Russell V.A., Zigmond M.J., Dimatelis J.J., Daniels W.M.U., Mabandla M.V.
Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Division of Human Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
Russell, V.A., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Zigmond, M.J., Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Dimatelis, J.J., Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Daniels, W.M.U., Division of Human Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; Mabandla, M.V., Division of Human Physiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
In response to acute adversity, emotional signals shift the body into a state that permits rapid detection, identification, and appropriate response to a potential threat. The stress response involves the release of a variety of substances, including neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, hormones, and cytokines, that enable the body to deal with the challenges of daily life. The subsequent activation of various physiological systems can be both protective and damaging to the individual, depending on timing, intensity, and duration of the stressor. Successful recovery from stressful challenges during early life leads to strengthening of synaptic connections in health-promoting neural networks and reduced vulnerability to subsequent stressors that can be protective in later life. In contrast, chronic intense uncontrollable stress can be pathogenic and lead to disorders such as depression, anxiety, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and an increased toxic response to additional stressors such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. This review briefly explores the interaction between stress experienced at different stages of development and exercise later in life. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media.
brain derived neurotrophic factor; brain derived neurotrophic factor receptor; calcium binding protein; glucocorticoid receptor; glutamate receptor; glycogen synthase kinase; mammalian target of rapamycin; mitogen activated protein kinase; mitogen activated protein kinase 1; mitogen activated protein kinase 3; neuroligin 1; phosphoprotein phosphatase 1; polydeoxyribonucleotide synthase; postsynaptic density protein 95; somatomedin C; synapsin I; synaptophysin; vasculotropin; article; basolateral amygdala; brain blood flow; brain function; caloric intake; cardiovascular parameters; cell proliferation; cognition; corticosterone release; dentate gyrus; dopaminergic nerve cell; early life stress; exercise; food deprivation; forced swim test; hemisphere; hippocampus; human; maternal deprivation; memory; motor performance; negative feedback; nerve cell plasticity; nervous system development; nonhuman; nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex; pregnancy; protein expression; running; signal transduction; spatial learning; spatial memory; stress; upregulation; animal; brain; exercise; mental stress; metabolism; nerve cell network; physiology; psychology; Animals; Brain; Exercise; Humans; Nerve Net; Stress, Psychological