Geist H.J., Chang K.-t., Etges V., Abdallah J.M.
University of Aberdeen, Department of Geography and Environment, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom; National Taiwan University, Department of Geography, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Departamento de História e Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, Avenida Independência 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Forest Economics, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
Geist, H.J., University of Aberdeen, Department of Geography and Environment, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom; Chang, K.-t., National Taiwan University, Department of Geography, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan; Etges, V., Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Departamento de História e Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional, Avenida Independência 2293, CEP 96815-900 Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil; Abdallah, J.M., Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Forest Economics, P.O. Box 3011, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
An international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been in force since 2005, also aimed at regulating tobacco farming: FCTC article 17 on diversification, and FCTC article 18 on socio-ecological issues. Relating to the FCTC, information was gained and evaluated from tobacco farmers of growing areas sampled from major world regions (Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil, Tabora/Tanzania, Meinung/Taiwan, and Germany/Europe). A local farming survey was carried out in 2007, using a common data protocol, which covered, among others, questions on area and production development, energy used in curing, workforce, economic livelihood situation, and diversification opportunities. In addition to the survey, secondary (national-scale) statistics, public testimonies and other published data were explored. We analyzed these data using a portfolio approach, which combined statistical analysis, meta-analytical study and descriptive narratives. The projected trend of a global shift of tobacco cultivation into the developing world is confirmed, but also refined. Wood is used in Brazil and Tanzania for curing Virginia green leaf, thus contradicting the projected continuous reduction of this energy source. Child labour remains a major component of family farm tobacco operations in Brazil and Tanzania, while the cost and availability of seasonal labour turns into a bottleneck of production in Germany. More diversification opportunities exist than generally claimed, but no efforts are seen to address poor and vulnerable growers, in particular. German and Taiwanese tobacco growers can reasonably be predicted to discontinue farming in the near future, while tobacco cultivation in Brazil and Tanzania is seen to expand, mainly due to the political economy of low-cost production. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the work of the UN Study Group on Economically Sustainable Alternatives to Tobacco Growing (ESATG), effective since 2007. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
agrarian change; agricultural diversification; agricultural worker; alternative agriculture; comparative study; crop production; cultivation; developing world; ecological impact; family farm; land use change; meta-analysis; rural economy; tobacco; Africa; Asia; Brazil; Central Europe; East Africa; Eurasia; Europe; Far East; Germany; South America; Sub-Saharan Africa; Taiwan; Tanzania; Nicotiana tabacum