Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, South Street Lynnwood Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0002, South Africa; Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Nortjé, G.P., Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, South Street Lynnwood Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0002, South Africa; Van Hoven, W., Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; Laker, M.C., Centre for Wildlife Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Studies on the effects of off-road driving on soils were conducted in the Makuleke Contractual Park of the Kruger National Park. The studies were conducted on three different soils with different textures and soil compactibilities. Traffic pressure was applied with a game drive vehicle loaded with 11 sand bags, each weighing 70 kg. This gave a total vehicle mass of 3,795 kg, simulating a vehicle fully laden with tourists. The study included: (i) comparing of the effects of four different tyre pressures; (ii) comparing the effects of 1-3 vehicle passes over the same tyre tracks; (iii) comparison of traffic effects under dry and wet soil moisture conditions, on soil compaction, respectively. After each pass penetration resistances were measured (a) on the tyre tracks, (b) between the tyre tracks and (c) at different distances outside the tyre tracks. As expected, vehicular traffic caused soil compaction below the wheel tracks. Lower tyre pressures caused less compaction than higher tyre pressures. Fewer vehicle passes also caused less compaction than more passes on the same tracks, but most compaction occurred during the first pass. Thus, driving on the same tracks more than once is less damaging than driving once on different tracks. Controlled traffic should be considered when developing management strategies for off-road driving in wildlife protected areas. © The Author(s) 2012.
Controlled traffic; Dry and wet; Management strategies; Moisture conditions; National parks; Off-road driving; Penetration resistances; Protected areas; Soil compaction; South Africa; Traffic effect; Traffic pressure; Tyre pressure; Vehicle mass; Wheel track; Airport vehicular traffic; Compaction; Conservation; Roads and streets; Soil mechanics; Soil moisture; Vehicles; Tires; compaction; environmental impact; human activity; pressure effect; protected area; road transport; soil moisture; soil texture; strategic approach; tire; wildlife management; article; environmental factor; environmental impact; motor vehicle; national park; off road driving; pressure; soil; soil compaction; soil moisture; South Africa; traffic; Automobile Driving; Recreation; Soil; South Africa; Kruger National Park; South Africa