Mireji P.O., Keating J., Hassanali A., Mbogo C.M., Nyambaka H., Kahindi S., Beier J.C.
Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, United States
Mireji, P.O., Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya, International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Keating, J., Department of International Health and Development, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Hassanali, A., International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya; Mbogo, C.M., Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Nyambaka, H., Department of Chemistry, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya; Kahindi, S., Center for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 4281, Kilifi, Kenya; Beier, J.C., Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33177, United States
Concentrations and distribution of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese and zinc in mosquito larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya and their effect on the presence of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles funestus larvae were investigated. Manganese and iron were the most prevalent heavy metals in water of larval habitats in urban Kisumu and Malindi, respectively. Iron was the most prevalent heavy metal in bottom sediments in larval habitats in both cities. The highest concentrations of all heavy metals, except cadmium and iron, were recorded in the poorly planned-well drained stratum in the two cities. All heavy metals were more concentrated in human-made than in natural larval habitats. Copper was positively associated with the presence of Ae. aegypti, and lead was associated with the presence of An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti in urban Kisumu. Absence of significant correlation between the other metals and mosquito species in both cities, despite relatively high concentrations, suggest that the local larval populations, including key malaria vectors have adapted to the detected levels of these metals. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
cadmium; chromium; copper; heavy metal; iron; lead; manganese; zinc; adaptation; concentration (composition); habitat quality; heavy metal; larva; mosquito; pollution effect; pollution tolerance; spatial distribution; urban area; adaptation; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles; anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; article; concentration (parameters); Culex quinquefasciatus; disease carrier; habitat; Kenya; larva; malaria; mosquito; nonhuman; sediment; species composition; urban area; water pollution; Animals; Cities; Culicidae; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Geologic Sediments; Kenya; Larva; Metals, Heavy; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Africa; Coast Province; East Africa; Kenya; Kilifi; Kisumu; Malindi; Nyanza; Sub-Saharan Africa; Aedes aegypti; Anopheles funestus; Anopheles gambiae; Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus