficiencies. In addition, acceptable retention rates of approximately 80% were found. Participating mothers reported that they found the procedures both acceptable and beneficial. Conclusion: Developmental monitoring using caregiver report is a viable method to identify and monitor at-risk children in Sub-Saharan Africa.	Africa,"Caregiver reports",CHILDREN,"developmental monitoring",CARE,CHILD-DEVELOPMENT,DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES,"NEUROLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT",PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN,SERVICES	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890257401	Clinical evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic serological method in the diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis [Mikobakteriyum tüberkülozis tani{dotless}si{dotless}nda hi{dotless}zli{dotless} i̇mmünokromatografik serolojik yöntemin klinik deǧerlen	Banjoko S.O., Sridhar M.K.C.	2013	TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin	12	6	10.5455/pmb.1-1351682079	Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Yenagoa, Nigeria	Banjoko, S.O., Department of Chemical Pathology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sridhar, M.K.C., Department of Community Medicine, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Yenagoa, Nigeria	AIM: There is currently no single diagnostic method which can detect all tuberculosis (TB) cases. Therefore diagnosis can take several days and weeks and involve expensive, invasive and complex procedures. METHODS: 100 clinically diagnosed tuberculosis patients attending Jericho Chest Clinic, Ibadan, Nigeria (Test) and 100 tuberculosis free healthy individuals (Control) were recruited for the study after ethical clearance and patients' consent were obtained. Rapid serological test based on immobilized antigens on immune-chromatographic strips obtainable from (AMRAD, Australia) were performed using serum samples of clotted blood obtained from test and controlled subjects. Controls were selected using results of clinical examination and chest X ray while the tuberculosis patients were confirmed positive using clinical examination, chest X-ray, smear microscopy and microbial culture. RESULTS: The number of true positives were 78 (78.0%) and false positives were 8 (8.0%) while the number of true negatives were 92 (92.0%) and false negatives were 22 (22.0%). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive and positive predictive values of this serological method were 78.0%, 92.0%, 80.7% and 90.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: These results underscore the need to include serological method as a routine in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis at the point of care particularly in poor resource settings and developing economies. Furthermore it is plausible to suggest that multiple antigen based immunechromatographic kits showed better promise for rapid serological diagnosis.	Diagnosis; Immunochromatography; Serology; Tuberculosis; Validity	immunoglobulin G; article; controlled clinical trial; controlled study; diagnostic test accuracy study; female; human; immunoaffinity chromatography; major clinical study; male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; predictive value; sensitivity and specificity; serology; sputum culture; sputum smear; thorax radiography; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-33646825236	Laboratory evaluation of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity. A preliminary study	Aiku A.O., Yates A., Rowland M.	2006	West African Journal of Medicine	25	1	None	Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aiku, A.O., Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Yates, A., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom; Rowland, M., Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom	Aim: The study evaluated the effect of pyriproxifen treated bednets on mosquito fertility and fecundity in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulator) has been considered as a possible tool for management of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. There are documentations of the effectiveness of pyriproxifen in controlling larval development when applied directly to breeding site. Considerations have been given to the use of pyriproxyfen on bed nets for sterilizing effect on mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. Method: Groups of mosquitoes (Anopheles stephensi - Beech) were exposed to bednet treated with 2% Pyriproxyfen and untreated netting 24 hrs after blood feeding. After oviposition, egg counts were done for each mosquito in the two groups. Larvae emerging from the laid eggs by each mosquito were counted. Three sets of experiments were successful. Results: There was no significant difference in number of eggs laid between the two treatment groups (p=0.177). There was statistically significant difference in the number of laid eggs that hatched between the treatment types (p=0.0061). There was also statistically significant difference in the mean number of eggs that hatched between the experiments (p=0.0013). The mean number of eggs retained in the pyriproxyfen group was higher (70.3) than in the control group (41.6). This difference was not statistically significant with the small sample tested (p=0.08). Conclusion: The results suggest that 2% pyriproxyfen on bed nets has no effect on An. stephensi fecundity. Reduced fertility of eggs laid by mosquitoes exposed to pyriproxyfen treated bed nets was observed.	Fecundity; Fertility; Mosquito; Pyriproxifen	chemosterilant; pyrethroid; pyriproxyfen; Anopheles stephensi; article; bed net; breeding; clinical effectiveness; controlled study; egg laying; female; female fertility; growth regulation; hatching; insect resistance; larval development; malaria control; mosquito; nonhuman; statistical analysis; statistical significance; survival; Animals; Bedding and Linens; Culicidae; Female; Fertility; Insecticides; Oviparity; Pest Control, Biological; Protective Clothing; Pyridines; Reference Values	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890231658	Evaluation of different drinking water sources in Sokoto North-West Nigeria on performance, carcass traits and haematology of broiler chickens	Ibitoye E.B., Dabai Y.U., Mudi L.	2013	Veterinary World	6	11	10.14202/vetworld.2013.879-883	Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria	Ibitoye, E.B., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Dabai, Y.U., Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Mudi, L., Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria	Aim: The study examined the effect of different drinking water sources on performance, carcass characteristics and haematology of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: 63 unsexed day-old broiler chicks were randomly grouped into three treatment groups (Treatments 1, 2 and 3), each consisting of three replicates of seven chicks each. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were given water from various sources: pipe borne water; borehole water and well water, respectively from day-old to seven weeks of age. The water samples were subjected to physico-chemical and bacteriological analyses. Results: Physico-chemically, only well water had a fair taste, it also had highest turbidity; while borehole water was least turbid. Borehole water had highest total hardness, nitrate, sodium, and calcium. Chloride was higher in borehole water and magnesium was higher in well water; while these were absent in pipe borne water. The study revealed that all water sources were contaminated with bacteria. The well water had the highest bacterial load of 1.2×103 cfu/ml, followed by borehole water with 5.8×102 cfu/ml, while pipe borne water recorded least bacterial counts (1.6×102 cfu/ml). Escherichia coli, Klesiella spp and Proteus vulgaris were isolated from pipe borne, borehole and well water, respectively. The water treatments had no significant (p&gt;0.05) effect on broiler chicken's performance, carcass characteristics and haematological indices. However, numerical increase in feed intake and weight gain was observed in birds placed on borehole water (Treatment2). Conclusion: This study suggest that different water sources used as drinking water in this experiment have no significant effect on performance, carcass characteristics and haematology of broiler chicken production in Sokoto metropolis. However, drinking water quality standard for poultry should not be jeopardized. © The authors.	Bacteriological analysis; Broilers; Carcass characteristics; Haematology; Performance; Water	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-80655133705	Pain intensity, self-efficacy and physical performance in patients with chronic low back pain	Adegoke B.O.A., Ezeukwu A.O.	2010	International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation	17	10	10.12968/ijtr.2010.17.10.78811	Physiotherapy Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nigeria	Adegoke, B.O.A., Physiotherapy Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Ezeukwu, A.O., Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nigeria	Aim: This article describes a study investigating the relationship between pain intensity, self-efficacy and physical performance in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) receiving physiotherapy at selected hospitals in Nigeria.Methods: One hundred and forty-two patients (86 female, 56 male) recruited from the out-patient units of the physiotherapy departments of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu participated in the study. The pain intensity in the low back, self-efficacy and physical performance of patients with CLBP were assessed using the Box Numerical Scale, Chronic Pain Self-Efficacy Scale and Back Performance Scale respectively.Results: The participants were aged 48.05 ± 12.66 years (range 21–65). There was no significant correlation (r = 0.051; P = 0.548) between pain intensity and physical performance, but significant negative correlations were obtained between self-efficacy domain scores and physical performance (r values range from -0.239 to -0.414; P values range from 0.000 to 0.004). Self-efficacy for physical function was the only self-efficacy subscale/domain that had no significant correlation (r = -0.030; P = 0.719) with pain intensity.Conclusions: An increase in self-efficacy was significantly related to improvement in the physical performance of patients with CLBP, or vice versa. Only the self-efficacy domain of physical function was not significantly related with pain intensity. Recommendations were made for the incorporation of assessment of pain self-efficacy levels in the management of CLBP patients, as well as for the development of strategies to improve it clinically. © 2010, MA Healthcare Ltd. All rights reserved.	Chronic pain; Low back pain; Pain intensity; Physical performance; Self-efficacy	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84893708936	Evaluation of a peer-based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae G., Mokomane Z.	2014	Japan Journal of Nursing Science	11	1	10.1111/j.1742-7924.2012.00231.x	Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Population Health, Health Systems, and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., Department of Health Studies, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; Mokomane, Z., Population Health, Health Systems, and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa	Aim: This article provides the findings of a qualitative study done to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-based mental health support program for adolescents orphaned by AIDS in South Africa known as BAR, an acronym for "Better Accept Reality". Methods: Data was collected from 15 adolescents orphaned by AIDS using focus group discussions, reflective diaries, and recordings of the adolescents' school grades. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's steps of data analysis. Results: The results showed a notable positive change in the participants' attitude to caregivers, responsibility to self and to others, and school grades. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the peer-based mental health support program is effective in meeting the mental health needs of adolescents orphaned by AIDS. The participants were able to express their needs and improve relationships with caregivers, a clear sign of adapting to their loss. © 2012 Japan Academy of Nursing Science.	Adolescents; AIDS; BAR program; Orphans South Africa	acquired immune deficiency syndrome; adolescent; adolescents; article; BAR program; human; mental health service; organization and management; orphaned child; orphans South Africa; peer group; psychological aspect; South Africa; adolescents; AIDS; BAR program; orphans South Africa; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Child, Orphaned; Humans; Mental Health Services; Peer Group; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84899154644	Bio evaluation of different crude extracts of Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp.rotundata [Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp.rotundata farkli{dotless} ham özütlerinin biyodeǧerlendirilmesi]	Kommidi D.R., Kandappa H.R., Moodley B., Koorbanally N.A., Govender P.	2014	Turkish Journal of Biochemistry	39	1	10.5505/tjb.2014.84755	University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa	Kommidi, D.R., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Kandappa, H.R., Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa; Moodley, B., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Koorbanally, N.A., University of Kwazulu-natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Durban-4000, South Africa; Govender, P., Department of Biochemistry, Westville Durban-4000, South Africa	Aim: This communication describes the in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative evaluation results of the different extracts of leaves, stem and roots of Chrysanthimoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (Asteraceae) for the first time. Materials and Method: Leaves, stem and roots of the plant were used for extraction by using distilled n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate and methanol. These fractions were tested for their in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidative activities using standard protocols like micro broth dilution method for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal, DPPH radical scavenging and H2O2 scavenging activity methods for anti-oxidative activity. Results: The investigations resulted fractions with good anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and antioxidative activities which were tabulated. Conclusions: Based on the results it was concluded that these fractions with good bioactivity may be further researched for the pure compounds. © TurkJBiochem.com.	Bioactivity; Chrysanthimoides monilifera Subsp; DPPH radical scavenging; Rotundata	Chrysanthimoides monilifera extract; plant extract; unclassified drug; antibacterial activity; antibacterial susceptibility; antifungal activity; antifungal susceptibility; antioxidant activity; article; biological activity; broth dilution; comparative study; DPPH radical scavenging assay; drug sensitivity; hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay; nonhuman; plant leaf; plant root; plant stem	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888117442	The roles of degree of competition and types of business strategies in adopting multiple performance measurement practices: Some reflections from bangladesh	Khan H.U.Z., Ahmed R., Halabi A.K.	2010	Research in Accounting in Emerging Economies	10	None	10.1108/S1479-3563	East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Khan, H.U.Z., East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Ahmed, R., James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Halabi, A.K., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Aim-This empirical study explores the association between competition, business strategy, and the uses of a multiple performance measurement system in Bangladesh manufacturing firms. Design/methodology-The study uses a questionnaire survey of 50 manufacturing companies. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and other descriptive statistics. Findings-The results suggest that greater emphasis on multiple measures for performance evaluation is associated with businesses that are facing high competition. The practices of multiple performance measures are also significantly related to the types of business strategy being followed. Specifically, firms pursuing a prospector strategy have relied more on multiple performance measures to rate business performance than the firms pursuing a defender strategy. Practical implications-The article notes that the designers of performance measurement systems need to consider contingent factors that affect an organizations' control system. Originality/value-Substantiating the connection between contingent variables and the use of multiple performance measures in manufacturing firms facilitate a better acceptance of firms' tendency toward new measurement tools. The study contributes to the performance measurement and contingency literature since it presents empirical evidence of the state of multiple performance measures with organizational contingent variables using a developing country's manufacturing sector data. Copyright © 2010 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited.	Bangladesh; Firms' strategy; Manufacturing sector; Market competition; Multiple performance measures	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77951900274	Development and evaluation of an international, interdisciplinary palliative care workshop in Botswana	Ersek M., Sebego M., Bloom A.M., Shaibu S., McMenamin E., Mokotedi M.	2010	International Journal of Palliative Nursing	16	1	None	John A Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, Center forIntegrative Science in Ageing, United States; University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States; Penn Wissahickon Hospice, United States; Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	Ersek, M., John A Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence, Center forIntegrative Science in Ageing, United States, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, United States; Sebego, M., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Bloom, A.M., Penn Wissahickon Hospice, United States; Shaibu, S., Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; McMenamin, E., Oncology Nurse Practitioner, Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Mokotedi, M., School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana	Aim: This paper reports the development and evaluation of an interdisciplinary, international palliative care workshop presented in Gaborone, Botswana. Method: A 5-day workshop was held in June 2009 at the University of Botswana. Clinicians, faculty, and studentsfrom throughout Botswana were invited to attend at no cost. Participants included nurses,social workers, physicians, pharmacists, chaplains and volunteers. Learning activities included lectures, case studies, and group discussion. Results: Evaluation indicated high satisfaction with the workshop and signifi cant, though modest, gains in knowledge and self-evaluation of palliative care skills. Discussion revealed important clinical issues fo attendees and underscored the need to coordinate national efforts to enhance palliative care in Botswana. Conclusion: The international collaborative palliative care workshop increased the knowledge and commitment of attendees. Additional collaborative efforts to educate providers, coordinate care, and change policies and practices are needed to integrate palliative care fully into health care in Botswana.	Education; End-of-life care; Global health; Interdisciplinary; Nurses; Nursing; Palliative care	article; attitude to health; Botswana; continuing education; curriculum; education; health care quality; human; international cooperation; palliative therapy; philosophy; program development; terminal care; Botswana; Curriculum; Education, Continuing; Educational Measurement; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Holistic Health; Humans; International Cooperation; Palliative Care; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Terminal Care	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84962549351	The inluence of evaluation protocol on time spent exercising at a high level of oxygen uptake during continuous cycling	Merry K.L., Glaister M., Howatson G., Van Someren K.	2015	Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness	55	10	None	School of Science, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, United Kingdom; School of Sport, Health and Applied Science St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon -Tyne, United Kingdom; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; GlaxoSmithKline Human Performance Laboratory, Brentford, United Kingdom	Merry, K.L., School of Science, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, United Kingdom; Glaister, M., School of Sport, Health and Applied Science St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; Howatson, G., Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon -Tyne, United Kingdom, Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Van Someren, K., GlaxoSmithKline Human Performance Laboratory, Brentford, United Kingdom	Aim. This study evaluated the effects of protocol variation on the time spent exercising at ≥95% . VO2max during cycle ergometer trials performed at the exercise intensity associated with . VO2max (i . VO2max). Methods. Nine male triathletes (age: 32±10 years; body mass: 73.3±6.1 kg; stature: 1.79±0.07 m; . VO2max: 3.58±0.45 L.min-1) performed four exercise tests. During tests 1 and 2, participants performed a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test using different stage durations (1 min and 3 min) for the determination of i . VO2max (1 min) and i . VO2max (3 min). During tests 3 and 4, participants performed a continuous bout of exhaustive cycling at i . VO2max (1 min) (CONT1) and i . VO2max (3 min) (CONT3). Results. i . VO2max (1 min) was signiicantly greater (P&lt;0.001) than i . VO2max (3 min) (340±31 W vs. 299±44 W). Time to exhaustion (TTE) measured during CONT3 was signiicantly longer (P&lt;0.001) than CONT1 (529±140 s vs. 214±65 s). Time spent at . VO2max was signiicantly longer (P=0.036) during CONT3 than CONT1 . (146±158 s vs. 11±20 s), and time spent at ≥95% VO2max was signiicantly longer (P=0.005) during CONT3 than CONT1 (326±211 s vs. 57±51 s). Conclusion. These results show that when exercising continuously at i VO2max, time spent at ≥95% . VO2max is inluenced by the initial measurement of i . VO2max.	Exercise; Exercise Test; Oxygen	None	None
None	None	The impact of taking or not taking ARVs on HIV stigma as reported by persons living with HIV infection in five African countries	Makoae L.N., Portillo C.J., Uys L.R., Dlamini P.S., Greeff M., Chirwa M., Kohi T.W., Naidoo J., Mullan J., Wantland D., Durrheim K., Holzemer W.L.	2009	AIDS Care - Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV	21	11	10.1080/09540120902862576	National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland; North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, United States; School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa	Makoae, L.N., National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, South Africa; Portillo, C.J., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; Uys, L.R., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Dlamini, P.S., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Swaziland, P.O. Box 369, Mbabane, Swaziland; Greeff, M., North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Chirwa, M., Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Private Bag 360, Blantyre, Malawi; Kohi, T.W., Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65004, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Naidoo, J., School of Nursing, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Mullan, J., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0612, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, United States; Wantland, D., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States; Durrheim, K., School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa; Holzemer, W.L., University of California, San Francisco, Box 0608, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, United States	Aim. This study examined the impact of taking or not taking antiretroviral (ARV) medications on stigma, as reported by people living with HIV infection in five African countries. Design. A two group (taking or not taking ARVs) by three (time) repeated measures analysis of variance examined change in reported stigma in a cohort sample of 1454 persons living with HIV infection in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, and Tanzania. Participants self-reported taking ARV medications and completed a standardized stigma scale validated in the African context. Data were collected at three points in time, from January 2006 to March 2007. Participants taking ARV medications self-reported a mean CD4 count of 273 and those not taking ARVs self-reported a mean CD4 count of 418. Results. Both groups reported significant decreases in total HIV stigma over time; however, people taking ARVs reported significantly higher stigma at Time 3 compared to those not taking ARVs. Discussion. This study documents that this sample of 1454 HIV infected persons in five countries in Africa reported significantly less HIV stigma over time. In addition, those participants taking ARV medications experienced significantly higher HIV stigma over time compared to those not taking ARVs. This finding contradicts some authors' opinions that when clients enroll in ARV medication treatment it signifies that they are experiencing less stigma. This work provides caution to health care providers to alert clients new to ARV treatment that they may experience more stigma from their families and communities when they learn they are taking ARV medications. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.	Africa; Antiretrovirals; HIV/AIDS; Stigma	antiretrovirus agent; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; article; CD4 lymphocyte count; cohort analysis; controlled study; female; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infected patient; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Lesotho; major clinical study; Malawi; male; patient compliance; priority journal; self report; South Africa; stigma; Swaziland; Tanzania; Africa; analysis of variance; clinical trial; multicenter study; patient compliance; psychological aspect; social psychology; Adult; Africa; Analysis of Variance; Anti-HIV Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medication Adherence; Stereotyping	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890862298	Estimating the impact of changing fertilizer application rate, land use, and climate on nitrous oxide emissions in Irish grasslands	Kim D.-G., Rafique R., Leahy P., Cochrane M., Kiely G.	2014	Plant and Soil	374	42371	10.1007/s11104-013-1862-2	Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Shashemene, Ethiopia; HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019 OK, United States; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland	Kim, D.-G., Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Shashemene, Ethiopia, HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Rafique, R., HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, 73019 OK, United States; Leahy, P., HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Cochrane, M., Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland; Kiely, G., HYDROMET, Centre for Hydrology, Micrometeorology and Climate Change, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland	Aim: This study examines the impact of changing nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates, land use and climate on N fertilizer-derived direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in Irish grasslands. Methods: A set of N fertilizer application rates, land use and climate change scenarios were developed for the baseline year 2000 and then for the years 2020 and 2050. Direct N2O emissions under the different scenarios were estimated using three different types of emission factors and a newly developed Irish grassland N2O emissions empirical model. Results: There were large differences in the predicted N2O emissions between the methodologies, however, all methods predicted that the overall N2O emissions from Irish grasslands would decrease by 2050 (by 40-60 %) relative to the year 2000. Reduced N fertilizer application rate and land-use changes resulted in decreases of 19-34 % and 11-60 % in N2O emission respectively, while climate change led to an increase of 5-80 % in N2O emission by 2050. Conclusions: It was observed in the study that a reduction in N fertilizer and a reduction in the land used for agriculture could mitigate emissions of N2O, however, future changes in climate may be responsible for increases in emissions causing the positive feedback of climate on emissions of N2O. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.	Climate change; Land-use change; Nitrogen fertilizer; Nitrous oxide; Scenario analysis	agricultural emission; biogeochemistry; climate change; climate effect; climate feedback; fertilizer application; grassland; land use change; nitrous oxide; Ireland	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84890514157	The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on performance during a simulated soccer match	Goedecke J.H., White N.J., Chicktay W., Mahomed H., Durandt J., Lambert M.I.	2013	Nutrients	5	12	10.3390/nu5125193	UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; UCT/MRC Research Unit for Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Discovery Health High Performance Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	Goedecke, J.H., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; White, N.J., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Chicktay, W., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Mahomed, H., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Durandt, J., Discovery Health High Performance Centre, Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South Africa; Lambert, M.I., UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town 7700, South Africa	Aim: This study investigated how performance was affected after soccer players, in a postprandial state, ingested a 7% carbohydrate (CHO) solution compared to a placebo (0% CHO) during a simulated soccer match. Methods: Using a double-blind placebo-controlled design, 22 trained male league soccer players (age: 24 ± 7 years, wt: 73.4 ± 12.0 kg, VO2max: 51.8 ± 4.3 mL O2/kg/min) completed two trials, separated by 7 days, during which they ingested, in random order, 700 mL of either a 7% CHO or placebo drink during a simulated soccer match. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), agility, timed and run to fatigue were measured during the trials. Results: Change in agility times was not altered by CHO vs. placebo ingestion (0.57 ± 1.48 vs. 0.66 ± 1.00, p = 0.81). Timed runs to fatigue were 381 ± 267 s vs. 294 ± 159 s for the CHO and placebo drinks, respectively (p = 0.11). Body mass modified the relationship between time to fatigue and drink ingestion (p = 0.02 for drink × body mass), such that lower body mass was associated with increased time to fatigue when the players ingested CHO, but not placebo. RPE values for the final stage of the simulated soccer match were 8.5 ± 1.7 and 8.6 ± 1.5 for theCHO and placebo drinks respectively (p = 0.87). Conclusions: The group data showed that the 7% CHO solution (49 g CHO) did not significantly improve performance during a simulated soccer match in league soccer players who had normal pre-match nutrition. However, when adjusting for body mass, increasing CHO intake was associated with improved time to fatigue during the simulated soccer match. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.	Football; Intermittent exercise; Sports drinks; Supplementation	carbohydrate; fat; placebo; adult; agility; article; athletic performance; body mass; carbohydrate intake; controlled study; dietary intake; double blind procedure; glycogen muscle level; heart rate variability; human; human experiment; jogging; male; muscle fatigue; normal human; palatability; postprandial state; randomized controlled trial; soccer; sports drink; stretching exercise; sweating; taste; visual analog scale; walking speed; young adult; Adolescent; Adult; Athletic Performance; Dietary Carbohydrates; Double-Blind Method; Energy Intake; Fatigue; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Running; Soccer; Young Adult	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-77955947876	Impact of infant feeding practices on caries experience of preschool children	Folayan M., Sowole C., Owotade F., Sote E.	2010	Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry	34	4	None	Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nige	Folayan, M., Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sowole, C., Department of Child Dental Health, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria; Owotade, F., Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sote, E., Department of Child Dental Health, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria	Aim: This study investigated the association between breastfeeding, bottle feeding, night feeding, age, and sex of the child on the caries experience. Method: Information was collected from the mothers of preschool children. Information included the age of the child, sex of the child, form of breastfeeding (whether exclusive, almost exclusive or mixed), duration of breastfeeding, night feeding habits of the child, and duration and content of bottle feeding. Intraoral examination was done to assess the dmft. The impact of the variables on the caries experience (rampant caries, no caries and the dmft) was then assessed. Results: The duration of breast feeding (p=0.002), and form of breast feeding (p=0.03) were significant predictors of the dmft. The dmft was highest in children who were breastfeed for longer than 18 months and highest for children who were exclusively breastfed. There is a strong association between rampant caries and duration of breast feeding only (p<0.001). The risk of having rampant caries increases by 10% (p = 0.012) with every month increase in the duration of breastfeeding. Conclusion: The duration of breastfeeding increased the risk for rampant caries in preschool children in Nigeria. The longer the duration, the higher the risk for caries.	Breastfeeding; caries; Nigeria; night feeding; preschool	age; article; artificial milk; baby food; bottle feeding; breast feeding; classification; dental caries; feeding behavior; female; food intake; health survey; human; infant; male; Nigeria; preschool child; risk factor; sex difference; time; food intake; Age Factors; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Feeding Behavior; Feeding Methods; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Formula; Male; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Age Factors; Bottle Feeding; Breast Feeding; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Feeding Behavior; Feeding Methods; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Formula; Male; Nigeria; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Time Factors	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-79953085277	Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of aqeous leaf extract of Swietenia mahogani (Maliaceae) in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats	Udem S., Nwaogu I., Onyejekwe O.	2011	Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences	4	1	10.3889/MJMS.1857-5773.2011.0154	University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; University of Nigeria, Veterinary Anatomy, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria	Udem, S., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; Nwaogu, I., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Anatomy, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria; Onyejekwe, O., University of Nigeria, Veterinary Physiology/Pharmacology, Enugu State, Nsukka 234, Nigeria	Aim: This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous leaf extract of Swietenia mahogany (Maliaceae) in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Material and Methods: The animals were given increasing concentrations (10% ethanol (v/v) in water for 1week, 20% (v/v) for another 2 weeks and 30% (v/v) for 9 weeks) per os daily. Treatment with the extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) was instituted 6 h after given the alcohol for the same period the alcohol intake lasted. Thereafter, the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were assayed in the serum. The levels of other biochemical markers of organ damage such as total bilirubin and creatinine, as well as pentobarbitone sleeping time were determined. Histological examination of the liver was also performed. Results: The extract at all doses significantly (P<0.05) reduced the serum activities of ALT, AST, AP, serum levels of bilirubin and creatinine in comparison with the negative control that received only alcohol. The duration of pentobarbital induced hypnosis was also significantly shortened. The histopathological result showed significant (P<0.05) protection in the extract treated groups when compared with the group that received alcohol alone. Conclusion: The extract displayed significant (P<0.05) hepatoprotective activity in the model used in this study. © 2011 Udem S.	Aminotransferases; Biochemical markers of organ damage; Hepatoprotection; Histopathology; S. mahogani	alanine aminotransferase; alcohol; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate aminotransferase; pentobarbital; plant extract; Swietenia mahogani extract; unclassified drug; alcohol consumption; animal experiment; animal model; animal tissue; article; bilirubin blood level; controlled study; creatinine blood level; female; histopathology; hypnosis; liver injury; liver protection; male; medicinal plant; nonhuman; plant leaf; rat; sleep time; Swietenia mahogani	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84905511026	Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Nigerian ethnoveterinary plants; Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis	Suleiman M.M., Mamman M., Sidiama A., Ighoja E.J., Tauheed M., Talba A.M.	2014	Veterinary World	7	7	10.14202/vetworld.2014.536-541	Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Suleiman, M.M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Mamman, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Sidiama, A., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Ighoja, E.J., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Tauheed, M., Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Talba, A.M., Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria	Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the stem-barks of Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis which are used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal helminth infections in goat. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical analysis using standard techniques was used to detect secondary metabolites contained in the plants. In vitro anthelmintic activity of the crude methanol extracts of the plants was determined using egg hatch inhibition test (EHIT) and larval development inhibition assay (LDIA). Results: The extracts of C. occidentalis and G. senegalensis inhibited hatching of eggs and larval development of Haemonchus contortus in a concentration-dependent manner. At concentrations of 0.1,1,10 and 100 mg/ml, the extract of C. occidentalis produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of egg hatching oiH. contortus eggs when compared with the untreated (distilled water) control group. C. occidentalis inhibited, by up to 86%, the larval development oiH. contortus. Similarly, the extract of G. senegalensis at concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/ml produced significant (p &lt; 0.05) inhibition of egg hatching of H. contortus eggs and inhibited larval development by up to 85% of the parasite. C. occidentalis (EC50 - 4.23 mg/ml) was found to be more efficacious than G. senegalensis (EC50 = 88.24 mg/ml) against//, contortus eggs. However, G. senegalensis (EC50 - 0.0012 mg/ml) was more effective than C. occidentalis (EC50 = 0.11 mg/ml) against the larvae oiH. contortus. Conclusion: The crude methanol extracts of C. occidentalis and G. senegalensis possess in vitro anthelmintic activity against H. contortus that requires detailed in vivo pharmacological and toxicological trials to justify their use in clinical veterinary practice. © The authors.	Anthelmintic; Cassia occidentalis; Guiera senegalensis; Haemonchus contortus; Medicinal plants	Haemonchus contortus; Senna occidentalis; Vermes	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84941642623	Evaluation of predictive CYP2C19 genotyping assays relative to measured phenotype in a South African cohort	Dodgen T.M., Drögemöller B.I., Wright G.E.B., Warnich L., Steffens F.E., Cromarty A.D., Alessandrini M., Pepper M.S.	2015	Pharmacogenomics	16	12	10.2217/pgs.15.80	Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland	Dodgen, T.M., Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Drögemöller, B.I., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Wright, G.E.B., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Warnich, L., Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Steffens, F.E., Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Cromarty, A.D., Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Alessandrini, M., Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Pepper, M.S., Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland	Aim: To align predicted and measured CYP2C19 phenotype in a South African cohort. Materials & methods: Genotyping of CYP2C19∗2, ∗3, ∗9, ∗15, ∗17, ∗27 and ∗28 was performed using PCR-RFLP, and an activity score (AS) system was used to predict phenotype. True phenotype was measured using plasma concentrations of omeprazole and its metabolite 5′-hydroxyomperazole. Results: Partial genotype-phenotype discrepancies were reported, and an adapted AS system was developed, which showed a marked improvement in phenotype prediction. Results highlight the need for a more comprehensive CYP2C19 genotyping approach to improve prediction of omeprazole metabolism. Conclusion: Evidence for the utility of a CYP2C19 AS system is provided, for which the accuracy can be further improved by means of comprehensive genotyping and substrate-specific modification. © 2015 Future Medicine Ltd.	activity score system; CYP2C19; genotype-phenotype correlation; omeprazole; South Africa	5' hydroxyomperazole; cytochrome P450 2C19; drug metabolite; omeprazole; unclassified drug; adult; Article; cohort analysis; controlled study; CYP2C19 gene; drug blood level; drug metabolism; female; gene frequency; genotype phenotype correlation; genotyping technique; human; male; phenotype; polymerase chain reaction; prediction; restriction fragment length polymorphism; South African	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84913612891	Strengthening confidence in climate change impact science	O'Connor M.I., Holding J.M., Kappel C.V., Duarte C.M., Brander K., Brown C.J., Bruno J.F., Buckley L., Burrows M.T., Halpern B.S., Kiessling W., Moore P., Pandolfi J.M., Parmesan C., Poloczanska E.S., Schoeman D.S., Sydeman W.J., Richardson A.J.	2015	Global Ecology and Biogeography	24	1	10.1111/geb.12218	Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, United Kingdom; GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, Erlangen, Germany; Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom; Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, QLD, Australia; Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA, United States; Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia	O'Connor, M.I., Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Holding, J.M., Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain; Kappel, C.V., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States; Duarte, C.M., Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Mallorca, Spain, The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Australia; Brander, K., Centre for Ocean Life, DTU Aqua, Charlottenlund Slot, Denmark; Brown, C.J., School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia, Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Bruno, J.F., Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Buckley, L., Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Burrows, M.T., Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom; Halpern, B.S., National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States, Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, United Kingdom; Kiessling, W., GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Paläoumwelt, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstrasse 28, Erlangen, Germany; Moore, P., Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom; Pandolfi, J.M., Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; Parmesan, C., Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom, Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States; Poloczanska, E.S., Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Schoeman, D.S., Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, DC, QLD, Australia, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa; Sydeman, W.J., Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, 101 H Street, Suite Q, Petaluma, CA, United States; Richardson, A.J., Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics (CARM), School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia	Aim: To assess confidence in conclusions about climate-driven biological change through time, and identify approaches for strengthening confidence scientific conclusions about ecological impacts of climate change. Location: Global. Methods: We outlined a framework for strengthening confidence in inferences drawn from biological climate impact studies through the systematic integration of prior expectations, long-term data and quantitative statistical procedures. We then developed a numerical confidence index (Cindex) and used it to evaluate current practices in 208 studies of marine climate impacts comprising 1735 biological time series. Results: Confidence scores for inferred climate impacts varied widely from 1 to 16 (very low to high confidence). Approximately 35% of analyses were not associated with clearly stated prior expectations and 65% of analyses did not test putative non-climate drivers of biological change. Among the highest-scoring studies, 91% tested prior expectations, 86% formulated expectations for alternative drivers but only 63% statistically tested them. Higher confidence scores observed in studies that did not detect a change or tracked multiple species suggest publication bias favouring impact studies that are consistent with climate change. The number of time series showing climate impacts was a poor predictor of average confidence scores for a given group, reinforcing that vote-counting methodology is not appropriate for determining overall confidence in inferences. Main conclusions: Climate impacts research is expected to attribute biological change to climate change with measurable confidence. Studies with long-term, high-resolution data, appropriate statistics and tests of alternative drivers earn higher Cindex scores, suggesting these should be given greater weight in impact assessments. Together with our proposed framework, the results of our Cindex analysis indicate how the science of detecting and attributing biological impacts to climate change can be strengthened through the use of evidence-based prior expectations and thorough statistical analyses, even when data are limited, maximizing the impact of the diverse and growing climate change ecology literature. © 2014 The Authors.	Abundance; Attribution; Climate change; Distribution; Hypothesis; Impacts; Marine; Phenology; Scientific method; Time series	None	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875076653	Impacts of past habitat loss and future climate change on the range dynamics of South African Proteaceae	Sarmento Cabral J., Jeltsch F., Thuiller W., Higgins S., Midgley G.F., Rebelo A.G., Rouget M., Schurr F.M.	2013	Diversity and Distributions	19	4	10.1111/ddi.12011	Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany; University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Laboratoire D'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, Grenoble cedex 9, 38041, France; Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany; South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environment Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus. Pvt Bag X101, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Biodiversity Planning Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x101, Pretoria, South Africa; Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France	Sarmento Cabral, J., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany; Jeltsch, F., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany; Thuiller, W., Laboratoire D'Ecologie Alpine, UMR-CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP53, Grenoble cedex 9, 38041, France; Higgins, S., Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt/Main, 60438, Germany; Midgley, G.F., South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa, School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environment Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus. Pvt Bag X101, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa; Rebelo, A.G., South African National Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, 7735, South Africa; Rouget, M., Biodiversity Planning Unit, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag x101, Pretoria, South Africa; Schurr, F.M., Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, Potsdam, 14469, Germany, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, France	Aim: To assess how habitat loss and climate change interact in affecting the range dynamics of species and to quantify how predicted range dynamics depend on demographic properties of species and the severity of environmental change. Location: South African Cape Floristic Region. Methods: We use data-driven demographic models to assess the impacts of past habitat loss and future climate change on range size, range filing and abundances of eight species of woody plants (Proteaceae). The species-specific models employ a hybrid approach that simulates population dynamics and long-distance dispersal on top of expected spatio-temporal dynamics of suitable habitat. Results: Climate change was mainly predicted to reduce range size and range filling (because of a combination of strong habitat shifts with low migration ability). In contrast, habitat loss mostly decreased mean local abundance. For most species and response measures, the combination of habitat loss and climate change had the most severe effect. Yet, this combined effect was mostly smaller than expected from adding or multiplying effects of the individual environmental drivers. This seems to be because climate change shifts suitable habitats to regions less affected by habitat loss. Interspecific variation in range size responses depended mostly on the severity of environmental change, whereas responses in range filling and local abundance depended mostly on demographic properties of species. While most surviving populations concentrated in areas that remain climatically suitable, refugia for multiple species were overestimated by simply overlying habitat models and ignoring demography. Main conclusions: Demographic models of range dynamics can simultaneously predict the response of range size, abundance and range filling to multiple drivers of environmental change. Demographic knowledge is particularly needed to predict abundance responses and to identify areas that can serve as biodiversity refugia under climate change. These findings highlight the need for data-driven, demographic assessments in conservation biogeography. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Biodiversity refugia; CFR Proteaceae; Climate change; Demographic properties; Habitat loss; Local abundances; Process-based range models; Range filling; Range size; Species distribution models	abundance; Cape Floristic Region; climate change; demography; dicotyledon; dispersal; environmental impact assessment; geographical distribution; habitat loss; population dynamics; range size; refugium; South Africa; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84922577041	Explaining the variation in impacts of non-native plants on local-scale species richness: The role of phylogenetic relatedness	Vilà M., Rohr R.P., Espinar J.L., Hulme P.E., Pergl J., Le Roux J.J., Schaffner U., Pyšek P.	2015	Global Ecology and Biogeography	24	2	10.1111/geb.12249	Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic	Vilà, M., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Rohr, R.P., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Espinar, J.L., Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, Spain; Hulme, P.E., The Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand; Pergl, J., Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Le Roux, J.J., Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Schaffner, U., CABI Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland; Pyšek, P., Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, Czech Republic, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic	Aim: To assess how the magnitude of impacts of non-native plants on species richness of resident plants and animals varies in relation to the traits and phylogenetic position of the non-native as well as characteristics of the invaded site. Location: Global. Methods: Meta-analysis and phylogenetic regressions based on 216 studies were used to examine the effects of 96 non-native plant species on species richness of resident plants and animals while considering differences in non-native species traits (life-form, clonality or vegetative reproduction, and nitrogen-fixing ability) and characteristics of the invaded site (ecosystem type, insularity and climatic region). Results: Plots with non-native plants had lower resident plant (-20.5%) and animal species richness (-26.4%) than paired uninvaded control plots. Nitrogen-fixing ability, followed by phylogeny and clonality were the best predictors of the magnitude of impacts of non-native plants on native plant species richness. Non-nitrogen-fixing and clonal non-native plants reduced species richness more than nitrogen-fixing and non-clonal invaders. However, life-form and characteristics of the invaded sites did not appear to be important. In the case of resident animal species richness, only the phylogenetic position of the non-native and whether invaded sites were islands or not influenced impacts, with a more pronounced decrease found on islands than mainlands. Main conclusions: The presence of a phylogenetic signal on the magnitude of the impacts of non-native plants on resident plant and animal richness indicates that closely related non-native plants tend to have similar impacts. This suggests that the magnitude of the impact might depend on shared plant traits not explored in our study. Our results therefore support the need to include the phylogenetic similarity of non-native plants to known invaders in risk assessment analysis. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.	Alien species; Biological invasion; Ecological impact; Insularity; Meta-analysis; N-fixing; Phylogenetic regression; Phylogeny; Weeds	animal; biological invasion; ecological impact; introduced species; meta-analysis; nitrogen fixation; phylogenetics; phylogeny; plant; relatedness; species richness; weed; Animalia	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84868144314	The impact of HIV infection on maternal deaths in South Africa	Chweneyagae D., Delis-Jarrosay N., Farina Z., Fawcus S., Godi N.P., Khaole N., Kunene B., Mhlanga R.E., Mbambisa G.Z., Mbombo N., Molefe N.E., Moodley J., Moran N.F., Pattinson R.C., Rout C., Schoon M., Seabe S.J.	2012	South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology	18	3	10.7196/SAJOG.581	Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa	Chweneyagae, D., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Delis-Jarrosay, N., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Farina, Z., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Fawcus, S., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Godi, N.P., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Khaole, N., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Kunene, B., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Mhlanga, R.E., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Mbambisa, G.Z., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Mbombo, N., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Molefe, N.E., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Moodley, J., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Moran, N.F., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Pattinson, R.C., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Rout, C., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Schoon, M., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa; Seabe, S.J., Writing Group of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths, National Department of Health, South Africa	Aim. To assess the impact of HIV infection on maternal deaths in South Africa from 2008 to 2010. Method. Data extracted from the National Committee on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths database of maternal deaths, numbers of births from the District Health Information System (DHIS), and the estimated prevalence of HIV infection in the general population from the antenatal HIV and syphilis surveys were analysed. Estimations of the institutional maternal mortality ratios (iMMRs) for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women and women of unknown status were made for each province and category of underlying cause of disease. Results. The estimated iMMR for HIV-positive women was 430/100 000 live births and that for HIV-negative women 75/100 000 live births. In all categories of causes of death, the iMMR was increased in HIV-positive women. The major categories of causes of maternal death in HIV-negative women were complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (18.8/100 000 live births), obstetric haemorrhage (17.2/100 000 live births) and medical and surgical disorders (11.5/100 000 live births), while in HIV-positive women they were non-pregnancy-related infections (NPRIs) (267.3/100 000 live births), obstetric haemorrhage (38.4/100 000 live births) and pregnancy-related sepsis (miscarriages and sepsis following viable pregnancies - 34.1/100 000 live births). The major complications resulting in deaths were shock (38.0%), cardiac failure (31.9%) and respiratory failure. Tuberculosis (26.9%), community-acquired pneumonia (26.7%) and pneumocystis pneumonia (13.3%), and cryptococcal meningitis (4.2%) and other meningitis (8.7%) were the main underlying causes of death in the NPRI group, of which 87.4% were HIV positive. Complications of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were recorded as the underlying cause of death in 73 women (8.1% of those on HAART). Conclusion. HIV infection is the most important condition contributing to maternal death in South Africa. HIV-positive women are more likely to die of any underlying cause than HIV-negative women, with NPRI being the most common contributory condition.	None	efavirenz; nevirapine; adult; article; cause of death; central nervous system disease; community acquired pneumonia; cryptococcal meningitis; drug eruption; drug hypersensitivity; female; heart failure; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; infection; institutional maternal mortality ratios; liver failure; major clinical study; maternal hypertension; maternal mortality; meningitis; obstetric hemorrhage; Pneumocystis pneumonia; prevalence; respiratory failure; sepsis; shock; South Africa; spontaneous abortion; Stevens Johnson syndrome; syphilis; teratogenicity; tuberculosis	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84872864509	Obesity markedly attenuates the validity and performance of all electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy detection in a group of black African ancestry	Maunganidze F., Woodiwiss A.J., Libhaber C.D., Maseko M.J., Majane O.H.I., Norton G.R.	2013	Journal of Hypertension	31	2	10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835b8daa	Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa	Maunganidze, F., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Woodiwiss, A.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Libhaber, C.D., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Maseko, M.J., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Majane, O.H.I., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa; Norton, G.R., Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Genomics Research Unit, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa	Aim: To assess the impact of obesity on the validity and performance of electrocardiographic criteria for the detection of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a group of participants of black African ancestry with a high prevalence of obesity. Methods: Electrocardiographic voltage criteria for the detection of echocardiographic LVH [left ventricular mass index (LVMI) >51 g/m] were evaluated in 661 participants from a community sample of black African ancestry (43% obese). Results: BMI was inversely associated with Sokolow-Lyon voltages (partial r =-0.27, P < 0.0001) and no BMI-Cornell voltage relations were noted (P = 0.21). BMI was associated with voltage criteria that incorporate only limb lead recordings (r = 0.17-0.23), but these relations were weaker than BMI-LVMI relations (r = 0.36, P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001 for comparisons of r values). All electrocardiographic criteria were as strongly related to blood pressure as LVMI. Sokolow-Lyon voltage-LVMI relations were noted only after adjustments for BMI (P < 0.02) and Sokolow-Lyon voltages showed no performance for LVH detection. Cornell voltages showed significant performance in nonobese [area under receiver operating curve (AUC) = 0.67 ± 0.04, P < 0.0005], but not in obese (AUC = 0.56 ± 0.04, P = 0.08). Electrocardiographic criteria which employ limb-lead recordings only (e.g. RaVL) showed better performance in nonobese than in obese (AUC = 0.75 ± 0.04 and 0.59 ± 0.04, respectively, P < 0.005 for comparison) and markedly reduced specificity for LVH detection in obese (76%) than in nonobese (92%, P < 0.0001) despite similar sensitivities (32 vs. 29%). Conclusion: In groups of black African ancestry, obesity contributes to a poor validity and performance of all voltage criteria for the detection of LVH. None of the current criteria are recommended for use in obesity. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams Wilkins.	electrocardiography; left ventricular hypertrophy; obesity	hemoglobin A1c; area under the curve; article; blood glucose monitoring; body mass; community sample; diabetes mellitus; echocardiography; electric potential; electrocardiography; female; heart left ventricle hypertrophy; heart left ventricle mass; human; hypertension; major clinical study; male; Negro; obesity; priority journal; sensitivity and specificity; systolic blood pressure; validity; African Continental Ancestry Group; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; Male	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-46849098983	Evaluation of alcohol screening and brief intervention in routine practice of primary care nurses in Vhembe district, South Africa	Peltzer K., Matseke G., Azwihangwisi M., Babor T.	2008	Croatian Medical Journal	49	3	10.3325/cmj.2008.3.392	Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Department of Community Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States; Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa	Peltzer, K., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, Private Bag X41, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; Matseke, G., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Azwihangwisi, M., Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa; Babor, T., Department of Community Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States	Aim: To assess the implementation of the Alcohol Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) strategy as part of a routine practice of nurses in 18 primary health care services in Vhembe district, South Africa. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study to assess the success of implementation of the SBI in 18 primary health care services. We examined all anonymously completed questionnaires (n = 2670) collected from all practices after a 6-month implementation period. Clinic managers were interviewed on SBI implementation after 4 months of implementation. The success of implementation was assessed on the basis of perceived benefits, beliefs, values, past history, current needs, competing priorities, complexity of innovation, trialability and observability, and feedback on SBI performance. Results: In the 6-month period, nurses screened 2670 patients and found that 648 (23.4%) patients (39.1% men and 13.8% women) were hazardous or harmful drinkers. Nine clinics had good and 9 poor SBI implementation. Factors discriminating the clinics with good or poor SBI implementation included the percentage of nurses trained in SBI, support visits, clinical workload, competing priorities, team work, innovation adoption curve, perceived complexity of innovation, compatibility beliefs, trialability, and observability of SBI. Conclusion: To improve SBI implementation as a routine practice, more attention should be paid to training modalities, clinic organization, and changes in the attitudes of nurses.	None	alcohol; adult; alcoholism; article; controlled study; drinking behavior; female; health service; human; major clinical study; male; medical education; medical practice; nurse; primary medical care; questionnaire; religion; risk factor; screening test; South Africa; teamwork; workload; Adolescent; Adult; Alcoholism; Attitude of Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Nurses; Primary Health Care; South Africa	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84873714820	Tracking the impact of Pliocene/Pleistocene sea level and climatic oscillations on the cladogenesis of the Cape legless skink, Acontias meleagris species complex, in South Africa	Engelbrecht H.M., van Niekerk A., Heideman N.J., Daniels S.R.	2013	Journal of Biogeography	40	3	10.1111/jbi.12024	Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa	Engelbrecht, H.M., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; van Niekerk, A., Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Heideman, N.J., Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Daniels, S.R., Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa	Aim: To determine the geographical boundaries among cryptic lineages and examine the evolutionary drivers of cladogenesis within the Cape legless skink, Acontias meleagris species complex. Location: Coastal plains and adjacent interior of the Eastern, Northern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Methods: A total of 231 specimens from 55 localities were collected from the entire known distribution range of the A. meleagris complex. Partial sequence data were collected from two mitochondrial DNA loci, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and one protein-coding nuclear DNA locus, exophilin 5 (EXPH5). Phylogenetic, phylogeographical and population genetic analyses, together with divergence time estimation, were conducted on the DNA sequence data to examine evolutionary history and diversification within the species complex. Results: Marked genetic structure was observed within the A. meleagris complex, and five clades were retrieved, most of which were statistically well supported. These five clades were also evident within the haplotypic analyses and were characterized by demographic stability. Cladogenesis was induced during the Pliocene/Pleistocene epochs, most likely as a result of oscillations in climate and sea level, and Neogene geomorphic phenomena. The Breede River Valley is an area of high genetic diversity and is likely to have served as a refugium. Main conclusions: Lineage diversification and the current biogeographical patterning reflect the impact of sea level oscillations on historical coastal habitat availability. Fine-scale differences between co-distributed subterranean and supraterranean herpetofaunal taxa can be attributed to differences in life-history traits amongst different habitat types. Historical evolutionary drivers within this subterranean species complex are inferred and discussed. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.	Acontiinae; Biogeography; Cape region; Cladogenesis; Herpetofauna; Pleistocene; Pliocene; Subterranean; Supraterranean	climate oscillation; coastal plain; cytochrome; divergence; evolutionary biology; genetic structure; genetic variation; geographical distribution; geomorphology; habitat availability; habitat type; herpetofauna; life history trait; lizard; mitochondrial DNA; paleobiogeography; phylogenetics; phylogeography; Pleistocene; Pliocene; refugium; sea level; species complex; subterranean environment; tracking; Breede River; Eastern Cape; South Africa; Western Cape; Acontias meleagris; Acontiinae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-74549172109	Assessing the impacts of climate change and land transformation on Banksia in the South West Australian Floristic Region	Yates C.J., McNeill A., Elith J., Midgley G.F.	2010	Diversity and Distributions	16	1	10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00623.x	Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Yates, C.J., Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; McNeill, A., Science Division, Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Bentley Delivery Centre, LMB 104, WA 6983, Australia; Elith, J., School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Midgley, G.F., South African National Biodiversity Institute, P/Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa	Aim To determine the potential combined effects of climate change and land transformation on the modelled geographic ranges of Banksia. Location Mediterranean climate South West Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR). Methods We used the species distribution modelling software Maxent to relate current environmental conditions to occurrence data for 18 Banksia species, and subsequently made spatial predictions using two simple dispersal scenarios (zero and universal), for three climate-severity scenarios at 2070, taking the impacts of land transformation on species' ranges into account. The species were chosen to reflect the biogeography of Banksia in the SWAFR. Results Climate-severity scenario, dispersal scenario, biogeographic distribution and land transformation all influenced the direction and magnitude of the modelled range change responses for the 18 species. The predominant response of species to all climate change scenarios was range contraction, with exceptions for some northern and widespread species. Including land transformation in estimates of modelled geographic range size for the three climate-severity scenarios generally resulted in smaller gains and larger declines in species ranges across both dispersal scenarios. Including land transformation and assuming zero dispersal resulted, as expected, in the greatest declines in projected range size across all species. Increasing climate change severity greatly increased the risk of decline in the 18 Banksia species, indicating the critical role of mitigating future emissions. Main conclusions The combined effects of climate change and land transformation may have significant adverse impacts on endemic Proteaceae in the SWAFR, especially under high emissions scenarios and if, as expected, natural migration is limiting. Although these results need cautious interpretation in light of the many assumptions underlying the techniques used, the impacts identified warrant a clear focus on monitoring across species ranges to detect early signs of change, and experiments that determine physiological thresholds for species in order to validate and refine the models. © 2009 Western Australian Government.	Biodiversity hotspot; Climate change; Habitat fragmentation; Maxent; Mediterranean-type ecosystem; Species distribution model	biodiversity; climate change; climate effect; dispersal; evergreen tree; floristics; habitat fragmentation; landscape change; physiology; phytogeography; population distribution; range size; software; Australia; Banksia; Proteaceae	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84888857387	Prevalence of dental caries and its impact on quality of life (QoL) among HIV-infected children in Kenya	Masiga M.A., M'imunya J.M.	2013	Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry	38	1	None	Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya; UNITID, Kenya	Masiga, M.A., Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Kenya; M'imunya, J.M., UNITID, Kenya	Aim: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and its impact on QoL among HIV-infected children in Kenya. Study design: Cross-sectional survey of HIV-positive children aged 3-15 years. Method: Two hundred and twenty participants were selected by consecutive sampling. Dental examination was undertaken to determine the presence of dental caries among the children using the dmft/DMFT indices. The children's perceived QoL in the domains of oral symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social wellbeing was assessed using the WHO Simplified Oral Health Questionnaires for children. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 65% whence the prevalence in the deciduous dentition was 50% while that of the permanent dentition was 30.9%. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 1.75 and 1.08 respectively. Children with high dmft manifested negative impacts on appearance, chewing, biting hard foods and missing school on account of toothache and discomfort, while in the permanent dentition children with high DMFT had a negative impact on biting hard foods. Conclusion: A high caries experience had significant negative impacts on the children's QoL, especially in the primary dentition.	Children; Dental caries; HIV-positive children; QoL	absenteeism; adolescent; article; chi square distribution; child; cross-sectional study; deciduous tooth; dental caries; dental procedure; dentition; double blind procedure; female; health survey; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; Kenya; male; mastication; preschool child; prevalence; psychological aspect; quality of life; self report; tooth pain; Absenteeism; Adolescent; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Care for Children; Dental Caries; Dentition, Permanent; DMF Index; Double-Blind Method; Esthetics, Dental; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Male; Mastication; Prevalence; Quality of Life; Self Report; Tooth, Deciduous; Toothache	None
Scopus	2-s2.0-84875329055	Rates and impact of hepatitis on human immunodeficiency virus infection in a large African cohort	Gwamzhi Ladep N., Aladi Agaba P., Agbaji O., Muazu A., Ugoagwu P., Imade G., Cooke G., McCormack S., Taylor-Robinson S.D., Idoko J., Kanki P.	2013	World Journal of Gastroenterology	19	10	10.3748/wjg.v19.i10.1602	Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Londo	Gwamzhi Ladep, N., Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom; Aladi Agaba, P., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Agbaji, O., AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos 930001, Nigeria; Muazu, A., AI